Mining Area C, Life of Project: Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna Assessment Troglofauna Assessment

PreparedPrepared for: for:

BHPBHP Billiton Billiton Iron Iron Ore Ore

February 2015 September 2015 Final Report Final Report

Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna Assessment

Bennelongia Pty Ltd 5 Bishop Street Jolimont WA 6014

P: (08) 9285 8722 F: (08) 9285 8811 E: [email protected]

ACN: 124 110 167

Report Number: 225

Report Version Prepared by Reviewed by Submitted to Client

Method Date

Draft 1 Andrew Trotter Stuart Halse email 27 October 2014

Stuart Halse Draft 2 Andrew Trotter email 9 December 2014 Danilo Harms Stuart Halse Final 1 Andrew Trotter email 16 February 2015 Michael Curran Andrew Trotter Final 2 Stuart Halse email 26 August 2015 Michael Curran

Final 3 Stuart Halse Danilo Harms email 8 September 2015

K:\Projects\B_BHPBIO_56\Troglofauna Report\Final\Sent\Corrected\July 2015_ BEC_Mining Area C Troglofauna Report_final_8ix15a

This document has been prepared to the requirements of the Client and is for the use by the Client, its agents, and Bennelongia Environmental Consultants. Copyright and any other Intellectual Property associated with the document belongs to Bennelongia Environmental Consultants and may not be reproduced without written permission of the Client or Bennelongia. No liability or responsibility is accepted in respect of any use by a third party or for purposes other than for which the document was commissioned. Bennelongia has not attempted to verify the accuracy and completeness of information supplied by the Client. © Copyright 2015 Bennelongia Pty Ltd.

vi Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

vii Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background Mining Area C is located approximately 100 kilometres north-west of Newman in the central Pilbara region of Western Australia. The Northern Flank Valley is an active mining operation in the north- eastern corner of the mining lease and comprises 14 deposits, namely the Marra Mamba deposits A, B, C, D, E, F and R, the Brockman Detrital Deposit and six Brockman bedrock deposits (P1-6) on the Packsaddle Range.

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was conducted in 1997 via the Public Environmental Review (PER) process of BHP Billiton Iron Ore’s proposal to mine 14 iron ore deposits in the Northern Flank Valley at Mining Area C (i.e. deposits A, B, C, D, E, F, R, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6 and the Brockman Detrital Deposit).

The PER was assessed by Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) Bulletin No. 913 in 1998 and a Ministerial Statement of Approval (MS 491) was issued by the Minister for the Environment in December 1998 under Part IV of the Environmental Protection Act 1986 (EP Act).

Two deposits were assessed in the PER – C Deposit and the Brockman Detrital Deposit. In addition to the specific assessment of these two deposits, MS 491 provided an on-going mechanism for the development of the remaining 12 deposits subject to the Mining Area C Environmental Management Plan (EMP) being reviewed and updated to the requirements of the EPA.

Deposits A, B, C, D, E, F, P1, P3, P4 and the Brockman Detrital have been described and assessed in previous versions of the EMP. EMP Revisions 1 through to 5 currently describe mining below the water table (A, C, E, F, P1 and P3 deposits) and above the water table (B, D, P4 and Brockman Detrital deposits) at Mining Area C.

Project Description BHP Billiton Iron Ore is seeking access to the remaining deposits at Mining Area C through the development of a Life of Project EMP (Revision 6). A preliminary project description includes:  access to the P2, P5, P6 and R deposits;  current and planned pit boundaries (including extensions to all approved pits) and Overburden Storage Area (OSA) boundaries;  below water table mining of all deposits and placement of overburden in mined out voids;  construction and use of haul and access roads;  out-of-pit topsoil, Run-of-Mine and low grade ore stockpiles;  continued groundwater abstraction and usage to meet operational demands;  additional infrastructure required to support the future mine plan; and  closure and progressive rehabilitation.

Objective This report provides information about the potential effects on troglofauna of the developments proposed in the Life of Project EMP (Revision 6). Potential effects on troglofauna were assessed using available information on the troglofauna species present within the areas likely to be impacted by the proposed development; namely, the four proposed new mine pits at deposits P2, P5, P6 and R, as well as the proposed modifications to the approved indicative mine pits. These areas are referred to in the remainder of the report as the ‘Project Area’.

The objectives of this assessment were: (1) To identify the troglofauna species present in the Project Area.

viii Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

(2) To determine the future conservation status of the troglofauna species present in the Project Area. (3) To assess the potential impacts on troglofauna species from the developments proposed in the Life of Project EMP.

Findings Troglofauna surveys in the Project Area were conducted in accordance with the recommendations of EPA Environmental Assessment Guideline 12 and Guidance Statement 54A. Altogether, 82 species have been recorded from the Project Area and adjacent Reference Area. Twelve of these species are widespread in the Pilbara, whereas 70 species are known only from the Central Pilbara. Twenty (29%) of these 70 species are known only from the Project Area, or the Project Area and the adjacent approved indicative mine pits.

It is difficult to determine the level of threat to the 20 species (of which 13 species or 65% are singletons) that are currently known only from within the Project Area, or the Project Area and the approved mine pits. This is mainly because while current distributions almost certainly underestimate the true ranges of the species because of the small number of records of each species, the extent of underestimation is not known.

Habitat characterisation suggested there is little difference in the structure of the rock between commercial grade iron ore (i.e. the mine pits) and surrounding areas. The differences between the two areas are mainly subtle variation in the extent of mineralisation that affects the commercial viability of mining rather than differences in habitat structure that will affect the density and distribution of troglofauna. Thus, it is inferred the 20 ‘restricted’ species are likely to have wider ranges than currently documented.

Seventeen of the 20 species are considered unlikely to have ranges that are limited to Project Area and approved indicative mine pits, and the proposed development is considered to present only a low level of threat to the conservation of these species. The level of threat to three species (Hanseniella sp. B08, Symphyella sp. B03, and Parajapygidae sp. S03) is uncertain because there is currently little information on which to infer likely ranges of these species.

It is considered that all significant threats to troglofauna will occur during mining (the excavation of mine pits). No additional threat to troglofauna conservation is expected following mine closure.

ix Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... VIII 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1. Overview of Operation ...... 1 1.2. Approvals History ...... 1 1.3. Current Proposal ...... 1 1.4. Report Objectives ...... 4 1.5. Survey Program ...... 4 2. BACKGROUND ...... 4 2.1. Troglofauna ...... 4 2.1.1. Habitat Requirements...... 4 2.1.2. Principal Impact of Mining on Troglofauna ...... 5 2.1.3. Other Impacts of Mining on Troglofauna ...... 5 2.2. Legislative Framework ...... 6 3. PROJECT AREA ...... 6 4. HABITAT REVIEW ...... 6 4.1. Geological Overview ...... 6 4.2. Drilling Results ...... 7 5. TROGLOFAUNA SURVEYS ...... 7 5.1. Troglofauna Surveys in the Vicinity of Mining Area C ...... 7 5.2. Troglofauna Occurrence and Abundance ...... 9 5.3. Species Identification Issues ...... 10 5.4. Troglofauna Distributions...... 10 6. IMPACT EVALUATION ...... 10 6.1. Known Species Ranges ...... 10 6.2. Species Ranges in Relation to Project Area...... 23 6.3. Threat to Species ...... 30 6.4. Mine Closure ...... 31 7. CONCLUSION ...... 31 8. REFERENCES ...... 31 APPENDICES ...... 34 Appendix 1 - Summary of Timing of all Troglofauna Survey at Mining Area C ...... 35 Appendix 2 - Troglofauna Field and Laboratory Methods ...... 37 Appendix 3 - Drill Holes Sampled in the Project and Reference Area ...... 38 Appendix 4 - Troglofauna Records from the Project Area and the Reference Area ...... 43 Appendix 5 – Records of troglofauna (excluding widespread species, likely to be troglophiles) and other drill holes sampled for troglofauna ...... 55

LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. MINING AREA C IN RELATION TO OTHER BHP BILLITON IRON ORE PROJECTS AND EXPLORATION LEASES...... 2 FIGURE 2. THE PROJECT AREA AT MINING AREA C CONSISTS OF PROPOSED INDICATIVE MINE PITS AND PROPOSED EXTENSIONS TO APPROVED INDICATIVE MINE PITS...... 3 FIGURE 3. DRILL HOLES SAMPLED FOR TROGLOFAUNA WITHIN THE PROPOSED PITS AND SURROUNDING REFERENCE AREA. 8 FIGURE 4. ABUNDANCE OF TROGLOFAUNA IN THE PROJECT AND REFERENCE AREA AT MINING AREA C...... 18 FIGURE 5. PSEUDOSCORPIONES AND SCHIZOMIDS COLLECTED ONLY FROM THE PROJECT AREA, OR THE PROJECT AREA AND ADJACENT APPROVED INDICATIVE MINE PITS...... 19 FIGURE 6. ARANEAE COLLECTED ONLY FROM THE PROJECT AREA, OR PROJECT AREA AND ADJACENT APPROVED INDICATIVE MINE PITS...... 20 FIGURE 7. ISOPODA AND MYRIAPODA COLLECTED ONLY FROM THE PROJECT AREA, OR PROJECT AREA AND ADJACENT APPROVED INDICATIVE MINE PITS...... 21 FIGURE 8. HEXAPODA COLLECTED ONLY FROM THE PROJECT AREA, OR PROJECT AREA AND ADJACENT APPROVED INDICATIVE MINE PITS...... 22

x Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. NUMBERS OF SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM THE PROJECT AREA AND REFERENCE AREA...... 9 TABLE 2. TROGLOFAUNA SPECIES RECORDED FROM THE PROJECT AREA AND REFERENCE AREA, WITH THEIR KNOWN WIDER DISTRIBUTION INDICATED...... 11 TABLE 3. HIGHER LEVEL IDENTIFICATIONS (IMMATURE OR INCOMPLETE SPECIMENS)...... 16 TABLE 4. TROGLOFAUNA SPECIES KNOWN ONLY FROM THE PROJECT AREA OR THE PROJECT AREA AND THE ADJACENT APPROVED MINE PITS...... 25

xi Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Overview of Operation Mining Area C is located approximately 100 kilometres (km) north-west of Newman in the central Pilbara region of Western Australia (Figure 1). The Northern Flank Valley is an active mining operation in the north-eastern corner of the mining lease and comprises 14 deposits, namely the Marra Mamba Iron Formation deposits A, B, C, D, E, F and R, the Brockman Detrital Deposit and six Brockman Iron Formation bedrock deposits (P1-6) on the Packsaddle Range.

Iron ore is mined using conventional open pit methods, and then crushed, screened and loaded onto trains at the Mining Area C ore handling facilities for transport via rail to Port Hedland. Mining Area C operates under Ministerial Statement 491 (MS 491) within the Area C Licence Boundary (Figures 1B, 2).

1.2. Approvals History An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Mining Area C was conducted in 1997 via the Public Environmental Review (PER) process. The PER presented BHP Billiton Iron Ore’s proposal to mine 14 iron ore deposits in the Northern Flank Valley at Mining Area C (i.e. deposits A, B, C, D, E, F, R, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6 and the Brockman Detrital Deposit).

The PER was assessed by Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) Bulletin No. 913 in 1998 and MS 491 was issued by the Minister for the Environment in December 1998 under Part IV of the Environmental Protection Act 1986 (EP Act).

Only two deposits were specifically assessed in the PER – C Deposit and the Brockman Detrital Deposit. In addition to the specific assessment of these two deposits, MS 491 provided an on-going mechanism for the development of the remaining 12 deposits. This involves the Mining Area C Environmental Management Plan (EMP) being reviewed and updated to the requirements of the EPA as the other deposits came on line. MS 491 also required that each new version of the EMP be made available for public review to the requirements of the EPA.

Deposits A, B, C, D, E, F, P1, P3, P4 and the Brockman Detrital have been described and assessed in previous versions of the EMP. EMP Revisions 1 through to 5 describe the current extent of mining below the water table (A, C, E, F, P1 and P3 deposits) and above the water table (B, D, P4 and Brockman Detrital deposits) at Mining Area C.

1.3. Current Proposal BHP Billiton Iron Ore is seeking access to the remaining deposits at Mining Area C through the development of a Life of Project EMP (Revision 6). The preliminary project scope includes:  access to the P2, P5, P6 and R deposits;  current and planned pit boundaries (including extensions to all approved pits) and Overburden Storage Area (OSA) boundaries;  below water table mining of all deposits and placement of overburden in mined out voids;  construction and use of haul and access roads;  out-of-pit topsoil, Run-of-Mine and low grade ore stockpiles;  continued groundwater abstraction and usage to meet operational demands;  additional infrastructure required to support the future mine plan; and  closure and progressive rehabilitation.

1 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Figure 1. Mining Area C in relation to other BHP Billiton Iron Ore projects and exploration leases.

2 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Figure 2. The Project Area at Mining Area C consists of proposed indicative mine pits and proposed extensions to approved indicative mine pits. 3 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

1.4. Report Objectives This report provides information about the potential effects on troglofauna of the developments proposed in the Life of Project EMP (Revision 6). Potential effects on troglofauna were assessed using available information about the troglofauna species present within the areas likely to be impacted by the proposed development. These areas are the four proposed new mine pits at deposits P2, P5, P6 and R, as well as the proposed modifications to the approved indicative mine pits. The areas are referred to in the remainder of the report as the ‘Project Area’ (Figure 2).

The objectives of this assessment were: (1) To identify the troglofauna species present in the Project Area. (2) To determine the future conservation status of the troglofauna species present in the Project Area. (3) To assess the potential impacts on troglofauna species from the developments proposed in the Life of Project EMP.

1.5. Survey Program The troglofauna surveys undertaken at Mining Area C, on which this report is based, have been part of a broad-scale subterranean fauna survey known as the Regional Subterranean Fauna Sampling Program (RSFSP) that began in November 2007. To date, the RSFSP has resulted in survey of more than 30 mining and exploration areas across the Pilbara (Figure 1). The program includes recent surveys in the vicinity of Area C Mine at East Packsaddle and West Packsaddle and the land immediately around Area C Mine. Troglofauna surveys at Mining Area C itself were designed around 14 iron ore deposits, including P2, P5, P6 and R.

2. BACKGROUND

2.1. Troglofauna Troglofauna are air-breathing subterranean animals that occur in small fissures, cavities and other spaces in the underground matrix. Most troglofauna species have limited dispersal capacity and, therefore, have highly localised distributions (Lamoreux 2004; Halse and Eberhard 2014). As a result of having small ranges, troglofauna species are vulnerable to extinction through habitat loss, and their conservation significance has been recognised by the EPA in the requirement for assessment and protection during developments that may affect their habitat (EPA 2013).

The earliest troglofauna surveys focussed on caves. However, since the documentation of troglofauna in pisolitic channel iron deposits (CID) in the Robe Valley area (Biota 2006), troglofauna have been found in mineralised habitats throughout the Pilbara region. The region supports more species of troglofauna than any other Australian region, with about 650 morphospecies collected to date (Halse and Pearson 2014). In comparison, 974 species have been collected from the extensively studied and globally important Balkans Peninsula (Sket et al. 2004). Further discussion of the importance of the western half of Australia for troglofauna is provided by Guzik et al. (2010) who emphasised the outstanding importance of Australian arid regions generally, but especially the Pilbara and Yilgarn regions, for all subterranean fauna.

2.1.1. Habitat Requirements Troglofauna habitat is usually considered to be found in the vadose zone from the lower layers of soil a few metres below the ground surface to the interface with groundwater (Halse and Pearson 2014). Troglofauna occupy interstices, vugs, cavities and fissures within this realm and their occurrence is therefore closely linked to geology. If no fissures or voids are present, no troglofauna will occur.

4 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

When subterranean spaces are present, the pattern of spaces largely determines the abundance and distribution of troglofauna. Vertical connectivity with the surface is important for supplying carbon and nutrients to maintain populations of different species (e.g. plant roots are an important surface connection), while lateral connectivity of voids is crucial to underground dispersal. At present the understanding of factors controlling the distributions of individual troglofauna species in the Pilbara is poorly developed. There is strong biological evidence that mesas comprise isolated habitat for some (but not all) troglofauna species in the Robe Valley (Biota 2006; Harvey et al. 2008). Little can be said about the degree of species isolation associated with dykes and faulting, although valleys often appear to act as barriers (Bennelongia unpublished data).

Troglofauna occur widely in the mineralised iron formations of the Pilbara (Bennelongia 2008a, b, c; 2009a, b; Biota 2006). There is relatively little information about the occurrence of troglofauna outside mineralised habitats because mine development has been the primary reason for most of the sampling programs. However, it has been shown that troglofauna occur in calcrete and alluvium in the Pilbara (Edward and Harvey 2008; Rio Tinto 2008), Yilgarn (Barranco and Harvey 2008; Platnick 2008; Bennelongia 2009c) and elsewhere in Western Australia (Biota 2005a, b).

2.1.2. Principal Impact of Mining on Troglofauna Only impacts causing direct habitat loss are likely to threaten the persistence of troglofauna species. Typically, the only mining activity leading to direct habitat loss for troglofauna is mine pit excavation.

2.1.3. Other Impacts of Mining on Troglofauna There has been little research into the impact of reduced habitat quality, rather than habitat removal, on troglofauna. Factors potentially reducing habitat quality include changed habitat structure, reduced energy sources, ingress of pollutants and reduced humidity. Overall, it is considered here that these factors are more likely to reduce animal densities than threaten species persistence. Possible consequences of some factors are summarised below:

(1) Percussion from blasting. Blasting may have indirect effects on troglofauna through reducing or altering underground structure (usually via rock fragmentation and collapse of voids). It is also possible that blast impacts could detrimentally affect some troglofauna directly through concussion. Both types of effects are likely to dissipate rapidly with distance from the pit and blasting is not considered here as a significant impacting activity beyond the pit boundary. (2) Overburden stockpiles and waste dumps. These artificial landforms may reduce inputs of nutrients and dissolved organic matter to subterranean habitats through reduced rainfall recharge. Recharge will be reduced because water runs off stockpiles rather than infiltrating through them. While stockpiles and dumps may create a shadow of reduced energy sources, this is likely only to reduce the quality of habitat. It should be noted that tree roots, which are removed by all forms of land clearing, may provide an important source of energy and nutrients to troglofauna. (3) Contamination of landforms by hydrocarbons. Any contamination is likely to be localised and minimised by engineering and management practices for the containment of hydrocarbon products. It is not considered here as a likely risk to troglofauna. (4) Lowering the watertable in the vicinity of the mine pits. Lower water tables are sometimes thought to have the potential to impact on troglofauna by altering humidity. The humidity requirements of troglofauna are not well documented. While it has been stated that cave species require humidity greater than about 80% (Humphreys 1990), species in the landscape matrix are more likely to require humidity of very close to 100% (Howarth 1980; Hadley et al. 1981; Howarth and Stone 1990). While pit excavation can cause drying of habitat through the

5 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

walls of the pit, in most situations dewatering below an undisturbed surface probably has little effect on humidity at depth (see Bennelongia 2008d).

2.2. Legislative Framework The EPA has recently updated its advice on assessment of troglofauna with the release of Environmental Assessment Guideline 12 (EPA 2013), which supersedes the framework provided in Guidance Statement No. 54 (EPA 2003). The recommendations regarding sampling methods in Guidance Statement 54A (EPA 2007) remain in place. The Mining Area C survey was conducted according to the general principles laid out in these documents.

Legislative protection of species and communities in Western Australia is provided at two levels. The Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WC Act) operates at the state level, while the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) operates at the commonwealth level. No troglofauna communities or species listed under the EPBC Act occur at Mining Area C or nearby areas (Department of Environment 2014). Similarly, no troglofauna species listed under the WC Act occurs at Mining Area C or in the vicinity (Department of Parks and Wildlife [DPaW] 2013). Communities are not listed under the WC Act but a list of threatened communities prepared by the DPaW is endorsed by Minister for the Environment. No threatened troglofauna community occurs in the vicinity of Mining Area C.

There is a further, informal process whereby priority species and priority ecological communities (PECs) are listed by DPaW. No troglofauna-based PECs occur in the Project Area, although two troglofauna-based PECs occur in the Pilbara approximately 300 km west of Mining Area C (Subterranean invertebrate communities of mesas in the Robe Valley region, and Subterranean invertebrate community of pisolitic hills in the Pilbara).

3. PROJECT AREA Mining Area C consists of two parallel ranges: the Jirrpalpur Range on the south side of the Northern Flank valley and the Packsaddle Range to the north. Both ranges typically occur as elevated and elongated ridgelines, with the 14 recognised deposits identified along the ranges on the basis of higher grades of recoverable iron ore than the surrounding landscape. The Project Area represents the additional mine pit excavations beyond those currently approved that are proposed under the Life of Project EMP (Revision 6). These excavations are the proposed mine pits at P2, P5, P6 and R deposits, and the proposed modifications to approved indicative pits listed in Table 1 (illustrated in Figure 2). As already stated, this report documents the troglofauna species occurring within the Project Area. However, a Reference Area outside the proposed and approved mine pits but within the Area C Licence Boundary was also sampled to provide information on the wider occurrence of species within the Project Area. Species collected in this Reference Area are reported irrespective of whether they also occur in the Project Area.

4. HABITAT REVIEW A review of the local geology at Mining Area C was undertaken by BHP Billiton Iron Ore to characterise troglofauna habitat (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015) and results of the review are summarised below.

4.1. Geological Overview Mining Area C consists of two parallel ranges of outcropping Banded Iron Formation (BIF). These are the Jirrpalpur Range made up of Marra Mamba Iron Formation on the south side of the Northern

6 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Flank valley and the Packsaddle Range made up of Brockman Iron Formation to the north. Both ranges typically occur as elevated and elongated ridgelines, with deposits identified on the basis of higher grades of recoverable iron ore than the surrounding landscape.

The valley which lies between the Jirrpalpur Range and Packsaddle Range is colloquially known as the Mining Area C valley. It is formed by preferential weathering and erosion of the relatively soft Wittenoom Formation. Dolomite, a member of the Wittenoom formation, readily dissolves in water, leading to the formation of large pores, voids and cavities that are prospective for troglofauna.

The ‘hardcap’ zone, formed from continued weathering of the surface of the deposits and surrounding landscape, constitutes a semi-continuous carapace across the ranges. The formation of hardcap is not limited to a particular rock type and has been observed on unconsolidated sediments, BIF and ore (Crowe 2012). This zone can be extremely variable in texture and is known to contain frequent voids and cavities. Cavities on a scale of metres are occasionally observed during drilling and mining. Hardcap alteration is usually strongest near the surface and often grades into semi-hardcap and then unaltered rock with depth. This stratum is considered to provide important habitat for troglofauna.

The BIF host rock, precursor to iron ore, consists of finely bedded chert, iron oxides and silicates. The texture of this rock type is fine-grained and dense, with few to no voids and essentially no intergranular pore spaces. Inter-bedded within the iron formation are shales and cherts that can form bands up to 40 m thick. The shales and cherts are similarly non-porous. Thus, it is unlikely that unaltered BIF contains significant troglofauna habitat. In contrast, the weathering processes that form commercial grade ore within BIF host rock lead to formation of voids and cavities that provide highly prospective troglofauna habitat.

4.2. Drilling Results The Packsaddle Range extends for 50 km, with approximately 25 km of the range falling within the Mining Area C Licence Boundary. The Mining Area C iron ore deposits within the Packsaddle Range (P1 to P6) are hosted by the Dales Gorge and Joffre members of the Brockman Iron Formation. Drilling at Packsaddle Range deposits suggests cavities occur throughout the profile of the BIF, with pores identified at depths of up to 90 m. As expected, cavities have been found to be more prevalent in altered BIF and hardcapped zones.

The iron ore found within Jirrpalpur Range (A to F, and R deposits) is part of a continuous belt of enrichment within Marra Mamba Iron Formation that has a strike length of over 25 km. South Flank on the southern margin of the Jirrpalpur Range has similar geology to that of the Northern Flank (A to F deposits), with ore hosted in Marra Mamba Iron Formation. Drilling at the Jirrpalpur Range deposits suggests cavities also occur throughout the profile of the BIF to a depth of 90 m from the surface. As at Packsaddle Range, cavities have been found to be more prevalent in altered BIF and hardcapped zones.

5. TROGLOFAUNA SURVEYS

5.1. Troglofauna Surveys in the Vicinity of Mining Area C Baseline troglofauna surveys were commissioned by BHP Billiton Iron Ore at Mining Area C between 2007 and 2015 and undertaken by Bennelongia and Subterranean Ecology (see Appendix 1 for timing of sampling). To date, over 4000 samples targeting troglofauna have been collected from drill holes in the vicinity of Mining Area C (including East Packsaddle and West Packsaddle), South Flank exploration area (5 km south of Mining Area C) and Jinidi (18 km east of Mining Area C) (Figure 1).

7 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Figure 3. Drill holes sampled for troglofauna within the proposed pits and surrounding reference area. 8 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

At least 92 species of troglofauna belonging to 17 orders have been collected within the Mining Area C licence boundary (Bennelongia 2014a, b). At South Flank, 56 species of troglofauna belonging to 17 Orders have been collected (Bennelongia 2013a). At Jinidi, there are at least 29 species belonging to 14 Orders (Bennelongia 2013b). In addition to the work conducted on BHP Billiton Iron Ore’s tenements, a small survey at Rio Tinto’s Hope Downs mine, approximately 3.5 km east of Mining Area C, collected four species of troglofauna belonging to four Orders (Biota 2011).

Data documenting the occurrence of troglofauna within the Project Area itself were obtained from 788.5 samples (Figure 3; Table 1). Of these samples, 307.5 were collected at Jirrpalpur Range and 481 at Packsaddle Range.

Information on the wider distribution of troglofauna outside the Project Area was obtained from 364 samples in the Reference Area. In addition, information on the distribution of widespread species collected from the Project Area was compiled using records from approved mine pits within Mining Area C, the vicinity of Mining Area C (but outside the Licence Boundary) and other parts of the Pilbara.

Details of sampling methodology and a complete list of drill holes sampled within the Project Area and the Reference Area (with coordinates) are given in Appendix 2 and Appendix 3, respectively.

Table 1. Numbers of samples collected from the Project Area and Reference Area. S Trap = single trap, D Trap = double trap. *The number of samples collected was calculated as samples = (no. of scrape + no. of S trap or D trap)/2.

Scrape S Trap D Trap Samples*

Jirrpalpur Range A Pit Extension 20 18 3 20.5 B Pit Extension 75 56 18 74.5 C Pit Extension 11 9 1 10.5 D Pit Extension 34 28 6 34 E Pit Extension 28 19 8 27.5 F Pit Extension 43 31 13 43.5 R Pit 98 73 23 97

Packsaddle Range

P1 Pit Extension 14 11 2 13.5 P2 Pit 162 102 33 148.5 P3 Pit Extension 98 47 11 78 P4 Pit Extension 84 44 7 67.5 P5 Pit 73 80 76.5

P6 Pit 100 94 97

Referenc e Area 412 242 74 364

5.2. Troglofauna Occurrence and Abundance A total of 1650 specimens of troglofauna were collected in the Project Area and the adjacent Reference Area (Table 2, Table 3, and Appendix 4). These specimens represent 82 of the 92 species that have been recorded in the wider Mining Area C and belong to 17 orders (Table 2). They represent five orders of arachnid (Pseudoscorpiones, 10 species; Palpigradi, 2 species; Schizomida, 7 species; Araneae, 12 species; Opiliones, 2 species) and one order of crustaceans (Isopoda, 5 species). The myriapod fauna comprises one order of centipede (Scolopendrida, 4 species), two orders of millipede (Polyxenida, 1 species; Spirobolida, 1 species), one order of Pauropoda (Tetramerocerata, 6 species) and one order of symphylans (Cephalostigmata, 4 species). Among the hexapod orders,

9 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Diplura are represented by six species, Thysanura by five species, Blattodea by four species, Hemiptera by two species, Coleoptera by 10 species and Diptera by one species (Table 2).

Insects were numerically dominant and more than 100 specimens were collected for each of the insect species Sciaridae sp. B01/Sciaridae sp., Meenoplidae sp. B02/Meenoplidae sp., and Blattidae sp. B06/Blattidae sp. (assuming conspecificity) (Figure 4, Table 2, and Table 3). Between 50 and 100 specimens were collected for each of the insect species Nocticola sp., Nocticola `BLA003` and millipede species Lophoturus madecassus. Schizomids were also relatively abundant, particularly Draculoides `SCH012` (29 specimens) (Table 2). Most species occurred at very low abundance and 20 species were represented by only one specimen (singleton).

5.3. Species Identification Issues In several cases animals could not be identified to species level because they were damaged, juvenile or the wrong sex for species determination. These animals are tabulated in the results at the lowest level of identification achievable. One animal, Trigoniulidae sp., is listed in Table 2 because it represents an additional species, while the other identifications are presented in Table 3 because they are considered likely to belong to species already listed in Table 2.

5.4. Troglofauna Distributions Twelve of the 82 species collected in the Project Area and adjacent Reference Area are very widespread in the Pilbara and are known from many locations beyond the Project Area (Palpigradi sp. B01, Cormocephalus `CHI003`, Lophoturus madecassus, Pauropodidae sp. B01, Pauropodidae sp. B04, Japygidae `DPL002`, Atelurinae sp. B02, Nocticola `BLA001`, Hemiptera sp. B02, Pselaphinae sp. B01, Ptinella sp. B01, and Sciaridae sp. B01).

The remaining 70 species are considered likely to have ranges restricted to the Central Pilbara. Of these 70 species, 20 are known only from the Project Area or from the Project Area and adjacent approved indicative mine pits, including the Hope Downs Mine pit (Table 2). The 20 species consist of one pseudoscorpion (Indohya sp. S02) (Figure 5); two schizomids (Draculoides `SCH018` and Draculoides sp. B47) (Figure 5); six spiders (Gnaphosidae sp. B01, ?Theridiidae sp. B01, Anapistula sp. B02, Prethopalpus pearsoni, Prethopalpus sp. {Araneae sp. S07} and Prethopalpus sp. B06) (Figure 6); one slater (Troglarmadillo sp. B03) (Figure 7); four myriapods (Cryptops sp. B39, Pauropodidae sp. B12, Hanseniella sp. B08, and Symphyella sp. B03) (Figure 7); and six hexapods (Parajapygidae sp. B27, Parajapygidae sp. S03, Atelurinae sp. B04, Cryptorhynchinae sp. S03, Typhlozuphium longipenne and Zuphiini sp. B03) (Figure 8). Twelve of the 20 species were recorded from one drill hole only (Table 4).

6. IMPACT EVALUATION Mining may potentially threaten species that have all of their range (or even nearly all of their populations) restricted to the proposed mine pits, or the proposed mine pits and the approved indicative mine pits.

6.1. Known Species Ranges Apart from actually having highly restricted ranges, there are two processes likely to have led to 20 species being known only from the Project Area, or Project Area and adjacent approved indicative mine pits. These are that samples were not collected from across the full ranges of the species and that the species were often not collected from drill holes in areas where they occurred because of low species abundances and low collection efficiencies.

10 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Table 2. Troglofauna species recorded from the Project Area and Reference Area, with their known wider distribution indicated. *Indicates proposed modification to approved pit, grey shading indicates species known only from proposed and/or proposed and approved mine pits. Note: Includes specimens collected as by- catch during stygofauna sampling (see Appendix 4 for details). Jirrpalpur Range Packsaddle Range Project Area Reference Linear A* B* C* D* E* F* R P1* P2 P3* P4* P5 P6 Area Range Taxonomy Number of Specimens Other Records (km) Arachnida Pseudoscorpiones Indohya `PSE005` 1 B Deposit Pit, C Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit, South Flank 21 Indohya sp. S02 2 0.1 Lagynochthonius `PSE039` 1 1 6 B Deposit Pit, F Deposit Pit, Jinidi, South Flank, Elsewhere in 47 Pilbara Lagynochthonius `PSE045` 2 1 P4 Deposit Pit 0.9 Lagynochthonius `PSE046` 1 1 1 P1 Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit 16 Lagynochthonius sp. B19 1 Only record - Lagynochthonius sp. S03 2 1 2 2.5 Tyrannochthonius `PSE050` 5 2 P4 Deposit Pit 2.3 Tyrannochthonius `PSE055` 1 3 1 A Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit 17 Tyrannochthonius `PSE066` 2 1 1 A Deposit Pit, South Flank, Weeli Wolli 45 Palpigradi Eukoenenia sp. S01 1 2 2 Boundary Ridge South 34 Palpigradi sp. B01 5 2 1 1 D Deposit Pit, Caramulla, Jimblebar, Mindy, Jinidi, Orebody 459 19, Orebody 35, Packsaddle East, South Flank, Wheelarra Hill, Elsewhere in Pilbara Schizomida Draculoides `SCH012` 24 1 3 P1 Deposit Pit 12 Draculoides `SCH013` 3 1 1 1 2 P3 Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit 10 Draculoides `SCH018` 6 Hope Downs Pit 5.8 Draculoides `SCH022` 8 Jinidi, Packsaddle East, South Flank, Weeli Wolli 36 Draculoides `SCH023` 1 2 South Flank 18 Draculoides sp. B32 4 Only records - Draculoides sp. B47 2 7 A Deposit Pit 4.4 Araneae ?Gnaphosidae sp. B01 1 Only record - Gnaphosidae sp. B01 1 Only record -

11 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Jirrpalpur Range Packsaddle Range Project Area Reference Linear A* B* C* D* E* F* R P1* P2 P3* P4* P5 P6 Area Range Taxonomy Number of Specimens Other Records (km) nr Encoptarthria sp. B01 1 1 Jinidi, South Flank 44 ?Theridiidae sp. B01 1 Only record - Anapistula sp. B02 1 Only record - Linyphiidae sp. B03 17 1 12 B Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit, Packsaddle West, South Flank 23 (=Araneae sp. S05) Pelicinus sp. B02 1 B Deposit Pit, P3 Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit 6.7 Prethopalpus pearsoni 2 P4 Deposit Pit 0.9 Prethopalpus sp. 1 Only record - (Araneae sp. S07) Prethopalpus sp. B06 1 B Deposit Pit 7.7 Prethopalpus sp. B18 3 3 4.8 Prethopalpus sp. B24 1 Only record - Opiliones Dampetrus sp. B01 (nr isolatus) 2 1 B Deposit Pit, C Deposit Pit, Packsaddle East 25 Opiliones sp. B02 1 Packsaddle East 27 Malacostraca Isopoda Armadillidae sp. B07 3 1 1.8 Troglarmadillo sp. B03 1 5 A Deposit Pit, D Deposit Pit, F Deposit Pit 17 Troglarmadillo sp. B13 1 South Flank 6.5 Troglarmadillo sp. B44 23 1 1 Troglarmadillo sp. B57 1 Only record - Chilopoda Scolopendrida Cormocephalus `CHI003` 1 1 Elsewhere in Pilbara 153 Cryptops sp. B07 1 2 Jinidi, South Flank 43 Cryptops sp. B15 1 1 Packsaddle West 26 Cryptops sp. B39 1 Only record - Diplopoda Polyxenida Lophoturus madecassus 5 34 6 3 1 3 10 4 12 A Deposit Pit, P1 Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit, Alligator Jaws, 633

12 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Jirrpalpur Range Packsaddle Range Project Area Reference Linear A* B* C* D* E* F* R P1* P2 P3* P4* P5 P6 Area Range Taxonomy Number of Specimens Other Records (km) Boundary Ridge South, Governor Range, Hashimoto, Homestead, Jimblebar, Mindy, Ministers North, Jinidi, Orebody 19, Orebody 24, Orebody 25, Orebody 29, Orebody 31, Orebody 32, Orebody 35, Orebody 39, Packsaddle East, Packsaddle West, South Flank, Western Ridge, Wheelarra Hill, Elsewhere in Pilbara Spirobolida Trigoniulidae sp. 1 N/A Pauropoda Tetramerocerata Pauropodidae sp. B01 6 2 2 B Deposit Pit, C Deposit Pit, E Deposit Pit, Hashimoto, 244 (Decapauropus ?tenuis) Jimblebar, Orebody 31, Packsaddle East, South Flank, Elsewhere in Pilbara Pauropodidae sp. B04 1 P4 Deposit Pit, Mesa Gap, Western Ridge, Elsewhere in 128 Pilbara Pauropodidae sp. B12 1 Only record - Pauropodidae sp. B14 1 1 South Flank 9.9 Pauropodidae sp. B15 1 Only record - Pauropodidae sp. B16 1 Only record - Symphyla Cephalostigmata Hanseniella sp. B07 1 South Flank 24 Hanseniella sp. B08 1 3 P2 Deposit Pit, P3 Deposit Pit 0.9 Scutigerella sp. B03 1 South Flank 16 Symphyella sp. B03 1 Only record - Entognatha Diplura Japygidae `DPL002` 2 1 1 1 4 A Deposit Pit, P1 Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit, Alligator Jaws, 288 Camp Hill, Caramulla, Governor Range, Hashimoto, Homestead, Jimblebar, Jinidi, Orebody 18, Orebody 24, Orebody 25, Orebody 31, Orebody 32, Packsaddle West, Rhodes Ridge, South Flank, Western Ridge, Elsewhere in

13 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Jirrpalpur Range Packsaddle Range Project Area Reference Linear A* B* C* D* E* F* R P1* P2 P3* P4* P5 P6 Area Range Taxonomy Number of Specimens Other Records (km) Pilbara Japygidae `DPL007` 1 South Flank 5.7 Japygidae `DPL011` 1 1 Rhodes Ridge, South Flank 35 Parajapygidae `DPL020` 1 P1 Deposit Pit, P3 Deposit Pit, Jinidi 46 Parajapygidae sp. B27 1 Only record - Parajapygidae sp. S03 1 Only record - Insecta Thysanura Atelurinae sp. B02 1 12 Caramulla, Coondewanna, Governor Range, Hashimoto, 458 Homestead, Jimblebar, Jinidi, Orebody 18, Orebody 24, Orebody 25, Orebody 31, Orebody 32, Orebody 39, Packsaddle West, Weeli Wolli, Western Ridge, Wheelarra Hill, Yandi, Elsewhere in Pilbara Atelurinae sp. B04 1 Only record - Dodecastyla crypta 3 1 1 2 5 5 6 5 11 A Deposit Pit, B Deposit Pit, D Deposit Pit, F Deposit Pit, P1 19 Deposit Pit, P3 Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit, South Flank Trinemura sp. B02 (nr watsoni) 1 P4 Deposit Pit, Jinidi, South Flank 35 Trinemura sp. B09 5 South Flank 18 Blattodea Blattidae sp. B06 13 6 5 3 23 P4 Deposit Pit, Jinidi, South Flank 45 Nocticola `BLA001` 1 2 1 5 3 A Deposit Pit, B Deposit Pit, C Deposit Pit, D Deposit Pit, E 343 Deposit Pit, F Deposit Pit, P1 Deposit Pit, P3 Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit, Boundary Ridge South, Governor Range, Homestead, Jinidi, Orebody 18, Orebody 19, Orebody 24, Orebody 35, Packsaddle East, South Flank, Weeli Wolli, Elsewhere in Pilbara Nocticola `BLA003` 1 4 1 1 20 22 42 A Deposit Pit, B Deposit Pit, F Deposit Pit, P1 Deposit Pit, P3 55 Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit, Ministers North, Jinidi, Packsaddle West, South Flank, Weeli Wolli, Yandi Nocticola `cockingi` ms 22 South Flank 9.1 Hemiptera Hemiptera sp. B02 2 6 1 5 9 1 3 B Deposit Pit, F Deposit Pit, P1 Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit, 1184

14 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Jirrpalpur Range Packsaddle Range Project Area Reference Linear A* B* C* D* E* F* R P1* P2 P3* P4* P5 P6 Area Range Taxonomy Number of Specimens Other Records (km) Hashimoto, Homestead, Jimblebar, Jinidi, Orebody 19, Orebody 24, Orebody 25, Orebody 32, Orebody 35, Orebody 39, South Flank, Wheelarra Hill, Elsewhere in Pilbara Meenoplidae sp. B02 6 106 17 46 10 3 8 A Deposit Pit, B Deposit Pit, C Deposit Pit, F Deposit Pit, P1 43 Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit, Jinidi, Packsaddle East, South Flank Coleoptera Bembidiinae sp. B08 3 Elsewhere in Pilbara 43 Typhlozuphium humicolum 1 2 1 A Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit, Jinidi 29 Typhlozuphium longipenne 1 Only record - Zuphiini sp. B03 1 Only record - Cryptorhynchinae sp. S03 1 Only record - Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 3 4 3 3 6 9 B Deposit Pit, D Deposit Pit, F Deposit Pit, P1 Deposit Pit, P3 28 Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit, Packsaddle West, South Flank, Elsewhere in Pilbara Ptinella sp. B01 45 Homestead, Orebody 24, Orebody 32, Packsaddle West, 45 Weeli Wolli, Elsewhere in Pilbara nr Claviger sp. B01 1 Only record - Pselaphinae sp. B01 3 3 1 B Deposit Pit, Hashimoto, Jinidi, Orebody 19, Orebody 24, 312 Orebody 31, South Flank, Elsewhere in Pilbara Coleoptera sp. B06 2 Packsaddle West 13 Diptera Sciaridae sp. B01 11 6 33 2 252 71 B Deposit Pit, P4 Deposit Pit, Alligator Jaws, Homestead, 416 Jimblebar, Mindy, Jinidi, Orebody 24, Orebody 25, Orebody 31, Orebody 32, Packsaddle West, Rhodes Ridge, South Flank, Western Ridge, Elsewhere in Pilbara

15 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Table 3. Higher level identifications (immature or incomplete specimens). *Indicates proposed modification to approved pit. Note: Includes specimens collected as by-catch during stygofauna sampling (see Appendix 4 for details). Jirrpalpur Range Packsaddle Range Project Area Reference A* B* C* D* E* F* R P1* P2 P3* P4* P5 P6 Area Taxonomy Number of Specimens Possible Species Arachnida Pseudoscorpiones Chthoniidae sp. 1 1 Uncertain due to taxonomic resolution Indohya sp. 1 Indohya `PSE005` or Indohya sp. S02 Lagynochthonius sp. 1 One of the 5 Lagynochthonius species in Table 2 Tyrannochthonius sp. 1 One of the 3 Tyrannochthonius species in Table 2 Palpigradi Palpigradi sp. 2 Palpigradi sp. B01 Schizomida The Draculoides species collected at each Draculoides sp. 2 6 1 2 10 3 1 6 1 6 corresponding area Araneae Araneomorphae sp. 1 Uncertain due to taxonomic resolution Linyphiidae sp. 6 Linyphiidae sp. B03 Prethopalpus sp. B06 Prethopalpus sp. B18, for R Prethopalpus sp. 1 1 and P2 deposits, respectively Opiliones Opiliones sp. 1 Possibly Opiliones sp. B02 Diplopoda Polyxenida Lophoproctidae sp. 1 1 3 Lophoturus madecassus Symphyla Cephalostigmata Symphyella sp. 1 Possibly Symphyella sp. B03 Entognatha Diplura Japygidae sp. 2 1 Japygidae `DPL002` or Japygidae `DPL007` or Japygidae `DPL011`

16 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Jirrpalpur Range Packsaddle Range Project Area Reference A* B* C* D* E* F* R P1* P2 P3* P4* P5 P6 Area Taxonomy Number of Specimens Possible Species Insecta Thysanura Atelurinae sp. 1 1 Dodecastyla crypta or Atelurinae sp. B02 or 3 Atelurinae sp. B04 Trinemura sp. 1 1 Trinemura sp. B02 (nr watsoni) or Trinemura sp. B09 Nicoletiidae sp. 1 Trinemura sp. B02 (nr watsoni) or Trinemura sp. B09 Thysanura sp. 1 Uncertain due to taxonomic resolution Blattodea Blattidae sp. 2 2 9 1 18 11 17 14 22 17 Blattidae sp. B06 Nocticola sp. 5 1 5 6 18 20 7 Nocticola `BLA001`, or Nocticola `BLA001` or 47 Nocticola `cockingi` ms Hemiptera Hemiptera sp. 1 Hemiptera sp. B02 Meenoplidae sp. 9 4 3 13 1 15 4 2 10 10 28 Meenoplidae sp. B02 Coleoptera Zuphiini sp. 1 2 1 Zuphiini sp. B01 or Zuphiini sp. B03 Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. 1 Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 Curculionidae sp. 1 Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 Coleoptera sp. 1 Uncertain due to taxonomic resolution Diptera Sciaridae sp. 1 Sciaridae sp. B01

17 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Coleoptera sp. nr Claviger sp. B01 Curculionidae sp. Cryptorhynchinae sp. S03 Typhlozuphium longipenne Thysanura sp. Trinemura sp. B02 (nr Watsoni) Nicoletiidae sp. Atelurinae sp. B04 Parajapygidae sp. S03 Parajapygidae sp. B27 Parajapygidae `DPL020` Japygidae `DPL007` Scutigerella sp. B03 Hanseniella sp. B07 Pauropodidae sp. B16 Pauropodidae sp. B15 Pauropodidae sp. B12 Pauropodidae sp. B04 Trigoniulidae sp. Cryptops sp. B39 Troglarmadillo sp. B57 Troglarmadillo sp. B13 Araneomorphae sp. Anapistula sp. B02 Prethopalpus sp. B24 Prethopalpus sp. B06 Prethopalpus sp. (Araneae sp. S07) Pelicinus sp. B02 Gnaphosidae sp. B01 ?Theridiidae sp. B01 ?Gnaphosidae sp. B01 Indohya sp. Indohya `PSE005` Tyrannochthonius sp. Lagynochthonius sp. B19 Lagynochthonius sp. Coleoptera sp. B06 Trinemura sp. Japygidae `DPL011` Symphyella sp. B03/Symphyella sp. Pauropodidae sp. B14 Cormocephalus `CHI003` Cryptops sp. B15 Opiliones sp. B02/Opiliones sp. Prethopalpus sp. Prethopalpus pearsoni nr Encoptarthria sp. B01 Indohya sp. S02 Chthoniidae sp. Bembidiinae sp. B08 Japygidae sp. Cryptops sp. B07 (=Scolopendrida sp. S02) Dampetrus sp. B01 (nr isolatus) Draculoides sp. B46 Draculoides `SCH023` Lagynochthonius `PSE046` Lagynochthonius `PSE045` Typhlozuphium humicolum Hanseniella sp. B08 Armadillidae sp. B07 Draculoides sp. B32 Tyrannochthonius `PSE066` Zuphiini sp. B03/Zuphiini sp. Trinemura sp. B09 Atelurinae sp. Eukoenenia sp. S01 Tyrannochthonius `PSE055` Lagynochthonius sp. S03 Troglarmadillo sp. B03 Prethopalpus sp. B18 (=?Araneae sp. S05) Draculoides sp. B47 Draculoides `SCH018` Pselaphinae sp. B01 Tyrannochthonius `PSE050` Draculoides sp. B48 Draculoides `SCH013` Lagynochthonius `PSE039` Japygidae `DPL002` Pauropodidae sp. B01 (Decapauropus ?tenuis) Palpigradi sp. B01/Palpigradi sp. Nocticola `BLA001` Atelurinae sp. B02 (=?Atelurodes sp. S02) Nocticola `cockingi` ms Troglarmadillo sp. B44 Hemiptera sp. B02 (=Fulgoridae sp. S01)/Hemiptera sp. Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02)/Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. Draculoides `SCH012` Linyphiidae sp. B03 (=Araneae sp. S05)/Linyphiidae sp. Draculoides sp. Dodecastyla crypta Ptinella sp. B01 Lophoturus madecassus/Lophoproctidae sp. Nocticola `BLA003` Nocticola sp. Blattidae sp. B06/Blattidae sp. Meenoplidae sp. B02 (=Meenoplidae sp. S01)/Meenoplidae sp. Sciaridae sp. B01/Sciaridae sp. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Number of Specimens Figure 4. Abundance of troglofauna in the Project and Reference Area at Mining Area C.

18 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Figure 5. Pseudoscorpiones and schizomids collected only from the Project Area, or the Project Area and adjacent approved indicative mine pits. 19 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Figure 6. Araneae collected only from the Project Area, or Project Area and adjacent approved indicative mine pits. 20 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Figure 7. Isopoda and myriapoda collected only from the Project Area, or Project Area and adjacent approved indicative mine pits. 21 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Figure 8. Hexapoda collected only from the Project Area, or Project Area and adjacent approved indicative mine pits. 22 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Sampling Limitations and Continuity of Habitat Troglofauna sampling is likely to underestimate the true ranges of most troglofauna species because it is spatially constrained. Drill holes are usually available for sampling only within the tenements of the proponent company and only in areas considered to be prospective for mining. The effect of these constraints is illustrated in Appendix 5.

Species Occurring at Low Abundance When considering the likelihood of a species actually being restricted to the Project Area, or Project Area and approved indicative mine pits, it must be emphasised that results of surveys completed to date show a preponderance of low-abundance species in the troglofauna community at Mining Area C. Low abundance species occur in both the Project Area and the Reference Area, and 19 (23%) of the 82 species were collected as single specimens (Table 2). Thirteen (65%) of the 20 species currently known only from proposed or approved mine pits were singletons (Table 4).

Species collected as singletons are likely to be low abundance species and defining the ranges of such species with any degree of accuracy is a perennial biological problem because range definition requires extensive sampling (Miller et al. 1989, Guisan et al. 2006). While there is a general trend for low abundance species to have smaller ranges than abundant species (Brown 1984), many low abundance species are widespread although their occurrence may be patchy (Maurer 1990). Thus, few direct inferences can be drawn about the likely ranges of species collected in the Project Area as singletons. Instead the likely species range should be inferred using the known ranges of related species and the potential continuity of the surrounding habitat.

6.2. Species Ranges in Relation to Project Area The likely distributions of the 20 species known only from the Project Area are inferred below (where possible) based on four types of information. These are the ranges of related species, the results of habitat profiling (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015), the locations of the species within the proposed mine pits, and the extent of sampling in the vicinity of those records.

The habitat profiling undertaken by BHP Billiton Iron Ore (2015) is one the most comprehensive assessments yet completed of the potential for areas in the Pilbara to provide habitat for troglofauna. When combined with troglofauna sampling results, this profiling suggested that troglofauna habitat at Mining Area C consists of faulted and fractured BIF and alluvial / colluvial deposits. In many areas (e.g. Packsaddle Range), water flow has altered the texture of the host rock, creating cavities and vugs that appear to provide suitable habitat for troglofauna in hardcapping. For most species, records of troglofauna have been found either outside or both inside and outside areas of mineralisation (>50% Fe) suggesting that the species are not solely reliant on mineralisation to create habitat. The dykes (igneous intrusions) present do not appear to pose a barrier to movement for any of the species investigated.

When inferring species ranges from habitat profiling information and geological mapping, assumptions have often been made about the geological units used by the species. The degree of uncertainty associated with these assumptions varies subtly between species, so conclusions about whether species are restricted to the Project Area occupy more of a continuum than is reflected in the two categories (unlikely or uncertain) used in Table 4.

Pseudoscorpiones Pseudoscorpions are speciose within the Project and Reference Areas (Table 2). Determining the range of pseudoscorpions has historically been difficult, owing to the low abundance of many species. The observed ranges to date of Chthoniidae and Hyidae and in the Pilbara are highly variable and

23 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore complex (Bennelongia unpublished data). There is one pseudoscorpion species known only from the Project Area.

Indohya sp. S02 The two records of Indohya sp. S02 have been collected very close to the proposed pit boundary at P6 Deposit (75 m and 35 m from the boundary) (Figure 5). Based on regional geological mapping, these drill holes occur in ferricrete (laterite, unmineralised shales). The surface expression of this unit covers approximately 0.37 km2 within the P6 Deposit and forms a continuous extension outside the proposed pit area to the north east covering approximately 2.17 km2 (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). Based on the mapped geology and the topography of the area, there are no barriers to this species moving within the same or similar geological units outside of the Project Area (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). It is likely that Indohya sp. S02 occurs more widely in the adjacent habitat (Table 4).

The other species of this genus collected at Mining Area C (Indohya `PSE005`) has a relatively large linear range of 21 km and is not restricted to the Project Area.

Schizomida Schizomids are probably the most studied troglofauna, in terms of distributions, in Western Australia and have variable ranges. Harvey et al. (2008) reported that six species of schizomid in the Robe Valley were each tightly restricted to single mesas (the largest only 989 ha), although Draculoides vinei in the Cape Range had a linear range of about 50 km. At least four of the schizomids collected at Mining Area C have ranges of 10 km or more; e.g. Draculoides `SCH012` 12 km, Draculoides `SCH013` 10 km, Draculoides `SCH022` 36 km, Draculoides `SCH023` 18 km (Table 2).

Two schizomid species are known only from the Project Area (including approved indicative mine pits at Mining Area C) (Figure 5). These are Draculoides `SCH018` (also known from Hope Downs) and Draculoides sp. B47.

Draculoides sp. ’SCH018’ Draculoides sp. ’SCH018’ has been recorded from four locations within the R Deposit pit as well as at the Hope Downs pit (Figure 5). Two of the records within the R Deposit pit occur close (30 and 110 m) to the edge of the pit boundaries within the mapped Marra Mamba (MacLeod Member), which extends outside the pit boundaries covering a surface area of 0.15 km2 (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). The species is also known from Hope Downs pit 3.5 km away. All four drill holes where the species was recorded at R Deposit have hardcap present to varying depths and it is considered likely that the area of hardcap between R Deposit and Hope Downs is likely to be used by the species. Hence, Draculoides `SCH018` is considered unlikely to be restricted to the Project Area (Table 4).

Draculoides sp. B47 Draculoides sp. B47 has been recorded from a number of drill holes at both A Deposit and B Deposit and has a known linear range of 4.4 km (Table 2, Figure 5). It has primarily been recorded in the following geologies: hardcap Marra Mamba and alluvials/colluvials at A Deposit; and alluvials/colluvials and both mineralised and un-mineralised Marra Mamba at B Deposit (BHP Billiton Iron Ore unpublished data). Given the demonstrated distribution of this species, it is likely Draculoides sp. B47 occurs outside of proposed or approved mine pits, in the area immediately south of A Deposit, where similar geology is present (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015; BHP Billiton Iron Ore unpublished data). Therefore, Draculoides sp. B47 is considered to be at low risk from proposed mining (Table 4).

Araneae Spiders, like pseudoscorpions, are typically collected in low abundance and determining ranges can be difficult. The genus Prethopalpus contains the most commonly collected troglofauna spiders. Although the range observed for the recently described Prethopalpus maini is 18 km (Baehr 2012),

24 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Table 4. Troglofauna species known only from the Project Area or the Project Area and the adjacent approved mine pits. Surrogates Number of Linear Prospective Ranges of Restricted Higher Group Holes Range Habitat Related Species2 to Project Species Singleton Present (km) Adjacent Pit1 (km) Area? Pseudoscorpiones

21, Indohya sp. S02 No 2 0.1 Yes Unlikely Indohya `PSE005` Schizomida

Draculoides `SCH018` No 5 5.8 Yes <5-50 Unlikely Draculoides sp. B47 No 9 4.4 Yes <5-50 Unlikely Araneae

0.7-45, Gnaphosidae Gnaphosidae sp. B01 Yes N/A N/A Yes (some species Unlikely possibly troglophiles) ?Theridiidae sp. B01 Yes N/A N/A Yes No data Unlikely 17, Anapistula sp. B02 Yes N/A N/A Yes Unlikely Anapistula sp. B01 Prethopalpus pearsoni No 3 0.9 Yes Typically <10 Unlikely Prethopalpus sp. B06 No 2 7.7 Typically <10 Unlikely Prethopalpus sp. Yes N/A N/A Yes Typically <10 Unlikely (Araneae sp. S07) Isopoda

Troglarmadillo sp. B03 No 7 17 Yes Typically 2-3 Unlikely Myriapoda

Commonly widespread Cryptops sp. B39 Yes N/A N/A Yes Unlikely (possibly troglophiles) Pauropodidae sp. B12 Yes N/A N/A Yes Highly variable Unlikely Hanseniella sp. B08 No 4 0.9 Yes Mostly <5 Uncertain Symphyella sp. B03 Yes N/A N/A Yes Uncertain Uncertain Diplura

Parajapygidae sp. B27 Yes N/A N/A Yes Variable Unlikely Parajapygidae sp. S03 Yes N/A N/A Uncertain Variable Uncertain Thysanura

Widespread, e.g. Atelurinae sp. Atelurinae sp. B04 Yes N/A N/A Yes B02, Table 2 Unlikely (possibly troglophiles) Coleoptera

1.7-91 Cryptorhynchinae sp. Yes N/A N/A Yes Curculionidae Unlikely S03 species 29 Typhlozuphium Typhlozuphium Yes N/A N/A Yes Unlikely longipenne humicolum, Table 2 29 Zuphiini sp. B03 Yes N/A N/A Yes Typhlozuphium Unlikely humicolum 1BHP Billiton Iron Ore(2015); 2Bennelongia unpublished data

25 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore most species of the genus probably have linear ranges <10 km (Bennelongia unpublished data). Troglofaunal spiders in the family Gnaphosidae appear to be relatively wide ranging, e.g. nr Encoptarthria sp. B01 has a known linear range of 45 km (Table 2). Data on Symphytognathidae spiders (Anapistula sp. B02) are relatively scant but one species from the central Pilbara, Anapistula sp. B01, has a known linear range of 17 km (Bennelongia unpublished data).

Six species of spider are known only from the Project Area (including adjacent approved mine pits).

Gnaphosidae sp. B01 A single Gnaphosidae sp. B01 specimen has been collected within the P2 Deposit approximately 95 m from the northern boundary of the pit (Figure 6). The record is within the mapped geological unit Martite goethite (Joffre) and hardcap alteration has been identified from 0-24 m depth (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). Both the hardcap and Joffre units that provide habitat for this species have been modelled to extend about 500 m to the north of the collection site of Gnaphosidae sp. B01 (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). Furthermore, the stratigraphy of P2 Deposit is cross cut by a number of faults and splays. This fracturing most likely provides conduits for troglofauna movement through a number of stratigraphies prospective for troglofauna, as evidenced by the records of troglobitic species to the north of the P2 Deposit pit (Appendix 5).

Given that troglofaunal gnaphosids are typically quite wide-ranging in the Pilbara and there is prospective habitat north of the P2 Deposit pit, it is most likely that Gnaphosidae sp. B01 occurs in the hardcap and Joffre habitat outside of the Project Area (and quite possibly in other geologies).

?Theridiidae sp. B01 Species of Theridiidae have very rarely been collected as troglofauna in the Pilbara (Bennelongia unpublished data), so related species provide little basis for inferring the likely range of ?Theridiidae sp. B01. ?Theridiidae sp. B01 is known from a single record at D Deposit, approximately 120 m from the pit boundary (Figure 6). The collection site is within mapped colluvium and alluvium (detritals of ore, chert and BIF clasts) and Marra Mamba formation (Mount Newman Member and MacLeod Members) (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). Suitable habitat within the detritals extends within and to the north of D Deposit and suitable habitat within the Mt Newman and MacLeod Members extends well to the south beyond the proposed mine pit (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). While the range characteristics of the Theridiidae family are unknown, its occurrence in widespread colluvium and alluvium suggests the range of ?Theridiidae sp. B01 extends outside the Project Area (Table 4). This conclusion is made even more likely by the proximity of the single record to the edge of the mine pit.

Anapistula sp. B02 Another species of the genus (Anapistula sp. B01) has a known linear range of 17 km in the central Pilbara (Bennelongia unpublished data). This suggests that moderately wide ranges can be expected for species of Anapistula. Anapistula sp. B02 is known from a single record occurring 650 m within R Deposit (Figure 6). The record of this species occurs within consolidated alluvium, logged by BHP Billiton Iron Ore as tertiary detritals (TD3, TD2 and TD1) (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). Based on geological mapping the alluvium is continuous to the north, extending well outside of the R Deposit pit. Hence, it is expected that Anapistula sp. B02 will not be restricted to the Project Area (Table 4).

Prethopalpus pearsoni Prethopalpus pearsoni has a known linear range of 0.9 km (based on 3 records) at P4 Deposit (Figure 6). All three drill holes occur within mapped unit Martite goethite (Joffre) and have been logged as Joffre Member with hardcap alteration present at depths of up to 30 m (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). The modelled stratigraphy indicates that both the hardcap alteration and the Joffre units in which this species occurs extend to the north well beyond the pit boundary (BHP Billiton Iron Ore

26 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

2015). It is expected that the range of Prethopalpus pearsoni is larger than currently documented and that the species occurs beyond the pit boundary (Table 4).

Prethopalpus sp. B06 Prethopalpus sp. B06 is known from two records at Mining Area C. One specimen was collected 20 m from the pit boundary of R Deposit and the other was at B Deposit (Figure 6). These records are separated by a linear distance of 7.7 km and an extensive sequence of alluvial deposits (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). Although the specimens were collected from drill holes comprising Marra Mamba (including hardcap nearer the surface), it is likely this species makes some use of the alluvials that occur between R Deposit and B Deposit. Furthermore, suitable habitat in the hardcapped Marra Mamba extends to the north of B Deposit pit boundary; and suitable Marra Mamba habitat extends to the north of R Deposit (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). It is, therefore, considered most unlikely that Prethopalpus sp. B06 is restricted to the Project Area (Table 4).

Prethopalpus sp. (Araneae sp. S07) Prethopalpus sp. (Araneae sp. S07) is known from a single record about 360 m within P5 Deposit (Figure 5). The record occurs within the mapped unit Brockman Formation (Mt Whaleback Shale). Hardcap has been logged from 0 to 21 m depth in the area, and it is likely that this hardcap and the shallower Dales Gorge Member are the units providing the suitable habitat for this species (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). Habitat mapping has shown hardcap extends from the collection site to beyond of the pit boundary. It is considered likely that Prethopalpus sp. (Araneae sp. S07) occurs in this hardcap outside of the mine pits (Table 4).

Isopoda There is one isopod species known only from the Project Area (including adjacent approved mine pits).

Troglarmadillo sp. B03 A single species of slater, Troglarmadillo sp. B03, is known only from the Project Area and approved mine pits. Troglarmadillo species in the Pilbara typically have ranges of 2-3 km (Halse and Pearson 2014). By comparison, Troglarmadillo sp. B03 is a wide-ranging species with a linear range of 17 km. The species has been recorded from six drill holes across Jirrpalpur Range from A Deposit, D Deposit, E Deposit and F Deposit (Figure 7). It occurs within mapped geological units alluvium/ colluvium and martite goethite supergene ore (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015).

The moderately extensive range of the species and its occurrence in alluvium / colluvium at A, D, E and F deposits suggests it makes use of Tertiary detritals as habitat. Hence, Troglarmadillo sp. B03 is also likely to occur within the extensive Tertiary detrital deposits stretching along the valley to the north of the Jirrpalpur Range, where there has been almost no sampling because of the lack of drill holes. It is considered unlikely that the species is restricted the proposed mine pits (Table 4).

Myriapoda Myriapods are a diverse group comprising four classes (Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Pauropoda and Symphyla). Myriapods collected from subterranean environments in the Pilbara tend to have low abundances, which makes determination of ranges difficult. Three of the four classes of myriapods (Chilopoda, Diplopoda and Pauropoda) include species with linear ranges in excess of 100 km (Table 2).

Four species of myriapod are known only from the Project Area (including adjacent approved mine pits).

27 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Cryptops sp. B39 Species of Cryptops have been found to be very wide-ranging in the Pilbara (e.g. Cryptops sp. B07 and Cryptops sp. B15, Table 2) and, for this reason, it is considered likely that most species collected as troglofauna are troglophiles with a surface dispersal phase in their life history.

Cryptops sp. B39 is known from a single record from within P2 Deposit (Figure 7). The record is located within the mapped colluvium, which has been logged as detritals TD3. The Joffre Member below the colluvium is characterised by unmineralised BIF with hardcap alteration to 36 m depth. The Joffre Member outcrops in the drill hole directly to the north and extends north of the P2 Deposit pit boundary (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). Faulting in the area may also provide fractures that act as conduits for movement for this species (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). Hence, it is considered unlikely that Cryptops sp. B39 is restricted to the Project Area.

Pauropodidae sp. B12 The taxonomy of pauropods in Australia is not well established (Scheller 2013) but some species in the Pilbara have extensive ranges, such as Pauropodidae sp. B01 (known linear range of 287 km), while other species typically have smaller ranges in the order of 10 km or less (Bennelongia 2009a, b, unpublished data).

Pauropodidae sp. B12 is known from a single record, which was collected approximately 120 m inside the northern boundary of the P3 Deposit (Figure 7). Drill-hole logs suggest Pauropodidae sp. B12 occurs within hardcapped Weeli Wolli Formation BIF. Based on the surface geological mapping both the Weeli Wolli Formation and the hardcap alteration extend well to the north of the P3 Deposit pit (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). It is considered unlikely that Pauropodidae sp. B12 is restricted to the Project Area.

Hanseniella sp. B08 To date, all species of the symphylan genus Hanseniella collected from subterranean samples have known ranges of <35 km and many have known linear ranges of <5 km (Bennelongia unpublished). Hanseniella sp. B08 was recorded from four drill holes on the margin between P3 Deposit and P2 Deposit (Figure 7). All four of the drill holes contain unmineralised BIF (Brockman Iron Formation) with hardcap that becomes semi-hardcap with depth. Mapping suggests that surface expression of Brockman Formation (Joffre) extends continuously to the north and east of the P2 Deposit proposed pit. Furthermore, P2 Deposit is cross cut by a number of faults and splays (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). This fracturing most likely provides conduits for movement of troglofauna.

With a linear range of 0.9 km based on four tightly grouped records in the Project Area and approved indicative mine pit at P3 Deposit, it is possible that Hanseniella sp. B08 has a preference for a particular habitat that occurs where it has been collected, which would account for the cluster of recorded occurrences here and nowhere else. However, given the relatively well connected geology in which the species occurs and its occurrence approximately 540 m from the edge of the proposed mine pit, Hanseniella sp. B08 may extend outside the Project Area.

Symphyella sp. B03 There is little information on ranges of Symphyella species but it is expected they are similar to the ranges of species in the symphylan genus Hanseniella (typically <5 km). Symphyella sp. B03 is known from a single record within the R Deposit pit (Figure 7). It occurs within the Marra Mamba Formation where hardcap has been identified from 0 to 10 m depth (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). Suitable habitat exists in the hardcapped MacLeod Member, which extends to the south of R Deposit. The hardcapped detritals to the north may also provide suitable habitat for this species. Symphyella sp. B03 probably occurs outside R Deposit pit but the limited data for this species (and genus) mean there is uncertainty about the range of the species (Table 4).

28 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Diplura Two species of diplurans, Parajapygidae sp. B27 and Parajapygidae sp. S03, are known only from the Project Area. As a group, diplurans are not recognised as likely to contain tightly restricted species in the Pilbara. While little is known about the distributions of species of Parajapygidae and the taxonomy of the family is not well developed, ranges do appear to be variable (Bennelongia unpublished data).

Parajapygidae sp. B27 Parajapygidae sp. B27 is known from a single record within P2 Deposit (Figure 8). It occurs in an area mapped as unmineralised Joffre BIF, with hardcap occurring from 0-12 m and semi-hardcap occurring from 12-36 m. Unmineralised Joffre BIF extends continuously outside of the P2 Deposit pit with a surface expression of approximately 4.7 km2. Furthermore, a number of faults and splays occur at P2 Deposit (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). This fracturing most likely provides conduits for troglofauna movement. The extension of Joffre BIF and faults and splays outside P2 Deposit reduces the likelihood that Parajapygidae sp. B27 is restricted to the mine pit within this deposit. Therefore, Parajapygidae sp. B27 is regarded as likely to occur outside the Project Area (Table 4).

Parajapygidae sp. S03 Parajapygidae sp. S03 is known from a single record within P6 Deposit (Figure 8). The geology of the drill hole consists of mineralised detritals (TD3) and Dales Gorge Member with hardcap occurring from 0 to 27 m (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). Hardcap is known to extend outside of the mine pit, but the remainder of the geology in the surrounding area is not well understood (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015).

Parajapygidae sp. S03 probably occurs outside P6 Deposit pit but the limited data for this species (and family) and the poor understanding of the geology nearby mean there is uncertainty about the likely range of this species (Table 4).

Thysanura Of the two sub-families of Nicoletiidae collected in the Pilbara, species of Atelurinae appear to be more wide ranging than Nicoletiinae (Bennelongia unpublished data).

Atelurinae sp. B04 Atelurinae sp. B04 is a singleton record approximately 150 m within the boundary of B Deposit (Figure 8). It occurs in unmineralised shales and BIF of the MacLeod Member with hardcap occurring from 0-13 m and semi-hardcap from 13-33 m depth. Similar suitable habitat in the MacLeod Member extends to the west and south of the B Deposit pit.

Given the adjacent prospective habitat to the collection site and the relatively widespread nature of most species of this family, Atelurinae sp. B04 is considered unlikely to be restricted to the Project Area.

Coleoptera Among the beetle families, troglofaunal species of Carabidae, Curculionidae, and Staphylinidae occur in the Pilbara. Curculionid species appear quite widespread, whereas the species of the carabid tribe Zuphiini appear to have more localised ranges (Bennelongia unpublished data).

Three species of beetle are known only from the Project Area.

29 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Cryptorhynchinae sp. S03 Cryptorhynchinae sp. S03 (weevil family Curculionidae) is thought to be the only member of the subfamily Cryptorhynchinae collected in the Pilbara. However, species belonging to other sub families of Curculionidae appear to be reasonably widespread, e.g. Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 has a known linear range of 28 km (Table 2).

Cryptorhynchinae sp. S03 is known from a single record within P4 Deposit (Figure 8) at a drill hole containing unenriched Joffre BIF with some hardcap and semi-hardcap. Hardcap is known to extend beyond both the northern and southern boundaries of P4 Deposit pit. Joffre BIF extends to the north of the maximum pit extent (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015).

Given the prospective habitat outside the proposed mine pit at P4 Deposit and the reasonably widespread nature of other species of the family Curculionidae, Cryptorhynchinae sp. S03 is considered unlikely to be restricted to the Project Area.

Typhlozuphium longipenne Relatively little is known about the ranges or biology of troglofauna species in the tribe Zuphiini (family Carabidae) in the Pilbara. Descriptions of two species from Mining Area C have recently been published (Baehr 2014). These are Typhlozuphium longipenne, which is known from a single specimen at P2 Deposit, and Typhlozuphium humicolum, which occurs from P3 Deposit to Jinidi with a linear range of 29 km (Table 2).

Typhlozuphium longipenne is known from a single record occurring within an area of Joffre units that are mostly enriched (Fe >50%) and have hardcap and semi-hardcap alteration from the surface to about 70 m depth (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). Limited stratigraphic information is available to the north and south of the mine pit boundary at P2 and P3 Deposits but current resource modelling shows that suitable habitat for troglofauna is present in the Joffre Member to the north of the pit boundaries (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). Further, the stratigraphy of P2 Deposit is cross cut by a number of faults and splays that may provide conduits for troglofauna movement to the north of the P2 Deposit mine pit (Appendix 5). Therefore, it is considered unlikely that Typhlozuphium longipenne is restricted to the Project Area (Table 4).

Zuphiini sp. B03 Zuphiini sp. B03 is closely related to Typhlozuphium longipenne (known only from P2 Deposit pit) and Typhlozuphium humicolum (known linear range 29 km, Table 2).

Zuphiini sp. B03 is known from a single record in F Deposit (Figure 8). Stratigraphy of the drill hole in which it was collected was not logged but, based on geological mapping, the outcropping unit is colluvium and alluvium (Tertiary detritals). Alluvial and colluvial material extends continuously outside of the F Deposit pit to the west and north (BHP Billiton Iron Ore 2015). It is likely that Zuphiini sp. B03 occurs only in the vicinity of Mining Area C but, if the species occurs in the Tertiary detritals within the mine pit, it probably also occurs beyond the pit.

6.3. Threat to Species It is difficult to determine the level of threat from mining to the 20 species that are currently known only from within the Project Area (or the Project Area and the approved mine pits). A key consideration, however, is that the currently known distributions of most, if not all, species underestimate the true ranges of these species because of the small number of specimens collected. The conservation status of species with ranges extending outside the Project Area is unlikely to be affected by mining.

30 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Using available information on the ranges of related species and the continuity of habitats, it is inferred that 17 of the 20 species currently known only from the Project Area are unlikely to be restricted to the Project Area and approved indicative mine pits (Table 4). Accordingly, the proposed development is considered to present only a low level of threat to the conservation of these species.

There is currently little information on which to infer likely ranges of the remaining three species (Hanseniella sp. B08, Symphyella sp. B03, and Parajapygidae sp. S03). Consequently, the level of threat to these species is regarded as uncertain because of limited information. As was mentioned near the beginning of Section 6.2, the categorisation of the ranges of these three species as uncertain creates a greater distinction between the likely level of threat to them and the other 17 species than is probably warranted.

6.4. Mine Closure The primary impact on troglofauna will occur during mining as mine pits are excavated. No additional impacts are likely to threaten troglofauna conservation during mine closure.

7. CONCLUSION Troglofauna surveys in the Project Area were conducted in accordance with the recommendations of EPA Guidance Statement 54A and Environmental Assessment Guideline 12. Altogether, 82 species belonging to 17 Orders were recorded from the Project Area and related Reference Area. The orders collected were Pseudoscorpiones, Palpigradi, Schizomida, Araneae, Opiliones, Isopoda, Scolopendrida, Polyxenida, Spirobolida, Tetramerocerata, Cephalostigmata, Diplura, Thysanura, Blattodea, Hemiptera, Coleoptera and Diptera.

Habitat characterisation suggested there is little difference in the structure of the rock between commercial grade iron ore (i.e. the mine pits) and surrounding areas. The differences between the two areas are mainly subtle variation in the extent of mineralisation that affects the commercial viability of mining rather than differences in habitat structure that will affect the density and distribution of troglofauna.

It is difficult to determine the level of threat to the 20 species (of which 13 species or 65% are singletons) that are currently known only from within the Project Area, or the Project Area and the approved mine pits. This is mainly because while current distributions almost certainly underestimate the true ranges of the species because of the small number of records of each species, the extent of underestimation is not known.

Seventeen of the 20 species are considered unlikely to be restricted to the Project Area and approved indicative mine pits, and the proposed development is considered to present only a low level of threat to the conservation of these species. The level of threat to three species (Hanseniella sp. B08, Symphyella sp. B03, and Parajapygidae sp. S03) is uncertain because there is currently little information on which to infer likely ranges of these species.

It is considered that all significant threats to troglofauna will occur during mining (the excavation of mine pits). No additional threat to troglofauna conservation is expected following mine closure.

8. REFERENCES Baehr, M. (2014) Three new species and a new genus of subterranean Zuphiini from the Pilbara region of north-western Australia (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Harpalinae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 29, 95-104.

31 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Barranco, P. and Harvey, M.S. (2008) The first indigenous palpigrade from Australia: a new species of Eukoenenia (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae). Invertebrate Systematics 22, 227-233. Bennelongia (2008a) Troglofauna survey of the Orebody 18 Mine Modification. Report 2008/27. Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 21 pp. Bennelongia (2008b) Troglofauna Survey: Area C Mine – E and F Deposits. Report 2008/39. Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 35 pp. Bennelongia (2008c) Orebody 24/25 Upgrade Project: troglofauna assessment. Report 2008/40. Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 25 pp. Bennelongia (2008d) Appendix D. Subterranean fauna sampling at Balmoral South Iron Ore Project and adjacent areas. In Balmoral South Public Environmental Review. GHD and Australasian Resources, Perth. Bennelongia (2009a) Area C Mining Operation Environmental Management Plan (Revision 4) A, D, P1 and P3 Deposits: Troglofauna Assessment. Report 2008/48. Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 65 pp. Bennelongia (2009b) Jimblebar Iron Ore Project: Troglofauna Assessment. Report 2009/61. Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 55 pp. Bennelongia (2009c) Yilgarn Iron Ore Project: Carina Deposit, Subterranean Fauna Assessment. Report 2009/69. Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 24 pp. Bennelongia (2012) Addendum: Pilbara Iron Ore Project, Blacksmith Subterranean Fauna Surveys. Report 2012/137A, Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 46 pp. Bennelongia (2013a) Jinidi Iron Ore Project: Stygofauna Assessment. Report 2013/166, Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 83 pp. Bennelongia (2013b) Jinidi Iron Ore Project: Stygofauna Assessment. Report 2013/133, Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 71 pp. Bennelongia (2013c) Future Environmental Approvals at P1, P2 and P3 Deposits in Relation to Troglofauna. Memo to Ceidwen Pengelly, 23 September 2013. Bennelongia (2014a) Mining Area C: Baseline Subterranean Fauna Report. Report 2014/216, Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 82 pp. Bennelongia (2014b) Packsaddle 1 and 2 Targeted Troglofauna Survey. Report 2014/222, Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 25 pp. BHP Billiton Iron Ore (2011) Area C Geological Review, BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd, 11 pp. BHP Billiton Iron Ore (2015) Mining Area C Troglofauna Habitat Assessment, BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd, 70 pp. Biota (2005a) Barrow Island Gorgon gas development. Biota Environmental Sciences, North Perth, 34 pp. Biota (2005b) Ludlow Mineral Sands Project. Biota Environmental Sciences, Leederville, 14 pp. Biota (2006) Mesa A and Robe Valley mesas troglobitic fauna survey. Project No. 291. Biota Environmental Sciences, Leederville, 74 pp. Biota (2011) Hope Downs Project Life of Mine Targeted Fauna Survey. Biota Environmental Sciences Leederville, WA, 39 pp. Brown, J.H. (1984) On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species. American Naturalist 124, 255-279. Crowe, M. (2012) Guidelines for Geological Interpretation in the Hamersley Province. Unpublished internal document for BHP Billiton Iron Ore. Department of Environment (2014) Accessed 24 October 2014, http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- tmp/publiclistchanges.5b8b5472ccb1e4b7be3e.html Department of Parks and Wildlife (DPaW) (2014) Accessed 24 November 2014, http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/plants-and-animals/threatened-species-and-communities/wa-s- threatened-ecological-communities Department of Parks and Wildlife (DPaW) (2013), Accessed 24 November 2014, http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/plants-animals/threatened- species/Listings/2013_Fauna_Notice_Sept.pdf

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Edward, K.L. and Harvey, M.S. (2008) Short-range endemism in hypogean environments: the pseudoscorpion genera Tyrannochthonius and Lagynochthonius (Pseudoscorpiones: Chthoniidae) in the semiarid zone of Western Australia. Invertebrate Systematics 22, 259-293. Eberhard, S.M., Halse, S.A., Williams, M.R., Scanlon, M.D., Cocking, J.S. and Barron, H.J. (2009) Exploring the relationship between sampling efficiency and short range endemism for groundwater fauna in the Pilbara region, Western Australia. Freshwater Biology 54, 885-901. EPA (2003) Guidance for the assessment of environmental factors: consideration of subterranean fauna in groundwater and caves during environmental impact assessment in Western Australia. Guidance Statement 54. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, 12 pp. EPA (2007) Sampling methods and survey considerations for subterranean fauna in Western Australia (Technical Appendix to Guidance Statement No. 54). Guidance Statement 54A. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, 32 pp. EPA (2013) Consideration of subterranean fauna in environmental impact assessment in WA. Environmental Assessment Guideline 12, Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, 20 pp. Guisan, A., Broennimann, O., Engler, R., Vust, M., Yoccoz, N.G., Lehmann, A. and Zimmermann, N.E. (2006) Using niche-based models to improve sampling of rare species. Conservation Biology, 20, 501-511. Guzik, M.T., Austin, A.D., Cooper, S.J.B., Harvey, M.S., Humphreys, W.F., Bradford, T., Eberhard, S.M., King, R.A., Leys, R., Muirhead, K.A. and Tomlinson, M. (2010) Is the Australian subterranean fauna uniquely diverse? Invertebrate Systematics 24, 407-418. Hadley, N.F., Ahearn, G.A. and Howarth, F.G. (1981) Water and metabolic relations of cave-adapted and epigean lycosid spiders in Hawaii. Journal of Arachnology 9, 215-222. Halse, S.A. and Pearson, G.B. (2014) Troglofauna in the vadose zone: comparison of scraping and trapping results and sampling adequacy. Journal of Subterranean Biology 13, 17-34. Harvey, M.S., Berry, O., Edward, K.L. and Humphreys, G. (2008) Molecular and morphological systematics of hypogean schizomids (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) in semiarid Australia. Invertebrate Systematics 22, 167-194. Howarth, F.G. (1980) The zoogeography of specialized cave animals: a bioclimatic model. Evolution 34, 394-406. Howarth, F.G., and Stone, F.D. (1990) Elevated carbon dioxide levels in Bayliss Cave, Australia: iImplications for the evolution of obligate cave species. Pacific Science 44, 207-218. Humphreys, W.F. (1990) The biology of a troglobitic schizomid (Chelicerata: Schizomida) in the caves of Cape Range, Western Australia. Acta Zoologica Fennica 190, 181-186. Lamoreux, J. (2004) Stygobites are more wide-ranging than troglobites. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 66, 18-19. Maurer, B.A. (1990) The relationship between distribution and abundance in a patchy environment. Oikos 58, 181-189. Miller, R.I., Stuart, S.N. and Howell, K.M. (1989) A method for analysing rare species distribution patterns utilising GIS technology: the rare birds of Tanzania. Landscape Ecology, 2, 173-189. Platnick, N.I. (2008) A new subterranean ground spider genus from Western Australia (Araneae: Trochanteriidae). Invertebrate Systematics 22, 295-299. Rio Tinto (2008) Public environmental review, Marandoo mine phase 2. Rio Tinto, Perth, 235 pp. Scheller, U. (2013a) Pauropoda (Myriapoda) in Australia, with descriptions of new species from Western Australia. Records of the Australian Museum Supplement 82, 133 pp. Sket, B., Paragamian, K. and Tontelj, P. (2004) A census of the obligate subterranean fauna of the Balkan Peninsula. In: HI Griffith (Ed.), Balkan Biodiversity. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 309- 322.

33 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

APPENDICES

34 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Appendix 1 - Summary of Timing of all Troglofauna Survey at Mining Area C

Table 1. Sampling dates of baseline surveys undertaken at Mining Area C. Study Area Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 A Deposit 5 December 2007 - 4 February 11 March - 14 May 2008 2008 B Deposit 17 March - 14 May 2008 25 July - 22 September 2008 29 March - 5 June 2011 C Deposit 17 January - 12 March 2008 D Deposit 11 January - 13 March 2008 12 March - 14 May 2008 E Deposit 9 January - 14 March 2008 13 March - 14 May 2008 F Deposit 4 December 2007 - 5 February 5 February - 9 April 2008 2008 R Deposit 1 April - 3 June 2008 5 August - 2 October 2008 P1 Deposit 12 December 2007 - 11 February 4 February - 2 April 2008 25 February - 12 June 2009 6 June - 6 August 2012 6 August 2012 2008 P2 Deposit 12 December 2007 - 11 February 26 February - 6 June 2009 11 April - 24 June 2010 23 June - 24 June 2010 2008 P3 Deposit 13 December 2007 - 11 February 4 February - 13 April 2008 26 February - 6 June 2009 7 April - 24 June 2009 24 June - 28 June 2009 2008 P4 Deposit 17 March - 18 June 2008 13 October - 26 November 2008 8 April - 28 June 2009 26 June - 28 June 2009 P5 Deposit 9 April - 19 June 2008 13 October - 27 November 2008 P6 Deposit 18 April - 21 June 2008 8 October - 11 December 2008 10 December - 11 December 2008 South Flank 18 March 2010 - 10 August 2010 17 April - 9 August 2012

Table 2. Sampling dates of targeted surveys undertaken within at Mining Area C. Study Area 2008 (Targeted 1) 2009 (Targeted 2) 2013-2014 (Targeted 3) 2015 (Targeted 4) A Deposit 6 March 2015 – 6 May 2015 B Deposit 6 March 2015 – 6 May 2015 F Deposit 6 March 2015 – 5 May 2015 R Deposit 5 March 2015 – 6 May 2015 P1 Packsaddle 29 March - 2 April 2008 30 July 2009 6 November 2013 - 9 January 2014; 17 February 2014 - April 2014 P2 Packsaddle 30 July 2009 8 November 2013 - 9 January 2014; 4 March 2015 – 5 May 2015 18 February 2014 - April 2014 P3 Packsaddle 30 July 2009 9 November 2013 - 9 January 2014; 19 February 2014 - April 2014

35 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Study Area 2008 (Targeted 1) 2009 (Targeted 2) 2013-2014 (Targeted 3) 2015 (Targeted 4) P4 Packsaddle 13 April- 23 April 2008 22 July 2008 5 March 2015 – 5 May 2015 P5 Packsaddle 22 April- 23 April 2008 21 July 2008 5 March 2015 – 5 May 2015 P6 Packsaddle 20 April- 24 April 2008 South Flank 5 March 2015 – 7 May 2015

36 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Appendix 2 - Troglofauna Field and Laboratory Methods

Troglofauna samples were collected from vertical, uncased drill holes within the Study Area. In most cases, samples consisted of the results of two separate collecting techniques being applied in a borehole. These were trapping and scraping: (1) Trapping. Custom made cylindrical PVC traps (270 x 70 millimetres [mm], entrance holes side and top) were used for trapping. Traps were baited with moist leaf litter (sterilised by microwaving) and lowered on nylon cord to within several metres of the watertable or end of the bore. In every fourth bore, a second trap was set mid-way down the bore. Traps were retrieved eight weeks later and their contents (bait and captured fauna) were emptied into a zip-lock bag and road freighted to the laboratory in Perth. (2) Scraping. Scrapes were collected immediately prior to setting traps. A troglofauna net (weighted ring net, 150 micrometre (µm) screen, various apertures according to bore diameter) was lowered to the bottom of the bore, or to the watertable, and scraped back to the surface along the bore walls. Each scrape comprised four sequences of lowering and retrieving with the aim of scraping all troglofauna present on the walls of the bore into the net. After each scrape, the contents of the net were transferred to a 125 millilitres (ml) vial and preserved in 100% ethanol. Scrape sampling usually yields more troglofauna than trapping.

Once returned to the laboratory, troglofauna were extracted from leaf litter bait used in traps by placing the bait in Tullgren® funnels under incandescent lamps. The light and heat drives the troglofauna and other invertebrates out of the litter into the base of the funnel containing 100% ethanol (preservative) (EPA 2007). After about 72 hours, the ethanol and its contents were removed and sorted under a dissecting microscope. Litter from each funnel was also examined under a microscope for any remaining live or dead animals. Preserved scrapes were elutriated in the laboratory to separate animals from heavier sediment and screened into size fractions (250, 90 and 53 µm) to remove debris and improve searching efficiency. Samples were then sorted under a dissecting microscope.

All fauna were picked from scrape samples or extracted from bait were examined for troglomorphic characteristics (lack of eyes and pigmentation, well developed sensory organs, slender appendages, vermiform body shape). Surface and soil-dwelling animals were identified only to Order level. Troglofauna were, as far as possible, identified to species or morphospecies level, unless damaged, juvenile or the wrong sex for identification. Identifications were made under dissecting and/or compound microscope and specimens were dissected as necessary.

In several cases troglofauna from the Project Area and Reference Area could not be identified to species level because they were damaged, juvenile or the wrong sex for species determination. These higher level (i.e. above species level) identifications were included in calculations of the number of species present only if the specimens could not belong to a species already recorded (e.g. Japygidae sp. was not included as an additional species because the family Japygidae was already represented by Japygidae `DPL002`).

Reference EPA (2007) Sampling methods and survey considerations for subterranean fauna in Western Australia (Technical Appendix to Guidance Statement No. 54). Guidance Statement 54A. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, 32 pp.

37 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Appendix 3 - Drill Holes Sampled in the Project and Reference Area Area Deposit Drill Hole Code Latitude Longitude Area Deposit Drill Hole Code Latitude Longitude Project Area Project Area Jirrpalpur A Pit GA0068R -22.924071 119.008426 GB0622R -22.937014 119.010178 GA0246R -22.922537 119.010924 GB0623R -22.93874 119.010676 GA0247R -22.92313 119.010899 GB0779R -22.950705 119.006492 GA0272R -22.927661 119.003742 GB0781R -22.954444 119.015149 GA0295R -22.923641 119.01261 C Pit GC0108R -22.927021 118.974432 GA0302R -22.923609 119.010924 GC0111R -22.927897 118.973345 GB0078R -22.942646 119.047126 GC0112R -22.926966 118.973312 GB0080R -22.944002 119.04715 GC0128R -22.927485 118.972201 GB0082R -22.945759 119.047211 GC0129R -22.92792 118.9722 GB0086R -22.947566 119.047189 GC0130R -22.927936 118.971031 GB0090R -22.949448 119.047296 GD0056R -22.931503 118.953501 GB0206R -22.944413 119.052969 GD0057R -22.931045 118.953484 GB0207R -22.945292 119.052923 GD0063R -22.928606 118.952873 GB0208R -22.945763 119.05295 D Pit GD0034R -22.929627 118.942795 GB0209R -22.946178 119.052998 GD0035R -22.929171 118.942814 B Pit BP013 -22.947085 119.020972 GD0038R -22.929176 118.942219 GB0019R -22.944569 119.007395 GD0046R -22.929062 118.951089 GB0020R -22.944928 119.007072 GD0053R -22.931407 118.952891 GB0050R -22.93885 118.999138 GD0072R -22.929108 118.949904 GB0076R -22.934751 119.001549 GD0075R -22.931853 118.94869 GB0106R -22.952131 119.012129 GD0080R -22.929549 118.948685 GB0107R -22.952574 119.012199 GD0081R -22.929109 118.948024 GB0108R -22.952988 119.01223 GD0082R -22.928656 118.948021 GB0116R -22.947116 119.0179 GD0087R -22.929105 118.949312 GB0119R -22.948913 119.017925 GD0088R -22.929581 118.946877 GB0122R -22.95072 119.017868 GD0089R -22.929582 118.946337 GB0124R -22.944491 119.023771 GD0090R -22.929132 118.946304 GB0126R -22.945391 119.023779 GDR0010 -22.929575 118.945522 GB0130R -22.947133 119.02378 GDR0034 -22.931833 118.948038 GB0136R -22.952502 119.01797 GDR0065 -22.931327 118.951757 GB0140R -22.954306 119.017952 E Pit GD0016R -22.929185 118.941658 GB0141R -22.954748 119.017967 GE1064R -22.935252 118.862208 GB0143R -22.948797 119.023843 GE1125R -22.936338 118.91414 GB0144RE -22.949206 119.023906 GE1126R -22.936296 118.913669 GB0145R -22.94966 119.023876 GE1129R -22.937501 118.910783 GB0147R -22.950674 119.023825 GE1131R -22.938223 118.910232 GB0152R -22.94527 119.035517 GE1136R -22.938718 118.910815 GB0155R -22.946626 119.03558 GE1142R -22.938829 118.909662 GB0159R -22.948558 119.035485 GE1144R -22.936843 118.909155 GB0160R -22.948914 119.035508 GE1160R -22.937929 118.908477 GB0161R -22.949448 119.035519 GE1163R -22.939193 118.908511 GB0162R -22.950274 119.035509 GE1170R -22.939022 118.907906 GB0163R -22.951199 119.029425 GE1174R -22.937051 118.907357 GB0164R -22.950879 119.029552 GE1182R -22.939084 118.906753 GB0165RE -22.950414 119.029569 F Pit GF0130R -22.944394 118.876796 GB0166R -22.949987 119.029547 GF0137R -22.943951 118.877944 GB0167RE -22.949527 119.029509 GF0139R -22.943454 118.879215 GB0170R -22.94759 119.029645 GF0166R -22.940291 118.882688 GB0173R -22.952965 119.029545 GF0253R -22.939414 118.879155 GB0177R -22.954774 119.0296 GF0308R -22.943727 118.890082 GB0178R -22.955194 119.029608 GF0312R -22.946076 118.888719 GB0179R -22.95294 119.023827 GF0321R -22.941984 118.888659 GB0193R -22.949825 119.035515 GF0389R -22.945036 118.859055 GB0196R -22.948078 119.041316 GF0392R -22.942563 118.859046 GB0199R -22.946184 119.041282 GF0403R -22.943395 118.848336 GB0200R -22.946634 119.041301 GF0406R -22.940645 118.848506 GB0201R -22.947088 119.041326 GF0408R -22.943423 118.843827 GB0202R -22.947565 119.041327 GF0412R -22.93997 118.843806 GB0203R -22.9463 119.029692 GF0413R -22.952655 118.836904 GB0212R -22.955199 119.023823 GF0415R -22.950812 118.837025 GB0213R -22.954768 119.023839 GF0417R -22.948913 118.836917 GB0232R -22.947264 119.015092 GF0419R -22.949989 118.830967 GB0236R -22.949057 119.015098 GF0421R -22.948158 118.830935 GB0240R -22.950834 119.015092 GF0424R -22.945465 118.830972 GB0245R -22.953059 119.015095 GFR0002 -22.939763 118.849923 GB0246R -22.953474 119.015077 GFR0010 -22.940826 118.838337 GB0503R -22.951151 119.010811 R Pit GBR0003 -22.9645 119.0196 GB0504R -22.95198 119.010012 GBR0004 -22.96633333 119.0199 GB0505R -22.951554 119.01039 GR0008R -22.969844 119.048913 GB0542R -22.950842 119.01107 GR0011R -22.974434 119.048856 GB0543R -22.951078 119.00882 GR0013R -22.974122 119.057255 GB0544R -22.950629 119.009192 GR0014R -22.973018 119.057174 GB0620R -22.937615 119.009501 GR0018R -22.97133 119.057208 GB0621R -22.937316 119.009893 GR0022R -22.967715 119.057141

38 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Area Deposit Drill Hole Code Latitude Longitude Area Deposit Drill Hole Code Latitude Longitude Project Area Project Area GR0023R -22.966527 119.062285 PSB0093R -22.912599 118.92814 GR0025R -22.968332 119.062319 PSB0096R -22.913568 118.929547 GR0027R -22.96951 119.057156 PSB0102R -22.912312 118.926616 GR0029R -22.973534 119.038058 PSB0104R -22.9117 118.92814 GR0037R -22.969101 119.038084 PSB0107R -22.909699 118.942793 GR0038R -22.974475 119.032194 PSB0116R -22.912653 118.929604 GR0047R -22.968254 119.067235 PSB0118R -22.91 118.929583 GR0051RT -22.969502 119.043928 PSB0119R -22.910776 118.929577 GR0052R -22.975766 119.04383 PSB0120R -22.910341 118.929559 GR0061R -22.975832 119.026212 PSB0122R -22.910344 118.930928 GR0063R -22.974129 119.026417 PSB0123R -22.909476 118.930842 GR0068R -22.969654 119.026449 PSB0127R -22.910473 118.922072 GR0069R -22.976933 119.020625 PSB0128R -22.910903 118.922147 GR0072R -22.973359 119.020664 PSB0129R -22.910399 118.923632 GR0074R -22.972447 119.020655 PSB0130R -22.910902 118.923602 GR0076R -22.977887 119.014687 PSB0136R -22.908133 118.929725 GR0077R -22.976996 119.014787 PSB0139R -22.905026 118.941559 GR0082R -22.972505 119.014737 PSB0149R -22.910355 118.933999 GR0084R -22.970633 119.020619 PSB0153R -22.910709 118.936796 GR0087R -22.96691 119.071972 PSB0154R -22.909853 118.936756 GR0089R -22.969983 119.067306 PSB0155R -22.90976 118.938736 GR0091R -22.971469 119.062328 PSB0156R -22.909822 118.938398 GR0093R -22.971381 119.03229 PSB0157R -22.909048 118.938345 GR0101R -22.969453 119.072026 PSB0158R -22.909464 118.938466 GRR066 -22.972055 119.052716 PSB0159R -22.908595 118.93401 GRR161 -22.970274 119.045154 PSB0160R -22.909068 118.932428 GRS003 -22.967957 119.06524 PSB0161R -22.908168 118.932443 GRS008 -22.968435 119.052059 PSB0162R -22.910021 118.932565 GRS010 -22.970194 119.036202 PSB0163R -22.910735 118.932481 RD012 -22.972214 119.045293 PSB0164R -22.910808 118.928 RP011 -22.966059 119.07278 PSB0166R -22.912869 118.920819 RP013 -22.9643 119.072561 PSB0167R -22.911815 118.920776 RP024 -22.967414 119.068912 PSB0168R -22.91329 118.919282 RP028 -22.965287 119.068265 PSB0169R -22.912508 118.919292 RP034A -22.968805 119.065413 PSB0170R -22.911439 118.919244 RP043 -22.972029 119.060466 PSB0172R -22.912886 118.917848 RP075 -22.971904 119.049116 PSB0174R -22.911883 118.917878 RP081 -22.974227 119.045723 PSB0177R -22.912979 118.92381 RP104 -22.972325 119.039145 PSB0180R -22.910979 118.925411 RP111 -22.974157 119.03636 PSB0184R -22.910463 118.935216 RP152 -22.977167 119.014446 PSB0186R -22.908704 118.930991 Packsaddle P1 Pit GBRS0001 -22.925708 118.876331 PSB0187R -22.911215 118.931015 GBRS0196 -22.91844444 118.87175 PSC0163R -22.910211 118.943576 PS1EASTA -22.92152778 118.8755278 PSC0164R -22.909821 118.943511 PSA0064R -22.91936 118.900951 PSC0165R -22.909315 118.943533 PSA0532R -22.921562 118.858301 P3 Pit GBP517 -22.910742 118.944187 PSA0548R -22.921153 118.835006 GBP518 -22.910304 118.944238 PSA0550R -22.921279 118.864308 GBP518B -22.910283 118.944238 PSA0551R -22.920804 118.864308 PSB0053R -22.902135 118.944122 P2 Pit GBP523 -22.911473 118.94067 PSB0054R -22.901651 118.94408 GBP528 -22.91135 118.938284 PSB0056R -22.901823 118.945323 GBP533 -22.913593 118.934788 PSB0058R -22.901071 118.945311 GBP537 -22.912279 118.932408 PSB0106R -22.91131 118.942921 GBP546 -22.912807 118.927644 PSB0108R -22.909061 118.944833 GBP547 -22.913347 118.926463 PSB0110R -22.910106 118.944294 GBP549 -22.912105 118.925253 PSB0141R -22.906196 118.942648 GBP550 -22.912123 118.924062 PSC0034R -22.90191 118.950689 GBP552 -22.913945 118.922906 PSC0161R -22.911095 118.943406 GBP553 -22.91338 118.922892 PSC0162R -22.910629 118.943533 GBP554 -22.913895 118.921728 PSC0169R -22.909788 118.946516 GBP554A -22.913947 118.921816 PSC0172R -22.909772 118.945158 GBP556 -22.913542 118.920528 PSC0173R -22.910175 118.945001 GBP557 -22.912989 118.920519 PSC0193R -22.90911 118.947565 GBP558 -22.913543 118.919326 PSC0194R -22.908674 118.947803 PSB0032R -22.909372 118.942715 PSC0196R -22.90953 118.947635 PSB0037R -22.912209 118.939655 PSC0830R -22.900573 118.946184 PSB0038R -22.910182 118.93978 PSC0831R -22.899651 118.946472 PSB0040R -22.912208 118.925092 PSC0833R -22.902406 118.953784 PSB0048R -22.902177 118.942589 PSC0834R -22.901092 118.95387 PSB0049R -22.901266 118.942535 PSC0838R -22.901053 118.955343 PSB0051R -22.901669 118.942561 PSC0840R -22.899893 118.956938 PSB0062R -22.909719 118.941216 PSC0849R -22.901263 118.961088 PSB0063R -22.91028 118.941237 PSC0851R -22.901981 118.962802 PSB0074R -22.911346 118.935405 PSC0852R -22.901048 118.962988 PSB0080R -22.911213 118.9325 PSC0861R -22.900907 118.968643 PSB0083R -22.912237 118.931124 PSC0868RE -22.902031 118.964547

39 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Area Deposit Drill Hole Code Latitude Longitude Area Deposit Drill Hole Code Latitude Longitude Project Area Project Area PSC0871R -22.899663 118.959915 PSE0016R -22.899729 119.029698 PSC0873R -22.899686 118.961486 PSE0017R -22.900197 119.029624 PSC0874R -22.900534 118.959808 PSE0019R -22.905788 119.032562 PSC0877R -22.90158 118.96286 PSE0025R -22.906923 119.035404 PSC0878R -22.90066 118.962885 PSE0026R -22.906714 119.035415 PSC0884R -22.901006 118.956871 PSE0028R -22.907516 119.035355 PSC0885R -22.899774 118.95854 PSE0029R -22.908356 119.035459 PSC0887R -22.900034 118.961378 PSE0030R -22.908761 119.035482 PSC0891R -22.901953 118.965911 PSE0031R -22.906625 119.032603 PSC0892R -22.901414 118.965823 PSE0032R -22.907056 119.032661 PSC0895R -22.901029 118.950823 PSE0033R -22.906633 119.029597 PSC0896R -22.899896 118.950985 PSE0036R -22.907364 119.032891 PSC0898R -22.900251 118.949191 PSE0037R -22.906284 119.032487 PSC0899R -22.901054 118.949347 PSE0039R -22.908468 119.027568 PSC0911R -22.901468 118.968656 PSE0041R -22.90754 119.026685 PSC0913R -22.901447 118.967382 PSE0043R -22.906473 119.023873 PSC0917R -22.902028 118.95379 PSE0045R -22.906376 119.026644 PSC0918R -22.901665 118.953764 PSE0046R -22.905491 119.026747 PSC0919R -22.900656 118.95375 PSE0047R -22.904764 119.026807 PSC1250R -22.909845 118.946114 PSE0048R -22.903614 119.015049 PSC1251R -22.909661 118.946416 PSE0049R -22.902508 119.026562 PSC1252R -22.910009 118.945465 PSE0050R -22.90108 119.023906 P4 Pit PSC0109R -22.903782 118.974235 PSE0051R -22.900535 119.023851 PSC0110R -22.904323 118.974193 PSE0052R -22.900142 119.023844 PSC0111R -22.904656 118.974146 PSE0053R -22.901091 119.020897 PSC0112R -22.905154 118.974095 PSE0055R -22.901876 119.020959 PSC0938R -22.903748 118.975546 PSE0056R -22.90063 119.017874 PSC0939R -22.904188 118.975528 PSE0057R -22.899927 119.020152 PSC0941R -22.904649 118.9755 PSE0058R -22.900228 119.01792 PSD0003R -22.908822 118.982775 PSE0059R -22.901419 119.017742 PSD0004R -22.909599 118.982838 PSE0060R -22.900716 119.029654 PSD0096R -22.900992 118.984319 PSE0061R -22.901243 119.029602 PSD0116RE -22.901556 118.988701 PSE0062R -22.90153 119.0296 PSD0117RE -22.901104 118.988707 PSE0063R -22.902047 119.029471 PSD0118R -22.900665 118.98873 PSE0064R -22.902812 119.029539 PSD0119R -22.900128 118.988187 PSE0065R -22.903758 119.029682 PSD0120R -22.89972 118.988118 PSE0066R -22.904263 119.029583 PSD0121R -22.900211 118.987758 PSE0067R -22.904771 119.029557 PSD0122R -22.899738 118.987692 PSE0069R -22.899165 119.023702 PSD0123R -22.899281 118.987273 PSE0074R -22.899302 119.01495 PSD0124R -22.89885 118.987232 PSE0075R -22.899725 119.014985 PSD0125R -22.897465 118.987214 PSE0076R -22.900218 119.014974 PSD0126R -22.901083 118.990192 PSE0077R -22.900668 119.01504 PSD0127R -22.900573 118.99017 PSE0078R -22.901093 119.015064 PSD0136R -22.898811 118.9887 PSE0079R -22.901562 119.015025 PSD0137R -22.898335 118.988688 PSE0080R -22.90204 119.014978 PSD0138R -22.897926 118.9887 PSE0081R -22.902394 119.014983 PSD0140R -22.902383 118.996095 PSE0082R -22.902919 119.015135 PSD0141R -22.902323 118.99451 PSE0090R -22.901138 119.017907 PSD0142R -22.902026 118.995045 PSE0100R -22.90188 119.016129 PSD0143R -22.901873 118.996007 P6 Pit PSF0003R -22.896707 119.058821 PSD0147R -22.90149 118.989617 PSF0004R -22.89744 119.058844 PSD0180R -22.90207 118.981373 PSF0005R -22.897968 119.05887 PSD0192R -22.902003 118.982834 PSF0006R -22.898438 119.058819 PSD0193R -22.901577 118.982771 PSF0007R -22.898795 119.058822 PSD0194R -22.901091 118.982932 PSF0008R -22.899345 119.058868 PSD0195R -22.900644 118.982884 PSF0013R -22.896956 119.055966 PSD0196R -22.900321 118.982948 PSF0019R -22.892082 119.049981 PSE0101R -22.903995 119.009814 PSF0020R -22.892525 119.050175 PSE0102R -22.903327 119.009234 PSF0021R -22.895667 119.053041 PSE0103R -22.903005 119.009196 PSF0024R -22.89714 119.053063 PSE0104R -22.901875 119.009184 PSF0026R -22.897978 119.052993 PSE0105R -22.901076 119.009229 PSF0029R -22.897582 119.050078 PSE0106R -22.900624 119.009194 PSF0035R -22.892976 119.04127 PSE0107R -22.900125 119.009322 PSF0041R -22.895784 119.035451 PSE0108R -22.899741 119.00921 PSF0042R -22.895277 119.035449 P5 Pit PSE0001R -22.903754 119.041218 PSF0044R -22.894318 119.035528 PSE0002R -22.904337 119.041267 PSF0045R -22.893865 119.035463 PSE0003R -22.904676 119.041447 PSF0046R -22.893473 119.035466 PSE0004R -22.906113 119.041263 PSF0048R -22.892563 119.035536 PSE0005R -22.906524 119.041255 PSF0049R -22.892993 119.03839 PSE0006R -22.906932 119.041236 PSF0050R -22.89346 119.038393 PSE0007R -22.907256 119.041257 PSF0051R -22.893984 119.038322 PSE0010R -22.899168 119.032521 PSF0056R -22.896184 119.038406 PSE0014R -22.898802 119.029617 PSF0057R -22.897579 119.038488 PSE0015R -22.899358 119.029645 PSF0058R -22.899405 119.038326

40 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Area Deposit Drill Hole Code Latitude Longitude Area Deposit Drill Hole Code Latitude Longitude Project Area Reference Area PSF0061R -22.894465 119.044368 GB0182R -22.951177 119.035513 PSF0062R -22.894797 119.047174 GB0184R -22.952055 119.035501 PSF0065R -22.897487 119.041341 GB0185R -22.952526 119.035498 PSF0066R -22.897965 119.041367 GB0198R -22.945312 119.041326 PSF0067R -22.898447 119.041294 GB0215R -22.955139 119.041275 PSF0068R -22.898884 119.041313 GB0216R -22.954758 119.041249 PSF0069R -22.899293 119.041292 GB0222R -22.951182 119.041258 PSF0076R -22.897449 119.044231 GB0223R -22.951635 119.041273 PSF0077R -22.896974 119.044253 GB0226R -22.952951 119.041287 PSF0078R -22.89845 119.043971 GB0228R -22.951607 119.047284 PSF0079R -22.89894 119.044035 GB0401R -22.954237 119.050526 PSF0086R -22.896911 119.067745 GB0404R -22.953675 119.047028 PSF0087R -22.897346 119.067759 GB0545R -22.950282 119.009541 PSF0089R -22.898246 119.067809 GB0813R -22.94178 119.02373 PSF0090R -22.898696 119.067798 GBP563 -22.913115 118.916958 PSF0091R -22.899155 119.067816 GBRS0140 -22.91779325 119.0669732 PSF0092R -22.895121 119.06624 GBRS0142 -22.92109772 119.0666837 PSF0094R -22.896002 119.066439 GBRS0152 -22.91545841 119.0443873 PSF0095R -22.896429 119.066257 GBRS0181 -22.929379 118.861481 PSF0099R -22.898355 119.066284 GBRS0185 -22.92961111 118.8417778 PSF0101R -22.89921 119.066316 GBRS0187 -22.93119444 118.83125 PSF0102R -22.89961 119.066363 GBRS0188 -22.91983333 118.8294722 PSF0104R -22.895958 119.064762 GBRS0189 -22.91911111 118.8285556 PSF0105R -22.896466 119.064912 GBRS0191 -22.92011111 118.8406667 PSF0106R -22.89705 119.064913 GBRS0193 -22.92010833 118.8614361 PSF0107R -22.897369 119.064875 GBRS0194 -22.91954444 118.8609306 PSF0108R -22.897785 119.064868 GF0310R -22.942901 118.890045 PSF0109R -22.898223 119.064896 GF0324R -22.940658 118.88863 PSF0110R -22.898657 119.064877 GF0458R -22.942409 118.834113 PSF0111R -22.899187 119.064772 GF0459R -22.941493 118.834107 PSF0117R -22.897856 119.063351 GF0508R -22.945558 118.828744 PSF0118R -22.898292 119.063328 GF0553R -22.95405 118.828739 PSF0119R -22.898755 119.063356 GF0631R -22.931415 118.828845 PSF0130R -22.899237 119.060451 GF0634R -22.931411 118.829367 PSF0131R -22.898809 119.060479 GR0111R -22.957138 119.01522 PSF0132R -22.898419 119.060504 GRS015 -22.96015 119.048151 PSF0133R -22.897967 119.060456 PDT0003R -22.920696 119.035296 PSF0135R -22.897051 119.060433 PSA0080R -22.927437 118.821978 PSF0136R -22.896587 119.060424 PSA0081R -22.926995 118.821931 PSF0138R -22.89568 119.060399 PSA0082R -22.9265 118.821985 PSF0171R -22.895468 119.051694 PSA0523R -22.922887 118.822028 PSF0173R -22.895264 119.050103 PSA0533R -22.921238 118.858257 PSF0174R -22.894837 119.050055 PSA0552R -22.92078 118.861342 PSF0186R -22.897231 119.045839 PSA0553R -22.921112 118.861334 PSF0187R -22.897728 119.045811 PSA0556R -22.919349 118.829297 PSF0188R -22.895373 119.048743 PSA0557R -22.918438 118.829296 PSF0196R -22.893484 119.05005 PSA0558R -22.918944 118.829255 PSF0201R -22.89525 119.052999 PSA0559R -22.92614 118.821962 PSF0203R -22.893485 119.051644 PSA0560R -22.925695 118.821939 PSF0211R -22.893172 119.042862 PSA0561R -22.925241 118.821971 PSF0213R -22.894507 119.043054 PSA0577R -22.916267 118.879024 PSF0215R -22.89262 119.043901 PSA0580R -22.914051 118.881954 PSF0218R -22.894357 119.041684 PSA0586R -22.91423 118.886334 PSF0222R -22.89359 119.039823 PSA0801R -22.908195 118.902408 PSF0223R -22.894359 119.039943 PSA0802R -22.91148 118.892385 PSF0224R -22.894601 119.039931 PSA0803R -22.912789 118.892177 PSF0226R -22.892541 119.038326 PSA0804R -22.910414 118.895075 PSF0227R -22.892123 119.038418 PSA0805R -22.90962 118.896623 PSA0806R -22.90831 118.900531 PSA0807R -22.914499 118.878983 Area Deposit Drill Hole Code Latitude Longitude PSA0808R -22.913154 118.88629 Reference Area PSA0809R -22.911817 118.889304 GA1376R -22.931712 119.052954 PSA0810R -22.909912 118.890709 GA1377R -22.933502 119.052968 PSA0957R -22.916756 118.876075 GA1378R -22.93533 119.053038 PSA0970R -22.916298 118.877542 GA1379R -22.935522 119.064717 PSA1142R -22.915832 118.882389 GA1381R -22.936043 119.05886 PSA1143R -22.915386 118.882389 GA1382R -22.933721 119.064664 PSA1156R -22.916752 118.876575 GA1605R -22.935492 119.03606 PSA1162R -22.916748 118.877049 GA1606R -22.935528 119.035259 PSA1290R -22.914494 118.886818 GA1609R -22.926908 119.049188 PSA1322R -22.916296 118.878041 GA1610R -22.925997 119.054911 PSA1421R -22.915845 118.881436 GA1611R -22.926246 119.064346 PSA1444R -22.915476 118.882886 GB0092R -22.950235 119.047273 PSA1455R -22.915863 118.88091 GB0093R -22.950718 119.047294 PSB0050R -22.901878 118.941434 GB0094R -22.951165 119.047277 PSB0134R -22.906846 118.924877

41 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Area Deposit Drill Hole Code Latitude Longitude Area Deposit Drill Hole Code Latitude Longitude Reference Area Reference Area PSB0137R -22.906718 118.929154 PSD0250R -22.900705 118.992535 PSB0138R -22.905024 118.937172 PSD0251R -22.900128 119.005598 PSB0142R -22.904939 118.938353 PSD0252R -22.899328 119.006251 PSB0143R -22.906315 118.938266 PSD1225R -22.899369 119.002627 PSB0144R -22.913158 118.916356 PSD1226R -22.899108 119.002163 PSB0145R -22.912187 118.916235 PSD1227R -22.899746 119.005742 PSB0165R -22.912425 118.915178 PSD1228R -22.899799 119.005363 PSB0188R -22.911497 118.916358 PSD1229R -22.8992 119.00524 PSB0251R -22.907345 118.92268 PSD1230R -22.899054 119.005658 PSB0252R -22.907368 118.920106 PSD1231R -22.897495 119.006315 PSB0253R -22.906831 118.917815 PSD1232R -22.896505 119.001771 PSB0254R -22.902878 118.927024 PSD1241R -22.900205 119.006785 PSB0255R -22.903345 118.934004 PSD1242R -22.899685 119.006835 PSB0500R -22.905611 118.91693 PSE0020R -22.90022 119.035512 PSB0501R -22.90618 118.91507 PSE0238R -22.897646 119.007451 PSB0502R -22.906463 118.919041 PSE0242R -22.899752 119.00727 PSB0503R -22.90488 118.918996 PSF0684R -22.917534 119.057394 PSB0504R -22.904886 118.91835 SF0263R -22.972385 118.8065 PSB0505R -22.903964 118.918967 SF0264R -22.973311 118.80652 PSB0506R -22.905689 118.921357 SF0265R -22.974619 118.8065 PSB0507R -22.905249 118.923662 SF0287R -22.97718 118.81826 PSB0508R -22.905083 118.924878 SF0350R -22.979814 118.829984 PSB0509R -22.902173 118.92684 SF0351R -22.978922 118.829982 PSB0510R -22.907345 118.9281 SF0352R -22.978004 118.83004 PSB0512R -22.905286 118.930461 SF0353R -22.97712 118.830042 PSB0519R -22.904775 118.932148 SF0354R -22.976197 118.830022 PSC0835R -22.899716 118.953791 SF0355R -22.975322 118.830005 PSC0839R -22.899701 118.955306 SF0359R -22.981825 118.841731 PSC0854RE -22.90064 118.964252 SF0361R -22.980917 118.841703 PSC0865R -22.899729 118.968556 SF0363R -22.979611 118.841707 PSC0866R -22.899677 118.968531 SF0365R -22.97699 118.841667 PSC0872R -22.899686 118.962823 SF0394R -22.982288 118.847619 PSC0879R -22.900049 118.965874 SF0396R -22.981389 118.847624 PSC0880RE -22.899843 118.967415 SF0398R -22.97828 118.847526 PSC0882R -22.89999 118.962806 SF0435R -22.98068 118.835883 PSC0886R -22.89929 118.961399 SF0438R -22.979316 118.835833 PSC0888R -22.899926 118.963905 SF0441R -22.976462 118.835839 PSC0889R -22.898856 118.965943 SF0442R -22.975259 118.835783 PSC0890R -22.898375 118.965934 SF0443R -22.973892 118.835828 PSC0893R -22.899576 118.96746 SF0515R -22.976793 118.812375 PSC0914R -22.900706 118.968625 SF0527R -22.974415 118.829965 PSC0920R -22.900113 118.953809 SF0528R -22.977342 118.84756 PSC0923R -22.900079 118.968544 SF0529R -22.977787 118.847536 PSD0012R -22.900595 118.991656 SF0530R -22.979194 118.847591 PSD0013R -22.90013 118.991652 SF0531R -22.978732 118.847565 PSD0014R -22.899767 118.991628 SF1385R -22.981805 118.850598 PSD0128R -22.900201 118.990155 SF1419R -22.983577 118.856327 PSD0129R -22.899279 118.990078 SF1460R -22.985294 118.862286 PSD0130R -22.898832 118.990057 SF1462R -22.984343 118.862231 PSD0131R -22.898441 118.990055 SF3676R -22.983153 118.856377 PSD0132R -22.897921 118.990127 SF3677R -22.982681 118.856378 PSD0133R -22.900232 118.993051 SF4034R -22.963188 118.978102 PSD0134R -22.899758 118.993065 PSD0135R -22.899206 118.99157 PSD0139R -22.901116 118.99467 PSD0144R -22.901516 118.996017 PSD0149R -22.901008 118.992993

42 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Appendix 4 - Troglofauna Records from the Project Area and the Reference Area Drill Hole No. of Code Visit Date Sample Taxa Specimens BP013 25/07/2008 Scrape nr Encoptarthria sp. B01 1 Trap Deep Sciaridae sp. B01 1 GA0068R 8/12/2007 Scrape Palpigradi sp. B01 2 GA0184R 7/12/2007 Net Draculoides sp. 1 GA0272R 7/12/2007 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 1 Meenoplidae sp. 8 Meenoplidae sp. B02 (=Meenoplidae sp. S01) 6 11/03/2008 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 2 Nocticola `BLA001` 1 GA0302R 8/12/2007 Scrape Lophoproctidae sp. 1 Palpigradi sp. B01 2 GA1376R 6/03/2015 Trap Lophoturus madecassus 1 GA1378R 6/03/2015 Trap Deep Nocticola sp. 1 Sciaridae sp. B01 14 GA1606R 6/03/2015 Trap Deep Coleoptera sp. 1 GA1609R 6/03/2015 Scrape Palpigradi sp. 1 GA1610R 6/03/2015 Trap Lophoturus madecassus 1 GB0019R 17/03/2008 Scrape Atelurinae sp. B04 1 5/03/2010 Net Blattidae sp. 1 GB0020R 25/07/2008 Scrape Zuphiini sp. 1 GB0076R 18/03/2008 Trap Nocticola sp. 1 25/07/2008 Scrape Atelurinae sp. 1 GB0078R 29/03/2011 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Meenoplidae sp. 1 GB0080R 29/03/2011 Trap Blattidae sp. 1 GB0082R 29/03/2011 Trap Deep Draculoides sp. 1 Trap Draculoides sp. B47 Shallow 1 GB0086R 29/03/2011 Trap Draculoides sp. B47 1 GB0092R 6/03/2015 Trap Blattidae sp. B06 1 Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 GB0094R 29/03/2011 Scrape Pselaphinae sp. B01 1 6/03/2015 Trap Lophoturus madecassus 1 GB0106R 7/03/2015 Scrape Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 2 Meenoplidae sp. 2 Nocticola sp. 2 Trap Draculoides sp. 2 GB0107R 7/03/2015 Trap Deep Lophoturus madecassus 1 GB0108R 7/03/2015 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 GB0143R 30/03/2011 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 Indohya sp. 1 Tyrannochthonius `PSE066` 1 6/03/2015 Scrape Tyrannochthonius `PSE066` 1 Trap Lophoturus madecassus 1 GB0145R 6/03/2015 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 3 Trap Nocticola sp. 1 GB0165RE 7/03/2015 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 Trap Blattidae sp. B06 1 GB0167RE 30/03/2011 Trap Armadillidae sp. B07 3 GB0170R 30/03/2011 Scrape Nocticola sp. 1 Trap Nicoletiidae sp. Shallow 1 GB0177R 30/03/2011 Scrape Bembidiinae sp. B08 3 Japygidae `DPL002` 2 Lophoturus madecassus 11 Pselaphinae sp. B01 3 Trap Deep Lophoturus madecassus 10 Trap Lophoturus madecassus 11

43 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Drill Hole No. of Code Visit Date Sample Taxa Specimens Shallow GB0178R 30/03/2011 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 2 Nocticola `BLA003` 1 GB0193R 7/03/2015 Trap Deep Blattidae sp. B06 1 GB0196R 30/03/2011 Trap Draculoides sp. 1 GB0202R 7/03/2015 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 1 GB0208R 30/03/2011 Scrape Palpigradi sp. B01 1 GB0209R 30/03/2011 Trap Deep Lophoturus madecassus 5 GB0212R 30/03/2011 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 Chthoniidae sp. 1 Indohya `PSE005` 1 Trap Sciaridae sp. Shallow 1 GB0216R 29/03/2011 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 Trap Lophoturus madecassus 1 GB0228R 29/03/2011 Scrape Nocticola `BLA003` 2 Trap Deep Armadillidae sp. B07 1 GB0232R 30/03/2011 Scrape Draculoides sp. 1 GB0236R 30/03/2011 Scrape Draculoides sp. B47 1 GB0240R 30/03/2011 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 1 GB0246R 30/03/2011 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 Draculoides sp. B47 3 7/03/2015 Trap Draculoides sp. 1 GB0401R 6/03/2015 Trap Lophoturus madecassus 1 GB0404R 6/03/2015 Trap Deep Blattidae sp. B06 1 Trap Blattidae sp. B06 Shallow 1 GB0504R 7/03/2015 Trap Draculoides sp. 1 GB0505R 7/03/2015 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 Shallow 8 GB0543R 7/03/2015 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 GB0544R 7/03/2015 Scrape Draculoides sp. B47 1 Trap Blattidae sp. B06 1 GB0620R 6/03/2015 Scrape Draculoides sp. B47 1 Trap Draculoides sp. B47 1 GB0621R 6/03/2015 Trap Blattidae sp. B06 1 GBP518 26/02/2009 Trap Draculoides `SCH012` 1 Lagynochthonius sp. S03 1 GBP528 11/04/2010 Scrape Hemiptera sp. B02 (=Fulgoridae sp. S01) 1 GBP533 24/06/2010 Scrape Draculoides `SCH012` 2 GBP546 11/04/2010 Scrape Pauropodidae sp. B14 1 GBP549 30/07/2009 Scrape Linyphiidae sp. B03 (=Araneae sp. S05) 1 11/04/2010 Scrape Linyphiidae sp. B03 (=Araneae sp. S05) 2 23/06/2010 Scrape Linyphiidae sp. B03 (=Araneae sp. S05) 1 GBP550 12/04/2010 Scrape Nocticola sp. 1 23/06/2010 Scrape Nocticola sp. 1 GBP552 23/06/2010 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 3 GBP553 12/04/2010 Scrape Draculoides `SCH012` 1 23/06/2010 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 4 GBP557 12/04/2010 Scrape Hemiptera sp. B02 (=Fulgoridae sp. S01) 2 Meenoplidae sp. 2 Trap Nocticola sp. 1 GBP558 12/04/2010 Scrape Hemiptera sp. B02 (=Fulgoridae sp. S01) 2 Opiliones sp. B02 1 23/06/2010 Scrape Dampetrus sp. B01 (nr isolatus) 1 GBP563 26/02/2009 Scrape Lophoproctidae sp. 2 GBR0003 21/02/2010 Net Meenoplidae sp. 1 GBRS0001 7/11/2013 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 1 Troglarmadillo sp. B44 5 20/02/2014 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 2

44 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Drill Hole No. of Code Visit Date Sample Taxa Specimens Hemiptera sp. 1 Troglarmadillo sp. B44 6 Trap Dodecastyla crypta 1 Lophoturus madecassus 1 Troglarmadillo sp. B44 12 GBRS0181 26/02/2009 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 9 Trap Nocticola sp. 5 GBRS0187 26/02/2009 Scrape Lophoproctidae sp. 1 GBRS0193 6/06/2009 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 7/11/2013 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 6 GBRS0196 25/02/2009 Trap Dodecastyla crypta 1 GC0108R 13/01/2008 Scrape Dampetrus sp. B01 (nr isolatus) 1 Dodecastyla crypta 1 Trap Opiliones sp. 1 GC0112R 14/01/2008 Scrape Dampetrus sp. B01 (nr isolatus) 1 GD0016R 12/01/2008 Scrape Troglarmadillo sp. B03 1 GD0053R 11/01/2008 Scrape ?Theridiidae sp. B01 1 Thysanura sp. 1 Zuphiini sp. 1 Trap Nocticola `BLA001` 1 Zuphiini sp. 1 12/03/2008 Trap Nocticola sp. 1 GD0080R 13/03/2008 Scrape nr Encoptarthria sp. B01 1 GDR0034 13/03/2008 Scrape Nocticola `BLA001` 1 GE1126R 13/03/2008 Trap Japygidae `DPL002` 1 GE1142R 10/01/2008 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 1 GE1170R 10/01/2008 Trap Deep Draculoides sp. 1 GF0130R 5/12/2007 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 2 Trap Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 3 Draculoides sp. 1 Tyrannochthonius sp. 1 GF0166R 6/12/2007 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 5/02/2008 Scrape Blattidae sp. 3 GF0308R 5/12/2007 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 GF0310R 5/12/2007 Trap Tyrannochthonius `PSE055` 1 GF0312R 5/02/2008 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Trap Blattidae sp. Shallow 1 GF0321R 5/12/2007 Scrape Lagynochthonius `PSE039` 1 GF0389R 5/12/2007 Trap Draculoides `SCH023` 1 GF0403R 5/02/2008 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 GF0406R 4/12/2007 Scrape Palpigradi sp. B01 1 GF0415R 5/02/2008 Scrape Draculoides sp. 1 GF0421R 5/12/2007 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 Trap Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 GFR0002 5/12/2007 Trap Deep Lophoturus madecassus 1 Troglarmadillo sp. B03 2 5/02/2008 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Lophoturus madecassus 5 GFR0010 5/12/2007 Trap Troglarmadillo sp. B03 3 5/02/2008 Scrape Palpigradi sp. B01 1 Zuphiini sp. B03 1 GR0005R 20/02/2010 Net Meenoplidae sp. 10 Pauropodidae sp. B04 1 GR0006R 20/02/2010 Net Meenoplidae sp. B02 (=Meenoplidae sp. S01) 100 GR0014R 10/04/2008 Scrape Draculoides `SCH018` 2 Japygidae `DPL002` 1 7/08/2008 Scrape Nocticola `cockingi` ms 1 20/02/2010 Net Nocticola `cockingi` ms 14 25/05/2010 Net Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. 1 GR0018R 11/04/2008 Scrape Draculoides sp. 1

45 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Drill Hole No. of Code Visit Date Sample Taxa Specimens GR0023R 8/08/2008 Scrape Lophoturus madecassus 1 GR0025R 10/04/2008 Scrape Draculoides sp. 1 8/08/2008 Scrape Draculoides sp. 1 GR0038R 7/08/2008 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 5 GR0040R 21/02/2010 Net Nocticola sp. 1 GR0072R 1/04/2008 Scrape Draculoides sp. 1 GR0082R 7/08/2008 Trap Deep Zuphiini sp. 1 GR0083R 21/02/2010 Net Dodecastyla crypta 2 Japygidae `DPL007` 1 Meenoplidae sp. B02 (=Meenoplidae sp. S01) 6 GR0084R 7/08/2008 Scrape Pauropodidae sp. B01 (Decapauropus ?tenuis) 1 21/02/2010 Net Cryptops sp. B15 1 GR0087R 8/08/2008 Scrape Atelurinae sp. 1 Trap Draculoides `SCH018` 1 GR0089R 10/04/2008 Scrape Draculoides sp. 1 Nocticola sp. 2 8/08/2008 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 GR0101R 10/04/2008 Scrape Nocticola `cockingi` ms 1 8/08/2008 Scrape Nocticola `cockingi` ms 1 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 1 GR0111R 7/03/2015 Trap Deep Draculoides `SCH023` 1 Lophoturus madecassus 1 Trap Lophoturus madecassus Shallow 3 GRR067 20/02/2010 Net Lophoturus madecassus 1 Nocticola `cockingi` ms 4 Tyrannochthonius `PSE066` 1 25/05/2010 Net Anapistula sp. B02 1 Hanseniella sp. B07 1 Hemiptera sp. B02 (=Fulgoridae sp. S01) 2 GRS015 7/08/2008 Scrape Nocticola sp. 1 Trap Draculoides sp. 1 Trigoniulidae sp. 1 PSA0081R 17/02/2014 Trap Nocticola sp. 1 PSA0082R 17/02/2014 Scrape Tyrannochthonius `PSE066` 1 PSA0532R 7/11/2013 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 Nocticola sp. 1 PSA0550R 17/02/2014 Scrape Nocticola sp. 1 Trinemura sp. 1 Trap Nocticola sp. Shallow 4 PSA0552R 18/02/2014 Trap Meenoplidae sp. 1 PSA0558R 17/02/2014 Trap Dodecastyla crypta 1 Lophoturus madecassus 1 Troglarmadillo sp. B57 1 PSA0802R 6/06/2012 Scrape Draculoides `SCH012` 1 18/02/2014 Trap Nocticola sp. 1 Ptinella sp. B01 45 PSA0803R 9/11/2013 Scrape Nocticola sp. 8 PSA0804R 18/02/2014 Trap Lophoturus madecassus 1 Sciaridae sp. B01 3 PSA0805R 9/11/2013 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 PSA0806R 6/06/2012 Trap Nocticola sp. 2 9/11/2013 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 18/02/2014 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Trap Draculoides `SCH012` 1 PSA0809R 6/08/2012 Scrape Lagynochthonius sp. B19 1 9/11/2013 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 PSA0810R 7/11/2013 Scrape Draculoides `SCH012` 1 Linyphiidae sp. B03 (=Araneae sp. S05) 9 Nocticola `BLA003` 5

46 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Drill Hole No. of Code Visit Date Sample Taxa Specimens 18/02/2014 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Linyphiidae sp. B03 (=Araneae sp. S05) 2 Nocticola sp. 3 Trinemura sp. 1 Trap Linyphiidae sp. B03 (=Araneae sp. S05) 1 PSA1162R 18/02/2014 Trap Troglarmadillo sp. B44 1 PSB0032R 9/11/2013 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 20/02/2014 Trap Lophoturus madecassus 2 PSB0038R 20/02/2014 Trap Lophoturus madecassus 1 PSB0040R 19/02/2014 Trap Deep Linyphiidae sp. B03 (=Araneae sp. S05) 1 Pselaphinae sp. B01 1 PSB0048R 10/11/2013 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 3 20/02/2014 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 Cormocephalus `CHI003` 1 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 2 PSB0049R 20/02/2014 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 1 PSB0053R 20/02/2014 Scrape Linyphiidae sp. B03 (=Araneae sp. S05) 1 Trap Nocticola sp. 1 PSB0058R 20/02/2014 Trap Draculoides `SCH013` 1 Nocticola sp. 1 PSB0063R 9/11/2013 Scrape Linyphiidae sp. B03 (=Araneae sp. S05) 1 PSB0080R 19/02/2014 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Trap Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) Shallow 1 PSB0093R 19/02/2014 Trap Deep Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 Parajapygidae sp. B27 1 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 Shallow 1 PSB0104R 19/02/2014 Trap Pselaphinae sp. B01 2 PSB0106R 20/02/2014 Scrape Symphyella sp. 1 PSB0107R 9/11/2013 Scrape Typhlozuphium longipenne 1 20/02/2014 Scrape Blattidae sp. 2 Dodecastyla crypta 2 PSB0108R 9/11/2013 Scrape Hemiptera sp. B02 (=Fulgoridae sp. S01) 1 Nocticola sp. 1 20/02/2014 Scrape Blattidae sp. 2 Trap Deep Nocticola sp. 1 Trap Japygidae sp. Shallow 1 PSB0110R 9/11/2013 Scrape Nocticola sp. 2 20/02/2014 Scrape Nocticola sp. 2 PSB0116R 19/02/2014 Trap Draculoides `SCH012` 2 PSB0118R 8/11/2013 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Cryptops sp. B39 1 Lagynochthonius sp. 1 Nocticola `BLA003` 3 Prethopalpus sp. 1 19/02/2014 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Nocticola sp. 1 Trap Dodecastyla crypta 1 Draculoides `SCH012` 1 PSB0119R 8/11/2013 Scrape Nocticola sp. 1 19/02/2014 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 3 Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 Draculoides `SCH012` 1 PSB0120R 19/02/2014 Trap Draculoides sp. 1 PSB0122R 19/02/2014 Trap Blattidae sp. 2 Draculoides `SCH012` 2 PSB0123R 19/02/2014 Trap Nocticola sp. 1 PSB0127R 8/11/2013 Scrape Blattidae sp. 4 Hemiptera sp. B02 (=Fulgoridae sp. S01) 1

47 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Drill Hole No. of Code Visit Date Sample Taxa Specimens Lagynochthonius `PSE046` 1 Meenoplidae sp. B02 (=Meenoplidae sp. S01) 15 Nocticola sp. 2 18/02/2014 Scrape Gnaphosidae sp. B01 1 Trap Deep Draculoides `SCH012` 2 Nocticola `BLA003` 1 Trap Draculoides `SCH012` Shallow 1 PSB0134R 8/11/2013 Scrape Hemiptera sp. B02 (=Fulgoridae sp. S01) 3 19/02/2014 Scrape Lagynochthonius sp. S03 2 4/03/2015 Trap Nocticola sp. 2 PSB0137R 8/11/2013 Scrape Blattidae sp. 2 Cryptops sp. B07 (=Scolopendrida sp. S02) 2 Nocticola sp. 3 19/02/2014 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 Trap Lagynochthonius `PSE046` 1 4/03/2015 Scrape Nocticola sp. 3 PSB0141R 9/11/2013 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 PSB0142R 19/02/2014 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 Shallow 8 PSB0145R 18/02/2014 Trap Coleoptera sp. B06 2 PSB0155R 20/02/2014 Scrape Nocticola sp. 1 Trap Deep Nocticola sp. 1 PSB0157R 8/11/2013 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 1 PSB0160R 9/11/2013 Scrape Draculoides `SCH012` 2 Meenoplidae sp. B02 (=Meenoplidae sp. S01) 1 Nocticola sp. 1 19/02/2014 Trap Deep Draculoides `SCH012` 2 Trap Draculoides `SCH012` Shallow 1 Parajapygidae `DPL020` 1 PSB0162R 19/02/2014 Scrape Draculoides `SCH012` 1 Nocticola sp. 1 Trap Nocticola sp. 1 Sciaridae sp. B01 13 PSB0163R 8/11/2013 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 19/02/2014 Scrape Draculoides `SCH012` 1 PSB0166R 8/11/2013 Scrape Blattidae sp. 3 18/02/2014 Scrape Blattidae sp. 2 Draculoides `SCH012` 1 PSB0167R 18/02/2014 Trap Draculoides `SCH012` 1 PSB0169R 8/11/2013 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 18/02/2014 Scrape Lagynochthonius sp. S03 1 Trap Draculoides sp. 1 Sciaridae sp. B01 17 PSB0170R 8/11/2013 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 18/02/2014 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Trap Draculoides `SCH012` 1 PSB0172R 8/11/2013 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 2 18/02/2014 Trap Deep Draculoides sp. 1 PSB0174R 18/02/2014 Trap Draculoides `SCH012` 1 PSB0177R 8/11/2013 Scrape Lagynochthonius sp. S03 1 18/02/2014 Trap Draculoides `SCH012` 1 PSB0186R 8/11/2013 Scrape Cryptops sp. B15 1 Draculoides `SCH012` 1 PSB0253R 4/03/2015 Scrape Nocticola `BLA003` 3 PSB0501R 4/03/2015 Trap Nocticola sp. 1 PSB0503R 4/03/2015 Scrape Nocticola sp. 1 PSB0504R 4/03/2015 Trap Lophoturus madecassus Shallow 1 PSB0507R 4/03/2015 Scrape Curculionidae sp. 1

48 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Drill Hole No. of Code Visit Date Sample Taxa Specimens PSC0034R 7/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 24/06/2010 Scrape Araneomorphae sp. 1 PSC0109R 8/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Meenoplidae sp. 1 PSC0112R 8/04/2010 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. B02 (=Meenoplidae sp. S01) 9 PSC0162R 13/12/2007 Trap Draculoides `SCH013` 1 11/04/2010 Scrape Hanseniella sp. B08 3 PSC0163R 11/04/2010 Scrape Hanseniella sp. B08 1 PSC0165R 26/02/2009 Scrape Nocticola sp. 2 5/06/2009 Scrape Prethopalpus sp. B18 (=?Araneae sp. S05) 3 30/07/2009 Scrape Nocticola sp. 1 11/04/2010 Scrape Linyphiidae sp. B03 (=Araneae sp. S05) 7 Meenoplidae sp. B02 (=Meenoplidae sp. S01) 1 Nocticola sp. 2 24/06/2010 Scrape Linyphiidae sp. B03 (=Araneae sp. S05) 4 PSC0173R 11/04/2010 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. B02 (=Meenoplidae sp. S01) 9 Nocticola sp. 2 24/06/2010 Scrape Chthoniidae sp. 1 PSC0834R 7/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 24/06/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 PSC0838R 7/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 24/06/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 PSC0839R 7/04/2010 Scrape Nocticola sp. 1 24/06/2010 Scrape Nocticola `BLA003` 11 PSC0840R 25/06/2010 Scrape Nocticola `BLA003` 1 PSC0868RE 8/04/2010 Scrape Pauropodidae sp. B12 1 Pauropodidae sp. B14 1 25/06/2010 Scrape Lophoturus madecassus 1 PSC0873R 7/04/2010 Trap Lophoturus madecassus 1 25/06/2010 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 1 PSC0874R 7/04/2010 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 4 Meenoplidae sp. B02 (=Meenoplidae sp. S01) 36 Nocticola sp. 9 25/06/2010 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. B02 (=Meenoplidae sp. S01) 1 Nocticola sp. 1 PSC0877R 7/04/2010 Scrape Palpigradi sp. B01 1 PSC0878R 8/04/2010 Trap Deep Lophoturus madecassus 5 25/06/2010 Scrape Lophoturus madecassus 3 PSC0879R 8/04/2010 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 1 Trinemura sp. B09 2 Trap Deep Trinemura sp. B09 1 Trap Trinemura sp. B09 Shallow 1 25/06/2010 Scrape Trinemura sp. B09 1 PSC0884R 7/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Draculoides sp. 1 PSC0885R 7/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Trap Deep Sciaridae sp. B01 2 Trap Blattidae sp. Shallow 1 25/06/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 2 Draculoides `SCH013` 1 PSC0888R 7/04/2010 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 25/06/2010 Scrape Pauropodidae sp. B16 1 PSC0889R 8/04/2010 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 1 Nocticola sp. 1 25/06/2010 Scrape Nocticola `BLA003` 1 Typhlozuphium humicolum 1 PSC0890R 8/04/2010 Scrape Nocticola sp. 1 25/06/2010 Scrape Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 2 PSC0891R 8/04/2010 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 4

49 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Drill Hole No. of Code Visit Date Sample Taxa Specimens PSC0895R 24/06/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 2 PSC0899R 7/04/2010 Trap Japygidae sp. 1 24/06/2010 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 1 PSC0919R 7/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 PSC0938R 25/06/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 PSC0939R 8/04/2010 Trap Deep Sciaridae sp. B01 27 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 Shallow 10 PSC0941R 8/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 26/06/2010 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. B02 (=Meenoplidae sp. S01) 1 Nocticola sp. 1 PSD0003R 19/10/2008 Scrape Hemiptera sp. B02 (=Fulgoridae sp. S01) 3 PSD0004R 19/10/2008 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 PSD0013R 11/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 PSD0014R 18/03/2008 Scrape Nocticola `BLA003` 2 15/10/2008 Scrape Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 PSD0096R 9/04/2010 Scrape Nocticola sp. 2 Tyrannochthonius `PSE050` 1 PSD0118R 10/04/2010 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 2 Draculoides sp. 1 Meenoplidae sp. 1 27/06/2010 Scrape Typhlozuphium humicolum 1 PSD0120R 10/04/2010 Scrape Nocticola sp. 1 Palpigradi sp. B01 1 Trap Deep Sciaridae sp. B01 70 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 Shallow 60 PSD0121R 10/04/2010 Scrape Draculoides sp. 2 PSD0127R 10/04/2010 Scrape Draculoides `SCH013` 1 27/06/2010 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 2 PSD0129R 10/04/2010 Scrape Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 Nocticola `BLA003` 2 27/06/2010 Scrape Prethopalpus sp. B18 (=?Araneae sp. S05) 2 PSD0130R 10/04/2010 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 4 PSD0131R 10/04/2010 Scrape Tyrannochthonius `PSE050` 1 Trap Pauropodidae sp. B15 Shallow 1 PSD0134R 11/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Nocticola `BLA003` 4 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 35 PSD0135R 11/04/2010 Scrape Nocticola `BLA003` 2 27/06/2010 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 1 Lagynochthonius `PSE045` 1 Nocticola sp. 1 Prethopalpus sp. B18 (=?Araneae sp. S05) 1 PSD0136R 10/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 Draculoides sp. 2 PSD0137R 10/04/2010 Trap Deep Sciaridae sp. B01 50 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 Shallow 20 27/06/2010 Scrape Prethopalpus pearsoni 1 PSD0138R 27/06/2010 Scrape Japygidae `DPL002` 1 Nocticola sp. 1 PSD0139R 28/06/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 PSD0140R 11/04/2010 Trap Japygidae sp. 1 28/06/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 Prethopalpus pearsoni 1 PSD0143R 11/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 Tyrannochthonius `PSE050` 1

50 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Drill Hole No. of Code Visit Date Sample Taxa Specimens PSD0144R 11/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 3 Draculoides sp. 1 PSD0147R 10/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Draculoides sp. 1 Nocticola sp. 1 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 13 27/06/2010 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 1 PSD0149R 11/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 3 Dodecastyla crypta 1 Draculoides sp. 4 Meenoplidae sp. B02 (=Meenoplidae sp. S01) 8 Nocticola `BLA003` 9 27/06/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 2 Cormocephalus `CHI003` 1 Dodecastyla crypta 4 Meenoplidae sp. 1 Nocticola sp. 1 PSD0180R 9/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 PSD0192R 9/04/2010 Scrape Nocticola `BLA003` 1 26/06/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 Nocticola sp. 1 PSD0194R 9/04/2010 Scrape Lagynochthonius `PSE045` 2 Tyrannochthonius `PSE050` 1 PSD0195R 9/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Tyrannochthonius `PSE050` 1 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 2 PSD0196R 9/04/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Tyrannochthonius `PSE050` 1 26/06/2010 Scrape Lagynochthonius `PSE046` 1 PSD0250R 27/06/2010 Scrape Draculoides `SCH013` 1 PSD0251R 5/03/2015 Trap Nocticola sp. 1 Tyrannochthonius `PSE050` 1 PSD0252R 5/03/2015 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 PSD1225R 5/03/2015 Trap Deep Nocticola sp. 1 Trap Draculoides `SCH013` Shallow 1 PSD1228R 5/03/2015 Trap Sciaridae sp. B01 4 PSD1229R 5/03/2015 Trap Deep Nocticola sp. 1 PSD1231R 5/03/2015 Trap Japygidae `DPL011` 1 PSD1242R 5/03/2015 Trap Linyphiidae sp. 1 PSE0001R 15/10/2008 Scrape Hemiptera sp. B02 (=Fulgoridae sp. S01) 6 PSE0002R 11/04/2008 Scrape Draculoides `SCH013` 1 Trap Nocticola `BLA003` 1 15/10/2008 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 PSE0004R 11/04/2008 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 PSE0007R 15/10/2008 Scrape Nocticola `BLA003` 1 Trap Pauropodidae sp. B01 (Decapauropus ?tenuis) 1 PSE0019R 22/04/2008 Net Atelurinae sp. B02 (=?Atelurodes sp. S02) 1 Cryptops sp. B07 (=Scolopendrida sp. S02) 1 14/10/2008 Net Lophoturus madecassus 1 PSE0026R 14/10/2008 Net Hemiptera sp. B02 (=Fulgoridae sp. S01) 3 PSE0028R 14/10/2008 Trap Blattidae sp. 4 18/10/2008 Scrape Blattidae sp. 3 Nocticola `BLA003` 10 PSE0029R 22/04/2008 Net Nocticola `BLA003` 1 PSE0031R 21/06/2008 Net Prethopalpus sp. (Araneae sp. S07) 1 PSE0036R 21/06/2008 Net Meenoplidae sp. B02 (=Meenoplidae sp. S01) 1 14/10/2008 Net Meenoplidae sp. B02 (=Meenoplidae sp. S01) 2 Nocticola `BLA001` 1 Nocticola `BLA003` 3 PSE0039R 18/10/2008 Trap Blattidae sp. 1

51 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Drill Hole No. of Code Visit Date Sample Taxa Specimens Pauropodidae sp. B01 (Decapauropus ?tenuis) 1 PSE0045R 13/10/2008 Net Eukoenenia sp. S01 2 PSE0047R 13/10/2008 Net Meenoplidae sp. 1 PSE0049R 13/10/2008 Trap Blattidae sp. 2 PSE0050R 17/10/2008 Scrape Blattidae sp. 3 Nocticola `BLA003` 2 PSE0051R 17/10/2008 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 7 PSE0053R 10/04/2008 Scrape Nocticola `BLA003` 1 PSE0065R 11/04/2008 Scrape Lophoturus madecassus 1 Trap Lophoturus madecassus 2 PSE0066R 11/04/2008 Scrape Tyrannochthonius `PSE055` 1 PSE0074R 9/04/2008 Scrape Nocticola `BLA003` 1 PSE0077R 16/10/2008 Trap Blattidae sp. 1 PSE0101R 16/10/2008 Trap Cryptorhynchinae sp. S03 1 PSE0103R 9/04/2008 Trap Blattidae sp. 3 17/10/2008 Scrape Blattidae sp. 4 PSE0105R 9/04/2008 Scrape Eukoenenia sp. S01 1 PSE0106R 9/04/2008 Trap Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 17/10/2008 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Hemiptera sp. B02 (=Fulgoridae sp. S01) 2 PSE0242R 5/03/2015 Scrape Pelicinus sp. B02 1 PSF0004R 8/10/2008 Trap Blattidae sp. 2 10/12/2008 Scrape Lagynochthonius `PSE039` 1 Tyrannochthonius `PSE055` 1 PSF0006R 8/10/2008 Trap Atelurinae sp. B02 (=?Atelurodes sp. S02) 1 10/12/2008 Scrape Atelurinae sp. B02 (=?Atelurodes sp. S02) 4 PSF0008R 19/04/2008 Trap Tyrannochthonius `PSE055` 1 PSF0019R 19/04/2008 Scrape Typhlozuphium humicolum 2 PSF0020R 19/04/2008 Scrape Nocticola `BLA001` 1 PSF0026R 19/04/2008 Trap Blattidae sp. 1 Nocticola `BLA003` 1 Tyrannochthonius `PSE055` 1 PSF0043R 20/04/2008 Net Blattidae sp. 2 PSF0044R 20/04/2008 Trap Pauropodidae sp. B01 (Decapauropus ?tenuis) 1 PSF0046R 20/04/2008 Trap Draculoides `SCH013` 1 PSF0056R 11/12/2008 Scrape Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 PSF0061R 11/12/2008 Scrape Draculoides `SCH022` 2 PSF0065R 20/04/2008 Trap Nocticola `BLA001` 2 9/10/2008 Trap Nocticola `BLA001` 2 PSF0066R 10/12/2008 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 2 PSF0067R 9/10/2008 Trap Parajapygidae sp. S03 1 PSF0068R 20/04/2008 Scrape Eukoenenia sp. S01 1 Nocticola `BLA003` 1 PSF0069R 10/12/2008 Scrape Japygidae `DPL002` 1 PSF0079R 20/04/2008 Scrape Nocticola `BLA003` 1 PSF0083R 11/10/2008 Net Blattidae sp. 1 Hemiptera sp. B02 (=Fulgoridae sp. S01) 1 Meenoplidae sp. 4 PSF0085R 21/04/2008 Net Nocticola `BLA003` 1 PSF0087R 19/04/2008 Scrape Atelurinae sp. B02 (=?Atelurodes sp. S02) 1 Trap Nocticola `BLA003` 1 PSF0090R 18/04/2008 Scrape Indohya sp. S02 1 PSF0091R 10/12/2008 Scrape Indohya sp. S02 1 PSF0092R 19/04/2008 Trap Atelurinae sp. B02 (=?Atelurodes sp. S02) 1 Blattidae sp. 1 8/10/2008 Trap Blattidae sp. 1 10/12/2008 Scrape Japygidae `DPL002` 1 Nocticola `BLA003` 1 PSF0095R 8/10/2008 Trap Blattidae sp. 1 PSF0096R 21/04/2008 Net Nocticola `BLA003` 1 PSF0099R 10/12/2008 Scrape Nocticola `BLA003` 1

52 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Drill Hole No. of Code Visit Date Sample Taxa Specimens PSF0105R 10/12/2008 Scrape Eukoenenia sp. S01 1 PSF0106R 8/10/2008 Trap Draculoides `SCH022` 1 Nocticola `BLA003` 1 PSF0110R 8/10/2008 Trap Pauropodidae sp. B01 (Decapauropus ?tenuis) 1 PSF0113R 11/10/2008 Net Atelurinae sp. B02 (=?Atelurodes sp. S02) 2 PSF0114R 11/10/2008 Net Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 PSF0119R 8/10/2008 Trap Draculoides `SCH022` 1 PSF0123R 12/10/2008 Net Nocticola `BLA003` 3 PSF0133R 19/04/2008 Scrape Atelurinae sp. B02 (=?Atelurodes sp. S02) 1 Trap Nocticola `BLA003` 1 PSF0136R 19/04/2008 Trap Blattidae sp. 1 Nocticola `BLA003` 1 PSF0137R 12/10/2008 Net Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 3 Draculoides `SCH022` 1 PSF0138R 19/04/2008 Trap Blattidae sp. 7 Draculoides `SCH022` 1 PSF0160R 12/10/2008 Net Japygidae `DPL002` 2 Nocticola `BLA003` 1 PSF0173R 9/10/2008 Trap Atelurinae sp. B02 (=?Atelurodes sp. S02) 1 PSF0182R 21/04/2008 Net Draculoides sp. 1 11/10/2008 Net Nocticola `BLA003` 1 PSF0188R 11/12/2008 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 PSF0203R 19/04/2008 Scrape Draculoides `SCH022` 1 Trap Draculoides `SCH022` 1 PSF0216R 10/10/2008 Net Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 PSF0224R 9/10/2008 Trap Blattidae sp. 1 Meenoplidae sp. 1 11/12/2008 Scrape Atelurinae sp. B02 (=?Atelurodes sp. S02) 1 Blattidae sp. 4 Nocticola `BLA003` 5 PSF0227R 11/12/2008 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 2 Nocticola `BLA003` 1 RP011 10/04/2008 Scrape Nocticola `cockingi` ms 1 Trap Draculoides sp. 1 Prethopalpus sp. B06 1 8/08/2008 Trap Draculoides `SCH018` 2 RP034A 10/04/2008 Scrape Nocticola sp. 1 RP043 10/04/2008 Trap Lophoturus madecassus 1 RP055 25/05/2010 Net Draculoides sp. 2 Japygidae `DPL011` 1 Prethopalpus sp. 1 Trinemura sp. B02 (nr watsoni) 1 RP075 10/04/2008 Trap Draculoides sp. 1 RP081 10/04/2008 Scrape Nocticola sp. 1 Trap Draculoides sp. 1 7/08/2008 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 Pauropodidae sp. B01 (Decapauropus ?tenuis) 5 Trap Lophoproctidae sp. 1 RP105 21/02/2010 Net Meenoplidae sp. 1 RP111 10/04/2008 Scrape Draculoides `SCH018` 1 Symphyella sp. B03 1 SF0287R 18/03/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 8/06/2012 Trap Deep Nocticola sp. 1 Trap Blattidae sp. Shallow 4 Nocticola `BLA001` 3 SF0350R 19/03/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 14/06/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 4 SF0353R 19/03/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 Lagynochthonius `PSE039` 1 Meenoplidae sp. 2

53 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Drill Hole No. of Code Visit Date Sample Taxa Specimens SF0354R 19/03/2010 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 Trap Blattidae sp. 1 SF0355R 19/03/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Lagynochthonius `PSE039` 1 SF0359R 19/03/2010 Scrape Lagynochthonius `PSE039` 1 SF0363R 19/03/2010 Scrape Prethopalpus sp. B24 1 Scutigerella sp. B03 1 SF0394R 19/03/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. B06 1 Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 Nocticola `BLA003` 1 15/06/2010 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 Lagynochthonius `PSE039` 2 Trap Blattidae sp. Shallow 1 SF0396R 15/06/2010 Scrape Dodecastyla crypta 1 Trap Dodecastyla crypta 1 SF0398R 10/06/2012 Scrape Atelurinae sp. 2 SF0435R 14/06/2010 Trap Blattidae sp. 1 Sciaridae sp. B01 3 SF0441R 19/03/2010 Scrape Lagynochthonius `PSE039` 1 SF0443R 19/03/2010 Trap Troglarmadillo sp. B13 1 8/03/2015 Trap Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 SF0527R 19/03/2010 Scrape Draculoides sp. B32 1 Trap Draculoides sp. B32 2 14/06/2010 Scrape Draculoides sp. B32 1 13/05/2012 Scrape Blattidae sp. 1 10/06/2012 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 Trap Blattidae sp. 1 Nocticola sp. 1 8/08/2012 Scrape Meenoplidae sp. 1 SF0530R 8/08/2012 Scrape Nocticola sp. 1 SF0531R 10/06/2012 Scrape nr Claviger sp. B01 1 SF1419R 17/04/2012 Scrape Palpigradi sp. 1 SF1460R 17/04/2012 Scrape Atelurinae sp. 1 Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 Linyphiidae sp. 1 11/07/2012 Scrape Curculionidae Genus 1 sp. B02 (=Curculionidae sp. S02) 1 Linyphiidae sp. 2 Nocticola sp. 1 8/08/2012 Scrape ?Gnaphosidae sp. B01 1 Linyphiidae sp. 2 Nocticola sp. 3 SF3676R 8/03/2015 Trap Draculoides `SCH023` 1 SF3677R 8/03/2015 Trap Blattidae sp. B06 1

54 Mining Area C, Life of Project: Troglofauna BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Appendix 5 – Records of troglofauna (excluding widespread species, likely to be troglophiles) and other drill holes sampled for troglofauna

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