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High School Students' Musical HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ MUSICAL ACHIEVEMENT AND IMPROVISATION ON THE STEEL DRUM by Jessica Lynn Eastridge A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Music Spring 2015 © 2015 Jessica Lynn Eastridge All Rights Reserved ProQuest Number: 1596845 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ProQuest 1596845 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ MUSICAL ACHIEVEMENT AND IMPROVISATION ON THE STEEL DRUM by Jessica Lynn Eastridge Approved: __________________________________________________________ Alden H. Snell, II, Ph.D. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: __________________________________________________________ Russell E. Murray, Jr., Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Department of Music Approved: __________________________________________________________ George H. Watson, Ph.D. Dean of the College of College Arts and Sciences Approved: __________________________________________________________ James G. Richards, Ph.D. Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would not have been able to complete this thesis without the support of my family, friends, and mentors. I would like to thank the following individuals: Dr. Alden Snell, for his patience, guidance, and support throughout my graduate career. His expertise regarding audiation-based improvisation and mixed- methods research was vital to the success of this study. Dr. Suzanne Burton, for her support and advice throughout my graduate career. Her dedication to her students and the field of music education inspire me to be a life- long learner and strive for excellence. Mr. Harvey Price for the time and effort he offered for improving this work, and for reminding me how much I enjoy playing steel pan. The teacher and students, who devoted their time into making this study a success. Emma, Katie, and Angela, for their support throughout my graduate career. Dr. Anne Hardin, my mentor and friend, for her unyielding support since 6th grade. Her passion for music and teaching inspired me to become a music educator and continue to inspire me daily as I imagine my potential. My husband, Jared Eastridge, for his love, patience, and support throughout this process. My parents, Janice and Joseph, for their love, guidance, and ongoing support. They taught me to believe in myself and to never quit. For that, I will always be grateful. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 Steel Band Background….. ................................................................................ 3 Slavery.. .................................................................................................. 3 Carnival .................................................................................................. 4 Emancipation .......................................................................................... 5 Kalinda ................................................................................................... 6 Tamboo Bamboo .................................................................................... 7 Steel Pan ................................................................................................. 9 The Modern Steel Band ........................................................................ 10 Steel Band in Education ................................................................................... 13 Improvisation .................................................................................................... 14 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................. 16 Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................... 17 Research Questions .......................................................................................... 17 Role of the Researcher ...................................................................................... 17 Limitations of the Study ................................................................................... 18 Significance of the Study .................................................................................. 18 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................................................... 19 Audiation and Rote Learning ........................................................................... 19 Research on Audiation ......................................................................... 20 Rote Learning ................................................................................................... 23 Research on Rote Learning .................................................................. 24 iv Improvisation .................................................................................................... 26 Research on Improvisation ................................................................... 26 Teacher Confidence .............................................................................. 32 Nontraditional Ensembles in Education ........................................................... 35 Summary ........................................................................................................... 39 3 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................... 41 Overview .......................................................................................................... 41 Rationale for a Mixed Methods Design ............................................................ 42 Participants ....................................................................................................... 43 Teacher-Researcher .......................................................................................... 44 Institutional Review Board ................................................................... 45 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................... 45 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................... 48 Classroom Setting ............................................................................................. 49 Daily Classroom Procedure .................................................................. 49 Data Collection ................................................................................................. 50 Recruitment .......................................................................................... 50 Audiation-based Curriculum ................................................................ 51 Timeline ................................................................................................ 53 Rating Scale .......................................................................................... 53 Judge Selection and Training ............................................................... 53 Focus Group ......................................................................................... 55 Data Analysis .................................................................................................... 56 Reliability and Validity ........................................................................ 57 Ethical Concerns ................................................................................... 58 4 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS ......................................................................... 59 Participants ....................................................................................................... 59 Data Analysis .................................................................................................... 60 Reliability ............................................................................................. 60 Descriptive Statistics ............................................................................ 62 v Correlation ............................................................................................ 65 Interpretation of Quantitative Data ................................................................... 67 5 QUALITATIVE AND MIXED METHODS DATA ANALYSIS .................. 70 Setting ............................................................................................................... 72 Bruce ..................................................................................................... 72 Jenny
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