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Community Involvement Matters in Conserving World Heritage Sites

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Community Involvement Matters in Conserving World Heritage Sites Community involvement maers in conserving World Heritage sites - Urban and remote cases of Japan Aya Miyazaki PhD Candidate, University of Tokyo/ Japan Foundaon Outline World Heritage (WH) conservaon mechanism Conservaon value pyramid Communies InsGtuGon Case studies Conclusion July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 2 World Heritage (WH) conservaon mechanism Conservaon value pyramid Communies InsGtuGon Case studies Conclusion July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 3 WH Conserva,on Mechanism InscripGon and conservaon, main concepts of WH system, are considered to be under the responsibility of these 3 actors Inscription Conservation Mechanism • Creates a Phase I Phase II Tentative List of possible World • Notification to the Committee of • Receives assistance States Heritage sites emerging threat needed for the Party • Sends application • Periodic reporting of state of conservation of the two sites to conservation • Tries to delist the site World Heritage • Tries to conserve and from Endangered List Center manage the site Advisory • Review of • Monitoring mission to check • Supports the States applications sent the situation Party by providing Bodies to WH Center • Provide professional & technical assistance (ICOMOS/ • Monitoring mission technical advice and • Monitors the threat in a IUCN) to check the OUV assistance long-term period • Discussion over • Monitors the conservation • Inscribes the World World application from state Heritage into the in advisory bodies • Condemnation of the lack of Danger List Heritage • Decision to conservation • Decides to allocate Committee inscribe/not • Showing of support to provide immediate assistance inscribe sites international assistance from the WH Fund July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 4 WH Conserva,on Mechanism CH conservaon mechanism repeats conservaon, condemnaon of threat and conservaon support unGl the issue is se.led - but without local presence Regular Phase I Phase II Conservation • Periodic Imminent threat • Tries to Worsening of the • Tries to rid reporting emerges on an improve the threatening situation the threat State Party • State of inscribed World status by • Improve by conservation Heritage site getting rid conserving report of threat • Surveils • Notified of the • Continues • Inscribes the site • Continues World reports threat surveillance on the WH in surveillance • Discusses • Denounces the on the site Danger List on the site Heritage and grants states party with issues • Provides • Decides on Committee international emergency needed assistance assistance assistance • Monitors • Monitors sites to • Continues • Monitors sites to • Continues Advisory reports on confirm the situ necessary plan appropriate necessary Bodies conservation • Provides monitoring conservation monitoring (ICOMOS/ • Gives advice technical • Provides • Provides IUCN) for the assistance technical assistance requests assistance When improved July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 5 WH Conserva,on Mechanism - Inscrip,on From the inscripGon process, CH only refers to consultaon with experts for nominaon and not to the role of communiGes ICOMOS Nomination Process Map • Natural Heritage • Cultural Heritage Expert-led Source: UNESCO (2011) Opera&onal Guidelines for the Implementa&on of the World Heritage Conven&on, p. 117. July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 6 WH Conserva,on Mechanism - Inscrip,on On the other hand, NH consults with “Local NGOs, communiGes and other stakeholders” from the nominaon process IUCN Nomination Process Map IUCN REPORT TO WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE IUCN World Heritage Panel Consultation with: UNEP – World Government Officials Conservation External Field Inspection ↔ Local NGOs Monitoring Centre Reviewers Local Communities (UNEP-WCMC) Other Stakeholders Datasheet IUCN Programme on Protected Areas UNESCO World Heritage Centre Nomination dossiers Source: UNESCO (2011) Opera&onal Guidelines for the Implementa&on of the World Heritage Conven&on, p. 121. July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 7 World Heritage (WH) conservaon mechanism Conservaon value pyramid Communies InsGtuGon Case studies Conclusion July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 8 Conservaon Value Pyramid WH is a system of mulG-layered actors and conservaon values where poliGcal and professional intenGons co-exist in 1 scheme Internaonal Organizaon PoliGcal Value Naonal Professional Value Government Local Authority Local/social value Community July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 9 Conservaon Value Pyramid Each actor defines and protects different significance of the site, based on different set of values, thus complicang the maer Value map (International, national, and local) Value of the CH • Outstanding Universal Value poliGcally chosen Internaonal • AuthenGcity, Integrity Expert Organizaon • 10 sets of criteria - led & Naonal • Values based on naonal criteria & importance; IdenGty-based significance Japan: historic, arGsGc, academic, and age Gov values (ProtecGon Law) Personally & Local • Values that are based on local pride, historically connected Authority culture and history • Local/social/historical value Community • Personal connecGon July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 10 Conservaon Value Pyramid because OUV is an internaonal, professional value set, local communiGes values are not represented in the WH system Value map (International, national, and local) Value of the CH • Outstanding Universal Value poliGcally chosen Internaonal • AuthenGcity, Integrity Expert Organizaon • 10 sets of criteria - led & Naonal • Values based on naonal criteria & importance; IdenGty-based significance Japan: historic, arGsGc, academic, Gov academic, and age values (ProtecGon Law) Personally & Local • Values that are based on local pride, historically connected Authority culture and history • Local/social/historical value Community • Personal connecGon July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 11 WH Conserva,on Mechanism - Actors Where is the “community” in WH conservaon mechanism, especially for the CH protecGon? Internaonal organizaon Ex: UNESCO Naonal authority Local authority Residents/ workers on/near WH site July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 12 World Heritage (WH) • Who is the conservaon mechanism community? Conservaon value pyramid • Does the size Communies maer? InsGtuGon Case studies Conclusion July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 13 Communies - definion Who are the communiGes? Communities (Law, 2004) Law (2004) divided the local communiGes according to a typology to disGnguish Civic Trusts those who have an effect on planning and conservaon Space- Place- Historical based based groups groups groupings on but do they represent the whole of parGcular historic periods Green- communies??? based groups Local groups July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 14 Communies - definion My definiGon: The local community is a group of individuals with personal aachment to, or is affected, by the WHS Pendlebury (2009) Howard (2003) Those that the conservaon is at the Insider: people consciously or centre of their lifestyle because it is a unconsciously inside the paradigm of Owners part of or a whole of their occupaon an insider value that are related to the Core place or interested in the cultural Croups Those who are acGve in conservaon heritage share, concerned with the planning processes for personal person or event-related histories that interest or gain, moGvated by Insiders cannot be understood by experts or passion or aachment those outside of the value set Consumers of historic environment Outsiders for leisure and educaon through CommuniGes: “Social Unity of people that shares common value visits judgments” Jokilehto (2014) Governments Wider “Most people with the typically more Croups modest historic environment Academics encountered as a backdrop to everyday life” Media July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 15 Communies - definion Diverse set of communiGes (core groups) have significant effect on cultural heritage conservaon system and policy Internaonal organizaon Naonal Ex: UNESCO authority Epistemic community Local authority State A State b Residents/ workers Amenity socieGes/ Stakeholders on/near WH site NGOs July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 16 World Heritage (WH) conservaon mechanism Conservaon value pyramid Communies InsGtuGon Case studies Conclusion July 11-13, 2014 Engaging Conservaon 17 Instuon ProtecGon Law has evolved over the years to reflect changing CH values including expansion of the autonomy of local authority Law for the ProtecGon of Previous cultural property The ProtecGon Law (1950-) The basics of the Protecon Law Conservaon law Cultural ProperGes (1950-) • Japanese WHS are protected under 文 = fundamental legal system for the 化財保護法 自然環境保全 protecGon of naonally important CP for CH and • Established in 1950 to Tangible CP 法、自然公園法（環境庁） for NH (既 designate/register, manage, 存の法律により担保）（田中俊徳） ObjecGve: To designate, register, protect, and uGlize cultural それらの法律で担保できない部分に manage, protect, and uGlize cultural Law for Preservaon of Old Shrines and Intangible CP – properes Temples 古社寺保存法 (1897-) 関しては、副次的な作用のある他の • Combined “古社寺保存法”, “史 properes 法律・規定をそれぞれのケースに合う 跡名勝天然紀念物保存法”, “国 Law for the Preservaon of Naonal Folk CP ように適用している 国宝保存法 宝保存法” and “重要美術品等 background: devastang effect on the Treasures (1929-) • 6分類 country aer WWII ノの保存ニ関スル法律” – 特に伝統的建造物群保存地区制度に • background: devastang effect Law related to the preservaon of fine arts Monuments 重要美術品等の保存に関する法律 (1933-) ついて（白川郷、石見銀山） on the country aer WWII 4 pillars of the Law: 1) Define which CH be conserved Groups of TradiGonal buildings • What it does: (1) defines which Historical Spot, Scenic
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