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Soil Biology & Biochemistry 42 (2010) 1848E1856

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Soil Biology & Biochemistry 42 (2010) 1848E1856 Pak. J. Bot., 49(SI): 375-381, 2017. USE OF AQUATIC PLANTS FOR TREATMENT OF GREYWATER MEHRUNISA MEMON1*, HAIDER BUX JATOI1, ABDUL MAJID NAREJO1, RASOOL BUX MAHAR2, ABDUL KHALIQUE ANSARI3 AND MUHAMMAD IQBAL BHANGER4 1Sindh Agriculture University,Faculty of Crop Production, Department of Soil Science, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan 2Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan 3Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Water, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan 4University of Karachi, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ, Research Institute of Chemistry, Karachi, Sindh Pakistan *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Abstract Some aquatic plants have the ability to treat the water there by improving its quality. The main objectives of the study were to introduce the greywater treatment using local plants and secondly to assess its quality for agricultural use. In this regard, vertical flow subsurface constructed wetland units were operated to treat greywater of residential area of Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam using three types of plants i.e. Cyperus iria, Phragmites karka and Typha elephantina. Water samples were collected before and after their treatment with each plant. pH and BOD values decreased from 8.32 and 402 mg L-1 in untreated greywater to a minimum of 7.46 and 48 mg L-1 respectively in the one treated by Phragmites karka. The plant species were not effective with regard to EC, TDS and TSS. After recycling, the NO3-N contents remained more or less same, which was the major form of nitrogen in greywater samples, however, it reduced in Cyperus iria and phosphorus in addition to Cyperus iria was recycled under Typha elephantina. Potassium contents in all the cases were more or less similar and increased to small extent. It was concluded that greywater contains significant quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and can be used as a value added fertilizer in agriculture. Phragmites karka was effective in reducing pH, BOD and Cyperus iria in NO3-N. The increase in salt content of treated water may be due to the salt content of soil itself used in reed beds which can be avoided by using soil with low salt content. Key words: Constructed wetlands, greywater, recycling, quality of irrigation water Introduction suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS) up to 98% (Denny, 1997). Greywater, after its proper Shortage of freshwater resources is a worldwide treatment has been successfully used on agricultural crops dilemma and its unavailability for agricultural irrigation is in Jordan (Al-Hamaiedeh & Bino, 2010), Thailand the basic limiting factor in food production with no (Konnerup et al., 2009; Perbankhem & Polprasert, 2010), exception to Pakistan. It is anticipated that the population Nepal (Bista & Khatiwada, 2004), USA (Hench et al., of Pakistan may increase to 208 million by 2025 (Sheikh et 2003), Canada (Zurita et al., 2009), Denmark (Brix & al., 2005) and ultimately increase the wastewater Arias, 2005), Portugal (Calheiros et al., 2009) and many generation. An alternative to this solution is to recycle and other places. Results of these studies show that reuse the generated wastewater. Part of wastewater is contamination levels are generally low for many crops and greywater, which is the water from whole house but the do not represent a significant health risk. Plant growth and toilet and typically 50-80% of the household wastewater is productivity are not affected by water quality, owing to the greywater (Eriksson et al., 2003; Friedler & Hadari, 2006). low N, P and K levels of the greywater. These results Generally, the N, P and K contents and pathogen levels reinforce the potential of domestic greywater as an related to health are low in greywater which is further alternative for irrigation. Similar results have been reported minimized when greywater is recycled (Jenssen & Vråle, by Friedler (2004) and Surendran & Wheatley (1998) for 2004). Domestic wastewater is a good source of fertilizer reuse of shower and laundry water for irrigation. Misra & for plants; it is also a source of environmental pollution and Sivongxay (2009) reported that greywater was significantly a medium where different microorganisms hazardous to more alkaline and more saline then the tap water. He human health can exist unless recycled. concluded that greywater irrigated plants had the highest Among many wastewater treatment systems, reed-bed concentration of P. The results suggested that if plants are is a physical man made constructed wetland system, managed well to maintain growth, the selected plant is able planted with different aquatic plants belonging to different to remove pollutant from greywater irrigated soils without species. These systems are low-cost, longer-lasting and being adversely affected by surfactant residues and other environment friendly (Anon., 2004). Introduction of pollutants in water. wetland systems in a developing country like Pakistan can Wastewater treatment using constructed wetlands is not bring a significant change in the livelihood of local people a common practice in Pakistan and yet the greywater due to partial substitution of fertilizer input and irrigation treatment. In this connection, few studies locally designed water cost. The system can be designed nearby gardens or have introduced the wetland systems in the country using crop fields to have direct excess of treated water. Wetland wastewater from oil refinery, Rawalpindi (Aslam et al., systems are efficient in reducing biological oxygen demand 2007), Sewer water of University of Engineering and (BOD), nitrogen, phosphorus and total solids (TS) i.e. total Technology, Lahore (Hayder et al., 2015) and wastewater 376 MEHRUNISA MEMON ET AL., of Nadirshaw Eduljee Dinshaw (NED) University of operation difficulties in the system. Thereby, the system Engineering and Technology, Karachi (Mustafa, 2013). was stabilized again for a month by continuously applying These studies however, have not drawn a clear line to untreated greywater, followed by 2 months operation and separate greywater from domestic or even wastewater from monitoring of some parameters. A measured quantity of other sources. So far, there is no local research on the greywater (30L 43 Sec-1) was discharged from the plastic record showing treatment of greywater alone and yet in the tank into treatment units three times a day at an equal rural areas of Sindh province of Pakistan. This study aims interval (8 hours) time discharging total 90L day-1, to introduce the treatment of greywater through constructed continued for one month period. Sampling was carried out wetlands technology using greywater of Sindh Agriculture between 8 and 9 am on daily basis for a period of one University Colony, Tandojam and secondly, to evaluate the month during October. Untreated greywater from the main greywater quality for irrigation on agricultural crops. tank and the treated one from outlet ports of each Cyperus iria, Phragmites karka and Typha elephantina treatment Materials and Methods units was collected in autoclaved 500 ml sample bottles and packed on ice in insulated coolers for transport to the The study of greywater treatment growing aquatic laboratory (Shaheen et al., 2016). plants using reed-bed technology was carried out at Quality of treated and untraded greywater was tested residential area of Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam by standard methods. Electrical conductivity (EC) and pH occurring at 25o 25’ 35.68” N and 68’ 22.31” E in a were simply measured by using EC (HI 8033) and pH arid/semi-arid sub-tropical climate with average rain fall of o (WTW-720) meters after their proper calibration using 150-200 mm and maximum average temperature of 40 C (FAO, 2001). The treatment scheme consisted of a 9.1 m2 standard 0.02M KCl and buffer (7.0 and 9.0) solutions, cemented tank attached with a motor pump, a 240 L respectively. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total cylindrical plastic tank and 6 vertical flow subsurface solids (TS) (TDS+TSS) were analyzed as given in the constructed reed-bed units (Fig. 1) each with the Anon. (1998) for waste water determination. BOD dimensions of 2x1x1 m (length x width x depth) in represents the amount of oxygen required to completely addition to domestic wastewater from ten houses. The oxidize the organic matter present in a sample. It was determined by incubating the sample into BOD bottles for units were packed at 0.7 m depth, using mixed material i.e. o sand (42.5%), silt (35.5%), clay (22.5% and farm yard 5 days at 20 C after proper preparation of the sample manure having electrical conductivity and pH of 3.65 dS including dilution water. Dissolved oxygen was measured m-1 and 8.33, respectively. Each of the three reed-bed units before and after the incubation and BOD was computed were used to grow the locally collected aquatic plants from the difference. TSS and TDS were separately o Cyperus iria (sedge grass), Phragmites karka (reed grass) measured by using filter (0.45um) and evaporation (100 C) and Typha elephantina (reed mace), locally termed as Kull, methods, respectively and summed to give TS. The Nurr and Pann, respectively. The greywater from ten nitrogen forms (NH4-N and NO3-N) were analyzed as houses, each through a separate pipe was discharged into outlined by Tandon (2005), soluble phosphorus by main tank and was pumped into cylindrical plastic tank developing a blue colored complex (Murphy & Riley, (attached with treatment units) when required. The 1962), followed by quantitative determination on treatment units were supplied with greywater from plastic spectrophotometer and potassium by emission tank via PVC pipes (1.5" diameter) having T-shape inlet spectroscopy (Knudsen et al., 1982) using flame valves. photometer. The treatment of greywater began to operate in the Descriptive statistics in the form of minimum, month of April and the system was stabilized during May maximum, mean, mode, standard deviation, and analysis of and June.
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