DOCSLIB.ORG

Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change Secretariat of the CBD Technical Series No. Convention on Biological Diversity Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change A Synthesis of the Biodiversity/Resilience/ Stability Relationship43 in Forest Ecosystems Produced with financial assistance from the Government of Norway FOREST RESILIENCE, BIODIVERSITY, AND CLIMATE CHANGE A Synthesis of the Biodiversity/Resilience/Stability Relationship in Forest Ecosystems Ian Thompson, Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen St. East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 2E5 Brendan Mackey, The Australian National University, The Fenner School of Environment and Society, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Canberra ACT, 200 Australia Steven McNulty, USDA Forest Service, Southern, Global Change Program, 920 Main Campus Dr., Suite 300, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA Alex Mosseler, Canadian Forest Service, 1350 Regent Street South, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 5P7 Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change Acknowledgements This document was prepared by Ian Thompson (Canadian Forest Service), Brendan Mackey (The Australian National University and The Fenner School of Environment and Society), Steven McNulty (USDA Forest Service), and Alex Mosseler (Canadian Forest Service). The authors would like to thank the following persons and organizations for providing comments on an earlier draft of this paper: Z. Bennadji (FAO), A. Campbell (UNEP-WCMC), T. Christophersen (CBD), P. Dewees (World Bank), S. Ferrier (CSIRO), V. Kapos (UNEP-WCMC), P. Mayer (IUFRO), R. Nasi (CIFOR), J. Parrotta (U.S. Forest Service), O.L. Phillips (University of Leeds), J.A. Prado (FAO), C. Saint-Laurent (IUCN), B. Schamp (Algoma University), the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the Government of Norway. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the Government of Norway. Published by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. ISBN 92-9225-137-6 Copyright © 2009, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Cover photo credits (from top to bottom): A. Couillaud, A. Zemdega, P. Skubisz, T. Gage The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the copyright holders concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holders, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. Citation: Thompson, I., Mackey, B., McNulty, S., Mosseler, A. (2009). Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change. A synthesis of the biodiversity/resilience/stability relationship in forest ecosystems. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. Technical Series no. 43, 67 pages. For further information please contact: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity World Trade Centre 413 St. Jacques, Suite 800 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2Y 1N9 Phone: 1 (514) 288 2220 Fax: 1 (514) 288 6588 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://cbd.int 2 Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change Table of Contents Glossary .......................................................................................................................................................................4 Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................................6 Summary for Policy-makers .....................................................................................................................................7 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................9 1.1 Forests, climate, and climate change ......................................................................................................9 1.2 Definitions of and related to resilience ................................................................................................10 1.3 Components of biodiversity and definitions ......................................................................................12 1.4 Issues of scale and resilience .................................................................................................................13 2. Genetic diversity and resilience to change ........................................................................................................13 3. The relationships among biodiversity, productivity and function, and resilience and stability ................17 3.1 Theoretical background .........................................................................................................................17 3.2 Evidence of a diversity productivity relationship in forests ..............................................................18 3.2.1 Diversity-productivity relationships and forest resilience .........................................................21 3.3 Diversity and stability ............................................................................................................................22 3.3.1 Diversity and invasion of ecosystems ...........................................................................................23 3.3.2 Diversity and insect pests ...............................................................................................................24 3.3.3 Diversity and stability of processes in forests ..............................................................................25 3.4 Summary of diversity-resilience processes .........................................................................................25 4. Resilience, biodiversity, and forest carbon dynamics ......................................................................................25 4.1 Forests and the global carbon cycle .....................................................................................................25 4.2 Biodiversity and resilience of forest-carbon dynamics......................................................................27 5. Case studies of forest resilience and comparisons under climate change by forest biome .........................30 5.1 Boreal forest biome ................................................................................................................................30 5.1.1 Climate change and boreal forest resilience.................................................................................31 5.1.2 Case-study: western North American lodgepole pine ...............................................................31 5.1.3 Case-study: North American boreal mixedwoods .....................................................................31 5.2 Temperate forest biome .........................................................................................................................34 5.2.1 Temperate Forests and Environmental Stressors ........................................................................34 5.2.2 Case-study: Moist evergreen temperate forests ...........................................................................34 5.2.3 Case-study: southern Europe ........................................................................................................37 5.2.4 Case-study: eastern North American deciduous forests ............................................................37 5.3 Tropical forests ........................................................................................................................................39 5.3.1 Climate change and tropical forest resilience ..............................................................................41 5.3.2 Case study: Amazon rain forest .....................................................................................................41 5.4 Summary among forest biomes ............................................................................................................43 6. Conclusions and ecological principles ..............................................................................................................43 6.1 Ecological principles to foster forest ecosystem resilience and stability under climate change ...44 7. Literature cited ......................................................................................................................................................46 3 Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change Glossary Term Definition Source Adaptation Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or ex- UNFCCC pected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or ex- ploits beneficial opportunities. Adaptive The ability of a species to become adapted (i.e., to be able to live and Dobzhansky capacity reproduce) to a certain range of environmental conditions as a result of 1968 genetic and phenotypic responses. Biodiversity The variability among living organisms from all sources including ter- CBD or biological restrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological com- diversity plexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, among species, and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Land-Use, Land-Cover Changes and Biodiversity Loss - Helena Freitas
    LAND USE, LAND COVER AND SOIL SCIENCES – Vol. I - Land-Use, Land-Cover Changes and Biodiversity Loss - Helena Freitas LAND-USE, LAND-COVER CHANGES AND BIODIVERSITY LOSS Helena Freitas University of Coimbra, Portugal Keywords: land use; habitat fragmentation; biodiversity loss Contents 1. Introduction 2. Primary Causes of Biodiversity Loss 2.1. Habitat Degradation and Destruction 2.2. Habitat Fragmentation 2.3. Global Climate Change 3. Strategies for Biodiversity Conservation 3.1. General 3.2. The European Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 4. Conclusions Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary During Earth's history, species extinction has probably been caused by modifications of the physical environment after impacts such as meteorites or volcanic activity. On the contrary, the actual extinction of species is mainly a result of human activities, namely any form of land use that causes the conversion of vast areas to settlement, agriculture, and forestry, resulting in habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation, which are among the most important causes of species decline and extinction. The loss of biodiversity is unique among the major anthropogenic changes because it is irreversible. The importance of preserving biodiversity has increased in recent times. The global recognition of the alarming loss of biodiversity and the acceptance of its value resultedUNESCO in the Convention on Biologi – calEOLSS Diversity. In addition, in Europe, the challenge is also the implementation of the European strategy for biodiversity conservation and agricultural policies, though it is increasingly recognized that the strategy is limitedSAMPLE by a lack of basic ecological CHAPTERS information and indicators available to decision makers and end users. We have reached a point where we can save biodiversity only by saving the biosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Silvicultural Systems and Regeneration Methods: Current Practices and New Alternatives 153
    Silvicultural Systems and 9 Regeneration Methods: Current Practices and New Alternatives John C. Tappeiner, Denis Lavender, Jack Walstad, Robert O. Curtis, and Dean S. DeBell Development of Regeneration Practices 151 Early Logging Practices and Regeneration Methods 152 Studies of Natural Regeneration Processes 153 Artificial ConiferRegeneration 154 Producing Stands of Diverse Structures and Habitats 156 At Harvest 156 Young Stand Establishment 158 Regeneration inYoung to Mature Stands 158 Natural Succession 159 Conclusion 160 Literature Oted 160 In this chapter, we discuss silvicuItural systems and objective 1, and considerable wildlife habitat and regeneration methods to meet the needs of society other values can be provided while producing rela­ over the next several decades. We begin with a brief tively high yields of wood under objective 2. The history of silvicuItural systems and what we have knowledge and skills are available to pursue both ob­ learned about forest regeneration.in the Pacific jectives effectively. Moreover, many ownerswill likely Northwest. We then discuss how regeneration meth­ manage their forests under both approaches. ods might evolve over the next several decades. We believe that the practice of silviculture gen­ erally will be applied to two different forest man­ Development of Regeneration Practices agement philosophies and objectives, providing (1) old-forest characteristics and (2) wood production. Traditional methods for regenerating forests as part Significant amounts of wood can be produced under of a timber harvest fall into two broad categories: (1) 151 152 Section ll. Silvicultural Systems and Management Concerns even-age management systems, which include clear­ drew heavily on European experience and called for cutting, shelterwood, and seed-tree methods, and (2) intensive practices and detailed stand analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • Protect Us from Climate Change
    INTRODUCTION This project documents both the existing value and potential of New England’s working forest lands: Value – not only in terms of business opportunities, jobs and income – but also nonfinancial values, such as enhanced wildlife populations, recreation opportunities and a healthful environment. This project of the New England Forestry Foundation (NEFF) is aimed at enhancing the contribution the region’s forests can make to sustainability, and is intended to complement other efforts aimed at not only conserving New England’s forests, but also enhancing New England’s agriculture and fisheries. New England’s forests have sustained the six-state region since colonial settlement. They have provided the wood for buildings, fuel to heat them, the fiber for papermaking, the lumber for ships, furniture, boxes and barrels and so much more. As Arizona is defined by its desert landscapes and Iowa by its farms, New England is defined by its forests. These forests provide a wide range of products beyond timber, including maple syrup; balsam fir tips for holiday decorations; paper birch bark for crafts; edibles such as berries, mushrooms and fiddleheads; and curatives made from medicinal plants. They are the home to diverse and abundant wildlife. They are the backdrop for hunting, fishing, hiking, skiing and camping. They also provide other important benefits that we take for granted, including clean air, potable water and carbon storage. In addition to tangible benefits that can be measured in board feet or cords, or miles of hiking trails, forests have been shown to be important to both physical and mental health. Beyond their existing contributions, New England’s forests have unrealized potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Nineteenth-Century French Challenges to the Liberal Image of Russia
    Ezequiel Adamovsky Russia as a Space of Hope: Nineteenth-century French Challenges to the Liberal Image of Russia Introduction Beginning with Montesquieu’s De l’esprit des lois, a particular perception of Russia emerged in France. To the traditional nega- tive image of Russia as a space of brutality and backwardness, Montesquieu now added a new insight into her ‘sociological’ otherness. In De l’esprit des lois Russia was characterized as a space marked by an absence. The missing element in Russian society was the independent intermediate corps that in other parts of Europe were the guardians of freedom. Thus, Russia’s back- wardness was explained by the lack of the very element that made Western Europe’s superiority. A similar conceptual frame was to become predominant in the French liberal tradition’s perception of Russia. After the disillusion in the progressive role of enlight- ened despotism — one must remember here Voltaire and the myth of Peter the Great and Catherine II — the French liberals went back to ‘sociological’ explanations of Russia’s backward- ness. However, for later liberals such as Diderot, Volney, Mably, Levesque or Louis-Philippe de Ségur the missing element was not so much the intermediate corps as the ‘third estate’.1 In the turn of liberalism from noble to bourgeois, the third estate — and later the ‘middle class’ — was thought to be the ‘yeast of freedom’ and the origin of progress and civilization. In the nineteenth century this liberal-bourgeois dichotomy of barbarian Russia (lacking a middle class) vs civilized Western Europe (the home of the middle class) became hegemonic in the mental map of French thought.2 European History Quarterly Copyright © 2003 SAGE Publications, London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Dieback/Damages in European State Forests and Measures to Combat It Several EUSTAFOR Members Have Recently Experienced An
    Forest dieback/damages in European State Forests and measures to combat it Several EUSTAFOR members have recently experienced and reported on severe cases of forest dieback, caused by different biotic and abiotic agents. To get a better overview of these events and their consequences, with a view to a possible exchange of experiences among EUSTAFOR members as well as the development of proposals on how to communicate on these issues, the EUSTAFOR Office sent a short questionnaire to SFMOs in Europe. What follows is a comprehensive summary of the key information we received from our members. Results Out of 19 responses, 17 experienced forest dieback/damage to their forests. Only Romania and Ireland reported no forest dieback. However, Coillte (Ireland) is experiencing the problem with certain species, so they answered accordingly. Due to EUSTAFOR’s membership structure in some countries, we received input from more than one organization in that country. For example, in Germany, five different regional forest enterprises responded to the survey and, in Bulgaria, information came from two sources: the governing body - Executive Forest Agency (Ministry of Agriculture and Foods) and from one of the regional forestry enterprises. The reporting period relates to the most current available data. For the majority of the reports, this is 2018-2019. A few members, however, reported data that is a bit older. Figure 1: Map of members that answered the survey European State Forest Association AISBL Phone: +32 (0)2 239 23 00 European Forestry House Fax: +32 (0)2 219 21 91 Rue du Luxembourg 66 www.eustafor.eu 1000 Brussels, Belgium VAT n° BE 0877.545.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Habitat Fragmentation and Ecosystem Connectivity Within the Castle Parks, Alberta, Canada by Breanna Beaver Submit
    Analysis of Habitat Fragmentation and Ecosystem Connectivity within The Castle Parks, Alberta, Canada by Breanna Beaver Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Environmental Science Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY December, 2017 Analysis of Habitat Fragmentation and Ecosystem Connectivity within The Castle Parks, Alberta, Canada Breanna Beaver I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: Breanna Beaver, Student Date Approvals: Dawna Cerney, Thesis Advisor Date Peter Kimosop, Committee Member Date Felicia Armstrong, Committee Member Date Clayton Whitesides, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Dean of Graduate Studies Date Abstract Habitat fragmentation is an important subject of research needed by park management planners, particularly for conservation management. The Castle Parks, in southwest Alberta, Canada, exhibit extensive habitat fragmentation from recreational and resource use activities. Umbrella and keystone species within The Castle Parks include grizzly bears, wolverines, cougars, and elk which are important animals used for conservation agendas to help protect the matrix of the ecosystem. This study identified and analyzed the nature of habitat fragmentation within The Castle Parks for these species, and has identified geographic areas of habitat fragmentation concern. This was accomplished using remote sensing, ArcGIS, and statistical analyses, to develop models of fragmentation for ecosystem cover type and Digital Elevation Models of slope, which acted as proxies for species habitat suitability.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Principles and Function of Natural Ecosystems by Professor Michel RICARD
    Intensive Programme on Education for sustainable development in Protected Areas Amfissa, Greece, July 2014 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ecological principles and function of natural ecosystems By Professor Michel RICARD Summary 1. Hierarchy of living world 2. What is Ecology 3. The Biosphere - Lithosphere - Hydrosphere - Atmosphere 4. What is an ecosystem - Ecozone - Biome - Ecosystem - Ecological community - Habitat/biotope - Ecotone - Niche 5. Biological classification 6. Ecosystem processes - Radiation: heat, temperature and light - Primary production - Secondary production - Food web and trophic levels - Trophic cascade and ecology flow 7. Population ecology and population dynamics 8. Disturbance and resilience - Human impacts on resilience 9. Nutrient cycle, decomposition and mineralization - Nutrient cycle - Decomposition 10. Ecological amplitude 11. Ecology, environmental influences, biological interactions 12. Biodiversity 13. Environmental degradation - Water resources degradation - Climate change - Nutrient pollution - Eutrophication - Other examples of environmental degradation M. Ricard: Summer courses, Amfissa July 2014 1 1. Hierarchy of living world The larger objective of ecology is to understand the nature of environmental influences on individual organisms, populations, communities and ultimately at the level of the biosphere. If ecologists can achieve an understanding of these relationships, they will be well placed to contribute to the development of systems by which humans
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Coastal and Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
    Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India Curriculum on Coastal and Marine Biodiversity and Protected Area Management Module 1 An Introduction to Coastal and Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services For Field-Level MPA Managers Imprint Training Resource Material: Coastal and Marine Biodiversity and Protected Area Management for Field-Level MPA Managers Module 1: An Introduction to Coastal and Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Module 2: Coastal and Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services in the Overall Environment and Development Context Module 3: Mainstreaming Coastal and Marine Biodiversity into Overall Development and Environmental Planning Module 4: Coastal and Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries Management Module 5: Governance, Law and Policies for Managing Coastal and Marine Ecosystems, Biodiversity and Protected Areas Module 6: Assessment and Monitoring of Coastal and Marine Biodiversity and Relevant Issues Module 7: Effective Management Planning of Coastal and Marine Protected Areas Module 8: Communicating Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Conservation and Management Issues ISBN 978-81-933282-1-7 October 2015 Published by: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Wildlife Institute of India (WII) Indo-German Biodiversity Programme P.O. Box 18, Chandrabani A-2/18, Safdarjung Enclave Dehradun 248001 New Delhi 110029, India Uttarakhand, India T +91-11-4949 5353 T +91-135-2640 910 E [email protected] E [email protected] W http://www.indo-germanbiodiversity.com W www.wii.gov.in GIZ is a German government-owned not-for-profit enterprise supporting sustainable development. This training resource material has been developed under the Human Capacity Development component of the project ‘Conservation and Sustainable Management of Existing and Potential Coastal and Marine Protected Areas (CMPA)’, under the Indo-German Biodiversity Programme, in partnership with the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Biodiversity Change After Deforestation
    Rev. Cient. Cien. Nat. Ambien. 11(1):28-36 Gilbert • Dinámica de cambios de diversidad después Junio 2017 ISSN: 1390-8413 de deforestación Dynamics of biodiversity change after deforestation Dinámica de cambios de diversidad después de deforestación Guillermo Javier Gilbert-Jaramillo Postgraduate student. Imperial College London. London, SW7 2AZ, UK. Tel: +44(0)207589511 Recibido 5 de mayo 2017; recibido en forma revisada 26 de mayo 2017, aceptado 5 de junio 2017 Disponible en línea 26 de junio 2017 Abstract The many changes that forests have suffered over the last century have led to biodiversity loss around the planet. In order to understand these processes and try to predict future biological diversity loss, spatial comparisons have commonly been used. This research uses spatial and temporal data aiming to understand better the dynamics of these changes caused by deforestation. A meta-Analysis was conducted compiling information from 13 studies using before-after-control- impact design (BACI) to examine abundance response to deforestation. The results show clearly that biodiversity tends to decline in the five years after forest loss, though losses are not significant within the first two years. It was also found that the effects of deforestation on species abundance varied significantly among taxonomic groups, physical level species occupy in the ecosystem, type of disturbance, type of perturbation, and constancy in the surveys. The outcome of this research agrees with results of studies with spatial comparisons, though it is not yet possible to conclude which is best to predict biodiversity changes. However, these findings deepen our understanding of the complexity of biodiversity change and deforestation and emphasize importance of generating more studies that include temporal data.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Biodiversity Change Across Scales During the Anthropocene Mark Vellend, Lander Baeten, Antoine Becker-Scarpitta, V´Eronique Boucher-Lalonde, Jenny L
    PP68CH21-Vellend ARI 6 April 2017 9:54 ANNUAL REVIEWS Further Click here to view this article's online features: • Download figures as PPT slides • Navigate linked references Plant Biodiversity Change • Download citations • Explore related articles • Search keywords Across Scales During the Anthropocene Mark Vellend,1 Lander Baeten,2 Antoine Becker-Scarpitta,1 Veronique´ Boucher-Lalonde,1 Jenny L. McCune,3 Julie Messier,1 Isla H. Myers-Smith,4 and Dov F. Sax5 1Departement´ de Biologie, Universite´ de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec´ J1K 2R1, Canada; email: [email protected] 2Forest and Nature Lab, Department of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, BE-9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium 3Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada 4School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom 5Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2017. 68:563–86 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on biodiversity, climate change, habitat fragmentation, land use, nitrogen January 11, 2017 deposition, scale The Annual Review of Plant Biology is online at plant.annualreviews.org Abstract https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916- Plant communities have undergone dramatic changes in recent centuries, 040949 Access provided by Brown University on 05/04/17. For personal use only. although not all such changes fit with the dominant biodiversity-crisis nar- Copyright c 2017 by Annual Reviews. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2017.68:563-586. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org rative used to describe them. At the global scale, future declines in plant All rights reserved species diversity are highly likely given habitat conversion in the tropics, although few extinctions have been documented for the Anthropocene to date (<0.1%).
    [Show full text]
  • Reversing Biodiversity Loss – the Case for Urgent Action This Statement Has Been Created by the Science Academies of the Group of Seven (G7) Nations
    31 MARCH 2021 Reversing biodiversity loss – the case for urgent action This statement has been created by the Science Academies of the Group of Seven (G7) nations. It represents the Academies’ view on the magnitude of biodiversity decline and the urgent action required to halt and reverse this trend. The Academies call on G7 nations to work collaboratively to integrate the multiple values of biodiversity into decision-making, and to pursue cross-sectoral solutions that address the biodiversity, climate and other linked crises in a coordinated manner. At its simplest, biodiversity describes life on Earth – the • Despite clear and growing evidence, and despite ambitious different genes, species and ecosystems that comprise the global targets, our responses to biodiversity decline at the biosphere and the varying habitats, landscapes and regions global and national levels have been woefully insufficient. in which they exist. The 2020 Global Biodiversity Outlook3 reported that none of the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets, set out in the Strategic Plan Biodiversity matters. for Biodiversity 2011 – 2020, had been fully achieved. Since the ratification of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity • Humans emerged within the biosphere and are both (UN CBD) in 1992, more than a quarter of the tropical forests inseparable from it and fully dependent on it. Biodiversity that were standing then have been cut down. has its own intrinsic value distinct from the value it provides to human life. For all species, it provides food, But there is hope for a better way forward. water shelter and the functioning of the whole Earth system. For humans, it is also an integral part of spiritual, • To halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030, nothing cultural, psychological and artistic wellbeing1.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystem Diversity Report George Washington National Forest Draft EIS April 2011
    Appendix E Ecosystem Diversity Report George Washington National Forest Draft EIS April 2011 U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Southern Region Ecosystem Diversity Report George Washington National Forest April 2011 Appendix E Ecosystem Diversity Report George Washington National Forest Draft EIS April 2011 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. I 1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY EVALUATION PROCESS ................................... 3 3.0 ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS .................................................................................................. 7 3.1 Background and Distribution of Ecosystems ..................................................................................................... 7 North-Central Appalachian Acidic Swamp ............................................................................................................ 10 3.2 Descriptions of the Ecological Systems ............................................................................................................ 10 3.2.1 Spruce Forest: Central and Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forest .......................................................... 10 3.2.2 Northern Hardwood Forest : Appalachian (Hemlock)- Northern Hardwood Forest ..................................... 11 3.2.3 Cove Forest: Southern and Central
    [Show full text]