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Windblown Fugitive Dust Characterization in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region

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Windblown Fugitive Dust Characterization in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region Windblown Fugitive Dust Characterization in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region WBEA-DRI Agreement Number: T108-13 Report submitted to: Kevin E. Percy and Jean-Guy Zakrevsky Wood Buffalo Environmental Association #100 – 300 Thickwood Boulevard Ft. McMurray, AB, Canada T9K 1Y1 Report prepared for: Wood Buffalo Environmental Association Report prepared by: John G. Watson, Ph.D. Judith C. Chow, Sc.D. Xiaoliang Wang, Ph.D. Steven D. Kohl, M.S. Laxmi Narasimha R. Yatavelli, Ph.D. Desert Research Institute Nevada System of Higher Education 2215 Raggio Parkway Reno, NV 89512 March 31, 2014 Table of Contents Page List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................v Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 1-1 1.2 Study Objectives ..................................................................................................... 1-3 1.3 Report Overview ..................................................................................................... 1-3 2 Experimental Methods .................................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Windblown Dust Emission Calculation .................................................................. 2-1 2.2 Fugitive Dust Sampling System.............................................................................. 2-1 2.3 Test Procedure ........................................................................................................ 2-5 2.4 Sampling Sites ........................................................................................................ 2-8 2.5 Laboratory Analysis .............................................................................................. 2-13 3 Data Validation ............................................................................................................. 3-1 3.1 Mass Closure ........................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Anion and Cation Balance ...................................................................................... 3-3 = 3.3 SO4 versus Total S ................................................................................................. 3-3 3.4 Concentration Uniformity ....................................................................................... 3-4 3.5 DRX and OPS Calibrations .................................................................................... 3-5 4 Windblown Fugitive Dust Emission Characteristics .................................................... 4-1 4.1 Data Reduction........................................................................................................ 4-1 4.2 Dust Reservoir Type ............................................................................................... 4-1 4.3 Threshold Friction Velocity .................................................................................... 4-6 4.4 Emission Potential and Flux ................................................................................. 4-12 4.5 Effectiveness of Dust Control Measures ............................................................... 4-19 5 Source Profiles .............................................................................................................. 5-1 5.1 Water-soluble Ions .................................................................................................. 5-1 5.2 Major and Rare-earth Elements .............................................................................. 5-7 5.3 Lead Isotopes ........................................................................................................ 5-18 5.4 Carbon Fractions ................................................................................................... 5-21 5.5 Organic Compound Profiles ................................................................................. 5-25 5.6 Profile Similarities, Differences, and Composite Source Profile ......................... 5-29 6 Summary and Recommendations for Future Studies .................................................... 6-1 6.1 Summary of Key Results ........................................................................................ 6-1 6.2 Recommendations for Future Studies ..................................................................... 6-3 7 References ..................................................................................................................... 7-1 Appendix A Analytical Detection Limits for Mass, Elements, Lead Isotopes, Ions, Carbon, and Organic Compounds ....................................................................... A-1 2 Appendix B Cumulative PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, and PM15 Emission Potential (g/m ) at Different PI-SWERL RPMs for the 64 Fugitive Dust Sampling Sites ............B-1 2 Appendix C Cumulative PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, and PM15 Emission Flux (g/m /s) at Different PI-SWERL RPMs for the 64 Fugitive Dust Sampling Sites ................C-1 i Table of Contents, Continued Page Appendix D Source profile tables of elements from Na to U by XRF, water-soluble ions, and carbon fractions ................................................................................... D-1 Appendix E Source profile tables of elements measured by ICP-MS including Cs, Be, and 14 rare-earth elements ................................................................................... E-1 Appendix F Source profile tables for non-polar organics ........................................................ F-1 Appendix G Source profile tables of carbohydrates, organic acids, and total WSOC ............ G-1 Appendix H Tables of comparison of statistical measured for PM2.5 geological samples from facility and non-facility sites ...................................................................... H-1 Appendix I Tables of composite source profiles ..................................................................... I-1 ii List of Abbreviations σ: uncertainty OC1, OC2, OC3, and OC4: organic carbon evolved at τ: shear stress 140, 280, 480, and 580 °C, respectively, in a 100% τc: time constant for exponential concentration decay He atmosphere AAS: atomic absorption spectroscopy OGS: optical gate sensors AC: automated colorimetry OP: pyrolyzed carbon ADT: average daily traffic OPS: optical particle sizer 2 A : effective area of the PI-SWERL blade P: emission potential (g/m ) eff 2 th agl: above ground level Pi: non-cumulative emission potential (g/m ) for i AMS: WBEA air monitoring station period/step 2 th AOSR: Athabasca Oil Sands Region Pi,cum: cumulative emission potential (g/m ) till i AP-42: U.S. EPA Compilation of Air Pollution Emission period/step Factors PAH: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ARD: Arizona road dust Pb: lead babs: light absorption coefficient PCF: DRX photometric calibration factor Ba: barium PI-SWERL: Portable In-Situ Wind Erosion Laboratory C: PM mass concentration (mg/m3) PM: particulate matter ++ Ca : calcium ion PM1: particles with aerodynamic diameter < 1 µm - Cl : chloride PM2.5: particles with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm CMB: Chemical Mass Balance receptor models PM4: particles with aerodynamic diameter < 4 µm = CO3 : carbonate PM10: particles with aerodynamic diameter < 10 µm Cs: cesium PM15: particles with optical diameter < 15 µm DDW: distilled deionized water PMF: Positive Matrix Factorization receptor models ≡ DRI: Desert Research Institute PO4 : phosphate 3 DRX: DustTrak DRX Q: flow rate (m /s) EAF: DRI’s Environmental Analysis Facility R0: surface roughness (m) EC: elemental carbon RH: relative humidity EC1, EC2, and EC3: elemental carbon evolved at 580, RPM: revolutions per minute 740, and 840 °C, respectively, in a 98% He / 2% O2 SCF: DRX size calibration factor = atmosphere SO4 : sulfate 2 th Fi,cum: cumulative emission flux (g/m /s) till i t: time period/step tbegin,1: beginning time of a test g-PM/VKT: grams of particulate matter produced per tend,i: ending time of step i in a test kilometer of travel teff: effective averaging time (s) h: height (m) above ground level T: temperature H: height TC: total carbon HEPA: high efficiency particulate air th TD-GC/MS: thermal desorption-gas i: i period between disturbance or step in the PI- chromatography/mass spectrometry SWERL cycle TOC: total organic carbon ICP/MS: inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry TOR: thermal-optical reflectance IC: Ion chromatography TOT: thermal/optical transmittance IMPROVE: Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual TPM: particles with aerodynamic diameter < ~100 µm Environments TRAKER: Testing Re-entrained Aerosol Kinetic k: particle size multiplier in AP-42 emission estimate + Emissions from Roads K : potassium ion u*: wind friction velocity (m/s) L: length + uh : fastest mile of wind at h m above ground level (m/s) Mg++: magnesium ion ut: threshold
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