DOCSLIB.ORG

Malaria Situation in an Endemic Area, Southeastern Iran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Malaria Situation in an Endemic Area, Southeastern Iran J Arthropod-Borne Dis, S Fekri et al.: Malaria Situation in … Original Article Malaria Situation in an Endemic Area, Southeastern Iran Sajjad Fekri 1, Hassan Vatandoost 2, Ali Daryanavard 3, Mehran Shahi 1, Reza Safari 3, Ahmad Raeisi 4, Abdiqani Sheikh Omar 5, Mohammad Sharif 6, Abdollah Azizi 7, Aref Ah- 8 9 10 2 mad Ali , Aboud Nasser , Ibrahim Hasaballah , *Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd 1Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran 2Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3Hormozgan Province Health Center, Bandar Abbas, Iran 4Malaria Control Program, CDC, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran 5Malaria Control Program, Somalia 6Malaria Control Program, Afghanistan 7Health Center, Zarrindasht, Iran 8Roll Back Malaria Program, Aden, Yemen 9Roll Back Malaria Program, Hadramaut, Yemen 10State Malaria Program Manager, North Kordofan, Sudan (Received 21 Oct 2012; accepted 30 Sep 2013) Abstract Background: Malaria is an endemic infectious disease in southeastern parts of Iran. Despite years of efforts and intervention programs against malaria, transmission still occurs in Jask County. Methods: The epidemiological perspective of malaria in Jask County was conducted by gathering data from Jask County health center, during 2006-2010. A knowledge, attitude and practice study was also carried out. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS ver. 11.5. Results: A total of 2875 malaria cases were recorded, with highest and lowest numbers in 2007 and 2010, respec- tively. The number of cases had a decreasing trend from 1022 cases in 2006 to 114 cases in 2010. The main causa- tive parasitic agent was Plasmodium vivax. Blood examination rate and slide positive rate were also decreased from 39.5% and 4.3% in 2006 to 15.6% and 1.4% in 2010, respectively. Most of people interviewed in the KAP study had a good knowledge about malaria transmission and symptoms but their use of the bed net for prevention was low (35%). Conclusion: Malaria incidence had significant reduction during the study years. The main reason for this may be due to changing environmental condition for Anopheline breeding and survival because of drought. Another reason may be integration of vector management by using long lasting insecticide treated bed nets, active case detection and treatment by implementation of mobile teams and increasing in financial sources of malaria control program. Knowledge, attitude and practice of people were good in malaria control and prevention, but needs to do more activities for health education and awareness. Keywords: Malaria situation, Jask County, Iran Introduction More than half of the world's population of the global population live in areas where in approximately 100 countries is exposed to there is risk of malaria transmission, 7% reside malaria. According to figures provided by the in areas where malaria has never been under World Health Organization (WHO 2011a), 36% meaningful control, and 29% live in areas *Corresponding author: Dr Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd, E-mail: [email protected] J Arthropod-Borne Dis, S Fekri et al.: Malaria Situation in … where malaria was once transmitted at low ology of an area in a very short space of time levels or not at all, but where significant trans- and the health status, system and resource mission has been re-established. available for controlling the disease (WHO In Iran, the total population at risk of ma- 2011b). A successful planning for the County, laria is 2,714,648 (4% of the total popula- needs to use of the information that is al- tion) mainly living in southeastern provinces, ready available and analyzing in such a way namely Sistan and Baluchistan, Kerman and as to understand the problems. On the other Hormozgan (WHO 2011a). There are some hand, the main point of the beginning of the studies in last decade focused on malaria sit- situational analysis is to collect the data from uation analysis (Hanafi-Bojd et al. 2010, respective references such as, health network Vatandoost et al. 2010, 2011), as well as epi- office, hospital, health centers, communities, demiological features and community based meteorology department and others. These studies in malarious areas of southern parts items are covered by international diploma of Iran (Rakhshani et al. 2003, Salehi et al. courses on malaria planning and manage- 2010, Hanafi-Bojd et al. 2011a, Youssefi and ment, as a joint training course by WHO and Rahimi 2011, McKelvie et al. 2012, Zoghi et Tehran University of Medical Sciences al. 2012). (Mesdaghinia et al. 2013). According to the national strategy plan for The general objective of this study was to malaria control, in respect to malaria status the facilitate the development of friendly-user total country has been classified in four strata: implementation plan for Jask County to iden- 1. Areas where local transmission of malaria tify malaria-relevant gaps with its possible occurs such as areas in Sistan and Baluchistan, solutions. Hormozgan and south parts of Kerman, and occasionally some-areas in Ardebil, Bushehr, Materials and Methods Fars and Khorassan-e-Razavi Provinces. 2. Areas where the imported cases are found Study area and the potential risk of malaria transmission Jask County (25° 64’ N, 57° 77’ E) is a exists such as areas in Guilan, Mazandaran, sea port located in South-Eastern corner of and Golestan Provinces. Iran adjacent to the Oman Sea, with a sur- 3. Areas where the imported cases are found, face area of 16063 km2 (Fig. 1). Total pop- but there is no risk of malaria transmission ulation of the County is 50070 (74% are liv- such as Yazd, Kurdestan, and Hamedan Prov- ing in rural areas). There are scattered inhab- inces. itants and their occupation is mainly fishing 4. Areas where no malaria case was reported and trade. during the last three years. It seems there was no such area in Iran. Data collection Malaria remains an important public health In this retrospective study, the needed da- concern in Jask County, where transmission ta for 2006-2010 were obtained from health occurs regularly, and infected immigrants can center of Jask, published papers and reports, play an important role as mobile reservoirs weather forecasting organization of the city (Personal communication with health center and annual reports of Hormozgan official au- authorities). Therefore it is important to do a thorities. An excel databank was created and situation analysis of the disease for planning analysis was conducted using this software. A the control activities in future. The aim of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) study conducting a situational analysis is to sys- was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, at- tematically understand the malaria epidemi- titude and practice of people who referred to J Arthropod-Borne Dis, S Fekri et al.: Malaria Situation in … the urban health center of Touhid, about ma- ceptibility and parasitic infection of Ano- laria using structured questionnaire and in- pheline mosquitoes. terviewing. The health facilities and personnel of the County were included: one urban heath cen- Data analysis ter, 6 rural health centers, one sub health cen- For this purpose SPSS ver. 11.5 was used ter, 27 health houses, one hospital, 11 physi- and graphs were prepared by excel 2007. cians, 6 public health officers and 49 health care workers (Behvarz). Furthermore, malaria Results control program has had a total of 25 mobile teams. A total of 2875 malaria cases were rec- Based on the national protocol, malaria orded and treated during the study period control interventions in the area are includ- (Fig. 2). Plasmodium vivax is the main ma- ing case detection and treatment, indoor re- laria parasite (94.92%) in the County fol- sidual spraying by Deltamethrin WP 10% in lowed by P. falciparum (5.08%). Average of rural area with 90% coverage, distributing malaria morbidity in months of the years Long Lasting Insecticide impregnated Nets during the study period showed two peaks in (LLINs) in rural areas with 80% coverage, as May and November, respectively. The max- well as larviciding. Data obtained from the imum and minimum of Annual Parasitic In- Jask County health center shows high IRS dex (API) were observed in 2006 (22.1) and coverage during the study period and dis- 2010 (2.1), respectively (Table 1). Most of tribution of LLINs during 2009 and 2010. cases were reported to be autochthonous dur- These vector control activities along with ing 2006-2009, while in 2010 the imported other measures such as good active case de- cases were higher. Blood Examination Rate tection (Table 2) and increasing the financial (BER) has increased to 2007 and then col- resources of malaria control program for the lapsed, but Slide Positive Rate has a decreas- study area are the main reasons for the de- ing trend during the study period, although it cline of the disease. shows a peak in 2008 (Table 1). Autochtho- A total of 41 people (64.3% males, 35.7% nous cases of malaria have decreased during females) participated in the KAP study, 96.4 the study period, while the imported cases % under 45 years old. The education level was had an increasing trend (Table 1). Figure 2 categorized in four levels: illiterate (10.7%), shows the distribution of malaria cases based primary school (32.1%), high school (25%), on rural districts of the Jask County during and university degree (32.1%). Among the the study period. respondents just 17.9% had a history of ma- During April-May and October-Novem- laria infection. Most of the study population ber the temperature is between 25-30 oC (82.1%) believed that mosquito bite is the with a relative humidity of more than 60% transmission route of malaria and fever is the (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Review and Updated Checklist of Freshwater Fishes of Iran: Taxonomy, Distribution and Conservation Status
    Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2017), 4(Suppl. 1): 1–114 Received: October 18, 2016 © 2017 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: February 30, 2017 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.7508/iji.2017 http://www.ijichthyol.org Review and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran: Taxonomy, distribution and conservation status Hamid Reza ESMAEILI1*, Hamidreza MEHRABAN1, Keivan ABBASI2, Yazdan KEIVANY3, Brian W. COAD4 1Ichthyology and Molecular Systematics Research Laboratory, Zoology Section, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 2Inland Waters Aquaculture Research Center. Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Bandar Anzali, Iran 3Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries Division), Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran 4Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4 Canada *Email: [email protected] Abstract: This checklist aims to reviews and summarize the results of the systematic and zoogeographical research on the Iranian inland ichthyofauna that has been carried out for more than 200 years. Since the work of J.J. Heckel (1846-1849), the number of valid species has increased significantly and the systematic status of many of the species has changed, and reorganization and updating of the published information has become essential. Here we take the opportunity to provide a new and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran based on literature and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history and new fish collections. This article lists 288 species in 107 genera, 28 families, 22 orders and 3 classes reported from different Iranian basins. However, presence of 23 reported species in Iranian waters needs confirmation by specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Epidemiology of Rabies in Iran
    Aus dem Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut eingereicht über den Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin Spatial Epidemiology of Rabies in Iran Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Veterinärmedizin an der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Rouzbeh Bashar Tierarzt aus Teheran, Iran Berlin 2019 Journal-Nr.: 4015 'ĞĚƌƵĐŬƚŵŝƚ'ĞŶĞŚŵŝŐƵŶŐĚĞƐ&ĂĐŚďĞƌĞŝĐŚƐsĞƚĞƌŝŶćƌŵĞĚŝnjŝŶ ĚĞƌ&ƌĞŝĞŶhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚćƚĞƌůŝŶ ĞŬĂŶ͗ hŶŝǀ͘ͲWƌŽĨ͘ƌ͘:ƺƌŐĞŶĞŶƚĞŬ ƌƐƚĞƌ'ƵƚĂĐŚƚĞƌ͗ WƌŽĨ͘ƌ͘&ƌĂŶnj:͘ŽŶƌĂƚŚƐ ǁĞŝƚĞƌ'ƵƚĂĐŚƚĞƌ͗ hŶŝǀ͘ͲWƌŽĨ͘ƌ͘DĂƌĐƵƐŽŚĞƌƌ ƌŝƚƚĞƌ'ƵƚĂĐŚƚĞƌ͗ Wƌ͘<ĞƌƐƚŝŶŽƌĐŚĞƌƐ ĞƐŬƌŝƉƚŽƌĞŶ;ŶĂĐŚͲdŚĞƐĂƵƌƵƐͿ͗ ZĂďŝĞƐ͕DĂŶ͕ŶŝŵĂůƐ͕ŽŐƐ͕ƉŝĚĞŵŝŽůŽŐLJ͕ƌĂŝŶ͕/ŵŵƵŶŽĨůƵŽƌĞƐĐĞŶĐĞ͕/ƌĂŶ dĂŐĚĞƌWƌŽŵŽƚŝŽŶ͗Ϯϴ͘Ϭϯ͘ϮϬϭϵ ŝďůŝŽŐƌĂĨŝƐĐŚĞ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĚĞƌĞƵƚƐĐŚĞŶEĂƚŝŽŶĂůďŝďůŝŽƚŚĞŬ ŝĞĞƵƚƐĐŚĞEĂƚŝŽŶĂůďŝďůŝŽƚŚĞŬǀĞƌnjĞŝĐŚŶĞƚĚŝĞƐĞWƵďůŝŬĂƚŝŽŶŝŶĚĞƌĞƵƚƐĐŚĞŶEĂƚŝŽŶĂůďŝͲ ďůŝŽŐƌĂĨŝĞ͖ ĚĞƚĂŝůůŝĞƌƚĞ ďŝďůŝŽŐƌĂĨŝƐĐŚĞ ĂƚĞŶ ƐŝŶĚ ŝŵ /ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ ƺďĞƌ фŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŶď͘ĚĞх ĂďƌƵĨďĂƌ͘ /^E͗ϵϳϴͲϯͲϴϲϯϴϳͲϵϳϮͲϯ ƵŐů͗͘ĞƌůŝŶ͕&ƌĞŝĞhŶŝǀ͕͘ŝƐƐ͕͘ϮϬϭϵ ŝƐƐĞƌƚĂƚŝŽŶ͕&ƌĞŝĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚćƚĞƌůŝŶ ϭϴϴ ŝĞƐĞƐtĞƌŬŝƐƚƵƌŚĞďĞƌƌĞĐŚƚůŝĐŚŐĞƐĐŚƺƚnjƚ͘ ůůĞ ZĞĐŚƚĞ͕ ĂƵĐŚ ĚŝĞ ĚĞƌ mďĞƌƐĞƚnjƵŶŐ͕ ĚĞƐ EĂĐŚĚƌƵĐŬĞƐ ƵŶĚ ĚĞƌ sĞƌǀŝĞůĨćůƚŝŐƵŶŐ ĚĞƐ ƵĐŚĞƐ͕ ŽĚĞƌ dĞŝůĞŶ ĚĂƌĂƵƐ͕ǀŽƌďĞŚĂůƚĞŶ͘<ĞŝŶdĞŝůĚĞƐtĞƌŬĞƐĚĂƌĨŽŚŶĞƐĐŚƌŝĨƚůŝĐŚĞ'ĞŶĞŚŵŝŐƵŶŐĚĞƐsĞƌůĂŐĞƐŝŶŝƌŐĞŶĚĞŝŶĞƌ&Žƌŵ ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵnjŝĞƌƚŽĚĞƌƵŶƚĞƌsĞƌǁĞŶĚƵŶŐĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶŝƐĐŚĞƌ^LJƐƚĞŵĞǀĞƌĂƌďĞŝƚĞƚ͕ǀĞƌǀŝĞůĨćůƚŝŐƚŽĚĞƌǀĞƌďƌĞŝƚĞƚǁĞƌĚĞŶ͘ ŝĞ tŝĞĚĞƌŐĂďĞ ǀŽŶ 'ĞďƌĂƵĐŚƐŶĂŵĞŶ͕ tĂƌĞŶďĞnjĞŝĐŚŶƵŶŐĞŶ͕ ƵƐǁ͘ ŝŶ ĚŝĞƐĞŵ tĞƌŬ ďĞƌĞĐŚƚŝŐƚ ĂƵĐŚ ŽŚŶĞ ďĞƐŽŶĚĞƌĞ <ĞŶŶnjĞŝĐŚŶƵŶŐ ŶŝĐŚƚ njƵ ĚĞƌ ŶŶĂŚŵĞ͕ ĚĂƐƐ ƐŽůĐŚĞ EĂŵĞŶ ŝŵ ^ŝŶŶĞ ĚĞƌ tĂƌĞŶnjĞŝĐŚĞŶͲ
    [Show full text]
  • RESEARCHES on CRUSTACEA Special Number 3
    OKm iS 7 '"ic^mi n^^ ,',',. y^ ,^^o1»8 RESEARCHES ON CRUSTACEA Special Number 3 The Carcinological Society of Japan 1990 FRONTISPIECE The battle of the Heike and the Genji at Dannoura in 1185. Colored print by Kuniyoshi. RESEARCHES ON CRUSTACEA, SPECIAL NUMBER 3 Crabs of the Subfamily Dorippinae MacLeay, 1838, from the Indo-West Pacific Region (Crustacea: Decapoda: Dorippidae) L. B. Holthuis and Raymond B. Manning The Carcinological Society of Japan Tokyo June 1990 Copyright 1990 by The Carcinological Society of Japan Odawara Carcinological Museum Azabu-Juban 3-11-12, Minatoku, Tokyo 106 Japan Printed by Shimoda Printing, Inc. Matsubase, Shimomashiki-gun Kumamoto 869-05 Japan Issued 30 June 1990 Copies available from the Carcinological Society of Japan Contents Page Introduction 1 Methods 3 Acknowledgments 4 Systematic Account 5 Family Dorippidae MacLeay, 1838 5 Subfamily Dorippinae MacLeay, 1838 5 Key to Indo-West Pacific Genera of Dorippinae 5 Key to Genera of Dorippinae, Based on Male First Pleopods 6 Genus Dorippe Weber, 1795 7 Key to Species of Dorippe 9 Dorippe frascone (Herbst, 1785) 10 Dorippe irrorata Manning and Holthuis, 1986 15 Dorippe quadridens (Fabricius, 1793) 18 Dorippe sinica Chen, 1980 36 Dorippe tenuipes Chen, 1980 43 Genus Dorippoides Serene and Romimohtarto, 1969 47 Key to Species of Dorippoides 49 Dorippoides facchino (Herbst, 1785) 49 Dorippoides nudipes Manning and Holthuis, 1986 66 Heikea, new genus 71 Key to Species of Heikea 72 Heikea arachnoides (Manning and Holthuis, 1986), new combination 72 Heikea japonica
    [Show full text]
  • Southeastern Iran Is Frontier Territory
    ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd S o u t h e a s t e r n I r a n ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻗﯽ Why Go? Meymand......................222 Southeastern Iran is frontier territory. It combines harsh Kerman .........................222 landscapes, periodic banditry and warm welcomes to form Around Kerman ............229 a unique and exotic travelling experience. There are some Rayen .............................231 dangers; see the box, p 233 , before heading this way. The re- gion stretches east across ancient Kerman province, through Bam ...............................231 high deserts scarred by brown snow-capped mountain Zahedan .......................233 ranges and coloured by occasional oasis towns and seasonal Mirjaveh ........................235 lakes. Kerman, the main city, is, in eff ect, the cultural bor- der separating the Persians and the more eastern-oriented Baluchis, whose dress and customs feel more Pakistani. Best Places to Eat Following old caravan routes southeast across the edge of the forbidding Dasht-e Lut, most travellers will stop in » Restaurant Ganjali Khan historic Bam and, if heading to Pakistan, in Zahedan, where (p 228 ) smugglers criss-cross the deserts and the rule of law is ten- » Akhavan Hotel Restaurant uous. Kerman city is the launch pad for the surrounding (p 228 ) historic towns and incredible desert landscapes, including » Hamam-e Vakil Chay- Mahan and the Kaluts. khaneh (p 228 ) » Bagh-e Khannevadeh (p 233 ) When to Go » Ghana-at Faludeh (p 228 ) Much of southeastern Iran is desert or semidesert and the best time to avoid the heat is between around November Best Places to and March. During these times daytime temperatures are Stay often quite comfortable between about 10°C and 20°C, but overnight temperatures regularly fall to -10°C.
    [Show full text]
  • Desert Locust Joint Border Survey in the Spring Breeding Areas of the I.R
    Desert Locust Joint Border Survey in the Spring Breeding Areas of the I.R. Iran and Pakistan April - May 1999 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1999 Desert Locust Joint Border Survey in the Spring Breeding Areas of the I.R. Iran and Pakistan April - May 1999 by K. Cressman Ch. Muhammad Sadiq Eslam Shahrokhi S.M. Raziur Rehman Abdol Rashid Balouchi FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, May 1999 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publica- tion do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or it authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAO 1999 - 4 - CONTENTS Summary and Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Quad Plus: Special Issue of the Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs
    The Journal of JIPA Indo-Pacific Affairs Chief of Staff, US Air Force Gen Charles Q. Brown, Jr., USAF Chief of Space Operations, US Space Force Gen John W. Raymond, USSF Commander, Air Education and Training Command Lt Gen Marshall B. Webb, USAF Commander and President, Air University Lt Gen James B. Hecker, USAF Director, Air University Academic Services Dr. Mehmed Ali Director, Air University Press Maj Richard T. Harrison, USAF Chief of Professional Journals Maj Richard T. Harrison, USAF Editorial Staff Dr. Ernest Gunasekara-Rockwell, Editor Luyang Yuan, Editorial Assistant Daniel M. Armstrong, Illustrator Megan N. Hoehn, Print Specialist Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs ( JIPA) 600 Chennault Circle Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6010 e-mail: [email protected] Visit Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs online at https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/. ISSN 2576-5361 (Print) ISSN 2576-537X (Online) Published by the Air University Press, The Journal of Indo–Pacific Affairs ( JIPA) is a professional journal of the Department of the Air Force and a forum for worldwide dialogue regarding the Indo–Pacific region, spanning from the west coasts of the Americas to the eastern shores of Africa and covering much of Asia and all of Oceania. The journal fosters intellectual and professional development for members of the Air and Space Forces and the world’s other English-speaking militaries and informs decision makers and academicians around the globe. Articles submitted to the journal must be unclassified, nonsensitive, and releasable to the public. Features represent fully researched, thoroughly documented, and peer-reviewed scholarly articles 5,000 to 6,000 words in length.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Role of Jask for Islamic Republic of Iran Davod Kiany
    World Journal of Environmental Biosciences All Rights Reserved WJES © 2014 Available Online at: www.environmentaljournals.org Volume 6, Supplementary: 66-71 ISSN 2277- 8047 Marine role of Jask for Islamic Republic of Iran Davod Kiany Ph.D , Assistant Professor in Institute for International Energy Studies, Ministry of Petroleum, Iran ABSTRACT There are sea and coasts in some parts of Iran. Iran is considered as coastal and aquatic land. These coasts provide military, security and economic opportunities, but, unfortunately, Iran has not been able to use these coasts very well; so that, the most important parts of these coasts and shores have not already been used. In Iran, the history of sea and navigation and using sea capacities dates back to the past. Presently, straits, channels, ports and marine lands play a key role in economy and security of the world. Jask, located in the coasts of Oman, is considered as one of the key marine points for Islamic Republic of Iran. Also, it is an important and strategic region .although this important port has been ignored due to different reasons for several years, it can be used as an important economical and multi -purpose port, even in terms of energy. Jask is a key port, having special position in the coast of Oman and Indian Ocean. In stating problem, Mahan's theory of sea power have been used; according to this, sea is a base of national power. In the present study, this port has been scientifically analyzed based on the theories on sea. Also, research methodology is analytical. Keywords: Jask, Marine Power, Iran Corresponding author: Davod Kiany INTRODUCTION 1- History of Sea and Navigation Iranian people are considered as the oldest navigators in the of sea and navigation is very important for Iranian people.
    [Show full text]
  • Tiger-Moths of Iran 481-525 Atalanta (Dezember 2005) 36 (3/4): 481-525, Würzburg, ISSN 0171-0079
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Atalanta Jahr/Year: 2005 Band/Volume: 36 Autor(en)/Author(s): Dubatolov Vladimir V., Zahiri Reza Artikel/Article: Tiger-moths of Iran 481-525 Atalanta (Dezember 2005) 36 (3/4): 481-525, Würzburg, ISSN 0171-0079 Tiger-moths o f Iran (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae: Arctiinae) by V l a d im ir V. D u b a t o l o v & R e z a Z a h ir i received 26.X.2005 Abstract: Based on the vast material from the collection of the Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum (HMIM) and literature data, 28 species are recorded from Iran. Callimorpha dominula rossica K o l ., Axiopoena kareliniMtu., Utetheisa lotrixCr ., Watsonarctia deserta B a r t ., Diaphora mendica C l . are recorded from this country for the first time. Four new subspecies, Arctia caja mazandarana subspec. nov. from the Caspian Coast, Eucharia festiva hormozgana subspec. nov. from South Iran, Watsonarctia deserta elbursica subspec. nov. from the Alburz Mts., and Pbragmatobia placida mirzayansi subspec. nov. with a pale coloration, from the high mountains of the Albourz are described. The analysis of the Arctiinae fauna shows that the fauna of South-Eastern Iran is the Oriental, and not Palearctic. Zusammenfassung: Mit Hilfe des reichhaltigen Materials des Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum (HMIM) und aufgrund von Literaturangaben können 28 Arten für den Iran angegeben werden. Callimorpha dominula rossica K o l ., Axiopoena kareliniM £ n ., Utetheisa lotrix C r ., Watsonarctia deserta B a r t ., Diaphora mendica C l . werden erstmals für dieses Land gemeldet.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf 570.28 K
    DESERT DESERT Online at http://jdesert.ut.ac.ir DESERT 19-1 (2014) 11-15 Sand Movement Patterns in Southern Iran T. Mesbahzadeha*, H. Ahmadib a Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran b Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Received: 16 April 2011; Received in revised form: 26 April 2011; Accepted: 15 May 2011 Abstract Wind regime data from the Jask meteorological station from a 20-year statistical period (1985-2005) was analyzed using the Fryberger method to investigate sand drift potential (DP) in this area. The resultant drift potential and directional variability of wind were calculated and illustrated. Average annual sand DP was estimated to be 460 vector units (VU), and the sand flux is 51 m3/m.year. Therefore, in view of the wind’s erosive power (calculated by software using the Lettau-Lettau equation) and according to Fryberger’s classification (1979), this area is categorized as a high energy wind environment. Calculating DPt in different seasons showed that the strongest winds blow in summer and winter (158.8 and 152.4 VU), and autumn had the lowest DP. In summer, the wind blows in a south- southeast pattern which differs from that of other seasons. Autumn also has the highest frequency of winds swifter than threshold velocity. The unidirectional index (RDP/DPt) value is 0.08 for this region, which causes the formation of transverse dunes (barkhanoid) from south-southeast to north-northwest. Keywords: Wide regime; Sand drifts potential; Fryberger method 1. Introduction 2. Material and Methods Much research has addressed the processes of Jask is the capital city of Jask County, wind regimes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Project on Development and Implementation of a Master Plan for Environmental Conservation and Management of Southern Coastal Areas of the I.R
    Islamic Republic of Iran Department of Environment The Project on Development and Implementation of a Master Plan for Environmental Conservation and Management of Southern Coastal Areas of the I.R. Iran (Case Study Hormozgan) Final Report September 2020 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Ides Inc. Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. GE IDEA Consultants, Inc. JR 20-069 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND ········································································· 1 1.1 Background of the Project ·························································································· 1 1.2 Goals and outputs of the Project ··················································································· 1 1.3 Implementation organizations of the Project ····································································· 2 1.4 Project period ········································································································· 2 2. ACTIVITIES OF OUTPUT 1 ···························································· 3 2.1 Establishment of organizational structure for M/P formulation ················································ 3 2.2 Establishment of organizational structure for M/P implementation ··········································· 4 3. ACTIVITIES OF OUTPUT 2 ···························································· 5 3.1 Objective of the M/P ································································································· 5 3.2 Target area of the M/P ·······························································································
    [Show full text]
  • The Iranian Revolution at 30
    Viewpoints Special Edition The Iranian Revolution at 30 The Middle East Institute Washington, DC Middle East Institute The mission of the Middle East Institute is to promote knowledge of the Middle East in Amer- ica and strengthen understanding of the United States by the people and governments of the region. For more than 60 years, MEI has dealt with the momentous events in the Middle East — from the birth of the state of Israel to the invasion of Iraq. Today, MEI is a foremost authority on contemporary Middle East issues. It pro- vides a vital forum for honest and open debate that attracts politicians, scholars, government officials, and policy experts from the US, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. MEI enjoys wide access to political and business leaders in countries throughout the region. Along with information exchanges, facilities for research, objective analysis, and thoughtful commentary, MEI’s programs and publications help counter simplistic notions about the Middle East and America. We are at the forefront of private sector public diplomacy. Viewpoints are another MEI service to audiences interested in learning more about the complexities of issues affecting the Middle East and US rela- tions with the region. To learn more about the Middle East Institute, visit our website at http://www.mideasti.org Cover photos, clockwise from the top left hand corner: Shahram Sharif photo; sajed.ir photo; sajed.ir photo; ? redo photo; sajed. ir photo; Maryam Ashoori photo; Zongo69 photo; UN photo; and [ john ] photo. 2 The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: The Iranian Revolution at 30 • www.mideasti.org Viewpoints Special Edition The Iranian Revolution at 30 The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: The Iranian Revolution at 30 • www.mideasti.org 3 Viewpoints: 1979 The year 1979 was among the most tumultuous, and important, in the history of the modern Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economic Geology of Iran Mineral Deposits and Natural Resources Springer Geology
    Springer Geology Mansour Ghorbani The Economic Geology of Iran Mineral Deposits and Natural Resources Springer Geology For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10172 Mansour Ghorbani The Economic Geology of Iran Mineral Deposits and Natural Resources Mansour Ghorbani Faculty of Geoscience Shahid Beheshti University Tehran , Iran ISBN 978-94-007-5624-3 ISBN 978-94-007-5625-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5625-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012951116 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
    [Show full text]