Generation El Niño
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
GENERATION EL NIÑO: LONG-TERM IMPACTS ON CHILDREN’S WELL-BEING ©Unicef Final Report JANUARY 2018 IN ASSOCIATION WITH: Acknowledgements This report is the final deliverable for the research study entitled ‘Generation El Niño: Long-Term Impacts on Children’s Well-being’. The research has been commissioned by the United Nations Children’ Fund (UNICEF) Ethiopia (under the Social Policy Department), with oversight from the Emergency Management Team. The research was undertaken by Oxford Policy Management (OPM), based in the UK, in partnership with The Horn Economic and Social Policy Institute (HESPI), based in Addis Ababa. The core team of researchers comprised Terry Roopnaraine (team leader), Felicity Le Quesne, Lilli Loveday (project manager), Fredu Nega Tegebu, Amdissa Teshome, Gashaw Tsegaye Ayele, and Edris Seid. The internal quality assurance panel comprised Angela Raven Roberts, Zoe Scott, and Sebastian Silva Leander. The field researchers undertaking the data collection activities comprised Fikret Adugna (Amhara), Alebachew Asfaw (Amhara, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples (SNNPR)), Berhanu Assefa (Oromia, SNNPR), Tsegazaeb Kidanemariam (Tigray, Afar), Hayalu Miruts (Tigray, Afar), and Zinash Muluneh (Oromia). The research team would like to thank all those who have been part of the research. We are grateful for the valuable inputs, review, and support to fieldwork provided by UNICEF colleagues throughout the research process. In particular, we would like to thank Remy Pigois, Vincenzo Vinci, Martha Kibur, and the UNICEF Ethiopia Social Policy and Evidence for Social Inclusion section. We warmly acknowledge the contributions of informants at the national, woreda and kebele level – who contributed to technical discussions, as well as facilitating the fieldwork. We would especially like to thank the communities where the research activities were undertaken, and their members, for sharing experiences, insights, and views. The opinions expressed in the report are the sole responsibility of the research team, as well as any errors that remain. We trust that we have accurately conveyed the impressions shared and observations made during the data collection process. I GENERATION EL NIÑO: FINAL REPORT This assessment was carried out by Oxford Policy Management (OPM) and the Horn Economic and Social Policy Institute (HESPI). The Project Manager was Lilli Loveday (OPM), the Team Leader was Terry Roopnaraine (OPM) and the Lead Researcher at HESPI was Fredu Nega Tegebu. This report was authored by Felicity Le Quesne, Lilli Loveday, Terry Roopnaraine, Fredu Nega Tegebu and Amdissa Teshome, with inputs from the wider research and quality assurance team. For further information contact [email protected] and [email protected]. The contact point for the client is Vincenzo Vinci (UNICEF Ethiopia, Social Policy Specialist) ([email protected]). Suggested citation: Oxford Policy Management and the Horn Economic and Social Policy Institute (2018) Generation El Niño: Long-term Impacts on Children’s Well-being: Final Report. UNICEF: Ethiopia Country Office UNICEF Ethiopia P.O.Box 1169, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia UNECA Compound, Zambezi Building Telephone: +251 115 184000 Email: [email protected] Oxford Policy Management Limited, Tel +44 (0) 1865 207 300 Level 3, Clarendon House, Fax +44 (0) 1865 207 301 52 Cornmarket Street Email [email protected] Oxford, OX1 3HJ Website www.opml.co.uk United Kingdom Registered in England: 3122495 © Oxford Policy Management and UNICEF Ethiopia II Contents Acknowledgements .............................................. I 5 Main findings in response .................... 20 List of figures, tables, and boxes ........................V to the research questions List of abbreviations ..........................................VII 5.1 Research Question 1: Short-term ........... 23 Executive summary ............................................IX impacts and effects of the El Niño drought 1 Introduction .............................................. 1 5.1.1 Livelihoods: immediate, acute ................ 24 1.1 Background ................................................ 1 impacts on children’s well-being 1.2 Research overview ..................................... 1 5.1.2 Crop failure and food security: ................ 24 ‘We had hunger every day’ 1.3 Structure of report ..................................... 2 5.1.3 Domestic water supply impacts .............. 26 2 A framework for ‘well-being’: 5.2 Research Question 2: Coping ................. 27 capabilities and resilience ...................... 3 mechanisms and effects on children 2.1 Capabilities approach ................................ 3 5.2.1 Migration, transhumance, and work ........ 27 2.2 Building resilience to drought .................... 3 5.2.2 Work and time use closer to home ......... 30 2.3 Assessing ‘long-term impacts’ ................... 4 5.2.3 Financial mechanisms: loans, debt, ........ 32 2.4 Research themes and sub-questions ........ 4 credit, savings, and asset sales 3 Research methodology .............................. 8 5.2.4 Social impacts and coping: ...................... 33 marriage and social capital 3.1 Approach, sampling, and data handling ..... 8 5.3 Research Question 3: External ................ 35 3.2 Fieldwork implementation ......................... 9 support and influence on well-being 3.3 Ethical considerations ............................... 9 5.3.1 Livestock feed .......................................... 36 4 Discussion of the context of ................ 10 5.3.2 Emergency food relief ............................. 36 the 2015/16 El Niño vent, drought, and PSNP transfers and the humanitarian response 5.3.3 Health and nutrition ................................. 38 4.1 The coming of El Niño in 2015: ................ 10 5.3.4 Water supply ............................................ 39 ‘It just scorched and vanished’ 5.3.5 Livelihood interventions ........................... 40 4.2 Into 2016: a partial response to .................11 5.3.7 Development activities ............................ 41 a growing humanitarian crisis 5.4 Research Question 4: Long-term ............. 42 4.3 Coordination and delivery of .................... 13 impacts on children’s well-being the humanitarian response 5.4.1 Food, water, and livelihoods ..................... 42 4.3.1 Coordination at the federal level .............. 13 5.4.2 Human capital .......................................... 47 4.3.2 Coordination at the sub-national level ...... 14 5.4.3 Capabilities .............................................. 51 4.3.3 Targeting the most affected ..................... 15 5.4.4 Social effects ............................................ 52 4.3.4 Stakeholders in the response .................. 16 4.3.5 The role of social protection .................... 16 6 HHCSs: illustrative examples ................ 54 4.4 Saving lives, but not livelihoods ............... 17 7 Summary and conclusions ................... 66 4.4.1 Aligning humanitarian .............................. 18 aid with resilience III GENERATION EL NIÑO: FINAL REPORT 8 Recommendations for policy, .............. 70 programming, and future research 8.1 Recommendations for ............................ 70 policy and programming 8.1.1 Effective delivery of ................................. 70 emergency response 8.2.1 Research areas specific to ....................... 75 children’s situations in drought 8.2.2 Research areas related to disaster ........... 76 response/management more broadly References ........................................................ 77 Annex A Research methodology ................... 81 A.1 Secondary data ........................................ 81 A.2 Primary data collection............................. 81 A.2.1 Geographical sampling: ........................... 81 woredas and kebeles A.2.2 Selection of respondents ......................... 82 A.3 Challenges and limitations ....................... 85 A.4 Data handling and analysis ....................... 85 Annex B Woreda and kebele profiles ............ 86 B.1 Woreda profiles ........................................ 86 B.2 Selected kebele summary profiles .......... 87 Annex C Summary HHCS profiles ................. 93 Annex D List of key informants ..................... 96 D.1 FGD, community timeline, ...................... 96 and HHCS participants D.2 People met with at regional .................... 98 level (key informants) D.3 Key informants (national level) ................101 – representatives © Oxford Policy Management and UNICEF Ethiopia IV List of figures, tables, and boxes Box 1 Main research questions .......................... 2 Box 26 Tigray – Ofla – Adishum ........................ 54 Box 2 Components of the capability approach .... 3 Bereket HHCS Box 3 Research questions and sub-questions .... 5 Box 27 Afar – Addu – Megale HHCS ................. 57 Box 4 Manifestations of El Niño .........................11 Box 28 Oromia – Shashemene ......................... 60 across regions Zuria – Faji Gole HHCS Box 5 A protracted situation: the crisis ..............11 Box 29 SNNPR – Boricha .................................. 62 continues through 2016 and 2017 – Maddo Mukeneka – HHCS Box 6 The role of the NDRMC ........................... 14 Box 30 Amhara – Guba Lafto – ......................... 64 Box 7 The meaning of drought .......................... 24 Sivilkay HHCS Box 8 Consumption, food supply ..................... 24 Box 31 Summary of research activities ............ 83 and school