Acyltransferases As Tools for Polyketide Synthase Engineering
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Polyketide Biosynthesis Beyond the Type I, II and III Polyketide Synthase Paradigms Ben Shen
285 Polyketide biosynthesis beyond the type I, II and III polyketide synthase paradigms Ben Shen Recent literature on polyketide biosynthesis suggests that Three types of bacterial PKSs are known to date. First, polyketide synthases have much greater diversity in both type I PKSs are multifunctional enzymes that are orga- mechanism and structure than the current type I, II and III nized into modules, each of which harbors a set of distinct, paradigms. These examples serve as an inspiration for searching non-iteratively acting activities responsible for the cata- novel polyketide synthases to give new insights into polyketide lysis of one cycle of polyketide chain elongation, as biosynthesis and to provide new opportunities for combinatorial exemplified by the 6-deoxyerythromycin B synthase biosynthesis. (DEBS) for the biosynthesis of reduced polyketides (i.e. macrolides, polyethers and polyene) such as erythro- Addresses mycin A (1)(Figure 1a) [1]. Second, type II PKSs are Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, multienzyme complexes that carry a single set of iteratively University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA acting activities, as exemplified by the tetracenomycin e-mail: [email protected] PKS for the biosynthesis of aromatic polyketides (often polycyclic) such as tetracenomycin C (2)(Figure 1b) [2]. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2003, 7:285–295 Third, type III PKSs, also known as chalcone synthase- like PKSs, are homodimeric enzymes that essentially are This review comes from a themed section on iteratively acting condensing enzymes, as exemplified by Biocatalysis and biotransformation Edited by Tadhg Begley and Ming-Daw Tsai the RppA synthase for the biosynthesis of aromatic poly- ketides (often monocyclic or bicyclic), such as flavolin (3) 1367-5931/03/$ – see front matter (Figure 1c) [3]. -
Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Gene Cluster
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, June 1995, p. 3504–3511 Vol. 177, No. 12 0021-9193/95/$04.0010 Copyright q 1995, American Society for Microbiology A Second Branched-Chain a-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Gene Cluster (bkdFGH) from Streptomyces avermitilis: Its Relationship to Avermectin Biosynthesis and the Construction of a bkdF Mutant Suitable for the Production of Novel Antiparasitic Avermectins CLAUDIO D. DENOYA,* RONALD W. FEDECHKO, EDMUND W. HAFNER, HAMISH A. I. MCARTHUR, MARGARET R. MORGENSTERN, DEBORAH D. SKINNER, KIM STUTZMAN-ENGWALL, RICHARD G. WAX, AND WILLIAM C. WERNAU Bioprocess Research, Central Research Division, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340 Received 22 February 1995/Accepted 10 April 1995 A second cluster of genes encoding the E1a,E1b, and E2 subunits of branched-chain a-keto acid dehydro- genase (BCDH), bkdFGH, has been cloned and characterized from Streptomyces avermitilis, the soil microor- ganism which produces anthelmintic avermectins. Open reading frame 1 (ORF1) (bkdF, encoding E1a), would encode a polypeptide of 44,394 Da (406 amino acids). The putative start codon of the incompletely sequenced ORF2 (bkdG, encoding E1b) is located 83 bp downstream from the end of ORF1. The deduced amino acid sequence of bkdF resembled the corresponding E1a subunit of several prokaryotic and eukaryotic BCDH complexes. An S. avermitilis bkd mutant constructed by deletion of a genomic region comprising the 5* end of bkdF is also described. The mutant exhibited a typical Bkd2 phenotype: it lacked E1 BCDH activity and had lost the ability to grow on solid minimal medium containing isoleucine, leucine, and valine as sole carbon sources. Since BCDH provides an a-branched-chain fatty acid starter unit, either S(1)-a-methylbutyryl coenzyme A or isobutyryl coenzyme A, which is essential to initiate the synthesis of the avermectin polyketide backbone in S. -
Enzyme Phosphatidylserine Synthase (Saccharomyces Cerevisae/Chol Gene/Transformation) V
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 80, pp. 7279-7283, December 1983 Genetics Isolation of the yeast structural gene for the membrane-associated enzyme phosphatidylserine synthase (Saccharomyces cerevisae/CHOl gene/transformation) V. A. LETTS*, L. S. KLIG*, M. BAE-LEEt, G. M. CARMANt, AND S. A. HENRY* *Departments of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and tDepartment of Food Science, Cook College, New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Communicated by Frank Lilly, August 11, 1983 ABSTRACT The structural gene (CHOI) for phosphatidyl- Mammals, for example, synthesize PtdSer by an exchange re- serine synthase (CDPdiacylglycerol:L-serine O-phosphatidyl- action with PtdEtn (9). However, PtdSer synthase is found in transferase, EC 2.7.8.8) was isolated by genetic complementation E. coli and indeed the structural gene for the E. coli enzyme has in Saccharomyces cerevmae from a bank of yeast genomic DNA been cloned (10). Thus, cloning of the structural gene for the on a chimeric plasmid. The cloned DNA (4.0 kilobases long) was yeast enzyme will permit a detailed comparison of the structure shown to represent a unique sequence in the yeast genome. The and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes and gene DNA sequence on an integrative plasmid was shown to recombine products. The availability of a clone of the CHOI gene will per- into the CHOi locus, confwrming its genetic identity. The chol yeast mit analysis of its regulation at the transcriptional level. Fur- strain transformed with this gene on an autonomously replicating thermore, the cloning of the CHOI gene provides us with the plasmid had significantly increased activity of the regulated mem- the levels of PtdSer synthase in the cell, brane-associated enzyme phosphatidylserine synthase. -
Assembly of the Membrane Domain of ATP Synthase in Human Mitochondria
Assembly of the membrane domain of ATP synthase in human mitochondria Jiuya Hea,1, Holly C. Forda,1, Joe Carrolla, Corsten Douglasa, Evvia Gonzalesa, Shujing Dinga, Ian M. Fearnleya, and John E. Walkera,2 aMedical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom Contributed by John E. Walker, January 16, 2018 (sent for review December 20, 2017; reviewed by Ulrich Brandt and Nikolaus Pfanner) The ATP synthase in human mitochondria is a membrane-bound mitochondria in human ρ0 cells lack organellar DNA and contain assembly of 29 proteins of 18 kinds. All but two membrane another incomplete ATP synthase, necessarily with no ATP6 or components are encoded in nuclear genes, synthesized on cyto- ATP8 (7, 9). These incomplete vestigial ATP synthases provide plasmic ribosomes, and imported into the matrix of the organelle, insight into the pathway of assembly of the complete enzyme. where they are assembled into the complex with ATP6 and ATP8, Here we investigated the effects of the selective removal of su- the products of overlapping genes in mitochondrial DNA. Disrup- pernumerary membrane subunits e, f, g, DAPIT, and 6.8PL on tion of individual human genes for the nuclear-encoded subunits assembly of human ATP synthase. in the membrane portion of the enzyme leads to the formation of intermediate vestigial ATPase complexes that provide a descrip- Results tion of the pathway of assembly of the membrane domain. The Human Cells Lacking Supernumerary Subunits. The human genes key intermediate complex consists of the F1-c8 complex inhibited ATP5I, ATP5J2, ATP5L, USMG5, and C14orf2 (SI Appendix, Fig. -
Metabolic Engineering for Unusual Lipid Production in Yarrowia Lipolytica
microorganisms Review Metabolic Engineering for Unusual Lipid Production in Yarrowia lipolytica Young-Kyoung Park * and Jean-Marc Nicaud Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-(0)1-74-07-16-92 Received: 14 November 2020; Accepted: 2 December 2020; Published: 6 December 2020 Abstract: Using microorganisms as lipid-production factories holds promise as an alternative method for generating petroleum-based chemicals. The non-conventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is an excellent microbial chassis; for example, it can accumulate high levels of lipids and use a broad range of substrates. Furthermore, it is a species for which an array of efficient genetic engineering tools is available. To date, extensive work has been done to metabolically engineer Y. lipolytica to produce usual and unusual lipids. Unusual lipids are scarce in nature but have several useful applications. As a result, they are increasingly becoming the targets of metabolic engineering. Unusual lipids have distinct structures; they can be generated by engineering endogenous lipid synthesis or by introducing heterologous enzymes to alter the functional groups of fatty acids. In this review, we describe current metabolic engineering strategies for improving lipid production and highlight recent researches on unusual lipid production in Y. lipolytica. Keywords: Yarrowia lipolytica; oleochemicals; lipids; unusual lipids; metabolic engineering 1. Introduction Microbial lipids are promising alternative fuel sources given growing concerns about climate change and environmental pollution [1–4]. They offer multiple advantages over plant oils and animal fats. For example, the production of microbial lipids does not result in resource competition with food production systems; is largely independent of environmental conditions; can be based on diverse substrates; and allows product composition to be customized based on the desired application [3,4]. -
Synthesis and Biosynthesis of Polyketide Natural Products
Syracuse University SURFACE Chemistry - Dissertations College of Arts and Sciences 12-2011 Synthesis and Biosynthesis of Polyketide Natural Products Atahualpa Pinto Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/che_etd Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Pinto, Atahualpa, "Synthesis and Biosynthesis of Polyketide Natural Products" (2011). Chemistry - Dissertations. 181. https://surface.syr.edu/che_etd/181 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts and Sciences at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chemistry - Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Traditionally separate disciplines of a large and broad chemical spectrum, synthetic organic chemistry and biochemistry have found in the last two decades a fertile common ground in the area pertaining to the biosynthesis of natural products. Both disciplines remain indispensable in providing unique solutions on numerous questions populating the field. Our contributions to this interdisciplinary pursuit have been confined to the biosynthesis of polyketides, a therapeutically and structurally diverse class of natural products, where we employed both synthetic chemistry and biochemical techniques to validate complex metabolic processes. One such example pertained to the uncertainty surrounding the regiochemistry of dehydration and cyclization in the biosynthetic pathway of the marine polyketide spiculoic acid A. The molecule's key intramolecular cyclization was proposed to occur through a linear chain containing an abnormally dehydrated polyene system. We synthesized a putative advanced polyketide intermediate and tested its viability to undergo a mild chemical transformation to spiculoic acid A. In addition, we applied a synthetic and biochemical approach to elucidate the biosynthetic details of thioesterase-catalyzed macrocyclizations in polyketide natural products. -
Bio-Based Production of Fuels and Industrial Chemicals by Repurposing Antibiotic-Producing Type I Modular Polyketide Synthases: Opportunities and Challenges
The Journal of Antibiotics (2017) 70, 378–385 & 2017 Japan Antibiotics Research Association All rights reserved 0021-8820/17 www.nature.com/ja REVIEW ARTICLE Bio-based production of fuels and industrial chemicals by repurposing antibiotic-producing type I modular polyketide synthases: opportunities and challenges Satoshi Yuzawa1, Jay D Keasling1,2,3,4,5,6 and Leonard Katz2 Complex polyketides comprise a large number of natural products that have broad application in medicine and agriculture. They are produced in bacteria and fungi from large enzyme complexes named type I modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) that are composed of multifunctional polypeptides containing discrete enzymatic domains organized into modules. The modular nature of PKSs has enabled a multitude of efforts to engineer the PKS genes to produce novel polyketides of predicted structure. We have repurposed PKSs to produce a number of short-chain mono- and di-carboxylic acids and ketones that could have applications as fuels or industrial chemicals. The Journal of Antibiotics (2017) 70, 378–385; doi:10.1038/ja.2016.136; published online 16 November 2016 INTRODUCTION complex polyketide is programmed by its cognate PKS, by the number Complex polyketides represent a family of natural products that and composition of modules. possess a wide variety of pharmacological or biological activities. Since the concept of modular polyketide biosynthesis was initially Numerous polyketides and their semisynthetic derivatives have been report by Katz and colleagues2 more than 25 years -
Investigation and Engineering of Polyketide Biosynthetic Pathways
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 12-2017 Investigation and Engineering of Polyketide Biosynthetic Pathways Lei Sun Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Biological Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Sun, Lei, "Investigation and Engineering of Polyketide Biosynthetic Pathways" (2017). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 6903. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6903 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INVESTIGATION AND ENGINEERING OF POLYKETIDE BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS by Lei Sun A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY in Biological Engineering Approved: ______________________ ____________________ Jixun Zhan, Ph.D. David W. Britt, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member ______________________ ____________________ Dong Chen, Ph.D. Jon Takemoto, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member ______________________ ____________________ Elizabeth Vargis, Ph.D. Mark R. McLellan, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2017 ii Copyright© Lei Sun 2017 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Investigation and engineering of polyketide biosynthetic pathways by Lei Sun, Doctor of Philosophy Utah State University, 2017 Major Professor: Jixun Zhan Department: Biological Engineering Polyketides are a large family of natural products widely found in bacteria, fungi and plants, which include many clinically important drugs such as tetracycline, chromomycin, spirolaxine, endocrocin and emodin. -
An Iterative Type I Polyketide Synthase Initiates the Biosynthesis of the Antimycoplasma Agent Micacocidin
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Chemistry & Biology Article An Iterative Type I Polyketide Synthase Initiates the Biosynthesis of the Antimycoplasma Agent Micacocidin Hirokazu Kage,1 Martin F. Kreutzer,1 Barbara Wackler,2 Dirk Hoffmeister,2 and Markus Nett1,* 1Junior Research Group ‘‘Secondary Metabolism of Predatory Bacteria’’, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Kno¨ ll-Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany 2Department of Pharmaceutical Biology at the Hans-Kno¨ ll-Institute, Friedrich Schiller Universita¨ t Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany *Correspondence: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.04.010 SUMMARY under macrolide therapy have been described (Averbuch et al., 2011; Cardinale et al., 2011; Itagaki et al., 2013). Micacocidin is a thiazoline-containing natural pro- Micacocidin is a new antibiotic that exerts strong inhibitory duct from the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum effects in the nanomolar range against several Mycoplasma that shows significant activity against Mycoplasma species, including M. pneumoniae (Kobayashi et al., 1998). pneumoniae. The presence of a pentylphenol moiety In vivo efficacy after oral administration was demonstrated in distinguishes micacocidin from the structurally chicken that had been infected with M. gallisepticum (Kobayashi related siderophore yersiniabactin, and this residue et al., 2000). The thiazoline-containing natural product micaco- cidin is structurally closely related to the siderophore yersinia- also contributes to the potent antimycoplasma bactin (Drechsel et al., 1995), and cellular uptake studies effects. The biosynthesis of the pentylphenol moiety, suggest that it might also be involved in iron acquisition of the as deduced from bioinformatic analysis and stable producing bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum (Kreutzer et al., isotope feeding experiments, involves an iterative 2011). -
Citrate Synthase a Mitochondrial Marker Enzyme
Oroboros Protocols Enzymes Mitochondrial Physiology Network 17.04(04):1-12 (2020) Version 04: 2020-04-18 ©2013-2020 Oroboros Updates: http://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/MiPNet17.04_CitrateSynthase Laboratory Protocol: Citrate synthase a mitochondrial marker enzyme Eigentler A1,2, Draxl A2, Gnaiger E1,2 1D. Swarovski Research Laboratory Dept Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery Medical Univ Innsbruck, Austria www.mitofit.org 2Oroboros Instruments High-Resolution Respirometry Schöpfstrasse 18, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Email: [email protected]; www.oroboros.at 1. Background 1 1.1. Enzymatic reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase 2 1.2. Principle of spectrophotometric enzyme assay 2 1.3. Temperature of enzyme assay 3 2. Reagents and buffers 3 2.1. Prepare every month new and store at 4 °C 3 2.2. Prepare 12.2 mM acetyl-CoA, store at -20 °C 3 2.3. Prepare fresh every day 3 2.4. Chemicals 4 3. Sample preparation 4 4. Measurement: Spectrophotometer HP8452A Diode Array 6 4.1. Measurement of CS activity in 1 mL cuvette 6 4.2. Blank measurement 6 4.3. Sample measurement 7 4.4. Experimental procedure 7 5. Data analysis: calculation of specific CS activity 8 5.1. Absorbance, concentration and rate of reaction 8 5.2. Specific enzyme activity: reaction rate per unit sample 8 6. Normalization of respiratory flux for CS activity 9 6.1. Flow per instrumental chamber, IO2 9 6.2. Flux per chamber volume, JV,O2 10 6.3. Flow per experimental object, IO2/N 10 6.4. Flux per sample mass, JO2/m 10 7. References 10 8. -
Understanding Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthetase I (CPS1) Deficiency by Using Expression Studies and Structure-Based Analysis
Understanding carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I (CPS1) deficiency by using expression studies and structure-based analysis. Satu Pekkala, Ana Isabel Martínez, Belén Barcelona, Igor Yefimenko, Ulrich Finckh, Vicente Rubio, Javier Cervera To cite this version: Satu Pekkala, Ana Isabel Martínez, Belén Barcelona, Igor Yefimenko, Ulrich Finckh, et al.. Un- derstanding carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I (CPS1) deficiency by using expression studies and structure-based analysis.. Human Mutation, Wiley, 2010, 31 (7), pp.801. 10.1002/humu.21272. hal-00552391 HAL Id: hal-00552391 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00552391 Submitted on 6 Jan 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Human Mutation Understanding carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I (CPS1) deficiency by using expression studies and structure-based analysis. For Peer Review Journal: Human Mutation Manuscript ID: humu-2009-0569.R1 Wiley - Manuscript type: Research Article Date Submitted by the 17-Mar-2010 Author: Complete List of Authors: Pekkala, Satu; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Molecular Recognition Martínez, Ana; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Molecular Recognition Barcelona, Belén; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Molecular Recognition Yefimenko, Igor; Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV-CSIC) Finckh, Ulrich; MVZ Dortmund Dr. -
Biosynthesis of Natural Products
Biosynthesis of Natural Products Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids & Polyketides Alan C. Spivey [email protected] Nov 2015 Format & Scope of Lectures • What are fatty acids? – 1° metabolites: fatty acids; 2° metabolites: their derivatives – biosynthesis of the building blocks: acetyl CoA & malonyl CoA • Fatty acid synthesis by Fatty Acid Synthases (FASs) – the chemistry involved – the FAS protein complex & the dynamics of the iterative synthesis process • Fatty acid secondary metabolites – eiconasiods: prostaglandins, thromboxanes & leukotrienes • What are polyketides? – definitions & variety • Polyketide synthesis by PolyKetide Synthases (PKSs) – the chemistry involved – the PKS protein complexes & the dynamics of the iterative synthesis process • Polyketide secondary metabolites – Type I modular metabolites: macrolides – e.g. erythromycin – Type I iterative metabolites: e.g. mevinolin (=lovastatin®) – Type II iterative metabolites: aromatic compounds and polyphenols: e.g. actinorhodin Fatty Acid Primary Metabolites OH OH • Primary metabolites: OH glycerol – fully saturated, linear carboxylic acids & derived (poly)unsaturated derivatives: 3x fatty acids • constituents of essential natural waxes, seed oils, glycerides (fats) & phospholipids • structural role – glycerides & phospholipids are essential constituents of cell membranes OCOR1 • energy storage – glycerides (fats) can also be catabolised into acetate → citric acid cycle OCOR2 OCOR3 • biosynthetic precursors – for elaboration to secondary metabolites glycerides SATURATED ACIDS [MeCH2(CH2CH2)nCH2CO2H (n=2-8)] e.g. CO2H caprylic acid (C8, n = 2) CO2H myristic acid (C14, n = 5) 8 1 14 1 CO H CO2H capric acid (C8, n = 3) 2 palmitic acid (C16, n = 6) 1 10 1 16 CO2H lauric acid (C12, n = 4) CO2H stearic acid (C18, n = 7) 12 1 18 1 MONO-UNSATURATED ACID DERIVATIVES (MUFAs) e.g.