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From God's Particle to Dark Matter
SAE./No.65/October 2016 Studies in Applied Economics FROM GOD'S PARTICLE TO DARK MATTER Joachim Mnich Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and Study of Business Enterprise From God’s Particle to Dark Matter Investigating the Universe: Getting the Big Picture by Colliding Small Particles1 by Joachim Mnich Copyright 2016 by the author. About the Series The Studies in Applied Economics series is under the general direction of Prof. Steve H. Hanke, Co-Director of The Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise ([email protected]). About the Author Joachim Mnich is the Director for Particle and Astroparticle Physics at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) and Professor of Physics at the University of Hamburg. He is currently Chair of the International Committee for Future Accelerators (ICFA), a panel working under the auspice of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) to promote international collaboration in all phases of the construction and exploitation of high energy accelerators. He is also a member of numerous national and international strategy and advisory boards. Prof. Joachim Mnich has a graduate degree in electrical engineering and obtained a PhD in particle physics, both from Aachen University. In the past, he has worked on large particle physics experiments at DESY and CERN. His interest is experimental particle physics, particularly precision tests of the electroweak interaction, and the design, development, and construction of modern tracking detectors. Since 2000, he has been a member of the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN and contributed to the construction of the silicon-based central tracking detector as well as to studies to test the Standard Model of particle physics. -
Phd, MS/Mphil BS/Bsc (Hons) 2021-22 GCU
PhD, MS/MPhil BS/BSc (Hons) GCU GCU To Welcome 2021-22 A forward-looking institution committed to generating and disseminating cutting- GCUedge knowledge! Our vision is to provide students with the best educational opportunities and resources to thrive on and excel in their careers as well as in shaping the future. We believe that courage and integrity in the pursuit of knowledge have the power to influence and transform the world. Khayaali Production Government College University Press All Rights Reserved Disclaimer Any part of this prospectus shall not be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission from Government CONTENTS College University Press Lahore. University Rules, Regulations, Policies, Courses of Study, Subject Combinations and University Dues etc., mentioned in this Prospectus may be withdrawn or amended by the University authorities at any time without any notice. The students shall have to follow the amended or revised Rules, Regulations, Policies, Syllabi, Subject Combinations and pay University Dues. Welcome To GCU 2 Department of History 198 Vice Chancellor’s Message 6 Department of Management Studies 206 Our Historic Old Campus 8 Department of Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies 214 GCU’s New Campus 10 Department of Political Science 222 Department of Sociology 232 (Located at Kala Shah Kaku) 10 Journey from Government College to Government College Faculty of Languages, Islamic and Oriental Learning University, Lahore 12 Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies 242 Legendary Alumni 13 Department of -
CONTENTS Group Membership, January 2002 2
CONTENTS Group Membership, January 2002 2 APPENDIX 1: Report on Activities 2000-2002 & Proposed Programme 2002-2006 4 1OPAL 4 2H1 7 3 ATLAS 11 4 BABAR 19 5DØ 24 6 e-Science 29 7 Geant4 32 8 Blue Sky and applied R&D 33 9 Computing 36 10 Activities in Support of Public Understanding of Science 38 11 Collaborations and contacts with Industry 41 12 Other Research Related Activities by Group Members 41 13 Staff Management and Implementation of Concordat 41 APPENDIX 2: Request for Funds 1. Support staff 43 2. Travel 55 3. Consumables 56 4. Equipment 58 APPENDIX 3: Publications 61 1 Group Membership, May 2002 Academic Staff Dr John Allison Senior Lecturer Professor Roger Barlow Professor Dr Ian Duerdoth Senior Lecturer Dr Mike Ibbotson Reader Dr George Lafferty Reader Dr Fred Loebinger Senior Lecturer Professor Robin Marshall Professor, Group Leader Dr Terry Wyatt Reader Dr A N Other (from Sept 2002) Lecturer Fellows Dr Brian Cox PPARC Advanced Fellow Dr Graham Wilson (leave of absence for 2 yrs) PPARC Advanced Fellow James Weatherall PPARC Fellow PPARC funded Research Associates∗ Dr Nick Malden Dr Joleen Pater Dr Michiel Sanders Dr Ben Waugh Dr Jenny Williams PPARC funded Responsive Research Associate Dr Liang Han PPARC funded e-Science Research Associates Steve Dallison core e-Science Sergey Dolgobrodov core e-Science Gareth Fairey EU/PPARC DataGrid Alessandra Forti GridPP Andrew McNab EU/PPARC DataGrid PPARC funded Support Staff∗ Phil Dunn (replacement) Technician Andrew Elvin Technician Dr Joe Foster Physicist Programmer Julian Freestone -
The Growth of Scientific Communities in Japan^
The Growth of Scientific Communities in Japan^ Mitsutomo Yuasa** 1. Introdution The first university in Japan on the European system was Tokyo Imperial University, established in 1877. Twenty years later, Kyoto Imperial University was founded in 1897. Among the graduates from the latter university can be found two post World War II Nobel Prize winners in physics, namely, Hideki Yukawa (in 1949), and Shinichiro Tomonaga (in 1965). We may say that Japan attained her scientific maturity nearly a century after the arrival of Commodore Perry in 1853 for the purpose of opening her ports. Incidentally, two scientists in the U.S.A. were awarded the Nobel Prize before 1920, namely, A. A. Michelson (physics in 1907), and T. W. Richard (chemistry in 1914). On this point, Japan lagged about fifty years behind the U.S.A. Japanese scientists began to achieve international recognition in the 1890's. This period conincides with the dates of the establishment of the Cabinet System, the promulgation of the Constitution of the Japanese Empire and the opening of the Imperial Diet, 1885, 1889, and 1890 respectively. Shibasaburo Kitazato (1852-1931), discovered the serum treatment for tetanus in 1890, Jiro ICitao (1853- 1907), made public his theories on the movement of atomospheric currents and typhoons in 1887, and Hantaro Nagaoka (1865-1950), published his research on the distortion of magnetism in 1889, and his idea on the structure of the atom in 1903. These three representative scientists were all closely related to Tokyo Imperial University, as graduates and latter, as professors. But we cannot forget to men tion that the main studies of Kitazato and Kitao were made, not in Japan, but in Germany, under the guidance of great scientists of that country, R. -
Pakistan's Tactical Nuclear Weapons
Pakistan’s Tactical Nuclear Weapons: Operational Myths and Realities Jeffrey D. McCausland Introduction In April 2011 Pakistan conducted a test of a new nuclear-capable short-range missile, the HAFT IX (also referred to as the Nasr). Pakistan’s Inter-Services Public Relations Directorate described the Nasr as a ”quick response weapon”1 designed to support “full spectrum deterrence” by countering India’s growing conventional force advantages.2 Four missile canisters are contained on each transporter erector launcher (TEL).3 The Nasr is reported to have a range of 60 kilometers4 as well as a terminal guidance system for improved accuracy.5 The development of short-range, nuclear-capable systems might entail parallel efforts to build small nuclear warheads that could be employed by a variety of new and existing platforms, possibly including cruise missiles and artillery against advancing Indian conventional forces. Some argue that notwithstanding the small diameter of the Nasr—roughly one foot—Pakistan might be pursuing boosted fission, sub-kiloton yield devices suitable for use on the battlefield. To have high confidence in such yields, Pakistan 1 ISPR, No PR94/2011, Press Release, Inter Services Public Relations, April 19, 2011, https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?o=t-press_release&id=1721. 2 No PR133/2013, Press Release, Inter Services Public Relations, September 5, 2013, https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?o=t-press_release&id=2361. 3 Strategic Weapon Systems (Pakistan), Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - South Asia, October 6, 2014. 4 No PR94/2011, Press Release, Inter Services Public Relations, April 19, 2011, https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?o=t-press_release&id=1721. -
Neutrinos and Beyond — Opening a New Era of Cosmic-Ray Research
ADVERTISEMENT FEATURE THE UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO Neutrinos and beyond — Opening a new era of cosmic-ray research Takaaki Kajita, a recipient of the 2015 that neutrinos are massless. These discov- Nobel Prize in Physics, and other re- eries, which resulted in Kajita’s 2015 Nobel searchers at the University of Tokyo’s Prize in Physics, were made a team led by Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR) him in 1998. have been exploring new realms in par- Kajita acknowledged his success owed ticle physics research. Kajita’s work on a lot to the strong support he received neutrinos and related research at ICRR from two mentors and former supervisors is leading the world in this field. — Masatoshi Koshiba and Yoji Totsuka. Koshiba was awarded the 2002 Nobel Prize The path to a Nobel prize in Physics for detecting neutrinos pro- Particle physics and astrophysics are duced in supernovae using Kamiokande, among the most active research fields at the predecessor of Super-Kamiokande. the University of Tokyo, and its Institute for Totsuka led the Super-Kamiokande proj- Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR) is leading the ect as Koshiba’s successor. Totsuka’s con- world with explorations in these areas. ICRR tribution was so great that many believe is best known for its research on neutrinos he would have shared the Nobel Prize with using the world’s largest underground neu- Kajita if he were alive. trino detector, Super-Kamiokande. The de- Kajita’s award-winning work dates tector is located in a mine in central Japan back to 1986 when he earned his PhD for and is filled with 50,000 tons of pure water. -
The Discovery of the Higgs Boson at the LHC
Chapter 6 The Discovery of the Higgs Boson at the LHC Peter Jenni and Tejinder S. Virdee 6.1 Introduction and the Standard Model The standard model of particle physics (SM) is a theory that is based upon principles of great beauty and simplicity. The theory comprises the building blocks of visible matter, the fundamental fermions: quarks and leptons, and the fundamental bosons that mediate three of the four fundamental interactions; photons for electromag- netism, the W and Z bosons for the weak interaction and gluons for the strong interaction (Fig. 6.1). The SM provides a very successful description of the visible universe and has been verified in many experiments to a very high precision. It has an enormous range of applicability and validity. So far no significant deviations have been observed experimentally. The possibility of installing a proton-proton accelerator in the LEP tunnel, after the e+e− programme, was being discussed in the 1980’s. At the time there were many profound open questions in particle physics, and several are still present. In simple terms these are: what is the origin of mass i.e. how do fundamental particles acquire mass, and why do they have the masses that they have? Why is there more matter than anti-matter? What is dark matter? What is the path towards unification of all forces? Do we live in a world with more space-time dimensions than the familiar four? The LHC [1, 2] was conceived to address or shed light on these questions. P. Jenni CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany T. -
![I. I. Rabi Papers [Finding Aid]. Library of Congress. [PDF Rendered Tue Apr](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/8589/i-i-rabi-papers-finding-aid-library-of-congress-pdf-rendered-tue-apr-428589.webp)
I. I. Rabi Papers [Finding Aid]. Library of Congress. [PDF Rendered Tue Apr
I. I. Rabi Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 1992 Revised 2010 March Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Additional search options available at: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms998009 LC Online Catalog record: http://lccn.loc.gov/mm89076467 Prepared by Joseph Sullivan with the assistance of Kathleen A. Kelly and John R. Monagle Collection Summary Title: I. I. Rabi Papers Span Dates: 1899-1989 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1945-1968) ID No.: MSS76467 Creator: Rabi, I. I. (Isador Isaac), 1898- Extent: 41,500 items ; 105 cartons plus 1 oversize plus 4 classified ; 42 linear feet Language: Collection material in English Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Summary: Physicist and educator. The collection documents Rabi's research in physics, particularly in the fields of radar and nuclear energy, leading to the development of lasers, atomic clocks, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to his 1944 Nobel Prize in physics; his work as a consultant to the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and as an advisor on science policy to the United States government, the United Nations, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization during and after World War II; and his studies, research, and professorships in physics chiefly at Columbia University and also at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. -
ANTIMATTER a Review of Its Role in the Universe and Its Applications
A review of its role in the ANTIMATTER universe and its applications THE DISCOVERY OF NATURE’S SYMMETRIES ntimatter plays an intrinsic role in our Aunderstanding of the subatomic world THE UNIVERSE THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS C.D. Anderson, Anderson, Emilio VisualSegrè Archives C.D. The beginning of the 20th century or vice versa, it absorbed or emitted saw a cascade of brilliant insights into quanta of electromagnetic radiation the nature of matter and energy. The of definite energy, giving rise to a first was Max Planck’s realisation that characteristic spectrum of bright or energy (in the form of electromagnetic dark lines at specific wavelengths. radiation i.e. light) had discrete values The Austrian physicist, Erwin – it was quantised. The second was Schrödinger laid down a more precise that energy and mass were equivalent, mathematical formulation of this as described by Einstein’s special behaviour based on wave theory and theory of relativity and his iconic probability – quantum mechanics. The first image of a positron track found in cosmic rays equation, E = mc2, where c is the The Schrödinger wave equation could speed of light in a vacuum; the theory predict the spectrum of the simplest or positron; when an electron also predicted that objects behave atom, hydrogen, which consists of met a positron, they would annihilate somewhat differently when moving a single electron orbiting a positive according to Einstein’s equation, proton. However, the spectrum generating two gamma rays in the featured additional lines that were not process. The concept of antimatter explained. In 1928, the British physicist was born. -
The Twenty-First Century Paradigm and the Role of Information Technology
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Chapter 2 The Twenty-First Century Paradigm and the Role of Information Technology In Chap. 1 , we considered demand by roughly classifying it into two types: “diffusive demand” and “creative demand.” The “paradigm of the twentieth century and before” was characterized by diffu- sive demand. The paradigm was constituted by a material desire to satisfy needs for food, clothing, and shelter, as well as transportation, and social mobility. Many of the industries that came into being in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were intended to satisfy such desires. I describe those material desires as diffusive demand leading to a “saturation of man-made objects .” It follows that new demand in the twenty-fi rst century will be generated by a new paradigm. Thus, in this chapter fi rst describes what the paradigms of the twenty-fi rst century are and then refl ects on the role played by the knowledge explosion, one of those paradigms, and the role played by information technology, which looks as if it came into being to solve problems created by the knowledge explosion. Exploding Knowledge, Limited Earth, and Aging Society What are the paradigms of the twenty-fi rst century? I believe there are three, which I classify as “exploding knowledge ,” “limited earth,” and “aging society” (Fig. 2.1 ). These three paradigms do not represent anything that is either good or bad for humanity. Each constitutes a basic framework containing both light and shadow. For instance, there has been an explosive increase in knowledge . -
Recent Changes to the E- / E+ Injector (Linac II) at DESY
Proceedings of LINAC08, Victoria, BC, Canada TUP008 RECENT CHANGES TO THE e+ /e- INJECTOR (LINAC II) AT DESY M. Hüning#, M. Schmitz, DESY, Hamburg, Germany Abstract required together with the high revolution frequency of The Linac II at DESY consists of a 6A/150kV DC PIA a reduction of beam pulse duration. electron gun, a 400 MeV primary electron linac, an Today DESY II with its injector Linac II provides 800 MW positron converter, and a 450 MeV secondary electrons and positrons for the synchrotron radiation electron/positron linac. facility DORIS, the synchrotron radiation facility under The Positron Intensity Accumulator (PIA) is also construction PETRA III, and for test beam targets inside considered part of the injector complex accumulating and DESY II. The injection into HERA via PETRA II is shut damping the 50 Hz beam pulses from the linac and off, but there is an option to inject directly into HERA if transferring them with a rate of 6.25 Hz or 3.125 Hz into there is the requirement by future projects. the Synchrotron DESY II. The typical positrons rates are 6⋅1010/s. LINAC OVERVIEW DESY II and Linac II will serve as injectors for the two synchrotron light facilities PETRA III and DORIS. Since Injection System PETRA III will operate in top-up mode, Linac availability The primary electron beam is produced by a 120 kV of 98-99% is required. DORIS requires positrons for pulsed DC diode gun. Beam pulses of up to 6 A and 4 μs operation. Therefore during top-up mode positrons are duration are produced. -
Tribute to Valentine Telegdi
Tribute to Valentine Telegdi who passed away on April 8th in Pasadena by K. Freudenreich, ETHZ/IPP/LHP Plenary CHIPP Meeting, PSI, October 2, 2006 Val Telegdi: years 1922 - 1943 Born on January 11th, 1922 in Budapest, spent only a few years in Hungary. According to his own words in his younger years he was a master of “involuntary tourism” , participating passively in German occupations in three countries: Austria, Belgium and Northern Italy. He attended grammar school in Vienna and then a technical school in Brussels. From 1940 - 1943 he worked in a patent attorney’s office in Milan. He used to say that - contrary to Albert Einstein in Berne - being on the other side of the fence he really had to work hard. When the Germans occupied Northern Italy Val, together with his mother, fled to Switzerland. October 2, 2006, Plenary CHIPP Meeting, PSI, K. Freudenreich, ETHZ 1/20 Val Telegdi: years 1943 - 1946 After a short internment in a refugee camp he joined his father in Lausanne where he studied chemical engineering at the EPUL with a grant from the F onds Europ´een de Secours aux Etudiants. At the EPUL he also attended lectures in theoretical physics given by E.C.G. Stuckelberg¨ von Breidenbach whom he estimated very highly. Ironic telegram by Gell-Mann to “congratulate” Feynman for his Nobel prize: “Now you can give back my notes”, signed Stuckelberg¨ Stuckelberg¨ helped Val to be accepted by P. Scherrer at ETHZ. October 2, 2006, Plenary CHIPP Meeting, PSI, K. Freudenreich, ETHZ 2/20 Val Telegdi: years 1946 - 1951 In 1946 the institute of physics was located at the Gloriastrasse.