Voyage À La Rencontre De La Misère Et Pouvoir D'attraction De L'espace De L'autre

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Voyage À La Rencontre De La Misère Et Pouvoir D'attraction De L'espace De L'autre Voyage à la rencontre de la misère et pouvoir d'attraction de l'espace de l'Autre. Calcutta dans l'imaginaire occidental contemporain – étude de cas: Le chant de Kali et La Cité de la joie Thèse Debasis Mukhopadhyay Doctorat en études littéraires Philosophiae doctor (Ph.D.) Québec, Canada © Debasis Mukhopadhyay, 2014 Résumé Cette thèse se trouve au croisement de deux thématiques assez larges de l‟épistémologie sociale : voyage et spatialité. Mais le champ de recherche se concentre sur la quête de la subjectivité occidentale, et sur la perception de l‟espace autre au travers notamment du voyage dans le Tiers-Monde. En premier lieu, nous essayons de comprendre les raisons et les facteurs qui poussent les Occidentaux à entreprendre le voyage à la rencontre de la misère et de l‟horreur du Tiers Monde. Ensuite, notre travail cherche à analyser comment la perception et l‟appropriation de cette spatialité, en particulier celle de Calcutta, jadis la « seconde ville de l'Empire » britannique, se caractérisent au niveau de l‟imaginaire occidental. La thèse est divisée en deux parties à la fois indépendantes et interreliées. Constituée de deux chapitres, la première tente de fournir un cadre explicatif conceptuel aux questions touchant à la problématique du voyage et de la spatialité. Le premier chapitre examine le phénomène des nouveaux tourismes qui se déploient à partir de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle dans les pays du Tiers Monde atteints par la pauvreté extrême, l‟inanition, la guerre, etc. Le pouvoir d'attraction de la spatialité postcoloniale qui se reflète dans ce phénomène touristique nous permet d'explorer, dans le chapitre suivant, la portée de la construction sociale et symbolique de l‟espace au niveau de l‟imaginaire social. La deuxième partie consacre deux chapitres à l‟analyse des perceptions occidentales communes de Calcutta en soulignant leur oscillation entre fascination et répulsion. Le chapitre trois s‟intéresse à l‟émergence et à la durabilité des mythes de la ville qui illustrent cette ambivalence. Le chapitre quatre est voué à une étude comparative de deux romans populaires – Le chant de Kali (2005) de Dan Simmons et La Cité de la joie (1985) de Dominique Lapierre – qui intègrent et reflètent l‟imaginaire occidental sur Calcutta. La problématique de ce chapitre ne se limite pas à la vérification du mouvement de fascination-répulsion constitutif du regard occidental sur la métropole indienne, mais elle intègre également la question du rôle de l‟espace de l‟Autre dans la quête occidentale de sens et de soi. iii Abstract This work is at the cross-roads of two broad themes of social epistemology: travel and spatiality. The main focus of this research is the occidental subjectivity‟s search for self and its perception of spatiality through Third World travel. We first analyze the reasons that motivate Westerners to encounter the misery and horror of the Third World in their travels. We next study the perception and appropriation of this spatiality in the Western imagination, particularly with reference to the Indian metropolis, Calcutta, hitherto considered the second city of the British Empire. This thesis is divided into two independent but related parts. The first part furnishes a conceptual background in order to define and explain issues pertaining to voyage and spatiality. Here, the first chapter elucidates the notion of new tourism, a late-20th century practice of travel to Third World countries ravaged by extreme poverty, war and other disasters. The attraction towards postcolonial spatiality illustrated in this phenomenon, helps us explore, in a subsequent chapter, the symbolic and social construction of space in the collective imagination. In the second part of the thesis, we discuss the ambivalence in the Westerners‟ perception of Calcutta. We discuss the emergence and persistence of myths in reference to the city that illustrate the fascination-repulsion that characterize this perception. For this, we present a comparative analysis of two popular novels that reflect collective Occidental imagination : Song of Kali (1985) by Dan Simmons and La Cité de la joie (1985) by Dominique Lapierre. Through an analysis of the abovementioned texts, we reinforce, once more, the importance of the space of the Other in the occidental quest for self definition. v Table des matières RÉSUMÉ ......................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... v TABLE DES MATIÈRES .............................................................................................. vii Dédicace ........................................................................................................................... xi Remerciements ............................................................................................................... xiii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 Problématique de la recherche ...................................................................................... 2 Considérations méthodologiques .................................................................................. 3 Corpus ........................................................................................................................... 4 État de la question ......................................................................................................... 9 Structure de la thèse .................................................................................................... 15 Partie 1 CHAPITRE 1. Le goût de voyager autrement : rechercher l’authenticité dans l’espace et dans la misère du Tiers Monde ................................................................. 17 1. Problématique du tourisme ......................................................................................... 19 1. 1. Perspective .......................................................................................................... 19 1. 2. Distinction entre tourisme, loisir et récréation .................................................... 21 1. 3. Compétence stratégique du touriste .................................................................... 22 1. 4. Stratégies d‟exotopie ........................................................................................... 25 1. 5. Triptyque de la xénologie touristique ................................................................. 27 1. 5. 1. Centres-périphéries ..................................................................................... 28 1. 5. 2. Valeur de signe ........................................................................................... 29 1. 5. 3. Pensée touristique ....................................................................................... 33 2. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 37 3. Voyager autrement : antithèse du tourisme de masse ................................................. 37 3. 1. Toile de fond ....................................................................................................... 40 3. 2. Diverses aspirations voyagistes .......................................................................... 42 3. 3. Voyage dans les personae ................................................................................... 45 4. Le voyage comme opérateur de distinction symbolique ............................................ 52 4. 1. L‟espace social : espace de différences .............................................................. 52 4. 2. Goût et représentation du monde social .............................................................. 54 4. 3. Stratégies de distinction de la petite bourgeoisie nouvelle ................................. 56 4. 4. Le goût du nouvel art de voyager ....................................................................... 59 4. 5. Tiers Monde : les coulisses et les scènes des tourismes « alternatifs » .............. 65 4. 5. 1. Distinction spatiale ..................................................................................... 66 4. 5. 2. Différentiel des pratiques « méritoires » ..................................................... 67 4. 5. 3. Différentiel d‟altérité recherchée ................................................................ 69 5. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 73 CHAPITRE 2. Penser l’espace. Réflexion sur la problématique de la perception et de l’appropriation de la spatialité. .............................................................................. 79 1. Problématique de l‟espace .......................................................................................... 80 1. 1. Objet d‟étude : Quel espace ? Quelle spatialité? ................................................ 81 1. 1. 1. L‟espace et le temps .................................................................................... 82 1. 1. 2. L‟espace et le social .................................................................................... 85 2. La perception et le sens de l‟espace ............................................................................ 88 2. 1. Lieu : à travers le prisme d‟habiter ....................................................................
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