Banaskantha District, Gujarat

कᴂ द्रीय भूमि जल बो셍ड जल संसाधन, नदी विकास और गंगा संरक्षण विभाग, जल शक्ति मंत्रालय भारि सरकार Central Ground Water Board Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Ministry of Jal Shakti Government of India

AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT OF GROUND WATER RESOURCES BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT

पक्चिमी म鵍य क्षेत्र, गुजराि West Central Region, Gujarat

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Name Designation

Principal Authors

Dr. A. K. Jain : Scientist-D

Data gap analysis

Shri B. K. Gupta : Scientist-D

Shri Alok Sinha Asstt. Hydrogeologist

Supervision

Shri D. P. Pati : Regional Director

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Contents Page 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose and scope 1 1.2 Location and Aerial Extent 2 1.3 ! ! t 2 1.4 t 5 2 P 5 9 2.1 Physoigraphy Division 9 2.2 Drainage 12 3 Soil, Land Use, Agriculture, Irrigation and Surface Water Resources 13 3.1 Soil 13 3.2 Land Use 13 3.3 Agriculture 14 3.4 Irrigation 18 3.5 Surface Water Resources 18 4 Hydrometeorology 19 4.1 Climate 19 4.2 Rainfall 20 4.3 Draught Analysis 21 5 Geology 30 5.1 Proterozoic 33 5.2 Tertiary 34 5.3 Quaternary 34 6 Sub-surface geology: Dater interpretation, integration and aquifer mapping 36 6.1 Data integration 36 6.2 / ! 5 5 5 { 37 6.2.1 5 !{ " # 39 6.2.2 5 / 40 6.3 { D " # " " 45 6.4 ! # ! / # " 46 7 Hydrogeology 48 7.1 h D 48 7.1.1 D &I ( 48 7.1.2 D &{ ( 51 7.2 D w " 52 7.2.1 Ü ! 53

+, ,-,- 5 # 53 +, ,-, í Ç " 56 7.2.2 / ! 56 +, , ,- C / 57 +, , , { ! / 57 +, , , ,- 5 # 58 +, , , , Piezometric surface of groundwater 59 configuration (in m MSL) : 7.3 [" Ç í [ Ç 2 w 60 8 D í v 63 8.1 I # 63 4,-,- v 63 4,-, v / ! 64 8.2 I w 65 ! # C # D 65 ! # # " " 66 ! # " 66 9 D w 67 10 Groundwater related issues 70 10.1 Declines of water level 70 10.1.1 I 70 10.1.2 D Ç 71 10.2 Groundwater Quality 77 10.2.1 ! # C # D 77 10.2.2 ! # # " " 77 10.2.3 ! # " 77 11 Management Strategies 79 11.1 t í ! t " w # " 80 11.1.1 { w # " { . # 82 11.2 Management plan 82 11.2.1 Supply side intervention 83 11.2.1.1 Artificial recharge to groundwater and conservation 83 plan 11.2.1.1.1 Identification of recharge area 83 11.2.1.1.2 Subsurface storage space and water 84 requirement 11.2.1.2 t w # " w 89 11.2.1.3 C 92 11.2.1.4 w # " 97 11.2.2 5 100

--, , ,- Micro irrigation by Drip method 101 11.2.3 ! " " # 105 í w L "

11.2.4 Expected Benefits or outcome of the interventions in Fresh water 112 quality area 12 Conclusions and recommendations 117

List of tables 1.1 Area details of new talukas Lakhani and Suigam. 3 1.2 Taluka Wise Population, Population Density and area in Km 2 As Per Census – 4 2011( Ankadiya Rooprekha 2014-15) 1.3 Status of Hydrogeological Surveys 5 1.4 Status of Groundwater Exploration 6 3.1 Land use classification of the Banaskantha district 16 3.2 Agriculture-Area under different crops. 17 3.3 Area irrigated by different sources (00 hectares) 18 3.4 Medium and Major Irrigation Schemes (000Hectares) 18 4.1 Climatological data of Deesa IMD station (1951-1980) 19 4.2a Rainfall, departure, cumulative departure and type of draught of rain gauge 22 station Amirgadh and Bapla. 4.2b Rainfall, departure, cumulative departure and type of draught of rain gauge 23 station Deodar and Mausari. 4.2c Rainfall, departure, cumulative departure and type of draught of rain gauge 24 station Panthawada and Tharad. 4.3 Drought frequency analysis of rain gauge stations Amirgadh, Bapla, 28 Deodar, Mausari, Panthawada and Tharad (1980 to 2016). 5.1 Geological succession of Banaskantha district. 30 6.1 Data integration 36 6.2 Aquifer disposition 45 7.1 Distributions of Monitoring Stations in Banaskantha District 53 7.2 Percentage area covered by depth to water level in different season of 55 monsoon year 2016 7.3 Long Term Pre-monsoon Water Level Trends (2001 -2010) 61 9.1 Taluka Wise Ground Water Resources, Availability, Utilization and 68 Stage of Ground Water Development year 2017 9.2 Categorization of talukas for Ground Water Development (2017) 69 10.1 Groundwater trends in m/year at monitoring stations in North Gujarat 70 11.1 Artificial Structures considered for ground water estimation 2009 in 80

Banaskantha district, Gujarat State 11.2 Taluka wise of recharge structures proposed in Master plan 2011 to utilised 81 219.04 MCM balance source. 11.3 Status of recharge structures as on 2018 in Banaskantha district (source 82 Groundwater Resource Estimation 2017 Gujarat State 11.4 Computation of suitable recharge area in sq. Km 87

11.5 Computation of volume of unsaturated zone in MCM 88

11.6 Volume of water required for recharge in MCM 89

11.7 Creation of Recharge and conservation of Rainwater through Village pond 90 (Area > 2 Hectare) 11.8 Conservation of Rainwater through Farm ponds in Fresh water quality area 94 11.9 Conservation of Rainwater through Farm ponds in Saline water quality area 95 11.10 Taluka wise details of Estimate of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting in the 98 Banaskantha district, Gujarat State 11.11 Area irrigated by different sources and their percentage 101 11.12 Water requirement of different crops in the Banaskantha district 102 11.13 Saving of water by adopting Micro- Irrigation practices in Banaskantha 104 district. 11.14 Recharge from seepage of Sujlam Suflam canal passing in Banaskantha 107 district 11.15 Aquifer disposition of well falling along the Sujlam Suflam 110 11.16 Projected Status of Groundwater Resource & Utilization on Recharge 114 Interventions 11.17 Non-committed volume of surface water required for safe development of 116 over exploited talukas

List of Figures

1.1 Administrative division Banaskantha district, Gujarat. 2

2.1 Physiographic division of Banaskantha district 10

2.2 3D map of Banaskantha district. 10

4.1 Climatological Parameters of Deesa Observatory 20

4.2 Isohyetal map year 2016, District Banaskantha 21

4.3a Rainfall, departure and cumulative departure Amirgadh and Bapla stations 25

4.3b Rainfall, departure and cumulative departure Deodr and Mausari stations 26

4.3c Fig.4.3c Rainfall, departure and cumulative departure Panthawada and Tharad 27

stations

5.1 Geology of the Banaskantha district 32

6.1 Section line presenting electrical logs profile. 36

6.2 Hydrogeologic map with section lines and Legend of the cross sections. 38

6.3 3D Stratigraphic model of the Banaskantha ditrict 39

6.4 2D cross section along section line A-A’ and B-B’ in NS direction of District. 40

6.5 2D cross section along section line C-C’ and D-D’ in NS direction of District. 41

6.6 2D cross section along section line E-E’in NS and F-F’ in EW direction of 42 District.

6.7 2D cross section along section line G-G’ and H-H’in EW direction of District. 43

6.8 2D cross section along section line I-I’ and J-J’in EW direction of District. 44

6.9 Alluvial out wash slope -Common recharge belt 47

7.1 Hydrogeology and Groundwater 49

7.2 Schematic Section showing dual aquifer system Concept 52

7.3 Depth to water level in m bgl for the period of pre-monsoon 2016 54

7.4 Depth to water level in m bgl for the period of post-monsoon 2016 55

7.5 Water table in m above mean sea level of phreatic aquifer 56

7.6 7.6 Depth to piezometric surface below ground level of confine Aquifer – II, 59 year 2017-18

7.7 Piezometric surface of water in m mean sea level (msl) of Confined aquifer-II 60

8.1 Iso TDS of the groundwater in the unconfined aquifer year 2016 63

8.2 Concentration of Fluoride in unconfined aquifer in Banaskantha District 64

8.3 Iso-Electrical conductivity of groundwater in Confined aquifer-II in 65 Banaskantha district

8.4 Spatial Variation in Ground Water Quality in Banaskantha District 66

9 Categorization of Taluks for Ground Water Resource Development year 2017 67

10.1 Map showing locations of selected Hydrograph stations 72

10.2 Hydrograph of station Bhabhar Pz _III and Biyok Pz-II 73

10.3 Hydrograph of station Dhanera Pz-I and Lakhani Pz-I 74

10.4 Hydrograph of station Miyal Pz-I and Palanpur-Pz 75

10.5 Hydrograph of station Rah Pz-I and Vav Pz-I 76

10.6 Spatial Variation in Ground Water Quality in Banaskantha District 78

11.1 Post- monsoon decadal average depth to water level 84

11.2 Pre-monsoon decadal water level trends 85

11.3 Quality of the ground water of phreatic aquifer in Banaskantha district. 85

11.4 Suitable recharge area 86

11.5 Thematic diagram of Farm pond 92

11.6 Percentage of area irrigated by canal, tank, open well and bore well 101

11.7 Sujlam Suflam Recharge Canal & Narmada canal and its command in 108 Banaskantha district

11.8 Aquifer disposition along Sujlam Suflam Canal. 109

11.9 Village ponds Narmada Canal and Sujlam Suflam Canal 111

11.10 Projected Improvement in the Status of Groundwater Resource & Utilization 113

Annexure

1 Details of well-constructed through outsourcing

!1)&%2 -!00).' !.$ -!.!'%-%.4 0,!. /& "!.!3+!.4(! $)342)#4 ).42/$5#4)/. Aquifer Mapping is an attempt to combine a combination of geologic, geophysical, hydrologic and chemical data to characterize the quantity, quality and sustainability of ground water in aquifers. India is a vast country with a large number of distinct hydrogeological settings. The occurrence and movement of ground water in various aquifer systems are highly complex due to the occurrence of diversified geological formations with considerable lithological and chronological variations, complex tectonic framework, climatological dissimilarities and various hydrochemical conditions. Two broad groups of water bearing formations have been identified depending on their hydraulic properties, 'Viz. Porous Formations which can be further classified into unconsolidated and semi consolidated formations having primary porosity, and Fissured Formations or consolidated formations which are characterized by the absence of primary porosity.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT

0µ≤∞Ø≥• °Æ§ ≥£Ø∞• The objective of this study is to prepare Aquifer Map on 1:50,000 scale and prepare management plan for sustainable management of the resources. The report deals with the aquifer map and hydrogeological cross sections. An attempt has been made to estimate the groundwater resources and surplus ground water available for future development. It furnishes taluka wise ground water potential, which, it is hoped, that the district and taluka authorities will find useful in proper planning of their agricultural, industrial, rural and urban water supply schemes. The main scope of study is summerised below. i. Compilation of existing data (exploration, geophysical, groundwater level and groundwater quality) with geo-referencing information and identification of principal aquifer units. ii. Periodic long term monitoring of ground water regime (water levels and water quality) for creation of time series data base and ground water resource estimation. iii. Quantification of groundwater availability and assessing its quality. iv. To delineate aquifer in 3-D along with their characterization on 1:50, 000 scale.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 1 v. Capacity building in all aspects of ground water development and management through information, education and communication (IEC) activities, information dissemination, education, awareness and training. vi. Enhancement of coordination with concerned central/state govt. organizations and academic/research institutions for sustainable ground water management vii. Develop sustainable ground water management plan through public participation.

" ,Ø£°¥©ØÆ °Æ§ !≤•°¨ %∏¥•Æ¥ The district is situated in the northern part of Gujarat State and forms a part of the North Gujarat region with the city Palanpur as its administrative headquarters. It lies between 23° 29’24” and 24°25’12” north and 71°01’48” and 73°01’12” east longitudes. It has total an area of 10743 sq.km (10544.75 Km 2 Rural and 198.25 Km 2 Urban, census 2011) and is bounded in the north by the state of Rajasthan, towards west and south west by Kachchh district (Threat Rann of Kachchh and Little Rann of Kachchh) and towards southeast and east by the districts of Mahesana and Sabarkantha respectively.

' !§≠©Æ©≥¥≤°¥©∂• µÆ©¥≥* !££•≥≥©¢©¨©¥π - 0Ø∞µ¨°¥©ØÆ At present Banaskantha district has 14 talukas having 1233 villages (habituated).

Fig. 1.1 Administrative division Banaskantha district, Gujarat. The administrative Map of the district is given in Fig.-1.1 . The district headquarter, Palanpur, is connected with Ahmedabad through a National Highway-8C . The district is also connected by broad gauge railway line. Banaskantha district consist of 12 talukas as per census 2011 and later two more talukas Lakhani and Suigam have been created from the

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 2 existing district. Lakhani formed by part of the area of Deesa, Deodar and Tharad talukas and Suigam carved by most part of the area of Vav and small portion of area of Bhabhar taluka. Percentage of area of old talukas shared to constitute the new talukas is estimated based upon the GIS layers of administrative boundaries and given in Table 1.1. As per census 2011, total population of the district is 3120506 and population density is 290 per Km (Table 1.2). Total no. of villages are 1238 and out of which 5 are inhabituated.

Table:1.1 Area details of new talukas Lakhani and Suigam. New Taluka Bifurcation of area in Km 2 of old talukas Name Area in Name Existing New Area Area Km 2 old area in area in bifurcated bifurcated Km 2 Km 2 in Km 2 in % Lakhani 554.72 Dessa 1460.24 1044.89 415.353 28.44 Deodar 582.55 507.31 75.245 12.91 Tharad 1357.98 1293.855 64.125 4.72 Suigam 658.28 Bhabhar 429.26 423.71 5.548 1.29 Vav 1694.68 1041.94 652.74 38.51

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 3 Table:1.2 Taluka Wise Population, Population Density and area in Km 2 As Per Census – 2011( Ankadiya Rooprekha 2014-15) Village No.

Population Density In Taluka Area In Total Per(sq Name Of Inhabituated No of No. Name (sq. K.m.) Population k.m.) OG Habituated Inhabituaed Village Total Urban Literacy % 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 910111213 1 Vav 1694.67 246156 114 0 120 1 Nadabet 121 121485 59.4 2 Tharad 1357.98 327289 186 0 134 0 0 134 1 161883 59.8 3 Dhanera 849.77 230741 215 0 77 0 0 77 1 112043 59 4 Dantiwada 407.67 115221 211 0 57 0 0 57 60277 62.7 5 Amirgadh 607.22 132354 167 0 69 0 0 69 53044 50.8 6 Danta 860.74 224839 201 0 182 3 Dhunali,Amarpura,Vadusar 185 1 112999 63.4 7 Vadgam 565.87 240326 364 0 109 0 0 109 1 162098 78 8 Palanpur 788.98 438773 482 1 115 1 Ranapuri 116 3 301796 78.9 9 Deesa 1460.24 588123 314 0 148 0 0 148 2 322917 65.4 10 Diyodar 582.55 177919 251 0 70 0 0 70 1 96056 64.6 11 Bhabhar 428.97 123152 227 0 51 0 0 51 1 60384 59.2 12 Kankrej 795.5 275613 284 0 101 0 0 101 1 139941 60.5 Banaskantha 10400.16 3120506 290 1 1233 5 5 1238 12 1704923 65.3

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 4 . 0≤•∂©Øµ≥ ∑Ø≤´ Geological mapping in the Delhi-Araval1i mountainous region of the district has been carried out by a number of geo- scientists of the GSI, the prominent among them are Dr. A. M. Heron and P.K.Ghosh (Heron and Ghosh, 1938). Geological mapping in part of Santalpur taluka (Earlier in Banaskantha district), viz. Charar Island, was carried out by W.A.Wynne and Feddon (Wynne, 1884) of GSI. and by Biswas and Deshpande (1970) of Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).

Systematic hydrogeological surveys in the district commenced in the year 1967- 68, and were continued till 1987-88. The reappraisal hydrogeological surveys in the district were carried out during the year 1988-89. Table 1.3 shows the areas covered

in the district under systematic and reappraisal hydrogeological surveys by various scientists of GSI & CGWB.

Table 1.3 Status of Hydrogeological Surveys Sr. Name Organisation/ Details no. Years Systematic Hydrogeological Survey 1 S.A.Faruqui GSI,FS 19 67 -68 2800 sq.km. in upper Banas and Amardasi basins. 2 R.C.Tyagi GSI,FS 1968 -69 1350 sq.km. in parts Deesa and Dhanera talukas. 3 R.C.Jain, CGWB,FS 1981 -82 Parts of Danta Taluka, Sabarmati. Basin 4 R.C.Jain CGWB,FS 1982 -83 2300 sq.km., Deodar, Kankr ej, Vav and Tharad talukas

5 Arun Kumar CGWB,FS 1982 -83 2300 sq.km., parts of Tharad, Deesa, Vav Dhanera talukas. 6 R.C.Jain, CGWB,FS 1987 -88 Radhanpur, Santalpur talukas Reappraisal Hydrogeological /Groundwater Management studies Survey 7 Arun CGWB,FS 2000 sq.km.,UNDP project area, Mahesana and Kumar 1979-80 Banaskantha districts

8 M‚V.Nambiar CGWB,FS In Parts of Banaskantha 1988-89 9 S.S.Rathore CGWB,FS do 1988-89 10 L.K.Mathur CGWB,FS do 1988-89 11 Biswarup CGWB, AAP Do Mohapatra 2007-08

Ground water exploration in the district commenced during 1961-62, when under I Ind phase of ground water exploration programme, ETO (now CGWB) drilled

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 5 12 boreholes. The ground water exploration in the district was continued under various phases till 2017-18. Table 1.4 summarises the ground water exploration activity in the district.

Table 1.4 Status of Groundwater Exploration Sr Progra Organis No. of No EW OW SH Pz Depth Remarks n m ation/ site of range o year explored well 1 II Phase ETO 12 12 12 - - - 98 to 457 Testwell-6 1961-62 Abandoned -6 2 18 EW CGWB 6 6 6 - - - 77.2 to Testwell-4 Prog. in 1970-72 618.70 Abandoned Gujarat -2 3 UNDP CGWB/ 3 10 5 2 - 3 48.70 to Test well Phase-II UNDP 321.87 11-5 1971-74 4 GW CGWB 3 4 3 1 - - 81.00 to Aband. Explorat 1988-89 250.00 ion 5 GW CGWB 5 13 5 8 - - 30 to 451 Explorat 1994-95 ion 6 GW CGWB 2 5 2 3 - - 35 to 450 Explorat 1995-96 ion 7 Piezome CGWB 4 9 - - - 9 28 to 200 ter 1996-97 construc tion 8 Piezome CGWB 2 5 - - - 5 40 to 200 ter 1997-98 construc tion 9 GW CGWB 1 1 1 - - - 198 Explorat 2000-01 ion 10 Acceler CGWB 4 4 4 - - - - ated 2001-02 Explorat ion through outsourc ing 11 Piezome CGWB 3 7 - - - 7 80 to 200 ter 2004-05 construc

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 6 tion

12 Piezome CGWB 4 10 - - - 10 43 to 200 ter 2005-06 construc tion 13 Piezome CGWB 2 3 - - - 3 92 to 95 ter 2006-07 construc tion 14 Piezome CGWB 3 4 4 63 to 200 ter 2009-10 construc tion 15 Piezome CGWB 3 8 - - - 8 30 to 200 ter 2010-11 construc tion GW 3 6 4 2 35 to 200 explorat ion 16 Piezome CGWB 5 6 - - - 6 32 to 200 ter 2011-12 construc tion GW 10 14 9 3 2 - 32 to 352 explorat ion 17 GW CGWB 8 17 12 2 2 1 62 to 300 Hard rock explorat 2014-15 ion 18 GW CGWB 3 4 4 - - - 42 to 300 Hard rock explorat 2015-16 ion 19 GW CGWB 2 4 3 1 - - 56 to 300 Hard rock explorat 2016-17 ion 20 GW CGWB 48 78 58 20 - - 54 to 310 Exploration explorat 2017-18 based on ion data gap through analysis in Outsour alluvium cing area Total 136 230 128 42 4 56

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 7 During the National Aquifer Mapping Program (NAQUIM) data gap analysis was done and groundwater exploration was carried out at 48 site (Table 1.4) through outsourcing. During this exploration 58 EW and 20 OW were constructed in year 2017-18 and data is given in Appendix-I.

In the district a total of 230 well at 136 sites were constructed in various categories as EW, OW, Piezometer and slime hole.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 8 )) 0(93)/'2!0(9 !.$ $2!).!'% " 0®π≥©Øß≤°∞®π §©∂©≥©ØÆ The district can be divided in three main parts – the hilly- mountainous region having high relief and rugged topography covering parts of Dhanera, Palanpur, Vadgaon and entire Danta taluka in the east, the piedmont zone all along the periphery of hilly area, and west and southwest of River Banas the area is flat plain with occasional undulations given rise to by sand dunes and mounds in the west. The western extension of this plain merges into the marshy area of Rann of Kutch.

Geomorphologically the district can be divided into sub major zones

Dissected Hilly Terrain: The rugged hilly terrain in the ortheast forming parts of Danta, Palanpur and Dhanera talukas is made up of Delhi metasediments and post Delhi intrusives and is the southern extension of Delhi- Arava11i mountain range.This range is characterized by high hills and linear ridges with narrow intermontane valley. The metasediments like quartzites and paragneisses generally form high hills of structural origin while intrusives like granites and metabasites form hills of denudational origin. Calc- rich metasediments, viz. calc schists and calc gneisses form low lying ridges and/or sediments. This entire belt is highly undulating and rugged with very high and variable terrain relief and is a combined result of differential Weathering and erosion off various 1itho units. These hilly areas support dense forests inhabited by tribal.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 9 Fig.2.1 Physiographic division of Banaskantha district

Fig. 2.2 3D map of Banaskantha district.

Piedmont Plain with Inselbergs: A belt of about 20-30 km width fringing the hilly terrain in the north and east approximately upto east longitude 72”15' constitutes piedmont plain. This belt is characterized by moderate to low relief, shallow alluvium (less than 40 m thick) and occasional inliers of older rocks. Isolated hillocks, tors, inselbergs and ridges of granites and older metamorphics, rise abruptly above the sandy plains breaking the monotony.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 10 The isolated hills in this belt attain elevations of 317 m amsl at Bhakhar and 364 m amsl near Chitrasni, However, the general elevation of this plain ranges from 180 to 240 m amsl Alluvial Plain: It is the single most prominent geomorphic unit and covers a major part of the district. Wind as carrier has deposited sand and silt covering paleotopography and older formations. It is a vast sandy tract characterized by gently sloping, slightly rolling to undulating topography owing to presence of sand dunes. The dunal landscape is more pronounced in parts of Dhanera, Deesa, Tharad and Deodar talukas. The sand dunes are mostly stabilised, however, in the western parts they are open to active wind erosion and deposition. The dunes are longitudinal in nature and can be grouped under "seifs". Inter-dunal depressions are common giving rise to small size "playas", wherein, salt deposition or encrustation is often observed. This belt in general has very low drainage density and most of the area , particularly the western part, is devoid of well developed drainage. River alluvium is observed mainly along the m rivers or flood plain deposits, Banas and Sipu in the form of flood plain deposits bars, levees, etc. Sedimentary Pediplain: In the west and southwest, bordering alluvial plain and covering parts of Vav, Suigam and Tharad is a featureless gently sloping sedimentary pediplain which merges with the Rann of Kachchh. This belt is made up of marine sedimentary formation of Jurassic and Tertiary periods and is often covered by a veneer of eolian sand. This belt has an elevation of about 40-50 m amsl, except for Chorar Island where Mesozoic sedimentary rocks have given rise to undulating upland with maximum elevation of 67 m amsl.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 11 "" $≤°©Æ°ß• The drainage network in the district is constituted mainly by the Banas and Sarashwati rivers and their tributaries. In the extreme east, Sabarmati river forms district boundary with Sabarkantha district and in part controls the drainage network of the hilly area east of Danta. Other important rivers passing through or originating from the district are Arjuni, Sipu, Balaram, Khari, Khapra, Kalari, Gujudi, Dholka, Umardashi, Chekaria, Selvam, Rel, Ravi and Sirinala. Since the district experiences a semi arid type of climate, the rivers flowing through it are of ephemeral nature i.e. have water during monsoon only and dry up after monsoon. Some of the rivers like Banas and Saraswati, however carry fairly good amount of water during rainy season. Most of the rivers have south and south westerly flow directions.

There are few important lakes in the district i.e Ganga Saragar near Jethi Village in Palanpur taluka, Man Sarover near Chitrasani village and Dantiwala lake constructed near Dantiwada Dam. Various canals drawn from the lakes irrigate the land of the district.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 12 ))) 3/),* ,!.$53%* !'2)#5,452%* )22)'!4)/. !.$ 352&!#% 7!4%2 2%3/52#%3

' 3Ø©¨5 In Banaskantha district major part of the soils are sandy in nature. In general the soils are poor to medium in fertility and water retention capacity. Most soils have good aeration, porosity and permeability. The hydraulic conductivity of the soils ranges from as low as 0 for saline and alkali soils in the western part to more than 7cm/hr for calcareous sandy soils in the north and west. Soils of the district fall in five broad categories as below.

I) Saline and alkali soils: These are typically deep, grey calcareous sandy clay loams of low permeability.

II) Calcareous sandy loams: These are generally Deep, light grey or brown sandy loams of moderate to good permeability and drainage.

III) Calcareous sandy soils: These are mostly pale yellow and brown sands & loamy sands of good depth and high permeability.

IV) Non calcic brown soils: These are characterised by pale brown to brown deep loamy sands and sandy loams of adequate to good permeability.

V) Non calcic red brown soils: These are of mixed colluvial and alluvial derivations from rocks of the Aravalli system. Mostly deep loamy sands to sandy loams with adequate to good hydraulic conductivity.

'" ,°Æ§ µ≥• The total area reported for land use purposes was 10448.41 km 2 in year 2014- 15 while the total geographical area is 10743 Km 2 (Census 2011). The net sown area was 7440.87 Km 2 which is 71% of the total area reported. Taluka wise details of land utilization in the district for the year 2014-15 are given in Table 3.1 and salient details of land use pattern are as below.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 13 Sr. No. Classification of the area Area (Km 2) 1.Forest Area 1106.55 2. Land put to non-agriculture use 529.39 3. Barren and uncultivable land 309.88 4. Permanent pasture and other Grazing land 651.39 5. Cultivable waste 175.77 6. Land under misc. tree crops and groves not included in Area sown - 7.Current fallow 234.56 8. Fallow land other than current fallow - 9.Net area sown 7440.87 10.Area sown more than once 2894.28 11.Cropping intensity 138.67

'' !ß≤©£µ¨¥µ≤• Banaskantha is primarily an agriculture district with about 73% of total reported area under cultivation. Large part of the is under food crops like Bajri, Jowar, Wheat, Maize, Barley, Rice, Tur and Gram. The non-food crops or cash crops grown in the district area Cotton, Castor, Jira, Til and Groundnut. Apart from these crops, cultivation of Cucumber, and Potato in the river bed widespread in parts of Deesa, Kankrej and Dhanera talukas. The area under different crops for the year 2013-14 is given in Table 3.2.

3.31 #≤Ø∞ #°¨•Æ§°≤

Month of sowing and harvesting of various crops in the district for the year 2014- 15are given below.

Crop Month of sowing Time of Harvesting 1. Castor 15 th August 90 to 100 days of first harvesting 2. Bajri 1 st – 7 th June 85 to 90 days 3. Groundnut 1 st – 7 th June 100 to 121 days 4.Maze 8 th – 15 th June 85 to 110 days 5. Gawar 24 th – 30 th July 90 to 110 days 6. Cotton 25 th May – 7 th June 90 to 100 days 7.Mug 15 th June 70 to 75 days 8.Math 1 st – 5 th July 90 to 115 days

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 14 9. Chola 15 th June 65 to 75 days 10.Udad 15 th June 70 to 80 days 11.Wheat 15to 25 th November 120 days 12.Mustard 8 th 21 st October 105 to 125 days 13.Jira 1 st – 7 November 100 to 110 days 14.Ishabgole Nov. – December 100 days 15.Potato November 100 days

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 15 Table: 3.1 Land use classification of the Banaskantha district

Sr. Taluka Land not available for Other uncultivable land Fallow land No cultivation excluding fallow . Total Total (6+7) papers (15+16) Net area sown Area Forestunder Cropping intensity Total cropped area Area according tovillage Area sown more than once Land put to non agricultural uses Barren & uncultivable land Permanent pastures & other grazing lands Land undermiscellaneous tree cropsgroves & not included net in area sown Culturable waste Total (8+9+10) Fallow land other than current fallow Current fallow

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 Amirgadh 608.99 372.38 20.3 5.39 25.69 27.03 0 1.85 28.88 0 6.44 6.44 175.6 51.64 227.24 129.41 2 Danta 859.01 507.02 26.66 35.45 62.11 15.35 0 18.2 33.55 0 29.35 29.35 226.98 37.04 264.02 116.32 3 Deesa 1456.68 3.93 108.99 26.69 135.68 132.12 0 14.7 146.82 0 32.96 32.96 1137.29 886.67 2023.96 177.96 4 Dhanera 842.98 3.82 48.4 18.19 66.59 55.03 0 9.24 64.27 0 34.8 34.8 673.5 319.48 992.98 147.44 5 Diyodar 593.05 0 16.88 8.16 25.04 51.1 0 0.66 51.76 0 10.57 10.57 505.68 314.14 819.82 162.12 6 Dantiwada 417.95 70.32 47.67 4.73 52.4 25.43 0 5.63 31.06 0 4.67 4.67 259.5 137.46 396.96 152.97 23.4 7 Kankrej 825.17 0 32.39 39.85 72.24 45.6 0 6 69.06 0 24.8 24.8 659.07 164.68 823.75 124.99 8 Palanpur 792.31 54.91 45.55 24.23 69.78 47.68 0 12.3 59.98 0 16.85 16.85 590.79 293.16 883.95 149.62 9 Tharad 1351 0.2 38.95 5.43 44.38 102.14 0 13.8 115.94 0 20.58 20.58 1169.9 338.98 1508.88 128.98 12.2 10 Vadgam 562.42 13.2 35.79 31.97 67.76 42.5 0 2 54.72 0 6.33 6.33 420.41 217.08 637.49 151.64 62.1 11 Vav 1709.6 80.77 84.99 93.6 178.59 79.15 0 1 141.26 0 41.93 41.93 1267.05 74.9 1341.95 105.91 12 Bhabhar 429.25 0 22.82 16.19 39.01 28.26 0 1.6 29.86 0 5.28 5.28 355.1 59.35 414.45 116.71 175. Total 10448.41 1106.55 529.39 309.88 839.27 651.39 0 77 827.16 0 234.56 234.56 7440.87 2894.58 10335.45 138.67

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 16 Table: 3.2 Agriculture-Area under different crops.

Taluka Year Food Total Total Cereals Total Total fruit Total Total Area Total Total Total Total Name crops Grains Pulses and Grain and food under non fibrous Oil Tobacco and Fodder total area Pulses and vegetable Crops food crops crop crops medicinal Crops Spices crops Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Amirgadh 2013- 67260 39355 9975 49330 4085 4650 67270 28595 780 24465 2550 14570 14 Danta 2013- 20552 10269 4270 14539 1009 5116 20552 12021 490 10310 87 3221 14 Deesa 2013- 28206 17920 2620 20540 371 2756 28206 11951 1660 8449 0 8951 14 Dhanera 2013- 37242 17432 10158 27590 347 4467 37242 17035 537 15730 453 8375 14 Diyodar 2013- 187314 60310 25884 86165 705 33010 187315 29500 3320 59975 5606 13550 14 Dantiwad 2013- 76655 30700 8030 38730 210 1915 76655 13800 210 38500 630 9800 a 14 Kankrej 2013- 43565 21470 4035 25505 980 7030 43565 12130 300 14350 1140 7100 14 Palanpur 2013- 84464 42420 7024 49444 8300 3070 84464 23436 21320 43277 1805 9376 14 Tharad 2013- 53770 15530 8570 24100 3680 3570 53770 17685 12000 37550 455 7500 14 Vadgam 2013- 39530 16200 7650 23850 5000 850 39530 13700 4500 18850 200 5000 14 Vav 2013- 108717 59134 42777 101911 38430 678 108717 22700 328 20220 20 7000 14 Bhabhar 2013- 137638 62535 27317 89852 14000 2156 137638 37950 305 48200 1890 15000 14 Total 884913 393275 158310 551556 77117 69268 884924 240503 45750 339876 14836 109443

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 17 '. )≤≤©ß°¥©ØÆ 6 !≤•° )≤≤©ß°¥•§ ¢π §©¶¶•≤•Æ¥ 3Øµ≤£•≥ The area irrigated by different sources in the district during 2006 – 07 are presented in Table-3, which indicate that tubewells are the main source of irrigation in the district The gross area irrigated for both the sources taken together was 47400 Hact. for the year 2006 – 07 (Table- 3).

Ç !

Area S Area S No. Source Source irrigated No. irrigated 1 Govt.Canals 1950.36 6 Tubewells(Electrified) 240 2 Tanks 237 7 River Lift 3 Wells 8 Other (Adbsnds Lift) 290 Wells 4 212 9 Net Irrigated Area 466 (Electrified) 474 5 Tubewells 10 Gross Irrigated Area

{ L 5 t

'8 3µ≤¶°£• 7°¥•≤ 2•≥Øµ≤£•≥ The surface water resources of the district are very limited. Groundwater is the main source of irrigation. There are no perennial rivers flowing through the district. Important irrigation schemes (Table-2) of the district are as follows:

Table3.4: Medium and Major Irrigation Schemes (000Hectares)

Sr. no. Name of scheme Ultimate Irrigation Potential created upto Balance Potential March '06 Irrigation Potential 1 Mukteshvar Irri. Project 6.186 6.186 - 2 Sipu Reservoir Project 16.00 16.0 - 3 Hadmatiya Irri. Scheme 0.792 0.792 - 4 Dantiwada 44.52 44.52 - Source: Irrigation Department, Palanpur

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 18 )6 (9$2/-%4%/2/,/'9

. #,)-!4% The district has semi arid climate. Climate in the district is characterised by the hot summer and dryness in the non-rainy seasons. The year is marked by four distinct seasons i.e cold from December to February followed by the hot season from March to May/(mid-June). The south-west monsoon season is from mid June to mid September and Post monsoon season is from mid September to end of October. May is the hottest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 41 0 C. January is the coldest month in which the mean daily minimum temperature of 9.8 0 C recorded in 1998. Annual rainfall of the district is 578.8 mm and is mostly received during the south-west monsoon season from June to September. Climatological data of Deesa IMD station (1951-1980) is given in the Table 4.1 and Fig 4.1.

Table 4.1 - Climatological data of Deesa IMD station (1951-1980)

Month Humidity Wind Sunshine Evapotran Rainfall Maximum Minimum (%) Speed ( Hours) spiration ( mm) Temp. Temp. ( kmpd) ( mm/Day) ( ° C ) ( ° C ) January 27.3 9.8 44 129.4 8.9 3.5 2.7 February 30.2 12.0 38.5 127.7 9.5 4.3 0.9 March 35.1 17.1 34.5 136.3 10.1 5.7 4.3 April 39.0 21.9 34.5 134.6 10.8 6.8 0.1 May 41.0 25.3 43.0 184.6 11.4 8.2 1.4 June 38.5 26.7 56.5 246.7 8.7 7.5 59.2 July 33.6 25.4 73.0 201.8 5.3 5.0 215.7 August 32.2 24.5 77.0 162.2 5.4 4.4 163.2 September 33.7 23.5 68.0 122.5 7.9 4.8 102.2 October 36.1 19.7 47.0 100.1 9.6 4.7 12.6 November 33.0 15.2 42.0 103.5 9.3 3.8 10.2 December 29.3 11.2 44.5 115.6 8.9 3.3 6.3 Total 578.8 Average 34.1 19.4 50.2 147.1 8.8 5.2

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 19 Fig 4.1- Climatological Parameters of Deesa Observatory

." 2!).&!,,

Rainfall data in respect of 6 rain gauge station representing Banaskantha district have been collected from Water Resources Investigation (WRI), State Data Centre, Govt. of Gujarat, Gandhinagar. Data has been analysed for the year of 1981 to 2016 (36 years). The average annual rainfall of the area is 552.62 mm (year 1981-2016), although there is a considerable variation from year to year. It occurs generally during the months of June to September. Isohyetal map (Fig. 4.2) for the year 2016 shows that the progressive decrease in annual rainfall towards west. It is more than 690 mm in east side and less than 290 mm.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 20 Fig.4.2 Isohyetal map year 2016, District Banaskantha.

.' $2/5'(4 !.!,93)3 Drought frequency was computed for the 6 rain gauge station of the Banaskantha district (Table 4.2.a, b & c, Table 4.3 ). These frequencies area based on the agriculture definition of drought which takes into account the negative departures of annual rainfall from mean annual rainfall as given below. Rainfall, Departure and Cumulative Departure are presented in Fig. 4.3a, b & c . Departure from annual mean (%) Type of Drought 0.1 to 25.0 Mild Drought 25.1 to 50.0 Normal Drought 50.1 to 75.0 Severe Drought 75.1 to 100.0 Most severe Drought (rare drought)

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 21 Table:4.2a

Rainfall, Departures, Cumulative Departures Rainfall, Departures, Cumulative Departures and type of Drought and type of Drought Station Amirgadh Station Bapla Year Rainfall Departure Cumulative type of Year Rainfall Departure Cumulative type of Departures Drought Departures Drought 1981 456.5 -0.37 -0.37 Normal 1981 487.3 -0.04 -0.04 Mild 1982 511 -0.30 -0.67 Normal 1982 416 -0.18 -0.21 Mild 1983 636.5 -0.12 -0.79 Mild 1983 539 0.07 -0.14 1984 601.5 -0.17 -0.96 Mild 1984 572.5 0.13 -0.01 1985 389 -0.46 -1.43 Normal 1985 186 -0.63 -0.64 Sever 1986 248.5 -0.66 -2.09 Sever 1986 126.5 -0.75 -1.39 Sever 1987 114.2 -0.84 -2.93 Most Sever 1987 49 -0.90 -2.30 Most Sever 1988 638.2 -0.12 -3.05 Mild 1988 459 -0.09 -2.39 Mild 1989 475.3 -0.35 -3.40 Normal 1989 390 -0.23 -2.61 Mild 1990 1244 0.71 -2.68 1990 964 0.91 -1.71 1991 545.5 -0.25 -2.93 Mild 1991 192 -0.62 -2.33 Sever 1992 1137.5 0.57 -2.37 1992 890 0.76 -1.56 1993 620.5 -0.15 -2.51 Mild 1993 526.5 0.04 -1.52 1994 1436 0.98 -1.53 1994 929 0.84 -0.68 1995 511 -0.30 -1.83 Normal 1995 272.5 -0.46 -1.14 Normal 1996 481 -0.34 -2.17 Normal 1996 339 -0.33 -1.47 Normal 1997 889 0.22 -1.94 1997 621.5 0.23 -1.24 1998 534 -0.26 -2.21 Normal 1998 317 -0.37 -1.61 Normal 1999 258.5 -0.64 -2.85 Sever 1999 191.5 -0.62 -2.23 Sever 2000 348 -0.52 -3.37 Sever 2000 265.5 -0.47 -2.71 Normal 2001 646 -0.11 -3.48 Mild 2001 589 0.17 -2.54 2002 254.5 -0.65 -4.13 Sever 2002 160 -0.68 -3.23 Sever 2003 894.5 0.23 -3.90 2003 722 0.43 -2.80 2004 465.7 -0.36 -4.26 Normal 2004 287 -0.43 -3.23 Normal 2005 1149.5 0.58 -3.68 2005 425 -0.16 -3.39 Mild 2006 1770 1.44 -2.24 2006 1025 1.03 -2.36 2007 1467 1.02 -1.22 2007 452 -0.11 -2.46 Mild 2008 782 0.08 -1.15 2008 449 -0.11 -2.57 Mild 2009 512 -0.30 -1.44 Normal 2009 253 -0.50 -3.07 Normal 2010 855 0.18 -1.26 2010 710 0.41 -2.67 2011 926 0.27 -0.99 2011 894 0.77 -1.90 2012 853 0.17 -0.81 2012 573.5 0.14 -1.76 2013 912 0.26 -0.56 2013 891 0.76 -1.00 2014 648 -0.11 -0.67 Mild 2014 616.5 0.22 -0.78 2015 1183 0.63 -0.04 2015 933 0.85 0.07 2016 753.5 0.04 0.00 2016 469 -0.07 0.00 Mild Mean 726.3167 Mean 505.0778

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 22 Table:4.2b

Rainfall, Departures, Cumulative Departures Rainfall, Departures, Cumulative Departures and and type of Drought type of Drought Station Deodar Station Mavsari Year Rainfall Departure Cumulative type of Year Rainfall Departure Cumulative type of Departures Drought Departures Drought 1981 533 0.16 0.16 1981 179 -0.481493398 -0.48 Normal 1982 228 -0.50 -0.35 Sever 1982 144 -0.582877371 -1.06 Sever 1983 895.6 0.95 0.60 1983 334 -0.032507244 -1.10 Mild 1984 431 -0.06 0.54 Mild 1984 537 0.555519804 -0.54 1985 293 -0.36 0.17 Normal 1985 122.6 -0.64486643 -1.19 Sever 1986 198 -0.57 -0.40 Sever 1986 146 -0.577084002 -1.76 Sever 1987 18 -0.96 -1.36 Most Sever 1987 9 -0.973929836 -2.74 Most Sever 1988 397 -0.14 -1.49 Mild 1988 319 -0.075957517 -2.81 Mild 1989 274 -0.40 -1.90 Normal 1989 158.4 -0.54116511 -3.35 Sever 1990 621 0.35 -1.55 1990 549.7 0.592307696 -2.76 1991 131 -0.72 -2.26 Sever 1991 60.1 -0.825909237 -3.59 Most Sever 1992 397 -0.14 -2.40 Mild 1992 245 -0.290312199 -3.88 Normal 1993 563 0.22 -2.18 1993 404 0.170260701 -3.71 1994 507 0.10 -2.08 1994 485.5 0.40634052 -3.30 1995 204 -0.56 -2.63 Sever 1995 262.5 -0.239620213 -3.54 Mild 1996 208 -0.55 -3.18 Sever 1996 349 0.010943031 -3.53 1997 612 0.33 -2.85 1997 395 0.144190537 -3.39 1998 408 -0.11 -2.96 Mild 1998 410 0.18764081 -3.20 1999 137.5 -0.70 -3.66 Sever 1999 202.5 -0.413421307 -3.61 Normal 2000 384.5 -0.16 -3.83 Mild 2000 503 0.457032506 -3.15 2001 489.5 0.06 -3.76 2001 443.5 0.284679755 -2.87 2002 173 -0.62 -4.39 Sever 2002 69 -0.800128742 -3.67 Most Sever 2003 705 0.53 -3.86 2003 597.2 0.729900224 -2.94 2004 246 -0.47 -4.32 Normal 2004 194 -0.438043129 -3.38 Normal 2005 543 0.18 -4.14 2005 213.5 -0.381557773 -3.76 Normal 2006 1376 1.99 -2.15 2006 894 1.589636303 -2.17 2007 492 0.07 -2.08 2007 500 0.448342452 -1.72 2008 393 -0.15 -2.23 Mild 2008 267 -0.226585131 -1.95 Mild 2009 277 -0.40 -2.63 Normal 2009 173 -0.498873512 -2.45 Normal 2010 651 0.41 -2.21 2010 748 1.166720308 -1.28 2011 510 0.11 -2.10 2011 699 1.024782747 -0.26 2012 381 -0.17 -2.27 Mild 2012 383 0.109430318 -0.15 2013 1125 1.45 -0.83 2013 580 0.680077244 0.53 2014 580 0.26 -0.57 2014 148 -0.571290634 -0.04 Sever 2015 786 0.71 0.14 2015 457 0.323785001 0.29 2016 396 -0.14 0.00 Mild 2016 246.5 -0.285967171 0.00 Normal Mean 460.1139 Mean 345.2222

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 23 Table:4.2c

Rainfall, Departures, Cumulative Departures Rainfall, Departures, Cumulative Departures and type of Drought and type of Drought Station Panthawada Station Tharad Year Rainfall Departure Cumulative type of Year Rainfall Departure Cumulative type of Departures Drought Departures Drought 1981 469 -0.06 -0.06 Mild 1981 264 -0.35 -0.35 Normal 1982 344.5 -0.31 -0.36 Normal 1982 143 -0.65 -0.99 Sever 1983 519 0.04 -0.32 1983 368.2 -0.09 -1.08 Mild 1984 493 -0.01 -0.33 Mild 1984 467 0.15 -0.93 1985 265 -0.47 -0.79 Normal 1985 249 -0.38 -1.31 Normal 1986 112.5 -0.77 -1.57 Most Sever 1986 154 -0.62 -1.93 Sever 1987 41 -0.92 -2.49 Most Sever 1987 27 -0.93 -2.87 Most Sever 1988 277 -0.44 -2.93 Normal 1988 429 0.06 -2.81 1989 348 -0.30 -3.23 Normal 1989 331 -0.18 -2.99 Mild 1990 876 0.76 -2.47 1990 801 0.98 -2.01 1991 181 -0.64 -3.10 Sever 1991 68.5 -0.83 -2.84 Most Sever 1992 1077 1.17 -1.94 1992 551 0.36 -2.48 1993 543.5 0.09 -1.84 1993 566 0.40 -2.08 1994 966.5 0.94 -0.90 1994 695 0.72 -1.36 1995 255.5 -0.49 -1.39 Normal 1995 189.5 -0.53 -1.89 Sever 1996 300 -0.40 -1.78 Normal 1996 279 -0.31 -2.20 Normal 1997 766.5 0.54 -1.24 1997 332 -0.18 -2.38 Mild 1998 555.5 0.12 -1.12 1998 344 -0.15 -2.53 Mild 1999 298 -0.40 -1.52 Normal 1999 106 -0.74 -3.27 Sever 2000 247 -0.50 -2.03 Sever 2000 256 -0.37 -3.64 Normal 2001 610.5 0.23 -1.80 2001 434.5 0.07 -3.56 2002 175 -0.65 -2.45 Sever 2002 143 -0.65 -4.21 Sever 2003 498.53 0.00 -2.44 2003 664 0.64 -3.57 2004 257.5 -0.48 -2.93 Normal 2004 223 -0.45 -4.02 Normal 2005 447 -0.10 -3.03 Mild 2005 493 0.22 -3.80 2006 896 0.80 -2.22 2006 1190.5 1.94 -1.85 2007 584 0.17 -2.05 2007 545 0.35 -1.51 2008 328 -0.34 -2.39 Normal 2008 310 -0.23 -1.74 Mild 2009 216 -0.57 -2.95 Sever 2009 283 -0.30 -2.04 Normal 2010 724.5 0.46 -2.50 2010 667 0.65 -1.39 2011 681.5 0.37 -2.13 2011 548 0.35 -1.04 2012 636 0.28 -1.85 2012 335 -0.17 -1.21 Mild 2013 754.5 0.52 -1.33 2013 866 1.14 -0.07 2014 785 0.58 -0.75 2014 208 -0.49 -0.55 Normal 2015 882 0.77 0.02 2015 779 0.93 0.37 2016 485.5 -0.02 0.00 Mild 2016 254.5 -0.37 0.00 Normal Mean 497.1397 Mean 404.5472

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 24 Fig.4.3a Rainfall, departure and cumulative departure Amirgadh and Bapla stations

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 25 Fig.4.3b Rainfall, departure and cumulative departure Deodr and Mausari stations

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 26 Fig.4.3c Rainfall, departure and cumulative departure Panthawada and Tharad stations

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 27 Table 4.3: Drought frequency analysis of rain gauge stations Amirgadh, Bapla, Deodar, Mausari, Panthawada and Tharad (1980 to 2016) Station Mild Drought Normal Drought Severe Drought Most severe Drought Year Frequenc Year Frequency Year Frequenc Year Frequency y (%) (%) y (%) (%) Amirgadh 1983, 19.44 1981, 1982, 25 1986, 11.11 1987 2.78 1984, 1985, 1989, 1999, 1988, 1995, 1996, 2000, 1991, 1998, 2004, 2002 1993, 2009 2001, 2014 Bapla 1981, 22.22 1995, 16.67 1985, 13.89 1987 2.78 1984, 1996, 1998, 1986, 2005, 2000, 2004, 1991, 2016 2009 1999, 2002 Deodar 1984, 22.22 1985, 1989, 11.11 1982, 19.44 1987 2.78 1988, 2004, 2009 1986, 1992, 1991, 1998, 1995, 2000, 1996, 2008, 1999, 2012, 2002 2016 Mavsari 1983, 11.11 1981, 1992, 19.44 1982, 13.89 1987, 8.33 1988, 1999, 2004, 1985, 1991, 1995, 2005,2009, 1986, 2002 2008 2016 1989, 2014 Panthawada 1981, 11.11 1982, 1985, 25.00 1991, 11.11 1986, 5.56 1984, 1988, 1989, 2000, 1987 2005, 1995, 1996, 2002, 2016 1999, 2004, 2009 2008 Tharad 1983, 16.67 1981, 1985, 22.22 1982, 13.89 1987, 5.56 1989, 1996, 2000, 1986, 1991 1997, 2004, 2009, 1995, 1998, 2014, 2016 1999, 2008, 2002 2012

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 28 The following conclusions can be drawn from the classification of drought and frequency of their occurrence. 1. The district as a whole has drought frequency in the range of 52.78% (Mavsari & Panthawada) to 58.33% (Amirgadh & Tharad) with district average of 55.56%. This shows that the district is drought affected almost every alternate year. 2. The frequency of occurrence of mild and normal drought in the district is about 37.04%. This shows that the district is affected by such draughts almost ones in three years. 3. The severe and most severe drought conditions prevailed during 18.52% of the years, i.e., about once in five years. 4. The frequency of occurrence of severs drought in the district varies from 11.11% (Amirgadh & Panthawada) to 19.44% (Deodar). The district average is 13.89%. This reveals that the district was affected by severe drought once in 6 to 7 years. 5. Rare draughts of most severe intensity occurred once in twenty years with have range of draught frequency from 2.78% to 8.33%. Mavsari is most drought affected (frequency 8.33%), frequency 5.6% owed by Tharad and 2.78% Amirgadh, Bapla and Deodar. 6. During the years 1987, 1991 and 2002, most severe draught conditions prevailed in some parts of the district, whereas during the year 1987 the entire district was affected by most severe draught.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 29 66 '%/,/'9

'%/,/'9 Geologically area is underlain by formation ranging from Pre-Cambrian to Recent (Table 5.1, Fig. 5.1). Generalised geological succession in the district is given below.

Table: 5.1 Geological succession of Banaskantha district.

Era Perod/Ep Series/Formations Description och

Quaterna Recent to Alluvium Fluvial sediments, piedmont, Flood ry Pleistocene plain, valley filled & aeolian sand.

------Unconformity ------

Tertiary Pliocene Gaj/Manchhar Sandstone, grit, claystone shale

------Unconformity ------

Proterozo Pre- Post Delhi Erinpura Granite epidiorite, ic Cambrian Intrusive hornblende schist, gabbro etc.

Delhi Supper Limestone, calc schist, calc gneiss, group phyllite, biotite schist, quartzite

Archean Aravalli Supper Quartzite, schist phyllite (not group exposed in area)

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 30 Hydrogeological framework is mainly controlled by geological setup, distribution of rainfall in time and space and primary and secondary porosity of geological formations for the recharge and movement of water through them. Major part of the district is underlain by sedimentary formation where intergranular porosity and aquifer geometry play important role in groundwater occurrence and yield of well.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 31 Fig. 5.1 Geology of the Banaskantha district

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 32 8 0≤Ø¥•≤Ø∫Ø©£ Formations belonging to Aravalli Super group (Archean) are not exposed in the district. These are also not reported to have been encountered in the bore holes so far. However, these are exposed in the adjoining districts towards east, The rocks belonging to Delhi Super group represent the oldest formations exposed and occupy parts of Danta, Palanpur and Dhanera talukas in the north and northeastern parts of the district. The rocks belong to Ajabgarh group of Delhi System and are represented by calcareous, arenaceous and argillaceous metasediments and include marble, calc-schist calc-gneiss, phyllite, mica- schist and quartzite. These rocks are well developed in Ambaji, Pani and Panthawada areas and constitute a part of southwest extremity of Delhi synclinorium with major trend of NNE—SSW. The metasediments have been subjected to two distinct stages of folding. The axis of first stage of folding trends NNE-SSW, while the axis of superimposed fold trends NW-SE to E-W. These formations generally show low to moderate grade of metamorphism and large bodies of granite intrusive are exposed in their core.

The calcareous metasediments are represented by limestone, marble, calc-schist and calc-gneiss. Marble is well bedded, light to dark grey in colour with smooth weathered surface when pure and light ribbed surface when impure. Impure marble is usually siliceous with alternate bands of calcic and siliceous material. These metasediments form low linear ridges and are utilized for manufacture of cement and in the marble industry. The argillaceous metasediments like phyllite and mica schist occur in the intarraontarie valleys or between calc schist/1 imestone ridges. The arenaceous metasediments like quartzite and quartz—schist generally form high hills. Lenticular caught up patches of arenaceous metasediments are observed in the paragneisses and are highly granitized and migmatised at places.

The rocks of Delhi System have been extensively invaded by post Delhi intrusives of both acidic and basic nature. Three phases of igneous activity are noticed in the area.

(a) Basic igneous rocks which have been metamorphosed into hornblende schist, pyroxene granulite, talc schist, etc., arid represent syntec tonic phase. These are exposed in Danta—Sanali section, northwest of Satlasana and in the hilly areas around Dhanpura, Robaran, Kanpura, etc.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 33 (b) Gabbroic plutonic intrusive forming denudational hill is observed near village Kantiwas. Dykes and sills of dolerite and bafcsalt are observed at few places within the metasediments.

(C) The granite and pegmatite occupy large areas and prominent exposures are observed near Danta, Satlasana, Babbar hill, along Ambaji-Chitrasani or Balaram road and near Dantiwada and also in the form of tors and inselbargs in the piedmont plain between Danta and Palanpur and at; Bhakhar north of Deesa. These are considered equivalent to Erinpura granite and are extension of Abu granite or Idar granite.

Granites are grey and pink in colour, fine to coarse grained and porphyritic. The granite intrusives generally form high hills and occur in the cores of major anticlines of Delhi metasediments. At places, granitic intrusives have resulted in large scale granitisation and obliteration of the original rock type. .

8" 4•≤¥©°≤π

In the southern and eastern side of the Chorar upland, lateritic horizon with lithomargic clays and iron ore is exposed and is considered equivalent to sub-nummulitic group (Superatrapeans) ) . It overlie the Jurassic sediments with southernly dip and belongs to Eocene age?.

The Tertiary sediments belonging to Miocene and Pliocene period mainly comprise calcareous sandstone, limestone , clay and conglomerate. They are exposed as isolated outcrops in the western and southwestern parts of the district. Outcrops of these formations are ill seen because of a thin veneer of eolian sand. The sandstone and shale outcrops are, however, exposed near Vav, Padan, south of Morwada, south of Bhabhar and around Santalpur. Tertiary formations are also observed in well sections in the entire western and southwestern parts of the district.

8' 1µ°¥•≤Æ°≤π Quaternary alluvium occupies a major part of the district, except the hilly areas, covering almost all the older formations. It main y consists of fine to coarse grained sand, grave1 , silt and clay. The alluvium at surface represents the wind blown or eolian deposits and is in continuation of eolian sands of the Thar Desert in the north. The wind as a carrier

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 34 has brought and deposited eolian sand (alluvium) and has imparted mildly undulating dunal landscape. The ealian deposits at places are fine grained to silty, akin to loess, particularly in eastern and southern parts of the district. The maximum thickness of wind blown sand in the district is estimated to be 60 m.

The river alluvium is observed only along or near rivers and stream courses, whereas, piedmont alluvium is confined to narrow foot hill zones. The valley fill areas of Banas river extend from Roho to Kretar, Sarotra, Iqbalgadh, Dheri, Rampur and are characterized by the presence of coarse gravel, pebble and, cobble, which are encountered in dug wells and are exposed in Banas river section at a few places. The gravel/pebble deposits are made up of quartz and feldspar fragments, which are mostly sub-angular to sub-rounded. The maximum thickness of Quaternary alluvium is estimated to be 330 m in the central part of the district.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 35 6) 35"352&!#% '%/,/'96 $!4! ).4%202%4!4)/.* ).4%'2!4)/. °Æ§ !15)&%2 -!00).'

; $°¥° )Æ¥•ß≤°¥©ØÆ5 In order to establish the three dimensional disposition of the aquifer systems in the area, the existing data of lithological logs of Exploratory wells and Electrical logs interpretations of CGWB and State Ground Water Departments (GWRDC) were used to construct 3-D physical model.

A total of validated 162 lithologs of exploratory wells and piezometers constructed by CGWB and GWRDC, State Gujarat falling in Banaskantha district (Table 6.1) were utilised to decipher the subsurface geometry of the aquifer with the help of ROCKWORKS software. The analysed data represent lithological logs of 162 locations and 48 composite electrical logs up to the depth of 310 mbgl. Outsourced exploration was carried out by CGWB at 48 locations in the Western and central parts of the district upto the depth of 310 m bgl. At 48 locations, aquifers boundaries are deciphered in details by comparison of lithological logs and electrical logs (Fig.6.1) on paper and subsequently data transferred in ROCKWORKS software. Lithological information were analysed and generated 10 no. of cross sections, 3-D map along with panel diagram (Fig. 6.3, 6.4 & 6.5).

Table 6.1: Data integration No. Of Type of data & source Well Aquifer disposition CGWB 60 GWRDC, Govt. Of Gujart 102 Total 162

Water level CGWB 37 GWRDC, Govt. Of Gujart 46 Total 83 Analysis of Water Quality CGWB 13 GWRDC, Govt. Of Gujart 113 Total 126

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 36 ;" #ØÆ£•∞¥µ°¨©∫°¥©ØÆ Ø¶ !±µ©¶•≤ $©≥∞Ø≥©¥©ØÆ ©Æ '$ °Æ§ "$ £≤Ø≥≥ 3•£¥©ØÆ≥5 Hydrogeologic sections are synthesized based on the lithological logs and electrical logs. Electrical logs presenting SP, Short normal, long normal and Gama are arranged in the profile line (Fig.1). Utilized lithological logs and electric log profile to delineate the aquifer boundaries on paper. Deiminated data of aquifer boundaries was imported in ROCKWORKS software to synthesized the aquifer disposition in 2D and 3D. Hydrogeological sections in 10 no. along the section lines A-A’ to J-J’ are presented in Fig.6.2.

Fig.6.1 Section line presenting electrical logs profile. Two sets of hydrogeological sections are drawn. Section lines A-A’ to E-E’ presenting N- S direction and F-F’ to J-J’ drawn E-W direction (Fig.6.2). About 9 layers are deiminated in the depth representing Phreatic, First confined and second confined aquifer separated by semi pervious to impervious layers in the district. Unconsolidated formation underlain by semi- consolidated to consolidated hard formation delineated in the Easter side of the district. Sections presented in Fig. 6.2 limited to the maximum depth of 310 m bgl and described in the following paragraphs.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 37 Fig.6.2 Hydrogeologic map with section lines and Legend of the cross sections.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 38 ;" '$63¥°ß≤°∞®©£ ≠Ø§•¨ 3D stratigraphic model has been synthesized and shown in Fig. 6.3

Fig. 6.3 -3D Stratigraphic model of the Banaskantha ditrict

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 39 ;"" "$ #≤Ø≥≥ ≥•£¥©ØÆ≥

Fig. 6.4 2D cross section along section line A-A’ and B-B’ in NS direction of District.

Section A-A’, B-B’, C-C’ and D-D’ (Fig.6.4, 6.5 ) are drawn North and South and section lines extending from western part to central part of the area. Main three aquifers are identified. Phreatic aquifer is underlain by semi-pervious layer. This semi-pervious layer is clayey dominated and underlain by sandy dominated formation forming first confined aquifer. Thickness of semi-pervious layer is more in the western side and gradually reducing in the Eastern side. Similarly sand contents is also increasing in the Eastern side. Second confined aquifer is overlain by impervious layer mostly clayey in nature. In this area this second confined aquifer is productive in quantity as well as quality is concerned.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 40 Fig.6.5 2D cross section along section line C-C’ and D-D’ in NS direction of District.

In the central part of the area (Fig 4), in some places the semi-pervious layer underlain by First-confined aquifer is leaky and causes recharge to the deeper aquifer. As shown in section D-D’, First and Second- confined aquifers are separated by impervious layer of clay but in some places this confining layer is either pinches out or separated.

Section line E-E’ is drawn north -south and line F-F’ is east -west in the eastern part of the area (Fig. 6.6,). Alluvium formation predominantly sand content is directly overlain by

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 41 hard rock formation of Granite and Meta-sediments and forming single phreatic aquifer. At location Delwana (Section E-E’), sandstone which is equilant to Himmatnagar sandstone is encountered in the depth.

Fig.6.6 2D cross section along section line E-E’in NS and F-F’ in EW direction of District. Section line G-G’ to J-J’ (Fig. 6.7 & 6.8) are extending from western boundary to the eastern foot hill zone. Section represents number of granular horizons separated by semi- impervious to imperious sandy clay layers. Granular horizon are well separated in the western and central parts and forms different aquifer and further in the east these horizons are abut to the ridge in foot hill zone. This foot hill zone is considered to be a common recharge zone to the deeper aquifers.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 42 Fig.6.7 2D cross section along section line G-G’ and H-H’in EW direction of District.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 43 Fig.6.8 2D cross section along section line I-I’ and J-J’in EW direction of District.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 44 ;' 3µ¢ ≥µ≤¶°£• '•Ø¨Øßπ °Æ§ ®π§≤Øß•Ø¨Øßπ5 Sub surface geology and hydrogeology have been synthesized based upon the hydrogeological cross section and aquifer disposition are summarized in Table 6.2.

Two major aquifer units have been identified in the Banaskantha district within the

Table:6.2 Aquifer disposition

AQUFER DISPOSITION IN BANASKANTHA DISTRICT

Top of Symbol Layer Aquifer Lithological Occurring Thickness Nature of Nomenclature Characteristics from the range in m aquifer Depth (m bgl) Fine grained Ground blown sand 8 to 124 Unconfined level predominant Semi confined. Clay interbedded This layer with sand and becomes Aquifer Group A sandy clay. unconfined and Sand contents mixed the other 8 to 94 24 to 226 and its grain layers where it size increasing abated to hard from west to the rock in eastern east direction. side of the district. Medium to coarse sand and Aquifer B gravel 48 to 236 5 to 170 Confined- I interbedded with sandy clay Clay interbedded Aquitard with sand and 83 to 293 6 to 80 sandy clay Fine to medium sand Aquifer C 122 to 276 16 to 130 Confined- II interbedded with clay, sandy clay Clay interbedded Aquiclude with sand and 212 to 300 2 to 35 sandy clay.

Unconfined to Aquifer D Sandstone 46 to 121 34 to 97 Confined

Weathered Aquifer E 0 & 312 1 to 51 Unconfined Meta-sediments

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 45 explored depth of 310 m below surface. The upper unit is mostly phreatic, but water quality becomes saline when approaches to western part of the area. The lower unit comprises a few hundred meters of alternating sandy and argillaceous beds, forming a confined aquifer system. It is subdivided into First-confined and second- confined aquifers contained in post-Miocene deposits. The post-Miocene aquifers are mainly coarse to fine sands, with occasional gravel beds. The Sandstone which is equal lent to Himatnagar Sandstone (Cretaceous) is a medium to fine grained poorly cemented sandstone with shale constitutes a local aquifer in the eastern part of the area. Towards the Aravalli foothill belts in the eastern part of the area, the nature of the sediments is more uniform and there one signal aquifer unit, of phreatic nature, exists. This is also the principal recharge zone of the aquifer system (Fig. 6.9)

Towards the center of the area, the argillaceous intercalations act as confining layers of various efficiency. Here, the upper phreatic aquifer and two deeper, confined aquifers are identified. In many parts, leaky conditions are noted. Lateral changes in Aquifer characteristics, attributed to changes in the lithology of the aquifers are inferred from the interpretation of pumping tests The shallow, phreatic aquifer shows the most favorable hydraulic parameters and con- tains the best-quality ground water in the vicinity of the recharge zone, in the eastern part of the area. It deteriorates towards western part. The same trend in water quality is noted also in the confined aquifers. Ground-water quality also deteriorates with increasing depth.

;. !¨¨µ∂©°¨ Øµ¥ ∑°≥® ≥¨Ø∞•6 #Ø≠≠ØÆ ≤•£®°≤ß• ¢•¨¥5 A longitudinal foot hill zone which is known as common recharge belt (Fig.6.9) has been delineated based on lithological section F-F’, H-H’, I-I’ and J-J’. This area is about 1183 sq. Km and dimension are 88 Km long and 15 Km wide. This belt is very important in recharge point of view where all deeper aquifer are abated and merged and formed single aquifer. Section A-A’, B-B’, C-C’ and D-D’ (Fig.3, 4 ) are drawn North and South and section lines extending from western part to central part of the area.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 46 Fig.6.9 Alluvial out wash slope -Common recharge belt

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 47 6)) (9$2/'%/,/'9 Precambrian hard rocks, semi-consolidated Mesozoic and tertiary formations and unconsolidated quaternary alluvial deposits form multi layer aquifer system in the district. Groundwater occurs both under phreatic and confined conditions, however its development is restricted depending upon the aquifer geometry and yield characteristic of individual aquifer and/or ground water quality of the formation water. The Hydrogeological framework of the district is presented in Fig.7.1.

= /££µ≤≤•Æ£• Ø¶ '≤ØµÆ§∑°¥•≤ Based upon the studies carried out, two broad hydrogeological units have been identified (Fig 7.1) Occurrence of groundwater in these units are discussed below.

D II

The north-eastern part of the district is mainly occupied by meta-sediments and Post Delhi intrusives. The occurrence and movement of ground water is governed by secondary porosity i.e. thickness and extent of weathering and size & interconnections of fractures/joints.

These formations generally do not form very good aquifer system. The depth of dugwells ranges from 15-30 mbgl and of borewells ranges from 100-200 mbgl. Depth to water level in the dug wells varies from 5 -14 mbgl and in borewells from 15 to 60 mbgl. The successful borewells drilled so far, yielded in the range of 30-1036m 3 /day with an average yield of 240 m3/day.

There is a strong evidence indicating presence of potential fracture zones at the depth below 100 m, however contribution of yield to the total yield from these zones is about 15- 30% in general except at suitably identified locations i.e Karanpur in Danta taluka where contribution of yield from potential deeper zones is more than 75%.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 48 District

Sabarkantha 0

1 2

0 1 Danta District Mahesana

0 0

5 5

2 2 0

1 1

Amirgadh

5 7 Vadgam

1 PALANPUR

Dantiwada

1250 2

0 2 Deesa

0 5 2 2 Patan District Dhanera RAJASTHANSTATE

Kankrej

0 0 3 0

0 0 300 1

Deodar

0 0 0 5 Tharad

1 Bhabhar

5 Vav

0 1 Rann of Kachchh

Fig:7.1-Hydrogeology and Groundwater

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 49 Legend Hydrogeological Map

Wells Rigs Suitable Depth of Discharge Artificial Recharge Structure Feasible Well (m) (lpm) Suitable Dug Manual 10-25 200-300 Percolation Tanks/ Well Ponds, Recharge Wells, Direct Rotary, 50-100 600-1000 Soft Rock Aquifer Tubewell Reverse Rotary Dug Manual 15-30 200-300 Percolation Tanks/ Well Ponds, Recharge Wells, Soft Rock Direct Rotary 100-300 800-1000 Recharge Shaft Aquifer Tubewell Reverse Rotary Dug Manual 15- 30 200-300 Percolation Tanks/ Well Ponds, Recharge Wells, Soft Rock Aquifer Direct Rotary 100-300 1000-1200 Recharge Shaft Tubewell Reverse Rotary Dug Manual 10-25 60-150 Percolation Tanks/ Well Ponds, Recharge Wells, Hard Rock Down the Hole 100-200 100-300 Check Dams, Nalla Bunds. Aquifer Borewell Hammer (DTH) Not Suitable Check Dam, Nalla Bund, Gully Plug Hilly Areas Not Suitable except localised fresh water pockets Saline Area

Pre-monsoon Decadal mean Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm at 25° C) 20 00 (1993-2000) Depth to Water 20 Level (mbgl) Fluoride > Maximum Nitrate > Maximum Permissible Limit (100 === --- Permissible Limit (1.5 mg/l) mg/l)

AAA Over Exploited Taluka AAA Dark Taluka

Drainage ***/((( District/Taluka HQS

Rann/Marsh

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 50 D {

Northern and central parts of the north Gujarat including major part of the Banaskantha district is underlain by post Miocene alluvium and older semi consolidated Mesozoic and Tertiary sedimentary formations. These sedimentary formations form the most prolific multi- aquifer system comprising several confined aquifers; these sediments are mainly consisted of Coarse sand, gravel, kankar, silt, clay and clay stones. Groundwater occurs both under phreatic and confined conditions in arenaceous horizons within sedimentaries. The occurrence and movement of groundwater is mainly controlled by intergranular pore spaces. Two major aquifer units have been identified the upper unit is mostly phreatic but becomes semi confined to confined in some parts. It is designated as aquifer A and consists of relatively coarse grained sediments. The lower units comprising a few hundred metres of alternating sand and clay beds form confine aquifer system. It is further subdivided into aquifers of post Miocene sediments and aquifers in the Miocene sediments. The post Miocene aquifers are generally coarse to fine grained sand with occasional gravel beds. Confined aquifers in this area have been broadly grouped into, top of first confined (shallow) aquifer occurring in depth from 48 to 235 m bgl and the second confined aquifer (deep) in depth 122 to 276 m bgl. These aquifers extend from the foothill of the Aravallis in the northeast to the little Rann of Kachchh in the west. The Miocene aquifers are mainly fine to medium grained sand, sandstone interbedded with clay, clay stone and siltstone. Himmatnagar sandstone is generally coarse grained and friable. A typical schematic Hydrogeological cross section is presented below in Fig 7.2.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 51 Fig:7.2 - Schematic Section showing dual aquifer system Concept

=" '≤ØµÆ§∑°¥•≤ 2•ß©≠•5 Since 1969, Central Ground Water Board, as a part of its national programme, has established a network of observation wells in the state of Gujarat and UT of Daman and Diu for periodic monitoring of water levels and the variation in quality of groundwater. At present 1039 (dugwells-655 & 384 piezometers) National Network monitoring Stations including 19 open wells and 42 Piezometers in Banaskantha district which form the important part of North Gujarat mainland are being monitored. Distribution of Hydrograph network stations in different units is presented below in table 5.2. The ground water scenario of the district is presented here.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 52 Table-7.1. Distributions of Monitoring Stations in Banaskantha District

Rock Type Dug Wells Piezometers Total Area Hard rock 6 1 7 Soft rock 13 41 54 Total 19 42 61 Basin Subbasin Dug Wells Piezometers Total Draining into Rupam 25 Gulf Luni & other Luni 6 draining into Great Rann of Draining into Great Rann of Kutch 26 Kutch Sabarmati Laft bank upto Hatmati 1 Right bank beyond Hatmati 1 Total 59

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Unconfined aquifer is the most extensive aquifer occurring in different hydrogeological units in the district. Open wells and shallow piezometers were studied and analysed in this aquifer.

Unconfined aquifer is the most extensive aquifer occurring in the different hydrogeological units in the district with thickness ranging from 20 m in the northeast, west and southern part to about 70 meters in the central part of the district.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 53 Depth to Water Level during pre monsoon period (Fig.-7.3 ) in 38% area (Table ) falls in the range of 20 to 40 m bgl, in most part of the district, 24% area in the range of 10 to 20 mbgl in western and eastern part of the area. Central part of the district comprises part of Dhanera, Tharad, Lakahni, Deesa, Kankrej, Planpur and Vadgaon are observed in deep water levels of more than 40 m bgl. The shallow water level 2 to 10 m bgl is observed in isolated patches in western part and hilly region of eastern part.

Fig. 7.3 Depth to water level in m bgl for the period of pre-monsoon 2016

During post monsoon period (Fig.- 7.4), 25% area falls in the water level range of 10 to 20 m bgl, 30% area in the range of 20 to 40 mbgl and deeper water level of more than 40m bgl are observed in same parts of taluks as observed in pre-monsoon period in the central part of the district. The shallow water level 2 to10 m bgl is observed in isolated patches in the hilly region in the east and alluvial plain in the western part of the district.

Pre-monsoon to post monsoon fluctuation in the water level ranges from -0.5 m to more than 5 m in unconfined aquifers.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 54 Fig. 7.4 Depth to water level in m bgl for the period of post-monsoon 2016

Table: 7.2 Percentage area covered by depth to water level in different season of monsoon year 2016

{ t $ t $ 5Çí[ !

% &' % %

& '% % %(

%& &) &'

) &) *

' +) &, &'

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 55 í Ç

Water table elevation map has been prepared based upon the elevation estimated from digital elevation map (SRTM) for the period of May 2016 as shown in Fig.7.5. Elevation of water table is ranges from more than 440 m amsl in hilly terrain in the north-east to the less than 20 m amsl in the western part bordering Rann of Kachchh.

Fig. 7.5 Water table in m above mean sea level of phreatic aquifer.

It is observed that the elevation of water table is gradually reduces from recharge area in the hilly region in north-east towards discharge area in the west. Water table reflects and follow the general topographic slope.

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Northern and central parts of the north Gujarat is underlain by the unconsolidated alluvial deposits of post Miocene age and semi consolidated Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments. These

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 56 sedimentary formations form the most prolific multi-aquifer system comprising several confined aquifers. Groundwater in deep aquifer(s), down to a depth of 300 m and more occurs in confined conditions. Prior to 1985, deep aquifers were under artesian auto flow conditions in parts of Tharad, Suigam and Vav talukas. Their piezometric head was 5 to 6 m above land surface. However, free flow belt has receded westward and presently free flow wells are reported in few parts of Vav Taluka. Quality of water is however, brackish to saline.

Confined aquifers in this area have been broadly grouped into, first confined (shallow) aquifer and the second confined aquifer (deep). Boundary of confined aquifer is extending approximately NE-SW in the eastern part of the district and following the foot hill area of common recharge zone (Fig. ).

7.2.2.1 C /

First-Confined is the uppermost confined aquifer and extends over a great part of the area. It consists of medium- to coarse-grained sands and gravels, locally inter stratified with clay lenses, and is separated from the overlying and underlying aquifers by beds of sandy clay.

In the eastern foothill zone this aquifer unites with the phreatic aquifer through wedging- out of the separating clay layer. It is in this zone that recharge takes place (Fig. 6.9). The top of the aquifer is found in depths of 48 to 235 m below surface. Its thickness ranges from 5 to 170 m, the greatest thickness being found in the central part of the area.

Depth to piezometric surface ranges between 31.95 m ( Nareli, taluka Tharad) to 59.53 m bgl (Dodiya, Taluka Tharad). Pumping tests were performed in six wells to determine well and aquifer characteristics (annex 16). Transmissivity was found to be between 38.81 m 2/day and 436.74 m 2/day. Storage coefficients range from ______.This aquifer at present is overexploited at some places Rampura (taluka Deesa), Edal(taluka Dhanera) and Nanota (Kankarej taluka) where piezometric water level are observed dry.

{ /

Second – confined aquifer consists of fine- to medium-grained, and locally coarse- grained, sand with several lenses of yellow clay. In the central part of the area, finer material

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 57 predominates. The aquifer is found at depths between 122 and 276 m below surface, and its thickness ranges from 16 m to 130 m (table 6.2). 40 exploratory wells penetrating this aquifer and out of which 35 were tested to determine well and aquifer characteristics (Annexure I). Transmissivity of the aquifer is ranges from 54.49 to 608.63 m 2/day and storage coefficient are observed ranged from 2.2x10-6 to 3.2x10 -3 .

5 ! "

Depth to piezometric level rages from 26.93 m bgl (Padan, taluka Suigam) to 183.19 m bgl (Ratanpura, Kankarej taluka). Deepest piezometric level is observed in the adjoining area of Deesa, Deodar and Kankarej taluka in the form of deep trough (Fig.7.6). Similarly deepest piezometric water level is also observed in the boundary of Palanpur and Vadgam taluka and extending also in the adjoining district of Patan. Piezometric levels becomes shallower and shallower towards western direction of district where the groundwater development is less and quality of water is also saline.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 58 Fig.7.6 Depth to piezometric surface below ground level of confine Aquifer – II, year 2017-18

t - . a{[

Piezometric surface of groundwater map with reference to MSL has been prepared for the period of 2017-18 for the confined aquifer-II which is extending from alluvium out wash slope (foot hill zone) in east to the boundary of Rann of Kachchh in west (Fig. 7.7). Piezometric surface is ranges from 109.19 m below MSL at Ratanpur taluka Kankarej to 68.78 m above MSL at Deesa. Piezometric surface is shallower in the foot zone in recharge area in east and gradually deeper and deeper in the western and south western part forms number of groundwater trough. Most of the western half of the district has observed piezometric surface below MSL. Groundwater flow directions are converging in number of places and forming groundwater trough. Heavy groundwater withdrawal in the Kankarej

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 59 taluka causes the deepest groundwater trough which reaches to 109.19 m deep below MSL. One groundwater trough is extending from Vadgam taluka to the adjoining district of Patan. In the western boundary groundwater flow is towards Rann of Kachchh.

Fig. 7.7 Piezometric surface of water in m mean sea level (msl) of Confined aquifer- II

! [ # Ç í [&' Ç w '' '&'

Behaviour of ground water regime over longer period (2001 -2010), the data of NHS was analysed and the same is presented in table 5.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 60 Table – 7.3 Long Term Premonsoon Water Level Trends (2001 -2010)

Rise Fall Rise Fall Location Location (m/year) (m/year) (m/year) (m/year)

Ambaji_Pz 0.4772 Kuchwada 0.6445

Amirgadh 1.3990 Lakhani i 3.0627

Aserda_Pz 3.1540 Lakhani ii 2.8140

Asodar 0.1310 Lakhani iii 2.6239

Balodhar_Pz 6.2742 Mahi twi 3.7976 -I

Balodhar_Pz 5.8461 Meda 1.2754 -II

Balodhar_Pz 3.5514 Miyal ii 0.3316 -III

Bhabhar iii 0.7298 Miyal iii 0.2454

Bharol1 0.0090 Miyal pz-i 2.5320

Mohabbat Biyok_Pz-I 8.6435 0.0089 gadh

Biyok_Pz-II 1.3740 Moti mahudi 0.6203

Danta 1.3616 Palanpur_Pz 1.8439

Dantiwada 0.0840 Palanpur2 1.7450

Dhanera Pz- 2.2419 Panthawada 0.1181 II

Dhanera Pz-I 1.9442 Rah Pz-III 1.5531

Dharnodhar 3.7908 Rah_Pz I 1.6575 _Pz-I

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 61 Ganapipli 0.0230 Rah_Pz II 1.5239

Rasna(Repl) Gangodra 0.5003 0.3604 _Pz_I

Iqbalgarh 1.7040 Ratanpur2 1.2126

Jalotra Pz-I 0.5188 Rupal_Pz_I 0.4959

Jalotra Pz-II 0.2515 Rupal_Pz_II 0.3567

Jerda Pz-I 5.1198 Sankad 1.8584

Jerda Pz-II 8.6965 Sihori i 1.4425

Jhat 0.5801 Sodapur 0.2742

Jorapura 0.8975 Vav ii 1.1373

Khoda 0.8266 Vav i 0.1921

Kidotar 0.5962

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 62 6))) '≤ØµÆ§ 7°¥•≤ 1µ°¨©¥π > (π§≤Ø£®•≠©≥¥≤π5 Groundwater quality scenario of the district can described in Unconfined and confined aquifer separately.

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Quality of ground water in general gradually deteriorates from east (recharge zone) to west (discharge zone). Ground Water is Saline in Vav, Suigam, Bhabhar and in most part of Tharad talukas. Higher TDS values (>3000 mg/l) are also observed in some part of Deodar, Lakhani and Kankrej talukais (Fig. 8.1).

Fig.8.1 Iso TDS of the groundwater in the unconfined aquifer year 2016.

High concentration of fluoride in parts of Danta, Vadgam, Amirgarh, Dhanera talukas (Fig8.2). Nitrate beyond permissible limits is found in some wells of Vadgam, Palanpur, Deesa, Dhanera in most of the talukas.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 63 Fig. 8.2 Concentration of Fluoride in unconfined aquifer in Banaskantha District

) v ' / !

Groundwater quality in general in confined aquifer-II is varies from fresh to saline in eastward to westward direction. Groundwater samples have been collected during groundwater exploration from deep confined aquifer-II during year 2017-18 and Iso- Electrical conductivity map is prepared. In perusal of the map (Fig.8.3) Electrical conductivity of groundwater in deep confined aquifer-II is more than 4000 µS/cm in western side close Rann.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 64 Fig.8.3 Iso-Electrical conductivity of groundwater in Confined aquifer-II in Banaskantha district

) I + ' w#

Based upon the quality of groundwater contained in both un confined and confined aquifer, the area of Banaskantha district can broadly divided into three categories (Fig. 8.4).

# ! C D

In this categories the area comprises quality of groundwater in both unconfined and confined aquifers within the depth of 300 m bgl is fresh and can be used for irrigation and domestic purposes. This includes the entire area underlain by- hard rocks, adjoining piedmont plain and alluvial plains forming major parts of Danta, Vadgam, Palanpur, Deesa, Kankrej and Dhanera ta1ukas.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 65 # ! &

The central part of the district, forming most part of Lakhani and Kankrej, western and southern parts of Deodar, northern part of Dhanera, eastern parts of Tharad and south-eastern parts of Suigam talukas, constitutes area with fresh ground water overlain by saline ground water. In this area, the TDS in phreatic ground water are more than ppm, whereas, the TDS in ground water contained in confined aquifers below 80 to 120 m ranges from less than WRWRWR ppm.

The ground water in confined aquifer is suitable for domestic and irrigation purposes.

#' !

Area comprising Suigam taluka, most Vav and Tharad talukas and some parts of Bhabhar and Deodar taluka, have saline ground water at all levels with TDS more than ppm. The phreatic aquifer in this area is highly saline with TDS more than ppm. At deeper levels, however, localized pockets of brackish ground water with TDS between DQGDQGppm are also observed at places. The ground water in VXFK pockets can be XVHG for seasonal irrigation depending upon its compatibility to the soil conditions.

Fig. 8.4 Spatial Variation in Ground Water Quality in Banaskantha District

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 66 )8 '≤ØµÆ§ 7°¥•≤ 2•≥Øµ≤£•≥

The ground water resources of the district as per GWRE 2017 is presented in Table no 9.1. Out of 12 talukas, 7 talukas are categorised as over exploited, 1 taluka is categorized as critical, 3 as Safe and 3 as Saline (Fig. - 9). Over all stage of development of the district is 112.34% and is categorized as over exploited. Three talukas Bhabhar, Wav and Suigam are Saline. Three talukas are categorized as safe namely Amirgadh (58.15%), Danta 64.06%) and Dantiwada (56.11%). Palanpur taluka is categorised as critical with 95.34% stage of development. 6 talukas are categorized as Over exploited with stage of development ranging between 115.26% ( Tharad) to 161.77% ( Deodar).

Figure 9.1 Categorization of Taluks for Ground Water Resource Development year 2017.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 67 Table:9.1 Taluka Wise Ground Water Resources, Availability, Utilization and Stage of Ground Water Development year 2017

t-##$ D %$ !bbÜ![ w9t[9bL{I!.[9 DwhÜb5 í!Ç9w w9{hÜw/9 !bbÜ![ DwhÜb5 í!Ç9w 5#%$ í# {"# . 5w!CÇ . !' ( D %$ Ç b b# 5# ) . a% % b% a% % í# !%% 5 !" !%% %$ . # /#") 5#'# /#% D %$ # $ %" D %$ L%$ " % 9 50:4 ; w#!" w#!" í# %%& í# 5# # / 511 w#!" # . w#!" # . w#!"# % !' ( !%$ Ç 0102 34& { # . !# # . !# 76=626> % # % ) L " L%$ 51 6 516578 b Ç %. # %. # *& + % # 55 5 0 7 = 2 > * + 4 51 55 50 57 5= 52 5> 5 ! "$! =745 5=27 111 572 24+1 044 2>+5 71*> 00+ 7717 0*0 0777 2+52 {.# 5% ?$ 0 51577 5772 111 0*4 55*=* 2+* 555>1 >1>= 54+ >0>0 015 =+42 2>55 {.# 7 5% *>5+ 54 5+ 111 =++ 51102 215 4207 2*5= 7+* >515 740 7=5* >=1> {.# h'# = 5## 7*41> 272> 111 0>>1 =2400 004> =7>0> 2=>>+ +04 22=4* +=5 111 50*05 9@/ #$ h'# 2 5#$ 502= 5=>5 111 ==+ 75>= 52+ 7112 =>01 0=0 =+>0 0*7 111 5>5* * 9@/ #$ h'# > 5!%# 512>2 05=7 111 0115 5=*14 *72 574*7 5+>42 74* 54145 =17 111 57>>7 9@/ #$ h'# * Y% #- 7==5 0=>4 111 01++ *444 =11 *244 441= 71+ 51050 =+5 111 57==1 9@/ #$ h'# + [ !% +5>0 5=44 111 5455 552*7 2*4 5144= 52*4* 02+ 5>122 0>0 111 5=>1= 9@/ #$ 4 t %/ 52171 =2>> 111 515+ 01>5= 5175 542+7 5*45* *22 5+>*5 *>> 415 427= / h'# 51 Ç!$ 5254 5555 111 522* =5+* 014 74** =507 =>0 =2+= 270 111 5520> 9@/ #$ h'# 55 ë$" +*05 074> 111 270 55>=4 2+0 551>* 50=7+ =57 50+20 =54 111 55>57 9@/ #$ 50 í' { %# 57 .!(! { %# 5= { " { %# 52*=4 h'# Ç 51+*=0 02*1+ 111 5755+ 5=*2>* *7*+ 5=15+4 52715> ==*> 0 =+=0 552=> 5507= 9@/ #$

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 68 Table – 9.2 Categorization of talukas for Ground Water Development (2017) District Saline Over exploited Critical Semi critical Safe Banaskantha Tharad Palanpur - Amirgadh Bhabhar Vadgam Dantiwada Vav Lakhani Danta Suigam Kankrej Dhanera Deodar Deesa

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 69 8 '2/5.$7!4%2 2%,!4%$ )335%3 In Banaskantha district, The diverse physiographic, climatic, topographic and geologic conditions have given rise to diversified ground water situations in different parts of the district. Area at present is significantly exploited for groundwater and effect of excessive groundwater exploitation are noted in deeper aquifers in the area where groundwater is fresh. Due to overexploitation of ground water in district the water levels have assumed a declining trend, which in addition to the investments, deepening of wells, entails higher lifting cost. There are two main groundwater issues are observed as below.

@ $•£¨©Æ•≥ Ø¶ ∑°¥•≤ ¨•∂•¨≥

Over exploitation of groundwater has lead to fast depletion of groundwater resources. Piezometric levels of deep confined aquifers declined dangerously particularly past two decades. As a result natural groundwater flow direction was from north –east to south-west which is modified due to heavy withdrawal of groundwater on the way. In district where, a groundwater trough is covering the parts of Kankrej and Deodar taluka in Banaskantha district, observed the water level 152.91 m below ground level (Rajpur) and 97 m below mean sea level.

( I :

Groundwater exploration has been carried out in Banaskantha district during the year 1961-62 by ETO (now CGWB) and drilled 12 wells down to a depth of 98 to 457 mbgl. In the Vav taluka, groundwater level was under free flowing conditions in deeper zone (80.46 – 118.90 m bgl). and TDS of water was 2000 ppm (Vav). Whereas, the water level in the shallow zone was observed between ground level and 5.18 m bgl and quality of water was brackish to saline. Groundwater exploration in Tharad taluka was done down to a depth of 308.17 m bgl. Groundwater in the deeper zone (178.69 – 229.29 m bgl) was also in the free flowing conditions and quality of which in terms of TDS ranges 1174 to 2000 ppm. Water level in the shallow zone upto 163.63 m bgl was observed between 5.60 and 8.10 mbgl. and quality of water was saline.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 70

( D Ç

Groundwater level trends are observed in different period of time at the monitoring stations maintained by CGWB are shown in Fig. and data is given in table 2. An overall declines of water level is observed in confined aquifer are estimated between 1.23 m/year (Bhabhar) to 6.17 m/year (Jerda,) in different period of time. Groundwater trends of some selected monitoring stations are given in Table 10.2 and location shown in Fig.10.1. Hydrograph of selected stations area shown in Fig. 10.2 to 10.5.

Table: 10.1 Groundwater trends in m/year at monitoring stations in North Gujarat Location District Zone tapped Period Trends Rise/Fall in m bgl m/year From To From To Bhabhar_Pz_III Banaskantha 63 75 Aug-92 Feb-12 -1.23 Fall Feb-12 Aug-17 0.51 Rise Dhanera_Pz_I Banaskantha 125 194 Feb-99 Aug-17 -3.15 Fall Jerda_Pz_I Banaskantha 169 193 Aug-98 Feb-17 -6.17 Fall Lakhani_Pz_I Banaskantha 157 170 Aug-97 Aug-16 -3.09 Fall Miyal_Pz_I Banaskantha 174 191 Aug-98 Feb-13 -2.99 Fall Rah_Pz_I Banaskantha 160 189 Oct-05 Dec-17 -2.36 Fall

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 71 Fig. 10.1 Map showing locations of selected Hydrograph stations

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 72 Fig. 10.2 Hydrograph of station Bhabhar Pz _III and Biyok Pz-II

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 73 Fig. 10.3 Hydrograph of station Dhanera Pz-I and Lakhani Pz-I

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 74 Fig. 10.4 Hydrograph of station Miyal Pz-I and Palanpur-Pz

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 75 Fig. 10.5 Hydrograph of station Rah Pz-I and Vav Pz-I

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 76 @" 1µ°¨©¥π Ø¶ '≤ØµÆ§∑°¥•≤5 Based upon the quality of groundwater contained in both unconfined and confined aquifer, the area of Banaskantha district can broadly divided into three categories (Fig. 10.6).

( ! C D

( ! &

The ground water in confined aquifer is suitable for domestic and irrigation purposes.

(' !

Area comprising Suigam taluka, most Vav and Tharad talukas and some parts of Bhabhar and Deodar taluka, have saline ground water at all levels with TDS more than ppm. The phreatic aquifer in this area is highly saline with TDS more than ppm. At deeper levels, however, localized pockets of brackish ground water with TDS between DQGDQGppm are also observed at places. The ground water in such pockets can be used for seasonal irrigation depending upon its compatibility to the soil conditions.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 77 Fig. 10.6 Spatial Variation in Ground Water Quality in Banaskantha District

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 78 óL a!b!D9a9bÇ {Çw!ÇLDL9{

There is not much scope for further development of ground water resources in major parts of the district. Thus, there is an urgent need for augmentations and judicious management of ground water resources. The following measures are required to be done for the groundwater management in concerned.

• Adoption of Micro irrigation system (MIS). • Diverting surplus run-off during monsoon into ponds, percolation tanks. Spreading canal/basins, abandoned dugwells etc. • Augmentation of Ground water Recharge through Rain water Harvesting and Artificial Recharge. • Artificial recharge/micro irrigation to be taken up on large scale with active community participation. • Shift towards water efficient cropping pattern as per locally available water • Cooperative irrigation scheme as already existing in the area should be encouraged/rationalised at PRI level.

In the entire alluvium terrain, scope exists for augmenting the ground water resources through the artificial recharge. Large scale artificial recharge schemes may not be feasible due to non availability of source of non-committed surface water. However, small and cost effective measures like contour bunding, nalla plugging, small check dams may be quite effective in increasing the ground water recharge in the portion of the hard rock area of the district. Ground water recharge through percolation tank, recharge shaft are also feasible in the alluvium area and may be adopted at local level. This is a cost effective method to enhance the availability of ground water and improve the ground water quality.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 79 0≤•∂©Øµ≥ 7Ø≤´ 6 0¨°ÆÆ©Æß Ø¶ 2•£®°≤ß• ≥¥≤µ£¥µ≤•

The availability of source water, one of the prime requisites of artificial recharge has been worked out based on basin approach by the Ground Water Department of Gujarat State. Considering Monsoon rainfall as main source of water, basin wise source water availability is computed. Broadly, the data of each basin takes in to account of committed runoff, provision for future planning and surplus water available. The quantity considered available for artificial recharge includes provisions for future planning with surplus water available. This availability so worked out is for entire basin has been further redistributed on prorate basis for different districts for planning of Artificial Recharge. The total surplus water available for planning of artificial recharge in the district is 240.33 MCM/yr. (Table 11.1). Master plan of recharge structure of Gujarat State has been prepared during 2011. In Banaskantha district (Mater plan 2011), no of recharge structures have been proposed in view of the various types of artificial recharge structures constructed up to year 2008 & the quantity of surplus runoff accounted for artificial recharge through these structures, the balance volume of surplus available is 219.04 MCM (table 11.1).

Table 11.1 Artificial Structures considered for ground water estimation 2009 in Banaskantha district, Gujarat State Volume of Balance Volume Check Total Quantity surplus local / Tanks Percolation of surplus local / District Dams of Recharge distant source as on Tanks as on distant source Name as on due to all AR available for 2008 2008 available for 2008 structure 2009 recharge recharge (MCM) (MCM) Banaskantha 697 292 1401 21.29 240.33 219.04 Taking into the consideration of balance of 219.04 MCM of surplus water, master plan has been designed in the district. In hard rock areas with moderate relief, weirs/check dams are considered feasible, whereas, in plateau and plain areas occupied by hard rock, percolation tanks are considered appropriate. In semi-consolidated formation weirs/check dams are considered feasible. In the areas occupied by alluvium percolation tanks are considered appropriate. A percolation tank generally has a capacity of 0.09 MCM and receives three fillings in two years, hence, on an average 1.5 times capacity utilization (0.140 MCM) has been considered on an annual basis. A weir/check dam of 0.017 MCM capacities will actually store 300% of its capacity due to

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 80 multiple filling. Thus gross storage capacity of weir/check dam has been considered as 0.05 MCM/yr. Taking into consideration of existing artificial recharge structures suitable in the district area, it is worked out that additional 1800 percolation tanks and 16,957 check dams / weirs are feasible in the State (Table 11.2).

Based on the experience gained from recharge studies in the past, it is observed that cost of structure depends upon local situation. For the present planning average cost of structure has been adopted from the guidelines laid down by Govt. of Gujarat. A percolation tank may cost around Rs.5 Lakh. Similarly a weir/check dam may cost around Rs. 4 Lakh. Thus the total cost of project is estimated to be Rs. 770 crores for constructing various structures as indicated in table 11.2.

Table: 11.2 Taluka wise of recharge structures proposed in Master plan 2011 to utilised 219.04 MCM balance source. Lakhs Total CoastTotal (Rs (Rs Crores) Unit CostUnit in km MCM (MCM) Taluka District

for artificialfor recharge capacity 0.05@ MCM Area Area of Taluka sqkmin AdditionalCheck Dam / Weir Structures Proposed Recharge Percolation Tank BalanceVolume of surpluslocal/ CheckDam / Weir ProposedRecharge capacity @ 0.14 distant sourceavailable for recharge Area feasible Area for artificial recharge sq Volume of unsaturated zone available Volume of waterrequired rechargefor Additional PercolationTank Structures

Banaskantha BHABHAR 443 438 2630 263 11 12 170 5 4 7.40 DANTIWADA 363 49 294 29 9 10 139 5 4 6.06 DEESA 1485 1422 8529 853 36 41 572 5 4 24.93 DEODAR 594 592 3551 355 14 16 228 5 4 9.92 DHANERA 851 823 4938 494 20 23 327 5 4 14.23 KANKREJ 830 826 4956 496 20 23 319 5 4 13.91 PALANPUR 914 271 1628 163 22 25 352 5 4 15.33 THARAD 1354 1154 6742 674 33 37 521 5 4 22.69 VADGAM 559 313 1878 188 13 15 215 5 4 9.35 VAV 1709 941 5551 555 41 48 657 5 4 28.68 Banaskantha Total 9102 6830 40698 4070 219 250 3500 5 4 152.50

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 81 3¥°¥µ≥ Ø¶ 2•£®°≤ß• 3¥≤µ£¥µ≤•≥ ©Æ "°Æ°≥´°Æ¥®° §©≥¥≤©£¥5 Groundwater recharge structures constructed in the Banaskantha districts have been compiled and used in the Ground Water Resource Estimation (GRE) 2017 of the Gujarat State as shown in the Table 11.3. In perusal of the table 6, 104.61 MCM of recharge have been estimated through available 1072 tanks, 373 percolation ponds and 9349 no of Check Dam in the district.

Table: 11.3 Status of recharge structures as on 2018 in Banaskantha district (source Groundwater Resource Estimation 2017 Gujarat State Taluka Fresh area Saline area Total Recharge structures Recharge structures Fresh Recharge structures saline Total Recharge structures area area Tanks Percolation Tanks Check Dams Total Rechargein MCM Tanks Percolation Tanks Check Dams Total Rechargein MCM Tanks Percolation Tanks Check Dams Total Rechargein MCM

AMIRGADH 13 66 1387 12.81 0 0 0 0 13 66 1387 12.81 BHABHER 0 0 0 0 40 6285 3.56 40 6 285 3.56 DANTA 100 49 1736 15.88 0 0 0 0 100 49 1736 15.88 DANTIWADA 50 13 1085 9.75 0 0 0 0 50 13 1085 9.75 DEESA 51 13 534 6.65 0 0 0 0 51 13 534 6.65 DEODAR 75 36 132 2.14 20 1 0 0.05 95 37 132 2.19 DHANERA 60 7 326 4.1 60 7 326 4.1 KANKREJ 44 12 750 9.22 30 14 1 0.23 74 26 751 9.45 LAKHANI 44 12 750 9.22 0 0 0 0 44 12 750 9.22 PALANPUR 88 62 793 10.41 0 0 0 0 88 62 793 10.41 SUIGAM 0 0 0 0 86 1 85 1.18 86 1 85 1.18 THARAD 130 6 79 1.24 45 6 0 0.15 175 12 79 1.39 VADGAM 54 66 1216 15.47 0 0 0 0 54 66 1216 15.47 VAV 0 0 0 0 142 3190 2.55 142 3 190 2.55 Banaskantha District 709 342 8788 96.89 363 31 561 7.72 1072 373 9349 104.61

11.2 Management plan The uneven distribution of groundwater availability and its utilization indicates that a single management strategy cannot be adopted and requires integrated hydrogeological aspects along with socio-economic conditions to develop appropriate

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 82 management strategy. The study suggests notable measures for sustainable groundwater management, which involves a combination of various measures given below.

1. Supply side measures

2. Demand side measures

3. Regulatory measures

4. Institutional measures

11.2.1 SUPPLY SIDE INTERVENTIONS %%&%% !wÇLCL/L![ w9/I!wD9 Çh DwhÜb5 í!Ç9w !b5 í!Ç9w /hb{9wë!ÇLhb t[!b

" )$%.4)&)#!4)/. /& 2%#(!2'% !2%!

Various water bearing geological formations occurring in the district have been categorized broadly in three hydrogeological units, namely, unconsolidated alluvial deposits, consolidated rock units of igneous and meta sediments and semi consolidated units of other sedimentary rocks. The thickness of available unsaturated zone (below 6 m bgl) is computed on basis of Post monsoon (2007-16) decadal average depth to water level map and decadal water level trend map of Banaskantha district (Fig 11.1 & 11.2). Saline area (TDS >2500) has been identified (Fig. 11.3) in the district Based on the decadal average depth to water level of post monsoon period (2007-16) data and long term trend of ground water level (2007-16) (Fig.11.4) four categories were identified in fresh area as follows. i)Area showing declining trend > 0.10 cm / year and water level between 6-9 m bgl. ii) Area showing declining trend 0 to 0.10 cm / year and water level between 6 -9 m bgl. iii)Area showing declining trend > 0.10 cm / year and water level between > 9 m bgl.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 83 iv) Area showing declining trend 0 to 0.10 cm / year and water level between > 9 m bgl.

A total of 5716 sq. km area spread over fresh area of eleven talukas of district having water level & trend as above is computed (Table 11.4 ) and same is depicted as suitable areas for artificial recharge (Fig 11.4). Out of 3 talukas of district are saline and are not suitable for recharge of phreatic aquifer.

Fig.11.1 Post- monsoon decadal average depth to water level

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 84 Fig.11.2 Pre-monsoon decadal water level trends.

Fig. 11.3 Quality of the ground water of phreatic aquifer in Banaskantha district.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 85 Fig.11.4 Suitable recharge area

"" 35"6352&!#% 34/2!'% 30!#% !.$ 7!4%2 2%15)2%-%.4 Further, while calculating the total volume of unsaturated zone available for recharge, clay & massive non porous intervening zones have been deleted from the total thickness of potential zone for recharge. Average specific yield data of above formations, as per norm of GWRE were considered to compute volume of water required for recharge to saturate dry zones. Storage space volume available in aquifers is 32426 m 3 (Table 11.5). On the basis of specific yield factor of major aquifer system considered in ‘Ground Water Resources Estimate – 2017’, the volume of water required for artificial recharge to fully saturate aquifer (below 6 m bgl) in each taluka areas is around 2883 MCM (Table 11.6)

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 86 Table 11.4 Computation of suitable recharge area in sq. Km.

Ç; ! {< ; 5Çí + ! {< ! {< ! {< D Ç ( = Ç + % ; 5Çí + ( ; 5Çí , ; 5Çí > = Ç ( = , ( = % Ç + % Ç > > % > !aLwD!5I 722*> 0224 +1>= 50=2 =*=== .I!.I9w 111 111 111 5!bÇ! 0155+ 0772 =*+5+ 25*+ *2==4 5!bÇLí!5! =5=*1 111 =5=*1 599{! 51==+4 51==+4 59h5!w =420 =420 5I!b9w! *=40+ >0> *2227 Y!bYw9W 0+=11 0+=11 [!YI!bL =+>24 =+>24 t![!btÜ w **47+ **47+ {ÜLD!a 111 111 111 ÇI!w!5 5>111 5>111 ë!5D!a 25072 25072 ë!ë 111 .% %! =4++57 51=*5 22++0 >=07 2*52+4

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 87 Table: 11.5 Computation of volume of unsaturated zone in MCM. Çb!a9 ë ë ë ë ë a/a 5Çí a/a a/a 5Çí a/a 5Çí a/a + ( = 5Çí + ( , ( = , ( = Ç + % = Ç Ç + % Ç - > % > % > ? > !'#"# 5#/! % #$ (# ? > (" 9@ $ %" ) D /#' !$ E%# > > 7 7 !aLwD!5I 057=22= 52725*0 0=5407> 7*7=* 02>*7=0 .I!.I9w 1 1 1 1 1 5!bÇ! 501*1+> 5=151*0 5=7=27* 5227=7 047*1*7 5!bÇLí!5! 0=++0 1 1 1 0=++0 599{! >0>4700 1 1 1 >0>4700 59h5!w 1 04*14 1 1 04*14 5I!b9w! ==42>2 7*2=44+ 1 1 =2770 Y!bYw9W 5*1= 1 1 1 5*1= [!YI!bL 045422+ 1 1 1 045422+ t![!btÜw =>*>0+ 1 1 1 =>*>0+ {ÜLD!a 1 1 1 1 1 ÇI!w!5 4>1 1 1 1 4>1 ë!5D!a 71*=55+ 1 1 1 71*=55+ ë!ë 1 1 1 1 1 .% %! Ç 0440+** >0+0>== 5>*>=>5 540>4 70=0>5+

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 88 Table : 11.6 Volume of water required for recharge in MCM

Çb!a9 ë # . {/# . ) # $ ë # . % #$ E%# . ?# ' ( # . . #F #$ . : #!"# #!"#

!aLwD!5I 02>*7=5+ 11= 510>47* .I!.I9w 1 15 1 5!bÇ! 047*1*70 117 ++5500 5!bÇLí!5! 0=++0 15 0=++0 599{! >0>4700 15 >0>4700 59h5!w 04*14 15 04*14 5I!b9w! =2775444+ 15 =2770 Y!bYw9W 5*1= 15 5*1=

[!YI!bL 045422+ 15 045422+ t![!btÜw =>*>0+ 15 =>*>0+ {ÜLD!a 1 15 1 ÇI!w!5 4>1 15 4> ë!5D!a 71*=55+ 15 71*=55+ ë!ë 1 15 1 .% %! Ç 70=0>5+04+ 15 0++04+7

"" 0ØÆ§ 2•£®°≤ß• °Æ§ £ØÆ≥•≤∂°¥©ØÆ Ø¶ 2°©Æ∑°¥•≤5 In the district 235 no. of pond having area of more than 2 Hectares have been identified to consider for the rainwater harvesting to recharge and conservation of water. It is proposed to de-silting and Deeping of pond about an average of 1 m depth. About 761615 m 3 of volume have been created to store the rainwater. As a result 12.42 MCM water can store in 235 ponds and out of which 4.80 MCM is proposed to recharge groundwater through recharge shaft in fresh water quality area and 7.62 MCM of water conserve in saline area (Table 11.7).

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 89 Table:11.7 Creation of Recharge and conservation of Rainwater through Village pond (Area > 2 Hectare)

Allocation of additional storage water in MCM accounton of 3 Recharge Conservation Total Total storage creation in RechargeShaft in Taluka Saline Area sq kmin Fresh Area in sq km ofNo. ponds@ area 2> Creation additional storage of Average POND AREASq.m Averageof POND AREA Area of Taluka in sq km increase increase 1 m deepening/de- of proposedsilting MCM = pond Per additional storage No. of x ponds @ 0.14 @ MCM Percolation Percolation StructuresTank Recharge Proposed capacity Hectares Hectare in pond m AMIRGADH 609.70 0.00 609.70 15 98691 9.87 98691 1.48 1.48 0.00 11

BHABHER 423.71 423.71 0.00 36 40643 4.06 40643 1.46 0.00 1.46 0

DANTA 860.74 0.00 860.74 11 80391 8.04 80391 0.88 0.88 0.00 6

DANTIWADA 414.70 0.00 414.70 5 123885 12.39 123885 0.62 0.62 0.00 4

DEESA 1044.89 0.00 1044.89 8 28334 2.83 28334 0.23 0.23 0.00 2

DEODAR 507.31 457.79 49.52 15 38525 3.85 38525 0.58 0.06 0.52 0

DHANERA 842.90 0.00 842.90 5 35276 3.53 35276 0.18 0.18 0.00 1

KANKREJ 795.50 511.27 284.23 35 41104 4.11 41104 1.44 0.51 0.92 4

LAKHANI 554.72 0.00 554.72 2 30336 3.03 30336 0.06 0.06 0.00 0

PALANPUR 791.50 0.00 791.50 12 32506 3.25 32506 0.39 0.39 0.00 3

SUIGAM 658.28 658.28 0.00 31 70253 7.03 70253 2.18 0.00 2.18 0

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 90 THARAD 1293.86 1133.32 160.54 28 42235 4.22 42235 1.18 0.15 1.04 1

VADGAM 565.87 0.00 565.87 6 40882 4.09 40882 0.25 0.25 0.00 2

VAV 1041.94 1041.94 0.00 26 57553 5.76 57553 1.50 0.00 1.50 0

Banaskantha District 10405.61 4226.31 6179.30 235 52850 5.28 760615 12.42 4.80 7.62 34

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 91 "' &°≤≠ ∞ØÆ§≥5 A farm pond is a large hole dug out in the earth, usually square or rectangular in shape (Fig. 11.5), which harvests rainwater and stores it for future use. It has an inlet to regulate inflow and an outlet to discharge excess water. The pond is surrounded by a small bund, which prevents erosion on the banks of the pond. The size and depth depend on the amount of land available, the type of soil, the farmer‘s water requirements, the cost of excavation, and the possible uses of the excavated earth. Water from the farm pond is conveyed to the fields manually, by pumping, or by both methods.

Fig. 11.5: Thematic diagram of Farm pond

Advantages of Farm Ponds

• They provide water to start growing crops, without waiting for rain to fall. • They provide irrigation water during dry spells between rainfalls. This increases the yield, the number of crops in one year, and the diversity of crops that can be grown. • Bunds can be used to raise vegetables and fruit trees, thus supplying the farm household with an additional source of income and of nutritious food. • Farmers are able to apply adequate farm inputs and perform farming operations at the appropriate time, thus increasing their productivity and their confidence in farming. • They check soil erosion and minimize siltation of waterways and reservoirs. • They supplies water for domestic purposes and livestock • They promote fish rearing. • They recharge the ground water.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 92 • They improve drainage. • The excavated earth has a very high value and can be used to enrich soil in the fields, levelling land, and constructing farm roads

It is proposed to construct 28579 farm ponds as per the specification (24 x 12 x 3 m). Considering 1.72 fillings this can accommodate 49.63 MCM of runoff rainfall. Farm ponds can be constructed in the village at feasible location. Dimension of the farm pond depends on land holdings (Table 8).

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 93

Ç( #G 55+ /% #' % . w %?# ! "! C /%$ % C# ! ?# F ) # H 7 # 0 @ %.. #. 0

7 H !# 01111 7 b . . %" J C /%$ ' # !%% # . ?# /# 0 I## Ç !#Ç . % F !#.# . ( # . #!"# F !# .# ( # . . #!"# 519 .# ( # # % $##$ . C b w %. % !%% # . ?# a/a H!# % . C /%$ # 0= @50 H0++ !%% % #' % . ?# H b . / . C /%$ J w 04=11:& % 152 @152 %. %$ %$ Ç/ Ç/ # H0= @ 0= K . #H 50 @ D 50 H7$#/! 511+ I## t%$ I## I## @ %.. :511 #. 152 ó w %. /# % 0F I##01111 # # @ ' # . # @ % . a/a C %" /# !aLwD!5I >14*1 =*=== =*==72= =*==72 2*++ =50 07*0 5*7>= 5*0 =50 *

5!bÇ! +>1*= *2==4 *2==400 *2==40 2*++ >22 7**0 5*7>= 5*0 >22 55

5!bÇLí!5! =5=*1 =5=*1 =5=*111 =5=*11 2*++ 7>1 01*= 5*7>= 5*0 7>1 >

599{! 51==+4 51==+4 51==++*1 51==++* 2*++ 41* 200= 5*7>= 5*0 41* 52

59h5!w 21*75 =420 =42521 =4252 2*++ 1=7 0=+ 5*7>= 5*0 1=7 5

5I!b9w! +=041 *2227 *222777 *22277 2*++ >2> 7**+ 5*7>= 5*0 >2> 55

Y!bYw9W *4221 0+=11 0+=1111 0+=111 2*++ 0=* 5=01 5*7>= 5*0 0=* =

[!YI!bL 22=*0 =+>24 =+>2471 =+>247 2*++ =00 0=77 5*7>= 5*0 =00 *

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 94 t![!btÜw *4521 **47+ **47+11 **47+1 2*++ >** 7+4* 5*7>= 5*0 >** 55

ÇI!w!5 5047+> 5>111 5>11111 5>1111 2*++ 574 +11 5*7>= 5*0 574 0

ë!5D!a 2>2+* 25072 2507271 250727 2*++ ==2 02>0 5*7>= 5*0 ==2 +

.% %! 5 51=12>5 2*52+4 2*52+++4 2*52++4 2*++ =4>7 0+2*4 5*7>= 5*0 =4>7 +=

Ç( #G 554 /% #' % . w %?# ! "! C /%$ % { %# ?# F ) #

@ %.. 7 0 H !# 01111 7 # 0 b . . %" J C /%$ ' # Ç .!#Ç % F !#{ %# % F #{ %# % I## 519 .# ( # # % $##$ . b w %. % !%% # . ?# a/a % . C /%$ # 0= @50 !%% # . ?# /# 0 I## !%% % #' % . b .H ?# / . C /%$ J w 04=11:& % H H Ç/ # H0= @ 0= K . #H 50@ 50 D H7$#/! 511+ #. 152 #. @ %. C t%$C I## H!# I## @ %.. #. w %. :511 152 ó H0++ F % /# 0 I##01111 %$ %$ # # @ ' # . # @ % a/aC %". /# .I!.I9w =07*50 =07*5 =07*5 =07*51 2*++ 7>+ 0554 5*7>= 5*0 7>+ >

59h5!w 21*712 =2**4 =2**4 =2**41 2*++ 74* 00+4 5*7>= 5*0 74* *

Y!bYw9W *422 2550* 2550* 2550*1 2*++ === 022> 5*7>= 5*0 === +

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 95 {ÜLD!a >2+0+ >2+0+ >2+0+ >2+0+1 2*++ 2*0 7045 5*7>= 5*0 2*0 51

ÇI!w!5 5047+22 557770 557770 5577701 2*++ 4+= 2>>* 5*7>= 5*0 4+= 5*

ë!ë 51=54= 51=54= 51=54= 51=54=1 2*++ 412 2051 5*7>= 5*0 412 52

.% %! 5 51=12>14 =00>75 =00>75 =00>751 2*++ 7>>4 05570 5*7>= 5*0 7>>4 >0

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 96 ". 2//& 4/0 2!). 7!4%2 (!26%34).' ). 52"!. !2%!

The urban areas in Banaskantha district depend heavily on ground water for drinking water supplies. About 70% of drinking water needs are met from ground water sources and as a result where water table in urban centers has started receding at an alarming rate and hence urgent need for ground water augmentation.

The suitable method for artificial recharge in urban area is to arrest the rainwater from roof tops and store or recharge the same through injection wells/shafts. As per 2011 census 113382 houses in urban area have been identified. and considering about 25% houses are suitable for harvesting and considering 40 sq.m. as typical house hold roof top area the total area available for harvesting (90% of total roof top) has been estimated to be 1020838 sq m. The source water available for harvesting has been taken as 60% of normal rainfall in the urban area after making allowance for storm rains etc., Thus the total source water available for harvesting has been estimated as 0.59 MCM/yr. The Average cost of making the roof top harvesting arrangements for storing it at surface and recharging to ground water is @ Rs. 10,000/- per house. Thus cost of roof top harvesting for 2345 houses of the district is estimated as Rs. 2835 lakhs (Table 11.10)

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 97 Table 11.10 : Taluka wise details of Estimate of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting in the Banaskantha district, Gujarat State

Ç Ü(% Ü(% !# . La5 ë # . / . wíI J t/ % I # wíI J 02 9 b w %?# w 51K111 : /#% I $ . ! #! $ w %. I'# ( # ! #! $ % 0155 b (# J 41 9 . !# a/a [ ! /#% ( # # $ 0155 . '" =1 F 5425& #: 54+1 ! #! $ F

!aLwD!5I 57072= 1 1 2*++ 111 111

.I!.I!w 5050>1 >=27 2+K1** 2*++ 117 5>577

5!bÇ! 00=+74 =>47 =0K07* 2*++ 110 55*77

5!bÇLí!5! 552005 1 1 2*++ 111 111

599{! =+5405 021*5 0K02K>74 2*+ + 157 >0>*+

59h5!w 52>7*+ 741> 72K52= 2*++ 110 4*>2

5I!b9w! 071*=5 *++5 *1K404 2*++ 11= 54*17

Y!bYw9W 0*2>57 27*> =+K7+= 2*++ 117 57==1

[!YI!bL; 5211+4 >2*> 24K5+= 2*++ 117 5>==1

t![!btÜw =7+**7 =7455 7K42K544 2*++ 107 5K14**+

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 98 {ÜLD!a; +==2= 511 411 2*++ 111 021

ÇI!w!5 71=4=7 >44+ >0K4+0 2*++ 11= 5*=42

ë!5D!a 0=170> 0=5* 05K*27 2*++ 115 >1=7

ë!ë 5>724= 1 1 2*++ 111 111

ÇhÇ![ 750121> 5577+0 51K01K=7+ 2*++ 124 0K+7=22

{ #& /#% 0155 . 5 !% $ ) w/# !K .% %! 5 015=&52

; Ü(% ! # ! $ % #$ . %#? % / $ ( . // % . /#% ?! ! .#$ %#?

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 99 11.2.2 DEMAND SIDE INTERVENTIONS

Conjunctive use of available water resources and optimising the utilization per unit of water have became the crucial need in agriculture and horticulture sectors and micro irrigations methods with possible ways and means to conserve irrigations waters and optimising the utility of every unit of water have came in to existence. Among many such micro irrigation methods drip and sprinkler systems besides the others systems have came out with proven successes and attracted funding from government by way of subsidy and institutional financial agencies by way of credit. Mostly drip irrigation is adopted in Banaskantha district. In Time of India it was reported that, 5 / " % ! !# /#$ !# $ #" % . .% %! (# % / % ?# ' %" / "% . !# )# 0151&55 % D - Ç # . L%$ 07 a! 0155

The Banaskantha District’s agriculture faces the problems of acute water shortage and severely inadequate irrigations facilities. Out of 1033545 hectares (ha) of the grass cropped area in the district, only about 875482 lakh ha are irrigated.

Irrigation : In the Banaskantha district area is irrigated by different sources of surface water and groundwater as shown in Table 11.11 and Fig.11.6 About 98% of the irrigation is being done by groundwater through open well and bore well.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 100 Table 11.11: Area irrigated by different sources and their percentage.

Irrigation Area ('000 ha)

Sources of Irrigation Number Area ('000 ha) Percentage of total irrigated area

Canals 218 Km 8.6 1.8 length

Tanks 34 0.2 0.04

Open wells 50796 107.5 22.7

Bore wells 14591 355.8 75.3

(Source Agriculture contingency plan)

Fig. 11.6 Percentage of area irrigated by canal, tank, open well and bore well.

a & 5 " Drip irrigation is a method of irrigation wherein water is carried to the plant under low pressure: through small diameter plastic pipes and delivered at the root zones, drop by drop through an emitting device. This is based on the fundamental concept of irrigation only the root zone of the crop rather than the entire land surface, as done in the surface irrigation. The system has its advantages and limitations. Its advantages are in terms of savings of the water over flow irrigation, effective use of fertilizers, less labour and energy cost. The limitation for adopting of this method is its high initial cost, which is

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 101 beyond the purchasing capacity for small and marginal farmers . Drip irrigation is essential because water resource management is very crucial for India and this can be best done through micro irrigation technology. Problems of water logging and secondary salinization on the rise in canal command areas and fast receding water table in the tube well may reduce by adopting this method of irrigation. About 26 to 39% of water in general can save over the conventional irrigation methods in the area. Runoff and deep percolation loses are nil or negligible. This method of irrigation enhance the yield of the cop due to proper air, water ratio in the soil and better nutrient availability. The possible saving of the water (source SKDAU, Agriculture University, Junagadh, ) applied to the main crop in the area is shown in the following Table 11.12 &11.13 by the method of Drip irrigation method.

Table 11.12: Water requirement of different crops in the Banaskantha district.

/ . <

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h t(!% Y% 41* +74 >+ *

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. %- .{w&5 55>> 51*0 4= +

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 102 t Y . ($ ! >21 211 521 07

!%! KD! 7 =+2 =1* *+ 5> t/)K a$! ( %$ 0120 0177 54 5

. /%&w/I 0 52>1 5204 75 0

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 103 Ç( #G 5557 {' %" . ?# () $/ %" a & L " % / # % .% %! $

ÇhÇ![LwwLD!Ç95!w9! I## / %C#. b# !# '##$ () aL{ L " % % . %# . L "#$ # / % . b# L " % w#F ##% a/a b# L " % w#F ##% a/a 719 {' %" () aL{ L " % Ç D#"/! % !# F D#"/! % !# I## ÇhÇ![ !w9! hC t[!bÇLbD I## I## aL{ I## % C $ /%'#% % #!$ L " % J 12 % C $ L " % J 172 aL{ #!$ #!$a/a

!aLwD!5I >14* >14*1 0+=*= 550+1 >122 4545=7 01++2* 51= 1*7 175 .I!.I!w =07*50 =07*50 2>22= 7+211 >+> 5>550+ 7>+++*0 5+== 5045 227 5!bÇ! +>1*= +>1*= 7=>0= 7>77+ =400 2=22=+ 71++020 52== 51+5 =>7 5!bÇLí!5! =5=* =5=*1 2=+15 72=21 552+1 5>=4+*2 5+42502 4=+ >>7 0+= 599{! 51==++* 51==++* 54=2+2 5=5021 77=10 27==+=4 +*+1525 =741 71*7 575* 59h5!w 21*712 21*712 *1752 >1=01 25=* 51+27*= =42>>0> 0=*+ 5*72 *=7 5I!b9w! +=04 +=041 552*54 >+=11 0*720 =420>1= 5++*74> 4== >>5 0+7 Y!bYw9W *422 *4221 55*125 +1211 050> 72>750 *>47>++ 7+=* 0>47 552= [!YI!bL 22=*0 22=*0 *=17> >0=02 4511 521*7> =*725= 07>+ 5>2* *51 t![!btÜw *452 *4521 55*>+1 510==1 5=101 0702*=5 *45+024 7424 0**5 55++ {ÜLD!a >2+0+ >2+0+ 7=>++ 0>747 5+55 =201=+ 05+*020 514= *>> 70+ ÇI!w!5 5047+22 5047+22 5+>=*4 552>41 5+252 7+1=5=0 **>=+2+ 7++0 0*5+ 55>2 ë!5D!a 2>2+* 2>2+* 2715* 7++4> 502>* 012=504 5+72=*5 45+ >=0 0*2 ë!ë 51=54= 51=54= 512755 2*211 >>+4 5>7+1>> =55547= 012> 5=74 >5* .!b!{Y!bÇI! 5L{ÇwL/Ç 51=12>14 51=12>5 50=777= +*2=+0 5274*0 0>*4>754 >1*25++5 717*> 050>7 4557

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 104 "' !Æ ©Æ¥•ß≤°¥•§ ∑°¥•≤ ≤•≥Øµ≤£•≥ ≠°Æ°ß•≠•Æ¥ ∑©¥® •±µ©¥°¢¨• §©≥¥≤©¢µ¥©ØÆ Ø¶ °∂°©¨°¢¨• 7°¥•≤ 2•≥Øµ≤£•≥ )Æ¥•≤¨©Æ´©Æß ¶≤Ø≠ ≥µ≤∞¨µ≥ ¥Ø ∑°¥•≤ §•¶©£©¥ °≤•°

• INTER BASIN TRANSFER OF WATER FROM NARMADA MAIN CANAL TO EN-ROUTE RIVERS – Divert /flow the water of Narmada available during flood through Narmada main canal to eleven rivers of Gujarat viz. Heran, Orsang, Karad, Mahi, Saidak, Mohar, Watrak, Sabarmati, Khari, Rupen and Banas. – The filling of about 700 Nos. of small/large village Tanks/Ponds by water of Narmada • SABARMATI-SARASWATI LINK – This link off takes from Branch Canal No.1 of Right Bank Main Canal of Dharoi Project to Saraswati River. • SUJLAM-SUFLAM SPREADING CHANNEL – To divert overflowing flood water from Kadana dam to Panchmahals and North Gujarat region . – This water can be diverted by gravity to the scarcity hit Panchmahals, Gandhinagar, Sabarkantha, Mehsana , Patan and parts of Banaskantha districts. – Sujlam-Suflam Spreading Channel – 332 Km. From Kadana dam to Sabarmati river – 158 km. From Sabarmati to Banas river : 174 km. – This recharge canal will help in recharging 21 rivers which includes Khari, Watrak, Meshwo, Mazam, Rupen, Pushpavati , Saraswati and Banas River . – Benefit to 7 Districts, 14 Taluka and 508 villages. 70,000 Ha. to be benefitted.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 105 Lift Irrigation schemes from Narmada Main Canal to various reservoirs of

North Gujarat region Nine reservoirs of the North Gujarat regions are planned to be filled by laying pipelines for utilizing surplus flood water of Narmada. Eight pipelines are completed. The work of three pipelines, from NMC to Dantiwada, NMC to Watrak -Mazam- Meshwo and Patan to Dindrol (extension of Mukteshwar- Khorsam pipeline) are under progress and new pipeline Karan to Dhandhusan (Kadi- Adundra to Dharoi) will be taken on hand during 2013-14. About 15,000 ha area under command of Dantiwada , Watrak, Mazam and Meshwo reservoir will be benefited. An outlay of Rs. 31275 lakh is suggested for this component for the year 2013-14.

2•£®°≤ß• ¥®≤Øµß® 3µ™°¨°≠ 3µ¶°¨°≠ ≥∞≤•°§©Æß #°Æ°¨ • Govt. of Gujarat introduced the Sujalam Sufalam Scheme in order to recharge and thus augment ground water resource as the prime objective and also to benefit villages that are facing scarcity of irrigation and drinking water. • Sujalam Sufalam spreading canal is an unlined canal having total length of 332 kms. crossing 21 rivers and with series of check dams and provision of Inter basin transfer of water is considered as specific projects of Gujarat. • It is envisaged that through Sujalam Sufalam spreading canal Yojana about 700 million cubic meter of flood water is being diverted to water scares areas from time to time that otherwise use to flow in sea.

In the district recharge /direct seepage from the segment of unlined Sujalam Sufalam Canal (SSC) is estimated 72.61 MCM/year @ 1.23 MCM per Km of canal length when operating at full capacity. (Table 11.14 & Fig. 11.7).

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 106 Table 11.14: Recharge from seepage of Sujlam Suflam canal passing in Banaskantha district.

/% Ç !//@ # w#!"# $ # ##/"# . [#%! . {{ % % {{ % J 507 a/a:Y % a/a Y

{{ /% [!YI!bL 5>>0 01==

{{ /% 599{! 0=2 710

{{ /% ÇI!w!5 55*= 5==2

{{ /% 59h5!w 5=07 5*21

{{ /% Y!bYw9W 5=11 5*05

'( A&,%

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 107 Stratigraphic section showing the aquifer disposition has been drawn roughly drawn along Sujlam suflam Canal through the available exploratory tube well (Fig. 11.7). Area in course of canal is underlain by Phreatic, Confined-1 and Confined-2 aquifers. Top of the Confined-1 is ranges 65 to 138 m bgl and Confined-2 is ranges 172 to 243 m bgl (Table 11.15). At present Canal is unlined and recharging to the phreatic aquifer. Surplus surface water may be used to recharge the deeper aquifer. Village ponds in the vicinity of the canal (Fig. 11.9) may fill with surplus canal water and pond may provided the recharge shaft to recharge the deeper aquifer.

Fig. 11.7 Sujlam Suflam Recharge Canal & Narmada canal and its command in Banaskantha district.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 108 Fig. 11.8 Aquifer disposition along Sujlam Suflam Canal.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 109 Table 11.15: Aquifer disposition of well falling along the Sujlam Suflam canal.

Aquifer depth ranges in m bgl WL Screened section (in (in EC Location TALUKA Phreatic Confined-1 Confined-2 mbgl) mbgl) (µS/cm)

174-180,189-192,195- 201,220-223,233-236,239- Morthal Tharad 0 to 25 65 to 160 172 to 280 248 46.52 1500

85-91,104-110,117- 123,130-133,147-153,166- 6470- Delankot Tharad 0 to 21 85 to175 196 to 305 175 55.00 6581

103-106,110-113,133- 139,146-152,175-181,192- 195,221-224,237-246,267- Lavana Lakhni 0 to 20 100 to 161 175 to 295 273,289-294 112.04 3000

138-141,154-157,167- Nava 170,180-183,204-207,221- 879- Nesada Deesa 0 to 71 138 to 235 243 to 284 227,244-250,281-282 174.95 890

192-198,202-211,219- 222,245-248,277-283,289- Raner Kankarej 0 to 45 120 to 159 190 to 292 292 118.87 2203

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 110 Fig.11.9 Village ponds Narmada Canal and Sujlam Suflam Canal.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 111 550= 9@/##$ .#%#. # . !# %#'#% % % C# ! ?# F ) area:

Expected Benefits or outcome of the Recharge, conservation and Micro-Irrigation Plans

Ground water recharge and water conservation Plan of Banaskantha district envisages gainful utilization of 78 MCM of volume of rain water and canal recharge planned for recharging of depleted aquifer system. Besides this, the proposed intervention would also lead to reduction of pre-existing ground water draft by 50 MCM annually through construction of farm ponds. By adopting the micro-irrigation area in the remaining area conserve the 76 MCM of groundwater draft in the district. In the practice, the groundwater saving in micro irrigation does not reflect in stage of development, whatever water saved in micro irrigation which is generally used to cultivate more land to get more yield of crop.

With the additional recharge and water conservation interventions as proposed in the Plan, it is anticipated that with enhanced recharge and reduction in ground water draft, the stage of ground water development will reduce to 98% from the existing 112%. The projected status of ground water resources and utilization scenario is presented in Fig. 11.10 and Table 11.16.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 112 Fig. 1 1.10 Projected Improvement in the Status of Groundwater Resource & Utilization

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 113 Ç( # G555> t-##$ { . D %$?# w# # D Ü E % % w#!"# L%#'#% % Dí w# # Dí w# # .# w#!"# :/% #' % )# 015* %#'#% % Ç 015* 015* í# ' %" ! "! í# ' %" aL{ w#!"#ë "# a/a/%$ w#!"# { . { - /% w. Ç/w %?#w. I'# %"a/a b# !%% b# D %$ í# !' ( ) ò9!w !bbÜ![ DwhÜb5í!Ç9w 5w!CÇ ò9!w015* t# #% t# #% {"# . D %$ /#") í# b# !%% D %$ í# !' ( ) b9Ç !bbÜ![ DwhÜb5 í!Ç9w 5w!CÇ L/'#$ {"# . D %$ í# /#") %#'#% %.# í#/% #' %Ct%$ 5#'# /#%9 w#!"#.# %#'#% % !CÇ9wí!Ç9w /hb{9wë!ÇLhb 5#'# /#%9

! "$! 2>+5 5=+ 111 7717 =50 175 2+ {.# 2+04 0+>1 =4 {.# 5% ?$ 555>1 1>0 111 >0>0 7>1 0+= 2> {.# 55000 2>5+ 21 {.# 5% 4207 1++ 110 >515 >22 =>7 >= {.# 4>5= =4+7 20 {.# h'# h'# 5## =7>0> 107 71= 157 22=4* 41* 575* 50* 9@/ #$ =74>> 270*7 505 9@/ #$ h'# {# 5#$ 7112 11> 5*21 110 =+>0 1=7 *=7 5>0 9@/ #$ =*>7 =1*2 +> h'# h'# 5!%# 574*7 15+ 11= 54145 >2> 0+7 57* 9@/ #$ 57442 5+520 571 9@/ #$ 5*0 h'# Y% #- *244 125 5 117 51050 0=* 552= 57= 9@/ #$ 47*= ++50 4= / 01= h'# h'# [ !% 5144= 11> = 117 5>122 =00 *51 5=> 9@/ #$ 571=* 5=407 55= 9@/ #$ {# t %/ 542+7 174 107 5+>*5 >** 55++ 42 / 54>=2 5>+1* +>

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 114 5== h'# Ç!$ 74** 152 2 11= =2+= 574 55>2 552 9@/ #$ 2==5 70+5 >1 {.# h'# h'# ë$" 551>* 102 115 50+20 ==2 0*2 55> 9@/ #$ 55140 50570 514 9@/ #$ *0> =4> h'# .% %! 5=15+4 =+1 = 12> 52*=40 7 *>52 550 9@/ #$ 5=*4+4 5==452 4+ /

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 115 In Banaskantha district half of the talukas are Over Exploited even after the recharge and conservation measures are adopted. Therefore, to bring the taluka under safe development some additional 385 MCM quantity of water is required (Table 11.17).

Table 11.17: Non-committed volume of surface water required for safe development of over exploited talukas.

{ Ç b# !%% b9Ç !bbÜ![ L/'#$ DwhÜb5 !$$ % b D %$ DwhÜb5 {"# . í!Ç9w 5w!CÇ ë # . í# í!Ç9w 5w!CÇ D %$ Chw {!C9 ?# !' ( ) !CÇ9w í!Ç9w í# 59ë9[hta9b #F #$ . .# /hb{9wë!ÇLh 5#'# /#% Ç !# .# w#!"# b 9 $#'# /#% %#'#% % % a/a

5 5## =74>> 270*7 5055* 7*045 524+0

0 5#$ =*>7 =1*2 +22> 0+27 5007

7 5!%# 57442 5+520 504*1 50*1* 2==>

= Y% #- 47*= ++50 4=11 >5>+ 0>==

2 [ !% 571=* 5=407 55=7* 51==> ==**

> t %/ 54>=2 5>+1* +222 55*>2 21=0

* ë$" 55140 50570 5147* +=40 7>74

Further improvement of groundwater stage under safe category, the other practices as filling and inter linking of village ponds with the available surplus surface water. Recharge groundwater through recharge shaft where the phreatic aquifer is overlain by impervious layers. Recycling of gray water generated from domestic use may utilized other for other purposes except drinking.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 116 8)) #/.#,53)/.3 !.$ 2%#/--%.$!4)/.3 3µ≠≠°≤π °Æ§ #ØÆ£¨µ≥©ØÆ≥ 1. Banaskantha district forms a part of North Gujarat Region of Gujarat has a geographical area of 10747 km 2 and comprises 14 talukas and 1237 villages. The total population of the district is 3120506 souls (2011) and the decennial growth rate is (2001-2011). The rural population constitutes about 87% of the total population. The density of population in the district is 290 persons/sq.km. About 75% population is dependent on agriculture and agro related activities. With the present rate of population growth, agriculture and irrigated agriculture appears to be of prime importance for food grain production and also for the socioeconomic well being. 3. The district has a diverse landscape with surface elevations varying from less than 10m in the west to more than P amsl in the north-east. The master slope is due southwest. The district can be physiographically divided into five major zones from northeast to southwest; (a) dissected hilly terrain, (b) piedmont plain with inselberg, (c)alluvial plain, (d) sedimentary pediplains and (e) Rann and Bets 4. Banas and Saraswati are the two major rivers draining the district. The river Sabarmati forms the eastern boundary of the district. Dams have been constructed on Banas at Dantiwada, Sipu at Atal and Saraswati at 0XN teshwar. The district as a whole is deficient in surface water resources because lack of perennial rivers and frequent droughts The district has a semi-arid to arid climate. It is characterised by hot summer, cold winter, meagre rainfall and general dryness except during monsoon season. The average’ annual rainfall WR is mm. The district as a whole has drought frequency in the range of (Mavsari & Panthawada) to (Amirgadh & Tharad) with district average of 6. The total area reported for land use purposes was 10448.41 km 2 in year 2014- 15 while the total geographical area is 10743 Km 2 (Census 2011). The net sown area was 7440.87 Km 2 which is 71% of the total area reported.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 117 7. Banaskantha is primarily an agriculture district with about 73% of total reported area under cultivation. Large part of the is under food crops like Bajri, Jowar, Wheat, Maize, Barley, Rice, Tur and Gram. The non-food crops or cash crops grown in the district area Cotton, Castor, Jira, Til and Groundnut. 8. Geologically, the formations range in age from Pre-Cambrian to Recent. About 15% of the district area in the north-eastern part, is underlain by hard rock of Pre-Cambrian The remaining area (85%) is underlain by soft rock formation mostly Quaternary alluvium. 9. The geological framework with large areas affected by salinity present a complex hydrogeological scenario in the district. Pre-Cambrian hard rocks, 0HVR]RLF & Tertiary sedimentary formations and Quaternary alluvium form aquifers in the district. Ground water occurs, both under phreatic and confined conditions. Development of ground water is, however, restricted DQG depends upon the aquifer potential and ground water quality. 10. The unconfined aquifer is the most extensive aquifer occurring in different hydrogeological units in the district. The ground water flow is towards west and southwest. The elevation of water table ranges from more than 440 m amsl in northeast to less than 20 m amsl in the west. The depth to water level varies from 2 m to more than 40 m bg1. In central parts, the water levels are deep ( !P ) and dug wells are generally dry. In such areas, pumping is done directly from the bores sunk from the floor of such wells. Yield of wells tapping the unconfined aquifer ranges from 30 to 1036 m3/day in hard rocks, and 200 to m3/day in alluvium and sedimentary rocks. 11. Confined aquifers in this area have been broadly grouped into, top of first confined (shallow) aquifer occurring in depth from 48 to 235 m bgl and the second confined aquifer (deep) in depth 122 to 276 m bgl. These aquifers extend from the foothill of the Aravallis in the northeast to the little Rann of Kachchh in the west. 12. First confined aquifer is found in depths between 48 to 235 m below surface. Its thickness ranges from 5 to 170 m, the greatest thickness being found in the

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 118 central part of the area.Depth to piezometric surface ranges between 31.95 m ( Nareli, taluka Tharad) to 59.53 m bgl (Dodiya, Taluka Tharad).

13. The Second confined aquifer is found at depths between 122 and 276 m below surface, and its thickness ranges from 16 m to 130 m. Depth to piezometric level rages from 26.93 m bgl (Padan, taluka Suigam) to 183.19 m bgl (Ratanpura, Kankarej taluka). Transmissivity of the aquifer is ranges from 54.49 to 608.63 m 2/day and storage coefficient are observed ranged from 2.2x10 -6 to 3.2x10 -3 . 14. Quality of ground water in general gradually deteriorates from east (recharge zone) to west (discharge zone). Ground Water is Saline in Vav, Suigam, Bhabhar and in most part of Tharad talukas. Higher TDS values (>3000 mg/l) are also observed in some part of Deodar, Lakhani and Kankrej talukais. 15. Based upon the quality of groundwater contained in both unconfined and confined aquifer, the area of Banaskantha district can broadly divided into three categories, area with Fresh Groundwater at all levels, areas with fresh ground water overlain by saline ground water and areas with saline ground water at all levels.

16. Over all stage of development of the district is 112.34% (GW Resources 2017) and is categorized as over exploited. Three talukas Bhabhar, Wav and Suigam are Saline. Three talukas are categorized as safe namely Amirgadh (58.15%), Danta 64.06%) and Dantiwada (56.11%). Palanpur taluka is categorised as critical with 95.34% stage of development. 6 talukas are categorized as Over exploited with stage of development ranging between 115.26% ( Tharad) to 161.77% ( Deodar).

17. An overall declines of water level is observed at selected Piezometers tapped to confined aquifer are estimated between 1.23 m/year (Bhabhar) to 6.17 m/year (Jerda,) between the period of August 1992 and February 2017.

18. In previous study in Banaskantha district (Mater plan 2011), 250 percolation tanks and 3500 check dam/weir have been proposed for recharge to tune up

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 119 surplus 219 MCM local/distant source of water. In year 2008-09, 697 tanks, 292 percolation tanks and 1401 check dams were proposed and estimated recharge of water 21.29 MCM in Task force Recharge project, Gujarat State.

"" 2•£Ø≠≠•Æ§°¥©ØÆ≥ 1. On the study drawn from ongoing Recharge projects, there are not much surplus local/distant source of water available to suggest further recharge structures. In Taskforce of Recharge Project of Gujarat State in year 2008- 09, 240 MCM non committed surface water source of water estimated and accordingly recharge structures were suggested. Now it is required to estimate the volume of noncommitted source of surface water if available to suggest the additional recharge structures.

2. From the conclusions drawn, it is evident that not much scope exists for development of ground water resources to increase the irrigation potential in the district. Keeping in mind the existing scenario, recommendations are accordingly made out for development, augmentation and management of ground water resources.

3. Supply side management: An area of 5716 Km 2 has been identified for artificial recharge of groundwater to unconfined aquifer. The volume of water required for artificial recharge to fully saturate aquifer (below 6 m bgl) in each taluka areas is around 2883 MCM.

i. Pond Recharge and conservation of Rainwater: In the district 235 no. of pond having area of more than 2 Hectares have been identified to consider for the rainwater harvesting to recharge and conservation of water. A scope of 12.42 MCM water can store in 235 ponds and out of which 4.80 MCM is proposed to recharge groundwater through recharge shaft in fresh water quality area and 7.62 MCM of water conserve in saline area.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 120 ii. Farm ponds: It is proposed to construct 28579 farm ponds as per the specification (24 x 12 x 3 m) in fresh quality area and 21132 in saline area. Considering 1.72 fillings can accommodate 50 MCM of runoff rainfall in fresh area and 37 MCM in saline area.

iii. Rooftop rainwater harvesting in urban area: As per 2011 census 113382 houses in urban area have been identified. and considering about 25% houses(2345) are suitable for harvesting Thus the total source water available for harvesting has been estimated as 0.59 MCM/yr.

4. Demand side management: Conjunctive use of available water resources and optimising the utilization per unit of water have became the crucial need in agriculture and horticulture sectors and micro irrigations methods with particularly drip irrigation method is recommended. Through Drip irrigation method 26 to 39% of water in general can save over the conventional irrigation methods in the area. Runoff and deep percolation loses are nil or negligible. An area >1*254 Y 0 // #$ "# ! "! 5 / " % ?! ! %$# %'#% % " % / # '# 45 a/a . " %$?#

5. An integrated water resources management should be done with equitable distribution of available Water Resources Interlinking from surplus to water deficit area.

6. Govt. of Gujarat introduced the Sujalam Sufalam Scheme in order to recharge and thus augment ground water resource as the prime objective and also to benefit villages that are facing scarcity of irrigation and drinking water. At present Canal is unlined and recharging to the phreatic aquifer. Surplus surface water may be used to recharge the deeper aquifer. Village ponds in the vicinity of the canal may be filled with surplus canal water and which may provide with recharge shaft to recharge the deeper aquifer. Recharge shaft may be designed according to the section (Fig. 11.7 & 11.8) drawn along the canal.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 121 7. Further improvement of groundwater stage under safe category, the other practices as filling and inter linking of village ponds with the available surplus surface water. Recharge groundwater through recharge shaft where the phreatic aquifer is overlain by impervious layers. Recycling of Gray water generated from domestic use may utilized other for other purposes except drinking.

8. Alluvial out wash slope- Common recharge belt: It is recommended to concentrate the recharge activity of groundwater in common recharge belt is shown in Fig.6.9 for effective usse of recharge both in phreatic and confined aquifers.

AQUIFER MAPS & MANAGEMENT PLANS, BANASKANTHA DISTRICT, GUJARAT 122