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Orientalist Feminism and the Politics of Critical Dialogue Between Israeli and Palestinian Women

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Orientalist Feminism and the Politics of Critical Dialogue Between Israeli and Palestinian Women ORIENTALIST FEMINISM AND THE POLITICS OF CRITICAL DIALOGUE BETWEEN ISRAELI AND PALESTINIAN WOMEN ORIENTALIST FEMINISM AND THE POLITICS OF CRITICAL DIALOGUE BETWEEN ISRAELI AND PALESTINIAN WOMEN By WAFAA HASAN, Hnrs. B.A., M.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University © Copyright by Wafaa Hasan, November 2011 i McMaster University Doctor of Philosophy (2011) Hamilton, Ontario (English and Cultural Studies) TITLE: Orientalist Feminism and the Politics of Critical Dialogue between Israeli and Palestinian Women AUTHOR: Wafaa Hasan, Hnrs. B.A. (McMaster University), M.A. (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Professor Daniel Coleman NUMBER OF PAGES: x, 292 ii Abstract In this dissertation I examine the contemporary breakdown of critical feminist dialogues so ubiquitous in the 1990s between Israeli and Palestinian women. Building on interviews with Palestinian women that identify a ―top-down approach‖ in dialogues with Israeli anti-occupation feminist activists, this dissertation examines the role of ―power inequities,‖ Orientalism, and ―white feminist authority‖ (Lâm) in forming the discursive environment for even the most critical feminist dialogues. Conducting various discursive analyses of dialogues between Israeli and Palestinian women, I argue that the mainstream exclusivist Israeli feminist movement as well as ―critical,‖ self-titled anti-racist and ―anti- occupation‖ Israeli feminists continue to function with ―white feminist authority.‖ Palestinian women are often pressured to speak through narrow points of entry that prioritize the paradigms of Western feminism and academic theory, namely, anti- nationalism and unitary womanhood/motherhood. These assumptions constitute a feminist paternalism that is similar to Israeli hegemonic discourses that rationalize ―exceptional‖ but necessary violence against the Palestinians. Palestinian women have initiated a comprehensive boycott of status quo dialogues in an effort to create more dialogue. In this way the ―silences‖ of status quo ―humaniz[ing]‖ feminist dialogues (Lorde) which operate through requests for ―colonial mimicry‖ are troubled by the boycott and may ultimately produce future anti-racist and anti-colonial feminist dialogues. The shortcomings of contemporary Western feminism‘s role in the Israeli- Palestinian ―peace process‖ are brought to light in this dissertation while potentials for solidarity-activism across ―power inequities‖ are simultaneously mapped out. iii Acknowledgements Daniel Coleman: Thanks for all your guidance, encouragement and patience. Thank you for supporting my endeavours to find funding for my research trips and helping me purchase the equipment I needed to record interviews and take photos of the West Bank. Thank you also for a rewarding RAship. I am deeply appreciative of your support for this work. Amber Dean: Thanks for lending me books, pushing me forward and considering all the political implications of this project. You came on at a late stage but in that short time your contributions affected this thesis in such remarkable ways. Your support has been truly invigorating and inspiring. Melinda Gough: Thank you for your unwavering support. Thanks also for your meticulous revisions. Thanks, in general, to my supervisory committee for allowing me to borrow phrasings, tediously correcting my punctuation, lending me books and encouraging me to push on. Omar Dessouki There are no words. Your constant encouragement, our late night long discussions about my thesis arguments and your inspiring reminder that I will ―do great things‖ has been invaluable. You joined me on my second trip to Israel and Palestine and made sure it was incredibly productive despite various distractions. We bottle-fed milk to my family‘s lambs, slept on the ground, and smoked argeeli in Ramallah but you always reminded me why we were there and pushed me to keep going. You and I are something special and I can‘t wait to continue on with you, teammate. P.S. thanks for learning to cook (!). Nader Hasan and Khaled Hasan: My brothers. You have followed me through the years and I‘m always thankful that you keep me light-hearted. You make me laugh all the time and that has helped me through it all. Khaled, thanks for buying me a printer when I really needed it during those difficult times and for the pride I see in your eyes when you look at me. You think about me in ways that only a ―big‖ brother can. Thanks also for consistently reading my blog when I was in Palestine and for talking me through those ―false-alarm‖ gun shots! Nader, thank you for your unconditional love, your amazing hugs and your unbelievable warmth. You, my little brother, will always have that special place. There are few words to describe the light you bring to people‘s lives so I won‘t try here. Oh, and thanks also for helping me figure out what colonialism is! Mom (Suhair Deeb) thanks for your food. Your food, and any food your hand touches, nourishes me deeply. Thank you also for being so brave. You pushed me to go to Israel and Palestine. You had no fear and because of that neither did I. You‘re a strong woman and I hope that I can take on some of your traits as I grow with you. I will never forget how you prepared me for my research trips, compiling contact numbers, shopping with me for cameras, recorders, batteries, planning how to strategically get out of family gatherings to do my work(!). But most importantly, I will never forget the ways you made learning fun throughout our lifetime. You always encouraged us to do well in school, iv staying up with us early into the morning making Bristol board presentations, with our constant supply of perfectly sharpened pencils and snacks. Watching your resilience, persistence and endurance in life has taught me never to give up. Most of my political passions have been inspired by the adversity you faced in life as well as mine and my happiness will always—even if we don‘t agree on those politics all the time—be deeply attached to yours. My love for you exists on a bodily level that I cannot always explain but it‘s enough to say that I am so happy you are in my life and I love you. Mervat Osman and Esmat Dessouki: Thank you for believing in me, encouraging me and supporting me. I am lucky to have you in my life and love you very much. Thanks also to Shariff Dessouki for your support and Kareem Dessouki for inspiring me with your interests in social justice. Wafa and Bessma Momani: Wafa, thanks for driving to Hamilton to see me in the darkness of my comps-filled basement room and bringing some normalcy to my graduate years. Thanks for listening, supporting, and believing in me and in what I was doing. Bessma you have opened your arms to me and supported me with such trust in my abilities. You have dramatically changed my life and I hope to continue to be mentored by you. And a special shout out to Khalto Itidal whose support I felt so intensely when I was in the early years of graduate school. Riisa Walden: I could not have completed this sanely without you. Our morning calls at 6:30 a.m. were something special. Were they sometimes at 6 a.m.? It was great having a ―water-cooler‖ colleague to speak to everyday when I was working in solitude. Thanks also for your genius insights and support. Linking our life experiences with our work was something unique I shared with you. I loved hearing you prepare breakfast and discipline your cats in the background as we planned our days or work and our next self-imposed deadlines. Thanks to various friends, colleagues and fellow activists for editing my work and/or encouraging me throughout the many years: Areej Hasso, Kelly Moore, Dina Musa, Heather Fadali, Hichem Fadali, Andrew Pendakis, Justin Sully, Krista Levely, Kareem Shoukri, Nashwa Salem, Maysoon Abusoud, Alisha Ticku, Kinda AlJassem, Khaled Mouammar, Sarab Badair, Amina Shehadeh, Carol Williams, Shoshana Magnet, Dilia Narduzzi, Tunt Khadija, Raja Khouri, Omar Alghabra, Reham Al Khatib, Marwah Younis, Abeir Estawani, and Lamya Hussein. It was nice to see your familiar faces at family/community/academic events while you encouraged me to keep going! Thanks also for offering me books, resources and advice when I needed them. Lastly, thank you to the Pearson family (especially Leora Pearson) for saving my life during a difficult time. Thanks to the staff at the Department of English and Cultural Studies without whom it would have been impossible to complete the program. Thank you Ilona Forgo-Smith, Antoinette Somo and Aurelia Gatto. Thanks to my interviewees who were generous with their time. Thanks also to all the women who made me mansaf in Palestine. I couldn‘t get enough! Thank you Gila v Svirsky for giving me an informative tour of Jerusalem. Also, thanks to my relatives (Khalo Samir, Im Mohammad, Abu Ashraf‘s family etc.) in Palestine and Jordan who helped make my trip safe and enjoyable. Thanks to Karen Szala-Meneok and Michael Wilson for their help with the MREB Ethics application. Thanks to the Institute of Globalization and the Human Condition Graduate Research Support Fund and the Ross Reeves Travel/Research Scholarship for partially funding my two research trips. Thanks to Mary O’Connor for encouraging me to apply to graduate school and thanks to Sarah Brophy for encouraging me to submit my first article for publication! Thanks also to Anne Savage, Don Goellnicht and Lorraine York for your support. Finally, thank you to all the activists who have worked in the past years before I was born to create the conditions for my family‘s ability to live in some safety and to make this dissertation possible.
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