7/24/14 JO 7110.65V CHG 1 4/3/14 JO 7110.65V

Section 5. Radar Separation

5ï5ï1. APPLICATION (3) Narrowband radar operationsï 10 miles; and a. Radar separation must be applied to all RNAV aircraft operating at and below FL450 on Q routes or (d) Radar separation is maintained between random RNAV routes, excluding oceanic . the radar-identified aircraft and all observed primary, ASRï9/Full Digital Radar Primary Symbol, and EXCEPTION. GNSS-equipped aircraft /G, /L, /S, secondary radar targets until nonradar separation is and /V not on a random impromptu route. established from the aircraft not radar identified; and REFERENCEï (e) When the aircraft involved are on the same FAAO JO 7110.5, Para 2­3­8, Aircraft Equipment Suffixes. relative heading, the radar-identified aircraft is FAAO JO 7110.5, TBL 2­3­10, Aircraft Equipment Suffixes FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 4­4­1, Route Use. vectored a sufficient distance from the route of the AIM, Para 5­1­8d., Area Navigation (RNAV). aircraft not radar identified to assure the targets are AIM, Para 5­3­4a.3. Area Navigation (RNAV) Routes. P/CG Term ­ Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)[ICAO]. not superimposed prior to issuing the clearance to P/CG Term ­ Global Positioning Satellite/ Wide Area Augmentation climb/descend. Minimum En Route IFR Altitude (GPS/WAAS MEA). REFERENCEï P/CG Term – Parallel Offset Route. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 4ï1ï2, Exceptions. AC 90­101A, U.S. Terminal and En Route Area Navigation (RNAV) FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 4ï4ï1, Route Use. Operations, Para 8a, Navigation System Accuracy. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 5ï3ï1, Application. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 5ï5ï8, Additional Separation for Formation b. Radar separation may be applied between: Flights. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 5ï9ï5, Approach Separation Responsibility. 1. Radar identified aircraft. 4. A radar-identified aircraft and one not 2. An aircraft taking off and another radar radar-identified that is in transit from oceanic identified aircraft when the aircraft taking off will be airspace or non-radar offshore airspace into an area of radar-identified within 1 mile of the runway end. known radar coverage where radar separation is applied as specified in Paragraph 8-5-5, Radar 3. A radar-identified aircraft and one not Identification Application, until the transiting aircraft radar-identified when either is cleared to climb/ is radar-identified or the controller establishes other descend through the altitude of the other provided: approved separation in the event of a delay or (a) The performance of the radar system is inability to establish radar identification of the adequate and, as a minimum, primary radar targets or transiting aircraft. ASRï9/Full Digital Radar Primary Symbol targets REFERENCEï FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 2-2-6, IFR Flight Progress Data. are being displayed on the display being used within FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 5-1-1, Presentation and Equipment the airspace within which radar separation is being Performance. applied; and FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 5-3-1, Application. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 8-1-8, Use of Control Estimates. (b) Flight data on the aircraft not radar- FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 8-5-5, Radar Separation. identified indicate it is a type which can be expected 5ï5ï2. TARGET SEPARATION to give adequate primary/ASRï9/Full Digital Radar Primary Symbol return in the area where separation a. Apply radar separation: is applied; and 1. Between the centers of primary radar targets; however, do not allow a primary target to touch (c) The airspace within which radar separa- another primary target or a beacon control slash. tion is applied is not less than the following number of miles from the edge of the radar display: 2. Between the ends of beacon control slashes. NOTEï (1) When less than 40 miles from the At TPXï42 sites, the bracket video feature must be antennaï 6 miles; activated to display the beacon control slash. (2) When 40 miles or more from the 3. Between the end of a beacon control slash and antennaï 10 miles; the center of a primary target.

Radar Separation 5ï5ï1 JO7110.65RJO 7110.65V7110.65V CHG CHG 2 1 7/24/143/15/074/3/14

4. Allïdigital displays. Between the centers of 2. When displaying ISR in the data block- 5 digitized targets. Do not allow digitized targets to miles. touch. 3. If TRK appears in the data block, handle in REFERENCEï accordance with Paragraph 5-3-7, Identification FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 5ï9ï7, Simultaneous Independent ILS/MLS Approachesï Dual & Triple. Status, subparagraph b, and take appropriate steps to establish non-radar separation. 5ï5ï3. TARGET RESOLUTION c. Stage A/DARC, Terminal Mosaic/ Multi-Sensor Mode: a. A process to ensure that correlated radar targets or digitized targets do not touch. NOTEï Mosaic/MultiïSensor Mode combines radar input from 2 b. Mandatory traffic advisories and safety alerts to 16 sites into a single picture utilizing a mosaic grid must be issued when this procedure is used. composed of radar sort boxes. NOTEï 1. Below FL 600ï 5 miles. This procedure must not be provided utilizing mosaic radar systems. 2. At or above FL 600ï 10 miles. c. Target resolution must be applied as follows: 3. For areas meeting all of the following conditions: 1. Between the edges of two primary targets or the edges of primary digitized targets. (a) Radar site adaptation is set to single sensor. 2. Between the end of the beacon control slash and the edge of a primary target or primary digitized (b) Significant operational advantages can be target. obtained. 3. Between the ends of two beacon control (c) Within 40 miles of the antenna. slashes. (d) Below FL 180. (e) Facility directives specifically define the 5ï5ï4. MINIMA area where the separation can be applied. Facility Separate aircraft by the following minima: directives may specify 3 miles. REFERENCEï a. TERMINAL. Single Sensor ASR or Digital FAAO JO 7210.3, Para 8ï2ï1, Single Site Coverage Stage A Terminal Automation System (DTAS): Operations. FAAO JO 7210.3, Para 11ï8ï15, Single Site Coverage ATTS NOTEï Operations. Includes single sensor long range radar mode. 4. When transitioning from terminal to en route 1. When less than 40 miles from the antennaï control, 3 miles increasing to 5 miles or greater, 3 miles. provided: 2. When 40 miles or more from the antennaï (a) The aircraft are on diverging routes/ 5 miles. courses, and/or 3. For single sensor ASRï9 with Mode S, when (b) The leading aircraft is and will remain less than 60 miles from the antennaï 3 miles. faster than the following aircraft; and 4. For single sensor ASRï11 MSSR Beacon, (c) Separation constantly increasing and the when less than 60 miles from the antennaï 3 miles. first center controller will establish 5 NM or other NOTEï appropriate form of separation prior to the aircraft procedures specify increased separation departing the first center sector; and minima required for certain classes of aircraft because of (d) The procedure is covered by a letter of the possible effects of wake turbulence. agreement between the facilities involved and limited b. TERMINAL. FUSION: to specified routes and/or sectors/positions. 1. Fusion target symbol – 3 miles. d. MEARTS Mosaic Mode:

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1. Below FL 600- 5 miles. data for any given target, utilize separation standards for targets 40 or more miles from the antenna. 2. At or above FL 600- 10 miles. 2. When operating in STARS Single Sensor Mode, if TRK 3. For areas meeting all of the following appears in the data block, handle in accordance with conditions – 3 miles: para 5ï3ï7, Identification Status, subpara b, and take appropriate steps to establish nonradar separation. (a) Radar site adaptation is set to single sensor 3. TRK appears in the data block whenever the aircraft is mode. being tracked by a radar site other than the radar currently NOTEï selected. Current equipment limitations preclude a target 1. Single Sensor Mode displays information from the from being displayed in the single sensor mode; however, radar input of a single site. a position symbol and data block, including altitude 2. Procedures to convert MEARTS Mosaic Mode to information, will still be displayed. Therefore, low altitude MEARTS Single Sensor Mode at each PVD/MDM will be alerts must be provided in accordance with para 2ï1ï6 , established by facility directive. Safety Alert. (b) Significant operational advantages can be WAKE TURBULENCE APPLICATION obtained. f. Separate aircraft operating directly behind, or (c) Within 40 miles of the antenna. directly behind and less than 1,000 feet below, or (d) Below FL 180. following an aircraft conducting an instrument approach by: (e) Facility directives specifically define the NOTEï area where the separation can be applied and define 1. When applying wake turbulence separation criteria, the requirements for displaying the area on the directly behind means an aircraft is operating within controller’s PVD/MDM. 2,500 feet of the flight path of the leading aircraft over the 4. MEARTS Mosaic Mode Utilizing Single surface of the earth. Source Polygon (San Juan CERAP and Honolulu 2. Consider parallel runways less than 2,500 feet apart as Control Facility only) when meeting all of the a single runway because of the possible effects of wake following conditions– 3 miles: turbulence. 1. Heavy behind heavyï 4 miles. (a) Less than 40 miles from the antenna, below FL180, and targets are from the adapted sensor. 2. Large/heavy behind B757ï 4 miles. (b) The single source polygon must be 3. Small behind B757ï 5 miles. displayed on the controller’s PVD/MDM. 4. Small/large behind heavy ï 5 miles. (c) Significant operational advantages can be obtained. WAKE TURBULENCE APPLICATION (d) Facility directives specifically define the g. In addition to subpara f, separate an aircraft single source polygon area where the separation can landing behind another aircraft on the same runway, be applied and specify procedures to be used. or one making a touch-and-go, stop-and-go, or low approach by ensuring the following minima will exist (e) Controller must commence a transition to at the time the preceding aircraft is over the landing achieve either vertical separation or 5 mile lateral threshold: separation in the event that either target is not from the adapted sensor. NOTEï Consider parallel runways less than 2,500 feet apart as a e. STARS MultiïSensor Mode: single runway because of the possible effects of wake turbulence. NOTEï 1. In MultiïSensor Mode, STARS displays targets as filled 1. Small behind largeï 4 miles. and unfilled boxes, depending upon the target’s distance 2. Small behind B757ï 5 miles. from the radar site providing the data. Since there is presently no way to identify which specific site is providing 3. Small behind heavyï 6 miles.

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If the landing threshold cannot be determined, apply b. Assign an altitude to an aircraft after the aircraft the above minima as constant or increasing at the previously at that altitude has been issued a closest point that can be determined prior to the climb/descent clearance and is observed (valid landing threshold. Mode C), or reports leaving the altitude. h. TERMINAL. 2.5 nautical miles (NM) separa- NOTEï tion is authorized between aircraft established on the 1. Consider known aircraft performance characteristics, pilot furnished and/or Mode C detected information which final approach course within 10 NM of the landing indicate that climb/descent will not be consistent with the runway when operating in single sensor slant range rates recommended in the AIM. mode and aircraft remains within 40 miles of the 2. It is possible that the separation minima described in antenna and: para 4ï5ï1 , Vertical Separation Minima, para 7ï7ï3 , 1. The leading aircraft’s weight class is the same Separation, para 7ï8ï3 , Separation, or para 7ï9ï4 , or less than the trailing aircraft; Separation, might not always be maintained using subpara b. However, correct application of this procedure 2. Heavy aircraft and the Boeing 757 are will ensure that aircraft are safely separated because the permitted to participate in the separation reduction as first aircraft must have already vacated the altitude prior the trailing aircraft only; to the assignment of that altitude to the second aircraft. REFERENCEï 3. An average runway occupancy time of FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 2ï1ï3 , Procedural Preference. 50 seconds or less is documented; FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 4ï5ï1 , Vertical Separation Minima. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 5ï2ï17 , Validation of Mode C Readout. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 6ï6ï1 , Application. 4. CTRDs are operational and used for quick glance references; 5ï5ï6. EXCEPTIONS REFERENCEï FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 3ï1ï9 , Use of Tower Radar Displays. a. Do not use Mode C to effect vertical separation with an aircraft on a cruise clearance, contact 5. Turnoff points are visible from the control approach, or as specified in para 5ï15ï4, System tower. Requirements, subpara e3. REFERENCEï REFERENCEï FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 2ï1ï19 , Wake Turbulence. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 6ï6ï2 , Exceptions. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 3ï9ï6 , Same Runway Separation. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 7ï4ï6 , Contact Approach. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 5ï5ï7 , Passing or Diverging. P/CG Termï Cruise. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 5ï5ï9 , Separation from Obstructions. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 5ï8ï3 , Successive or Simultaneous b. Assign an altitude to an aircraft only after the Departures. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 5ï9ï5 , Approach Separation Responsibility. aircraft previously at that altitude is observed at or FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 7ï6ï7 , Sequencing. passing through another altitude separated from the FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 7ï7ï3 , Separation. first by the appropriate minima when: FAAO JO 7110.65 Para 7ï8ï3 , Separation. FAAO JO 7210.3, Para 10ï4ï8 , Reduced Separation on Final. 1. Severe turbulence is reported. 2. Aircraft are conducting military aerial 5ï5ï5. VERTICAL APPLICATION refueling. REFERENCEï Aircraft not laterally separated, may be vertically FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 9ï2ï13 , Military Aerial Refueling. separated by one of the following methods: 3. The aircraft previously at that altitude has a. Assign altitudes to aircraft, provided valid been issued a climb/descent at pilot’s discretion. Mode C altitude information is monitored and the applicable separation minima is maintained at all 5ï5ï7. PASSING OR DIVERGING times. a. TERMINAL. In accordance with the following REFERENCEï criteria, all other approved separation may be FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 4ï5ï1 , Vertical Separation Minima. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 5ï2ï17 , Validation of Mode C Readout. discontinued and passing or diverging separation FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 7ï7ï3 , Separation. applied when: FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 7ï8ï3 , Separation. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 7ï9ï4 , Separation. 1. Single Site ASR or FUSION Mode

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(a) Aircraft are on opposite/reciprocal opposite courses as defined in para 1ï2ï2, Course courses and you have observed that they have passed Definitions; and each other; or aircraft are on same or crossing 1. You are in communications with both aircraft courses/assigned radar vectors and one aircraft has crossed the projected course of the other, and the involved; and angular difference between their courses/assigned 2. You tell the pilot of one aircraft about the radar vectors is at least 15 degrees. other aircraft, including position, direction, type; and NOTEï 3. One pilot reports having seen the other Two aircraft, both assigned radar vectors with an angular aircraft and that the aircraft have passed each other; difference of at least 15 degrees, is considered a correct and application of this paragraph. 4. You have observed that the radar targets have (b) The tracks are monitored to ensure that the passed each other; and primary targets, beacon control slashes, FUSION target symbols, or full digital terminal system 5. You have advised the pilots if either aircraft primary and/or beacon target symbols will not touch. is classified as a heavy jet/B757 aircraft.

REFERENCEï 6. Although vertical separation may be discon- FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 1-2-2 , Course Definitions. tinued, the requirements of para 5ï5ï4, Minima, 2. Single Site ARSR or FUSION Mode when subparas f and g must be applied when operating target refresh is only from an ARSR or when in behind a heavy jet/B757. FUSION Mode ï ISR is displayed. EXAMPLEï “Traffic, twelve o’clock, Boeing Seven Twenty Seven, (a) Aircraft are on opposite/reciprocal opposite direction. Do you have it in sight?” courses and you have observed that they have passed each other; or aircraft are on same or crossing (If the answer is in the affirmative): courses/assigned radar vectors and one aircraft has crossed the projected course of the other, and the “Report passing the traffic.” angular difference between their courses/assigned (When pilot reports passing the traffic and the radar radar vectors is at least 45 degrees. targets confirm that the traffic has passed, issue NOTEï appropriate control instructions.) Two aircraft, both assigned radar vectors with an angular difference of at least 45 degrees, is considered a correct 5ï5ï8. ADDITIONAL SEPARATION FOR application of this paragraph. FORMATION FLIGHTS (b) The tracks are monitored to ensure that the Because of the distance allowed between formation primary targets, beacon control slashes, FUSION aircraft and lead aircraft, additional separation is target symbols, or full digital terminal system necessary to ensure the periphery of the formation is primary and/or beacon target symbols will not touch. adequately separated from other aircraft, adjacent 3. Although approved separation may be airspace, or obstructions. Provide supplemental discontinued, the requirements of Para 5-5-4, separation for formation flights as follows: Minima, subparagraphs f and g apply when operating a. Separate a standard formation flight by adding behind a heavy jet/B757. 1 mile to the appropriate radar separation minima. REFERENCEï REFERENCEï FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 1ï2ï2 , Course Definitions. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 2ï1ï13 , Formation Flights. FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 5ï5ï1 , Application. NOTEï FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 7ï7ï3 , Separation. Apply en route separation rules when using multiïsensor P/CG Termï Formation Flight. mode. b. Separate two standard formation flights from b. EN ROUTE. Vertical separation between each other by adding 2 miles to the appropriate aircraft may be discontinued when they are on separation minima.

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c. Separate a nonstandard formation flight by 1. When less than 40 miles from the antennaï 1 applying the appropriate separation minima to the 1 /2 miles. perimeter of the airspace encompassing the 2. When 40 miles or more from the antennaï nonstandard formation or from the outermost aircraft 2 1/ miles. of the nonstandard formation whichever applies. 2 3. En route Stage A/DARC or Stage A/EDARC: d. If necessary for separation between a 1 nonstandard formation and other aircraft, assign an (a) Below 600ï 2 /2 miles. appropriate beacon code to each aircraft in the (b) Flight Level 600 and aboveï 5 miles. formation or to the first and last aircraft in-trail. b. Separate radar-controlled aircraft from the NOTEï boundary of airspace in which nonradar separation is The additional separation provided in Paragraph 5ï5ï8, being used by the following minima: Additional Separation for Formation Flights, is not normally added to wake turbulence separation when a 1. When less than 40 miles from the antennaï formation is following a heavier aircraft since none of the 3 miles. formation aircraft are likely to be closer to the heavier aircraft than the lead aircraft (to which the prescribed 2. When 40 miles or more from the antennaï wake turbulence separation has been applied). 5 miles. REFERENCEï 3. En route Stage A/DARC or Stage A/EDARC: FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 9ï2ï13 , Military Aerial Refueling. (a) Below Flight Level 600ï 5 miles. 5ï5ï9. SEPARATION FROM (b) Flight Level 600 and aboveï 10 miles. OBSTRUCTIONS c. The provisions of subparas a and b do not apply to VFR aircraft being provided Class B, Class C, or a. Except in En Route Stage A/DARC or Stage A/EDARC, separate aircraft from obstructions TRSA services. Ensure that the targets of these depicted on the radar display by the following aircraft do not touch the boundary of adjacent minima: airspace. d. VFR aircraft approaching Class B, Class C, 1. When less than 40 miles from the antennaï Class D, or TRSA airspace which is under the 3 miles. control jurisdiction of another 2. When 40 miles or more from the antennaï facility should either be provided with a radar handoff 5 miles. or be advised that radar service is terminated, given their position in relation to the Class B, Class C, b. Except in En Route Stage A/DARC or Class D, or TRSA airspace, and the ATC frequency, Stage A/EDARC, vertical separation of aircraft if known, for the airspace to be entered. These actions above an obstruction depicted on the radar display should be accomplished in sufficient time for the pilot may be discontinued after the aircraft has passed it. to obtain the required ATC approval prior to entering c. En Route Stage A/DARC or Stage A/EDARC, the airspace involved, or to avoid the airspace. apply the radar separation minima specified in Paragraph 5-5-4, Minima, subparagraph c1. 5ï5ï11. EDGE OF SCOPE Separate a radar-controlled aircraft climbing or 5ï5ï10. ADJACENT AIRSPACE descending through the altitude of an aircraft that has been tracked to the edge of the scope/display by the a. If coordination between the controllers following minima until nonradar separation has been concerned has not been effected, separate established: radar-controlled aircraft from the boundary of a. When less than 40 miles from the antennaï adjacent airspace in which radar separation is also 3 miles from edge of scope. being used by the following minima:

REFERENCEï b. When 40 miles or more from the antennaï FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 2ï1ï14 , Coordinate Use of Airspace. 5 miles from edge of scope.

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c. En route Stage A/DARC or Stage A/EDARC: beacon target from a primary target, adjacent 1. Below Flight Level 600ï 5 miles. airspace, obstructions, or terrain, add a 1 mile correction factor to the applicable minima. The 2. Flight Level 600 and aboveï 10 miles. maximum allowable beacon target displacement which may be specified by the facility air traffic 1 5ï5ï12. BEACON TARGET manager is /2 mile. DISPLACEMENT REFERENCEï When using a radar target display with a previously FAAO JO 7210.3, Para 3ï7ï4, Monitoring of Mode 3/A Radar Beacon specified beacon target displacement to separate a Codes.

Radar Separation 5ï5ï7