DOCSLIB.ORG

Seasonal Movements and Habitat Use of Juvenile Smooth Hammerhead Sharks in the Western North Atlantic Ocean and Significance for Management

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seasonal Movements and Habitat Use of Juvenile Smooth Hammerhead Sharks in the Western North Atlantic Ocean and Significance for Management University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Biological Sciences Faculty Publications Biological Sciences 2020 Seasonal Movements and Habitat Use of Juvenile Smooth Hammerhead Sharks in the Western North Atlantic Ocean and Significance for Management Ryan K. Logan Jeremy J. Vaudo Lara L. Sousa Mark Sampson Bradley M. Wetherbee See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/bio_facpubs Authors Ryan K. Logan, Jeremy J. Vaudo, Lara L. Sousa, Mark Sampson, Bradley M. Wetherbee, and Mahmood S. Shivji fmars-07-566364 August 30, 2020 Time: 10:2 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 01 September 2020 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.566364 Seasonal Movements and Habitat Use of Juvenile Smooth Hammerhead Sharks in the Western North Atlantic Ocean and Significance for Management Ryan K. Logan1,2*, Jeremy J. Vaudo1,2, Lara L. Sousa3, Mark Sampson4, Bradley M. Wetherbee1,5 and Mahmood S. Shivji1,2* 1 Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, United States, 2 Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, United States, 3 Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Tubney, United Kingdom, 4 Fish Finder Adventures, Ocean City, MD, United States, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States Edited by: Yannis Peter Papastamatiou, Florida International University, Upper trophic level predators dramatically impacted by fisheries include the large-bodied United States hammerhead sharks, which have become species of conservation concern worldwide. Reviewed by: James Ketchum, Implementing spatial management for conservation of hammerhead populations Independent Researcher, La Paz, requires knowledge of temporal distribution patterns and habitat use, identification of Mexico essential habitat for protection, and quantification of interactions with human activities. Camrin Braun, University of Washington, There is little such information for the smooth hammerhead shark, Sphyrna zygaena. United States We used fin-mounted satellite tags to examine the movements and habitat use of *Correspondence: juvenile smooth hammerheads, a demographic segment particularly threatened by Ryan K. Logan [email protected]; exploitation. Six sharks were tagged off the US mid-Atlantic and tracked for 49–441 [email protected] days (mean 187 ± 136 days). Sharks consistently showed area-restricted movements Mahmood S. Shivji within a summer core area in waters of the New York Bight and a winter core area off [email protected] Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, with directed movements between them in autumn. Specialty section: There was high overlap of shark winter core area use and the Mid-Atlantic Shark This article was submitted to Area (MASA) – a 7 month per year, bottom-longline fishery closure – indicating that Marine Megafauna, a section of the journal this area closure offers seasonal reduction in fishing pressure for this species. Based Frontiers in Marine Science on timing of shark movements and the MASA closure, protection for juvenile smooth Received: 27 May 2020 hammerheads may be increased by beginning the closure period 1 month earlier than Accepted: 12 August 2020 Published: 01 September 2020 currently scheduled. Generalized additive mixed models revealed that area-restricted Citation: movements of sharks in their summer and winter core areas coincided with high primary Logan RK, Vaudo JJ, Sousa LL, productivity, and elevated sea surface temperature. Consistency in use of summer and Sampson M, Wetherbee BM and winter core areas suggests that the coastal waters of the New York Bight and Cape Shivji MS (2020) Seasonal Movements and Habitat Use Hatteras, North Carolina could be considered for Essential Fish Habitat designation for of Juvenile Smooth Hammerhead this species. This study reveals the first high resolution movements and habitat use for Sharks in the Western North Atlantic Ocean and Significance smooth hammerheads in the western North Atlantic to inform management planning for for Management. this population. Front. Mar. Sci. 7:566364. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.566364 Keywords: Sphyrna zygaena, movement ecology, behavior, conservation, satellite telemetry Frontiers in Marine Science| www.frontiersin.org 1 September 2020| Volume 7| Article 566364 fmars-07-566364 August 30, 2020 Time: 10:2 # 2 Logan et al. Smooth Hammerhead Shark Seasonal Movement INTRODUCTION Smooth hammerheads have a circumglobal distribution in coastal and oceanic waters and occupy a wider latitudinal range The rapid expansion of elasmobranch fisheries and trade globally than other sphyrnids (Compagno, 1984). Catch records from are principal drivers of population decline for many shark species a variety of locations suggest that juveniles and sub-adults (Dulvy et al., 2014). Some species, such as the large-bodied [<265 cm total length (TL)] are more common in inshore waters hammerhead sharks (great – Sphyrna mokarran, scalloped – over coastal shelves, with larger individuals (>265 cm TL) found S. lewini, and smooth – S. zygaena hammerheads), are especially more frequently offshore (Diemer et al., 2011; Clarke et al., 2015; vulnerable to fishing pressure because of their slow rates of Francis, 2016; Deacy et al., 2020). This species is capable of long population growth (Cortés et al., 2010) and high at-vessel and distance movements (e.g., 6,610 km over 150 days; Santos and post-release mortality due to elevated stress response to capture Coelho, 2018), but also shows high levels of resident behavior (Morgan and Carlson, 2010; Eddy et al., 2016; Gallagher and within restricted areas (at least 80 days; Diemer et al., 2011). Klimley, 2018). In addition, hammerhead sharks are taken in To date, just two studies have reported on the finer-scale large numbers because of the high demand for their superior- movements of smooth hammerheads via satellite telemetry. quality fins (large size and high ceratotrichia count) in the global Horizontal and vertical movements of juveniles in the temperate shark fin trade (Abercrombie et al., 2005; Clarke et al., 2006a,b; western South Pacific appear to vary seasonally (Francis, Cardeñosa et al., 2018). While population declines of the large- 2016); in contrast, juvenile and adult smooth hammerheads bodied hammerhead shark species complex is thought to be in the tropical eastern Atlantic demonstrated relatively stable largely driven by declines of scalloped hammerheads (Jiao et al., temporal diving behavior (Santos and Coelho, 2018). These 2011), low catch rates in various parts of the world for all species studies illustrate the possibility that movements and behavior suggest a significant historical decline in the abundance of all of smooth hammerheads may be influenced by thermal large-bodied hammerhead sharks (Baum et al., 2003; Baum and heterogeneity of their environment. Very little information on Blanchard, 2010; Ferretti et al., 2010). relationships between other environmental variables (primary Fishery exploitation of smooth hammerhead sharks via productivity, oceanic fronts, water depth) and movements of targeting or bycatch has been identified as the major threat smooth hammerheads exists (Couto et al., 2018), although to this species, particularly for juveniles (Casper et al., 2009; these variables have been shown to greatly influence movement Cortés et al., 2010; Miller, 2016). The conservation of this and habitat selection of highly mobile sharks (Block et al., species is an international priority, e.g., Vulnerable listing on 2011; Queiroz et al., 2016; Vaudo et al., 2017). Understanding the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red interactions between patterns of habitat use and environmental List (Casper et al., 2009); Appendix II listing on the Convention variables would contribute toward construction of habitat on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna models and an improved ability to predict the distribution and Flora (CITES); Appendix II listing on the Convention of smooth hammerheads under climate change scenarios, as on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). Furthermore, well as reveal potential interactions with human activities an ecological risk assessment of sharks caught in Atlantic throughout their range. pelagic longline fisheries highlighted smooth hammerheads as Given minimal information on the spatial ecology of smooth a species in urgent need of biological data necessary for stock hammerheads in general and conservation concerns for this assessment (Cortés et al., 2010). However, conservation-relevant species, our goal was to quantify habitat use and horizontal data on many aspects of the biology of smooth hammerheads movements of juvenile smooth hammerheads in the western are extremely limited, including information relating to their North Atlantic Ocean via satellite tag telemetry. Only very movements, seasonal distributions and habitat use (Miller, 2016; coarse scale information exists on movements of smooth Gallagher and Klimley, 2018). hammerheads in this region, obtained from the recapture of just Achieving sustainable populations of fishery exploited species seven individuals out of 269 (0.02%) tagged with conventional is critically dependent on the recruitment of immature identification tags over 52 years (Kohler and Turner, 2019). Our individuals. Thus, identification and conservation of essential study objectives were to: (1) determine seasonal movements and habitat
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Scalloped Hammerhead Shark (Sphyrna Lewini) 2014-2019 Bibliography
    Scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) 2014-2019 Bibliography Trevor Riley, Head of Public Services, NOAA Central Library NCRL subject guide 2019-09 https://doi.org/10.25923/79kf-v153 September 2019 U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research NOAA Central Library – Silver Spring, Maryland Table of Contents Background & Scope ................................................................................................................................. 3 Sources Reviewed ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Section I: Biology and Life History ............................................................................................................. 4 Section II: Genetics .................................................................................................................................. 17 Section III: Population Abundance .......................................................................................................... 20 Section IV: Threats .................................................................................................................................. 28 2 Background & Scope Scalloped hammerhead sharks are moderately large sharks with a global distribution. The most distinguishing characteristic of this shark is its "hammer-shaped" head. They are threatened by commercial fishing, mainly for the shark fin trade. Two distinct
    [Show full text]
  • NPOA Sharks Booklet.Indd
    National Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (NPOA-Sharks) November 2013 South Africa Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay, 8012 Tel: 021 402 3911 Fax: +27 21 402 3364 www.daff.gov.za Design and Layout: FNP Communications and Gerald van Tonder Photographs courtesy of: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), Craig Smith, Charlene da Silva, Rob Tarr Foreword South Africa’s Exclusive Economic Zone is endowed with a rich variety of marine living South Africa is signatory to the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries – voluntarily agreed to by members of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) – and, as such, is committed to the development and implementation of National Plans of Action (NPOAs) as adopted by the twenty-third session of the FAO Committee on Fisheries in February 1999 and endorsed by the FAO Council in June 1999. Seabirds – aimed at reducing incidental catch and promoting the conservation of seabirds Fisheries and now regularly conducts Ecological Risk Assessments for all the commercial practices. Acknowledging the importance of maintaining a healthy marine ecosystem and the possibility of major detrimental effects due to the disappearance of large predators, South from the list of harvestable species. In accordance with international recommendations, South Africa subsequently banned the landing of a number of susceptible shark species, including oceanic whitetip, silky, thresher and hammerhead sharks. improves monitoring efforts for foreign vessels discharging shark products in its ports. To ensure long-term sustainability of valuable, but biologically limited, shark resources The NPOA-Sharks presented here formalises and streamlines ongoing efforts to improve conservation and management of sharks caught in South African waters.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bonnethead (Sphyrna Tiburo) and the Scalloped Hammerhead (Sphyrna Lewini) Sarah L
    © 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2017) 220, 3336-3343 doi:10.1242/jeb.157941 RESEARCH ARTICLE Regional variation in undulatory kinematics of two hammerhead species: the bonnethead (Sphyrna tiburo) and the scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) Sarah L. Hoffmann1,*, Steven M. Warren2 and Marianne E. Porter1 ABSTRACT blochii), possesses a cephalofoil that is proportionally the largest Hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae) exhibit a large amount of and measures up to 50% of their total body length (Lim et al., 2010). morphological variation within the family, making them the focus of In comparison, the bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo) is the most many studies. The size of the laterally expanded head, or cephalofoil, is recently derived species and their cephalofoil width is 18% of total inversely correlated with pectoral fin area. The inverse relationship body length. Generally, as cephalofoil width increases among between cephalofoil and pectoral fin size in this family suggests that they species, pectoral fin area decreases (Thomson and Simanek, 1977). might serve a complementary role in lift generation. The cephalofoil is Previous studies on hammerhead sharks have focused primarily on also hypothesized to increase olfaction, electroreception and vision; cephalofoil morphology and its effects on hydrodynamics and however, little is known about how morphological variation impacts post- sensory efficiency; however, little is known about the morphology cranial swimming kinematics. Previous studies demonstrate that the and function of the post-cranial body. The significant bonnethead and scalloped hammerhead have significantly different yaw morphological variation and the close phylogenetic relationship amplitude, and we hypothesized that these species utilize varied among hammerheads make them an ideal study system to examine frequency and amplitude of undulation along the body.
    [Show full text]
  • Table Tableau Tabla 2
    Table Tableau Tabla 2 Species codes of tunas, Codes des espèces de Códigos de especies de túnidos, tuna‐like species and thonidés, d’espèces de especies afines a los túnidos sharks apparentées et des requins y de tiburones Code / Scientific names / Common names Noms communs Nombres comunes Code / Noms sientifiques / (English) (Français) (Español) Código Nombres científicos Tunas ALB Thunnus alalunga Albacore Germon Atún blanco Thonidés BET Thunnus obesus Bigeye tuna Thon obèse(=Patudo) Patudo Túnidos BFT Thunnus thynnus Atlantic bluefin tuna Thon rouge de l’atlantique Atún rojo BUM Makaira nigricans Atlantic blue marlin Makaire bleu de l'Atlantique Aguja azul del Atlántico SAI Istiophorus albicans Atlantic sailfish Voilier de l'Atlantique Pez vela del Atlántico SKJ Katsuwonus pelamis Skipjack tuna Listao Listado SWO Xiphias gladius Swordfish Espadon Pez espada WHM Tetrapturus albidus Atlantic white marlin Makaire blanc de l'Atlantique Aguja blanca del Atlántico YFT Thunnus albacares Yellowfin tuna Albacore Rabil BLF Thunnus atlanticus Blackfin tuna Thon à nageoires noires Atún des aletas negras BLT Auxis rochei Bullet tuna Bonitou Melva(=Melvera) BON Sarda sarda Atlantic bonito Bonite à dos rayé Bonito del Atlántico BOP Orcynopsis unicolor Plain bonito Palomette Tasarte BRS Scomberomorus brasiliensis Serra Spanish mackerel Thazard serra Serra CER Scomberomorus regalis Cero Thazard franc Carite chinigua FRI Auxis thazard Frigate tuna Auxide Melva KGM Scomberomorus cavalla King mackerel Thazard barré Carite lucio KGX Scomberomorus spp
    [Show full text]
  • The Social Lives of Hammerheads. Authors: De Maddalena, Alessandro; Buttigieg, Alexander Publication: World and I Online Date: Jun 1, 2006
    The social lives of hammerheads. Authors: De Maddalena, Alessandro; Buttigieg, Alexander Publication: World and I Online Date: Jun 1, 2006 Hammerhead sharks form the family of Sphyrnidae, that includes eight species: the winghead shark (Eusphyra blochii), scalloped bonnethead (Sphyrna corona), scalloped hammerhead (S. lewini), scoophead shark (S. media), great hammerhead (S. mokarran), bonnethead shark (S. tiburo), golden hammerhead (S. tudes) and the smooth hammerhead (S. zygaena). In the hammerhead shark, the front part of the head is flattened dorsoventrally and laterally increased to form what we call the "cephalofoil," or two wide flattened expansions that constitute the characteristic shape of a hammer. These two expansions are made out of muscular and connective tissues supported by a cartilaginous skeleton that is an integrated part of the skull. The round shaped eyes are placed very wide apart at the two lateral extremities of these expansions. Also placed at the front margin of these lateral expansions are the nostrils. The "hammer" or cephalofoil of the hammerheads unfolds into a series of functions correlated to the movement and the predation of these sharks. It has been observed that hammerhead sharks posses a very highly developed brain, and perhaps this could be the reason for the ability to lead the social life particular to these animals. Without a doubt, the most surprising aspect of socialization in hammerhead sharks is that of the immensely huge gatherings that different species form in numerous geographical areas. These gatherings could be formed from resident populations in that area or can be composed of individuals that migrate in masses. Huge gatherings of scalloped hammerhead sharks have been observed at the Sea of Cortez, near the Galapagos Island, near Cocos Island (Costa Rica), Malpelo (Columbia), and San Salvador (Bahamas), Hawaii, the Red Sea, Natal (South Africa), in Australia, the China Sea and near Cabilao Island (Philippines).
    [Show full text]
  • Elasmobranchs (Sharks and Rays): a Review of Status, Distribution and Interaction with Fisheries in the Southwest Indian Ocean
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/277329893 Elasmobranchs (sharks and rays): a review of status, distribution and interaction with fisheries in the Southwest Indian Ocean CHAPTER · JANUARY 2015 READS 81 2 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Jeremy J Kiszka Florida International University 52 PUBLICATIONS 389 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Jeremy J Kiszka Retrieved on: 16 October 2015 OFFSHORE FISHERIES OF THE SOUTHWEST INDIAN OCEAN: their status and the impact on vulnerable species OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE Special Publication No. 10 Rudy van der Elst and Bernadine Everett (editors) The Investigational Report series of the Oceanographic Research Institute presents the detailed results of marine biological research. Reports have appeared at irregular intervals since 1961. All manuscripts are submitted for peer review. The Special Publication series of the Oceanographic Research Institute reports on expeditions, surveys and workshops, or provides bibliographic and technical information. The series appears at irregular intervals. The Bulletin series of the South African Association for Marine Biological Research is of general interest and reviews the research and curatorial activities of the Oceanographic Research Institute, uShaka Sea World and the Sea World Education Centre. It is published annually. These series are available in exchange for relevant publications of other scientific institutions anywhere in the world. All correspondence in this regard should be directed to: The Librarian Oceanographic Research Institute PO Box 10712 Marine Parade 4056 Durban, South Africa OFFSHORE FISHERIES OF THE SOUTHWEST INDIAN OCEAN: their status and the impact on vulnerable species Rudy van der Elst and Bernadine Everett (editors) South African Association for Marine Biological Research Oceanographic Research Institute Special Publication No.
    [Show full text]
  • Sphyrna Zygaena
    Published Date: 1 March 2019 Smooth Hammerhead, Sphyrna zygaena Report Card Sustainable assessment IUCN Red List IUCN Red List Australian Near Threatened Global Vulnerable Assessment Assessment Simpfendorfer, C., Gaibor, N., Soldo, A., Heupel, M.R., Smith, W.D., Assessors Stevens, J.D. & Vooren, C.M. In Australia, severe declines in NSW but stable in the remainder of Report Card Remarks Australian range Summary The Smooth Hammerhead is one of the larger Source: Clinton Duffy/Fishbase. License: CC BY hammerhead sharks and is distributed worldwide. The Attribution-NonCommercial fins are highly valued and the species is caught with a wide variety of gears in both coastal and oceanic fisheries, as bycatch and a target. There is limited data on the species’ life history, though it is presumably at least as biologically sensitive as the Scalloped Hammerhead. Species-specific data are often not available to assess population trends as hammerhead species are mostly grouped but hammerheads show dramatic population declines of >99% in some areas. On the basis of these estimated reductions in several locations and suspected declines in other areas, the species is assessed as globally Endangered (IUCN). In Australia, there are conflicting trends in the population between the east (declining) and west coasts (stable or increasing). Data from the New South Wales shark control program shows an approximate 85% decline in general hammerhead catch rates, while the species-specific catch data from the southwest coast gillnet fishery suggests the population is stable or increasing. When the population trend is weighted according to the relative size of NSW and the remainder of the Australian distribution, the total population decline in Australia over three generations is estimated to be 20%.
    [Show full text]
  • And Their Functional, Ecological, and Evolutionary Implications
    DePaul University Via Sapientiae College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations College of Science and Health Spring 6-14-2019 Body Forms in Sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), and Their Functional, Ecological, and Evolutionary Implications Phillip C. Sternes DePaul University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/csh_etd Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Sternes, Phillip C., "Body Forms in Sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), and Their Functional, Ecological, and Evolutionary Implications" (2019). College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations. 327. https://via.library.depaul.edu/csh_etd/327 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Science and Health at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Body Forms in Sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), and Their Functional, Ecological, and Evolutionary Implications A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science June 2019 By Phillip C. Sternes Department of Biological Sciences College of Science and Health DePaul University Chicago, Illinois Table of Contents Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................ii List of Tables..................................................................................................................................iv
    [Show full text]
  • HB-553 Submitted On: 2/16/2021 10:57:21 AM Testimony for WAL on 2/18/2021 8:30:00 AM
    HB-553 Submitted on: 2/16/2021 10:57:21 AM Testimony for WAL on 2/18/2021 8:30:00 AM Testifier Present at Submitted By Organization Position Hearing Friends of Hanauma Lisa Bishop Support No Bay Comments: To: Committees on Water and Land (WAL) Representative David Tarnas, Chair Representative Patrick Branco, Vice Chair Re: HB553 RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF SHARKS Position: STRONG SUPPORT Hearing Date: Thursday, February 18, 2021 8:30 a.m. House Conference Rooms 430 Via Videoconference Aloha Chair Chair Tarnas, Vice Chair Branco, and Water and Land Committee Members, Friends of Hanauma Bay strongly supports HB553 providing much needed protection for sharks in Hawaiian waters. Sharks, or “mano”, are deeply valued figures in Hawaiian culture. Further, protecting these magnificent apex ocean predators ultimately means healthier, more resilient oceans and reefs that are better able to withstand other pressures on the ocean ecosystem from climate change and pollution. We strongly urge you to pass HB553, and thank you for the opportunity to testify about this important bill. Respectfully, Lisa Bishop President Friends of Hanauma Bay ʻŌlelo Hōʻike ʻAha Kau Kānāwai HB553 RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF SHARKS Ke Kōmike Hale o ka Wai a me ka ʻĀina Pepeluali 18, 2021 8:30 a.m. Lumi 430 The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) SUPPORTS HB553, which would establish a new misdemeanor offense for knowingly killing, capturing, or harming a shark in state waters, and provide for fines and penalties for such offense. OHA supports strong protections for manō which are culturally important and which serve critical ecological functions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sharks of North America
    THE SHARKS OF NORTH AMERICA JOSE I. CASTRO COLOR ILLUSTRATIONS BY DIANE ROME PEEBLES OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS Foreword, by Eugenie Clark v Mosaic gulper shark, Centrophorus tesselatus 79 Preface vii Little gulper shark, Centrophorus uyato 81 Acknowledgments ix Minigulper, Centrophorus sp. A 84 Slender gulper, Centrophorus sp. B 85 Introduction 3 Birdbeak dogfish, Deania calcea 86 How to use this book 3 Arrowhead dogfish, Deaniaprofundorum 89 Description of species accounts 3 Illustrations 6 Family Etmopteridae, The Black Dogfishes Glossary 7 and Lanternsharks 91 Bibliography 7 Black dogfish, Centroscyllium fabricii 93 The knowledge and study of sharks 7 Pacific black dogfish, Centroscyllium nigrum 96 The shark literature 8 Emerald or blurred lanternshark, Etmopterus bigelowi 98 Lined lanternshark, Etmopterus bullisi 101 Broadband lanternshark, Etmopterus gracilispinis 103 A KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF Caribbean lanternshark, Etmopterus hillianus 105 NORTH AMERICAN SHARKS 11 Great lanternshark, Etmopterusprinceps 107 Fringefin lanternshark, Etmopterus schultzi 110 SPECIES ACCOUNTS 19 Green lanternshark, Etmopterus virens 112 Family Chlamydoselachidae, The Frill Shark 21 Family Somniosidae, The Sleeper Sharks 115 Frill shark, Chlamydoselachus anguineus 22 Portuguese shark, Centroscymnus coelolepis 117 Roughskin dogfish, Centroscymnus owstoni 120 Family Hexanchidae, The Cowsharks 26 Velvet dogfish, Zameus squamulosus \T1 Sharpnose sevengill, or perlon shark, Heptranchias Greenland shark, Somniosus microcephalus 124 perlo 28 Pacific sleeper
    [Show full text]
  • Sphyrna Zygaena
    Maine 2015 Wildlife Action Plan Revision Report Date: January 13, 2016 Sphyrna zygaena (Smooth Hammerhead) Priority 3 Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN) Class: Chondrichthyes (Sharks, Rays, And Skates) Order: Carcharhiniformes (Ground Sharks) Family: Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead, Bonnethead, Or Scoophead Sharks) General comments: Maine DMR jurisdiction; circumglobal No Species Conservation Range Maps Available for Smooth Hammerhead SGCN Priority Ranking - Designation Criteria: Risk of Extirpation: IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable State Special Concern or NMFS Species of Concern: NA Recent Significant Declines: NA Regional Endemic: NA High Regional Conservation Priority: NA High Climate Change Vulnerability: NA Understudied rare taxa: NA Historical: NA Culturally Significant: NA Habitats Assigned to Smooth Hammerhead: Formation Name Intertidal Macrogroup Name Intertidal Water Column Habitat System Name: Embayment **Primary Habitat** Notes: associated with sandy substrates Formation Name Subtidal Macrogroup Name Subtidal Pelagic (Water Column) Habitat System Name: Nearshore **Primary Habitat** Habitat System Name: Offshore **Primary Habitat** Stressors Assigned to Smooth Hammerhead: No Stressors Currently Assigned to Smooth Hammerhead or other Priority 3 SGCN. Species Level Conservation Actions Assigned to Smooth Hammerhead: No Species Specific Conservation Actions Currently Assigned to Smooth Hammerhead or other Priority 3 SGCN. Guild Level Conservation Actions: This Species is currently not attributed to a guild. Broad Taxonomic Group Conservation Actions: Relevant conservation actions for this species are assigned within broader taxonomic groups in Maine's 2015 Wildlife Action Plan: Element 4, Table 4-1. Habitat Based Conservation Actions: Additional conservation actions that may benefit habitat(s) associated with this species can be found in Maine's 2015 Wildlife Action Plan: Element 4, Table 4-15.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Data on Hammerhead Abundance, Distribution and Harvest in Australian Fisheries Since Implementation of the 2014 Hammerhead Shark Non-Detriment Finding
    ANALYSIS OF DATA ON HAMMERHEAD ABUNDANCE, DISTRIBUTION AND HARVEST IN AUSTRALIAN FISHERIES SINCE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2014 HAMMERHEAD SHARK NON-DETRIMENT FINDING. Three species of hammerhead shark, scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), great hammerhead shark (S. mokarran) and smooth hammerhead shark (S. zygaena), became listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in March 2013. The listings came into effect on 14 September 2014. Before an Appendix II listed species may be exported, the CITES Scientific Authority of the country of export must determine that the proposed export will not be detrimental to the survival of the species. This is referred to as a non-detriment finding (NDF). The Australian CITES Scientific Authority within the Department of Environment and Energy (the Department) made a non-detriment finding (NDF) covering hammerheads in September 2014. This NDF was published on the Department’s website and is available to the public1. The executive summary of the NDF states that it “is made for a period of three years from 14 September 2014 unless reviewed earlier”. This has set an expectation that the Australian CITES Scientific Authority will review the NDF in 2017. The NDF goes on to say “…if further information on individual species abundance, distribution and harvest becomes available through a review of trade data, ecological risk assessment or through research projects, the harvest levels contained in this NDF may be reviewed”. Harvest data and management information In August 2016 the Department contacted state, territory and Commonwealth fisheries agencies to determine if any additional information has been obtained on hammerhead shark distribution and abundance.
    [Show full text]