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Keanekaragaman Jenis Ikan Di Perairan Sungai Batang Uleh Kabupaten Bungo Provinsi Jambi

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Keanekaragaman Jenis Ikan Di Perairan Sungai Batang Uleh Kabupaten Bungo Provinsi Jambi KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS IKAN DI PERAIRAN SUNGAI BATANG ULEH KABUPATEN BUNGO PROVINSI JAMBI Budiman 1,Syafrialdi2 and Rini Hertati2 1Mahasiswa Jurusan Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Perikanan Fakultas Perikanan, Universitas Muara Bungo-Jambi 2Staf Pengajar Jurusan Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Perikanan Fakultas Perikanan, Universitas Muara Bungo-Jambi *Email: [email protected] ABSTRAK Ikan merupakan organisme penghuni perairan yang rentan terhadap perubahan lingkungan sebagai habitatnya. Salah satunya Sungai Batang uleh sebagai perairan tak lepas dari penangkapkan yang desruktif dan degradasi habibat. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menilai keanekaragaman jenis ikan di Sungai Batang Uleh. Sampel dikoleksi selama dua bulan dengan bantuan nelayan setempat dengan menggunakan alat tangkap jala Lempar, Pancing Tajur dan Rawai di Batang Uleh pada tiga lokasi atau stasiun yaitu Hulu (Stasiun I), Tengah (Stasiun II) dan Hilir (Stasiun III). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa indeks keanekaragaman jenis menunjukkan berkisar antara 2,41 hingga 2,46. Indeks keanekaragaman tertinggi di jumpai di Stasiun I Dusun Bukit Kemang dengan total ikan sebanyak 158 ekor yang terdiri dari 13 jenis ikan. Nilai indeks dominansi pada masing-masing stasiun memiliki nilai yang sama yaitu antara 0,09 dan nilai indeks keseragaman pada masing-masing stasiun memiliki nilai antara 0,94 sampai dengan 0,99. Hasil studi ini memberikan data dasar yang sangat penting untuk penggelolaan dan Konservasi perairan sungai Batang Uleh Kata Kunci : Keanekaragaman, Jenis Ikan, Sungai Batang Uleh, Tanah Tumbuh. ABSTRACT Fish are aquatic inhabitants that are vulnerable to changes in the environment as their habitat. One of them is the Batang Uleh River as water that cannot be separated from destructive capture and degradation of habibat. The research objective was to assess the diversity of fish species in the Batang Uleh River. Samples were collected for two months with the help of local fishermen using cast net, fishing rods and mini longline in Batang Uleh at three locations or stations, namely upstream (Station I), middle (Station II) and downstream (Station III). The results showed that the index of species diversity ranged from 2.41 to 2.46. The highest diversity index was found at Station I Bukit Kemang Village with a total of 158 fish consisting of 13 fish species. The dominance index value at each station has the same value, namely between 0.09 and the uniformity index value at each station has a value between 0.94 to 0.99. The results of this study provide basic data that is very important for the management and conservation of the Batang Uleh river waters Keywords : Diversity, Fish Species, Batang Uleh River, Tanah Tumbuh. 24 I. PENDAHULUAN ekosistem tidak seimbang ( Preniti Latar Belakang et al., 2019). Upaya pengaturan Ikan merupakan salah satu selektifitas alat tangkap yang jenis organisme penghuni perairan digunakan disuatu perairan sangat yang rentan terhadap perubahan penting dalam pengelolaan dan lingkungan seperti penangkapan ikan konservasi sumberdaya perikanan secara besar-besaran. Sungai Batang sebagai kontrol kegiatan Uleh adalah perairan yang memiliki penangkapan dan pengidentifikasi sumber daya ikan. Sungai Batang pengelolaan penangkapan ikan yang Uleh memainkan perang penting berkelanjutan (Dewi et al., 2020). dalam potensi baik perikanan Beberapa kajian tentang tangkap maupun perikanan keanekaragaman ikan telah banyak budidaya. Sungai yang mempunyai dilakukan baik disungai dan danau keanekaragaman jenis ikan yang maupun waduk (Astuti dan cukup tinggi sehingga masyarakat Krismono, 2018; Sari et al., 2020; sekitar memanfaatkan sebagai Muhammad et al., 2020; Aryani et sumber perikanan tangkap (Dinas al., 2020). Penelitian kali ini adalah Peternakan dan Perikanan Kabupaten penelitian keanekaragman ikan yang Bungo, 2019). Namun beberapa dilakukan pada sungai Batang Uleh tahun terakhir ini, aktifitas yang merupakan sungai padat penangkapan ikan yang berlebihan, aktifitas mulai dari penangkapan penambangan pasir, emas dan erosi ikan, erosi tanah, limbah pertanian tanah serta aktifitas manusia yan dan antoropogenik yang telah lainnya menjadi ancaman utama merusak habitat ikan. Semua terhadap keanekaragaman ikan aktifitas ini diperkirakan karena menyebabkan rusaknya menyebabkan menurun kehadiran habitat ikan (Sarkar et al, 2012; biota diperairan, terutama Arthington et al, 2016; Liu et al, keanekaragman ikan. Selain itu, 2017). Oleh karena itu, pelestarian Kecepatan arus, Penambangan pasir keanekaragaman ikan diperairan disungai, perubahan tata guna lahan menjadi lebih penting. dan kegiatan budidaya ikan dengan Ekosistem sungai mengalami keramba juga telah mempengaruhi kerusakkan akibat campur tangan kedalaman air sungai, ketersediaan manusia yang intens mengakibatkan makanan, dan tempat berkembang degradasi habitat sehingga banyak biak ((Yustina, 2001; Aryani et al., spesies ikan terancam punah (Sarkar 2020; Dewi et al., 2020). Meskipun et al., 2012). Beberapa contoh faktor banyak studi telah mengkaji penyebab menurun spesies ikan keanekaragaman ikan, namun sejauh antara lain: terjadinya pencemaran ini belum ada lopran dari sungai air, adanya penangkapan ikan secara Batang Uleh. Oleh karena itu, sangat berlebihan (over fishing), limbah penting melakukan penelitian pertanian dan antropogenik. Hal ini, keanekaragaman ikan diperairan telah menyebabkan keanekaragaman sungai Batang Uleh . ikan menurun akibat kondisi 25 II. Metode Penelitian sungai utama yang menjadi tiga Waktu dan Tempat bagian yaitu Hulu (Stasiun I), Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Tengah (Stasiun II) dan Hilir Sungai Batang Uleh yang terbagi (Stasiun III). Daerah Hilir (Stasiun pada 3 stasiun pengamatan (Gambar III) merupakan daerah terdekat 4). Penentuan stasiun pengamatan dengan tempat yang sering melalui purposive sampling dengan digunakan masyarakat dalam merujuk hasil studi pendahuluan memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari. yaitu mewakili satu daerah aliran Gambar 1. Lokasi Pengambilan Sampel Penelitian Alat dan Bahan GPS. Disamping itu untuk mengolah Peralatan yang digunakan data diperlukan seperangkat “ untuk penelitian ini yaitu : alat tulis, Personal Computer, “ atau PC. timbangan elektrik, untuk Sedangkan bahan yang diperlukan menangkap sampel ikan digunakan larutan formalin 4% dan es batu alat tangkap jaring, jala tebar, untuk menyimpan sampel agar tetap pancing/tajur, penggaris, kamera, segar sampai kelokasi pengamatan. Metode Pengambilan Sampel Ikan sebelumnya telah ditetapkan. Koleksi Dalam penentuan stasiun sampel dilakukan dua kali dengan penelitian ini digunakan Metode mengggunakan alat tangkap jala Purposive Sampling yaitu penentuan lempar, pancing tajur dan rawai stasiun penelitian dilakukan (Kamal, 2007). Hasil tangkapan berdasarkan tujuan dengan dipisahkan berdasarkan lokasi memperhatikan berbagai stasiun ikan yang tertangkap di hulu, pertimbangan kondisi dimana ikan tengah dan hilir. Selanjutnya hasil dapat ditemukan di stasiun yang tangkapan masing-masing stasiun ditetapkan serta alat tangkap yang sungai Batang Uleh diIdentifikasi dapat dioperasikan diwilayah mengacu pada buku taksonomi ( tersebut. Sampel dalam penelitian ini Saanin, 1984). adalah perwakilan setiap lokasi yang . 26 Analisis Data Untuk menganalisis data yang ni diperoleh dari lapangan digunakan Di = X 100 % beberapa metoda analisis. Metoda N analisis tersebut adalah sebagai berikut: Keterangan : 1. Analisis Indeks Keanekaragaman Di = Indeks dominansi suatu jenis Jenis Ikan (H’) ikan Ni = jumlah individu suatu jenis Indeks keanekaragaman (H’) N = jumlah individu dari seluruh merupakan gambaran kekayaan jenis spesies ikan yang dapat dilihat dari Kriteria : Di = 0-2% jenis tidak kehadiran jumlah spesies dalam dominan suatu komunitas dengan kelimpahan Di = 2-5% jenis sub dominan relatif (jumlah individu tiap spesies). Di = >5% jenis dominan Indeks keragaman yang paling umum digunakan adalah indeks 3. Indeks Keseragaman (E) menurut Shannon-Wiener (Brower Indeks Keseragaman and Zar, 1990) dilambangkan dengan individu tiap spesies yang terdapat i (H ) yang dibatasi sebagai : pada suatu perairan dapat ditentukan dengan indeks n keseragaman Bengen, (2000) yaitu : H’ = - ∑ Pi (log2 Pi) i =1 ′ ′ 퐻 퐻 퐸 = 퐼 = Keterangan : 퐻 푚푎푥 퐿표푔2 H’ = Indeks Keanekaragaman (Shannon-Wienner). Pi = Perbandingan antara jumlah Keterangan : individu spesies ikan ke-i 퐻′ = Indeks dengan jumlah total Keanekaragaman Shannon- individu ikan (jumlah Weiner individu spesies ke-i,Pi = 퐻′ max = Keanekaragaman ni /N species maksimum N = Jumlah total spesies. S = Jumlah Species max E = 0, terdapat dominasi 2. Indeks Dominasi (Di) spesies atau semakin kecil keseragaman Penentuan jenis ikan yang E = 1, Jumlah Individu dominan didalam kawasan tiap spesies sama atau seragam penelitian, ditentukan dengan menggunakan rumus berikut : III. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN sepanjang Sungai Batang Uleh. Stasiun I (Dusun Bukit Kemang) Selama penelitian tercatat ada 13 jenis dan total menunjukkan adanya keragaman individu yang ditemukan sebanyak jenis ikan yang di tertangkap di 69 ekor. Stasiun II (Dusun Tebing 27 Tinggi) ditemukan 13 jenis dan 9 Osteochillus vittatusi sebanyak 17 genus dari total individu yang ekor dan Rabora rutteni sebanyak 16 ditemukan sebanyak 47 ekor, di ekor. Sedangkan jumlah total ikan stasiun III (Dusun Rambah) paling sedikit adalah jenis ikan ditemukan 13 jenis dan 9 genus dari Leptobarbus hoevenii dan Hampala 42 ekor ikan.Jenis ikan terbanyak di macrolepidota. Jumlah total ikan sepanjang perairan sungai Batang berhubungan dengan kehadiran jenis Uleh terdiri
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