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DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE

RISHIKESH (DEHRADUN), UTTARAKHAND

(An Autonomous College) (Affiliated to H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, (Garhwal)

SYLLABUS

(Choice Based Credit System)

For

POST-GRADUATE COURSES

Passed by

Board of Studies in Botany

(Applicable from 2018-2019 onwards)

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH SYLLABUS

(Choice Based Credit System)For

POST-GRADUATE COURSES

Applicable from 2018-2019 onwards

Admission of the Master’s Program in Botany shall be through merit basis and the program shall be based on credit system in which credit defines the quantum of content/ syllabus prescribed for a course system and determines the number of hours of instruction per week.

The student shall be eligible for admission to a Master’s Degree Program in Botany after he/she has successfully completed a three year undergraduate degree or earned prescribed number of credits through the examinations conducted by University/ College as equivalent to an undergraduate degree.

Core courses prescribed for every Semester shall be mandatory for all students registered for the Master’s Program in Botany. Besides this there shall be Elective courses offered in semester III and IV. A self study course comprise of maximum 04 credit shall be mandatory.

Each theory course carries 70+30 (CCE) marks in I, II, III and IV Semester. Practical course in Semester I & III contain 70 Int +30 CCE marks and practical course in Semester II & IV contain 70 Ext +30 CCE marks. The duration of theory examination for each theory course will be three hours and for each practical examination 4 hours.

Each candidate is expected to participate in the field surveys and excursions required for the Laboratory Courses as and when organized by the Department. Subsequent to that the student would have to present a detailed report of such visits at the time of Semester Practical examination.

In order to qualify for a two year master’s degree, a student must acquire a total of 100 credits. Dissertation is an elective one mandatory for every student. The dissertation would be submitted during the examination of the IV Semester. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SYLLABUS

POST-GRADUATE COURSES

2018-19

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

SYLLABUS OF M.Sc. BOTANY

UNDER CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM

M. Sc. Semester I (July’18 to November’18)

Code Paper Marks# L +T+P = Credits*

BO-211 GENERAL & APPLIED MICROBIOOGY 100 4+1+0=5

BO-212 MYCOLOGY & PLANT PATHOLOGY 100 4+0+0=4

BO-213 PHYCOLOGY, LICHENS & BRYOLOGY 100 4+0+0=4

BO-214 PTERIDOPHYTE & PALAEOBOTANY 100 4+0+0=4

BO-LAB-215 LABORATORY COURSE I** 100 0+0+4=4

BO-LAB-216 LABORATORY COURSE II 100 0+0+4=4

Total Marks/ Credits 600 25

M. Sc. Semester II (December’18 to April’19)

Code Paper Marks L +T+P = Credits*

BO-221 GYMNOSPERMS 100 4+1+0=5

BO-222 TAXONOMY & DIVERSITY OF PLANTS 100 4+0+0=4

BO-223 CYTOGENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 100 4+0+0=4

BO-224 PLANT DEVELOPMENT & REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY 100 4+0+0=4

BO-LAB-225 LABORATORY COURSE I 100 0+0+4=4

BO-LAB--226 LABORATORY COURSE II 100 0+0+4=4

Total Marks/ Credits 600 25 M. Sc. Semester III (July’19 to November’19)

Code Paper Marks L +T+P = Credits*

BO-231 PLANT ECOLOGY AND REMOTE SENSING 100 4+1+0=5

BO-232 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY 100 4+0+0=4

BO-233 PLANT BREEDING AND BIOSTATISTICS 100 4+0+0=4

BO-234 CURRENT TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY 100 4+0+0=4

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOLOGICAL DATABASE

ANY OTHER ELECTIVE COURSE OFFERED BY

OTHER DEPARTMENTS

BO-Lab-235 LABORATORY COURSE I 100 0+0+4=4

BO-Lab-236 LABORATORY COURSE II 100 0+0+4=4

BO- SS -237 a. PALYNOLOGY AND POLLEN BIOLOGY

b. ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS AND REMOTE SENSING

c. ANY OTHER ELECTIVE COURSE

Total Marks/ Credits 600 25

M. Sc. Semester IV (December’19 to April’20)

Code Paper Marks L +T+P = Credits*

BO-241 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 100 4+1+0=5

BO-242 BIOTECHNOLOGY & GENETIC ENGINEERING 100 4+0+0=4

BO-243 RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND ETHNOBOTANY 100 4+0+0=4

BO- 244 DISSERTATION 100 0+0+4=4

BO-244 FOREST ECOLOGY 100 4+0+0=4

BO-244 PLANT HEALTH MANAGEMENT 100 4+0+0=4

BO -244 ANY OTHER ELECTIVE COURSE OFFERED BY 100 4+0+0=4

OTHER DEPARTMENTS BOLAB245 LABORATORY COURSE I 100 0+0+4=4

BOLAB246 LABORATORY COURSE II 100 0+0+4=4

BO SS 247 A. NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN HIMALAYAS

B. PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE

C. ANY OTHER ELECTIVE COURSE

Total Marks/ Credits 600 25

TOTAL MARKS IN M. Sc. = 2400 Total Credits=100

#Marks per paper =100 (70 SEE^+30 CCE^^)

^^CCE = CONTINUOUS COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION (INTERNAL EVALUATION)

^SEE- SEMESTER END EXAMINATION

*01 credit = 01 hour of lecture/instruction per week; 01 credit course = 15 hours of lectures per semester. ** 02 hours of laboratory course shall be considered equivalent to 01 hour of lecture.

A self-study course of minimum 04 credits shall be mandatory.

SYLLABUS

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY Ist Year: Semester I

(w.e.f. from 2018-19)

PAPER –I GENERAL AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY (Credits 5)

BO- 211 Note: 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1

1. History, development and scope of Microbiology, a brief idea of microbial diversity, prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes 2. Position of microorganisms in the living world, classification of microbes with reference to modern trends. UNIT-2

1. Morphology and ultrastructure of bacteria, genetic recombination in bacteria, plasmids 2. Different modes of nutrition in bacteria, ecological roles of microbes with special reference to biogeochemical cycles 3. Bacterial toxins and their implications. UNIT-3

1. A general idea of Archaebacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinomycetes and Mycoplasma and extremophilic microbes. 2. General characteristics and structure of Viruses, Bacteriophages, Cyanophages, Retroviruses, lytic and lysogenic cycle, Viroids, Prions, a general account of Immunology. UNIT-4

1. General account of potential and actual applications of microbial processes and products, fermentation technology, microbes in food and beverages industries, microbes as a source of pharmaceuticals 2. Mycorrhizae. UNIT-5

1. An introduction to air and water microbiology. Microbes in biodegradation and bioremediation of environmental pollutants, 2. Microbes as a source of biofuels. Biopesticides and Biofertilizers. 3. Xenobiotics.

SUGGESTED READINGS: Sharma, P.D..Microbiology.Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India Dubey, R.C., & D.K. Maheshwari. A textbook of Microbiology, A.Chand& Company, New Delhi Clifton, A. 1958.Introduction to the Bacteria. McGraw-Hill book Co., New York. Mandahar, C.L. 1978. Introduction to Plant Viruses. Chand & Co. Ltd., Delhi. Dubey, R.C. & D.K. Maheshwari.Practical Microbiology.S.Chand, New Delhi Aneja, A.R. Experiments in Microbiology Plant Pathology and Biotechnology. New Age International Publishers Kaushik, P. 2009. Itroductory Microbiology. Emkay Publications, Delhi. Kaushik, P. and Kaushik, K. 2012. Microbiology: Questions and Answers. S Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi

SYLLABUS

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY Ist Year: Semester I

(w.e.f. from 2018-19)

PAPER – II MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY (Credits 4) BO- 212 Note: 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1

1. General characteristics of fungi, unicellular and multicellular organization, dimorphism, reproduction. 2. Parasexuality, spore discharge and dispersal mechanisms, nutrition, classification of fungi with reference to modern trends.

UNIT-2

1. General and comparative account of Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina. 2. General and comparative account of Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina and Deuteromycotina.

UNIT-3

1. Fungi in symbiotic associations (Lichens and Mycorrhizae) 2. Fungi as biodeteriogens, mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi; Fungi in industries, medicine and food.

UNIT-4

1. Causes and classification of plant diseases, general symptoms of plant diseases, dissemination of plant pathogens, mechanisms of pathogenesis, various resistance and defence mechanisms in plants, 2. Prevention and control of plant diseases, biological control and Integrated Disease Management (IDM).

UNIT-5

1. Fungal diseases: Early Blight of Potato, Covered/Loose Smut of Wheat, Black or Stem Rust of Wheat, White Rust of Crucifers, Red Rot of Sugarcane, Powdery Mildew of Grapes, Downy Mildew of Grapes, Tikka Disease of Groundnut, Late Blight of Potato, Wart disease of Potato, Powdery Mildew of Wheat. 2. Bacterial Diseases: Tundu disease of Wheat or Bacterial Rot of Wheat Ear, Citrus Canker, Brown Leaf Blight of Rice, Bacterial Blight of Paddy. 3. Viral Diseases: Yellow Vein Mosaic of Bhindi, Tomato Mosaic, Tobacco Mosaic, Sugarcane Mosaic, Leaf curl of Papaya, Yellow Leaf Roll of Potato, Tungro Disease of Rice. 4. Nematodal Diseases: Root knot of Vegetable crops, Ear Cockle of Wheat, Root Knot disease of Brinjal, Ufra Disease of Rice.

SUGGESTED READINGS: Ainsworth, G C. 1971. Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of Genera of Fungi. Central Myco. Inst. Kew, Surrey.UK. Alexopoulus, C. J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. 1996. Introductory Mycology. John Willey & Sons Inc. Bilgrami, K.S. 1982. Physiology of Fungi. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun. Butler E. J. 1986.Fungi and Diseases in Plants.Intern.Book Distributers. Dehradun. Mehrotra, R.S. 1992. Plant Pathology. IBH Oxford, New Delhi. Mehrotra, R.S. and Aneja, R.S. 1998. An Introduction to Mycology. New Age Intermediate Press. Rangaswamy, G. and Mahadevan, A. 1999.Diseases of Crop Plants in India (4th edition). Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Webster, J.1985. Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge University Press. Bohra, A, Mishra, A and Mishra, A. 2009.Plant Pathology & disease management. Agrobios India, Jodhpur

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY Ist Year: Semester I

(w.e.f. from 2018-19)

PAPER – III PHYCOLOGY, LICHENS AND BRYOLOGY (Credits 4)

Note: BO-213 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1

1. Algae in diversified habitats (terrestrial, freshwater, marine). 2. Thallus organization, cell structure and reproduction (vegetative, asexual and sexual). 3. Criteria for classification of algae: pigments, reserve food and flagella. UNIT-2

1. Classification and salient features of Protochlorophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta ,Rhodophyta and Cyanophyta. 2. A knowledge of algal life cycles; alternation of generation in algae; nitrogen fixation; parasitic algae. 3. Algal blooms, algal biofertilizers, algae as food, feed and uses in industry. UNIT-3

1. Field visit and algal collection. 2. A general account of lichens with particular reference to their mode of life, structure and reproduction. 3. Classification and economic importance of lichens. UNIT-4

1. Life history of various forms of Algae. 2. Phylogeny of various algal groups. 3. General account of Marchantiales. , Jungermanniales and Anthocerotales 4. A general account of Sphagnales, Funariales and Polytrichales. UNIT-5

1. Knowledge of the distribution of bryophytes in the Himalaya. 2. Ecology of bryophytes, their association with other organisms. 3. Fossil bryophytes.

SUGGESTED READINGS: Cavers, F. 1979. The Interrelationships of the Bryophytes Reprint. Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh, Dehradun.

Fritsch, F.E. 1979. The Structure and Reproduction of Algae. Reprint. Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh, Dehradun. Kashyap, S.R. 1968. Liverworts of the Western Himalayas and Punjab Plains. The Chronica Botanic Co. Delhi. Kumar, H.D. 1988. Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West Press Ltd., New Delhi. Morris,I.1986. An Introduction to the Algae. Cambridge University Press, U.K. Parihar,N.S.1991. Bryophyta. Central Book Depot, Allahabad. Presscott,GW. Algae : A Review. Bishen Singh MahendraPal Singh Puri, P. 1980 .Bryophytes. Atma Ram & Sons, Delhi. Ram Udar. Fifty years of Bryology in India. Golden Jubilee Series. IBS, New Delhi Round, F.E. 1986. The Biology of Algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Smith, G.M. 1955. Cryptogamic Botany.Vol.I and II. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. Stewart, W.N. and Rathwell, G.W. 1993. Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants. Cambridge University Press. Watson. 1975. Bryophytes. Hutchinson Library Series. London. Kaushik, P. and Chauhan, A.. 2009. Cyanobacteria: Antibacterial Activity. New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY Ist Year: Semester I

(w.e.f. from 2018-19)

PAPER-IV PTERIDOPHYTES AND PALAEOBOTANY

(Credits 4)

Note: BO- 214 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1

1. History, origin, classification of Pteridophyta 2. Psilopsida: A general account with reference to Psilophytales(Rhynia, Horneophyton) and Psilotales(Psilotum, Tmesipteris). UNIT-2

1. Lycopsida A general account with reference to: Protoleopidodendrales(Protolepidodendron), Lepidodendrales (Lepidodendron, Stigmaria), Lycopodiales (Lycopodium), Selaginellales (Selaginella), Lepidospermales (Lepidocarpon) and Isoetales (Isoetes, Isoetites). 2. Sphenopsida A general account with reference to: Hyeniales (Hyenia, Calamophyton), Sphenophyllales (Sphenophyllum) and Calamitales (Calamites). UNIT-3

1. Pteropsida: – A general account of the following: (i) Coenopteridales (ii) Ophioglossales (iii) Filicales (iv) Salviniales (v) Marsileales UNIT-4

1. Telome theory and other theories relating to the plant body. 2. Stelar system, apogamy, apospory, 3. Soral evolution, parthenogenesis. 4. Heterospory and seed habit. General account of fossil Pteridophytes. UNIT-5

1. Process of fossilization, types of fossil preservation. 2. The Gondwana group and the Indian Gondwana Flora. 3. Role of Pteridophytes in the evolution of land plants and seed habit.

SUGGESTED READINGS: Andrews, H. N. 1961. Studies in Palaeobotany. New York. Arnold, C. A. 1947. An Introduction to Palaeobotany. New York, Baker, J.G. 1995. Handbook of the Fern Allies.Reprint. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun. Beddome, RH. 1966. The Ferns of British India. 2 Vols. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. Eams, A. J. 1969. Morphology of Lower Vascular Plants. Parihar, N.S. 1996. Biology & Morphology of Pteridophytes.Central Book Depot Allahabad. Seward, A.C. 1919. Fossil Plants for Students of Botany and Geology.4 Vols. Cambridge. Sporne, K.R.1991. The Morphology of Pteridophytes.Hutchinson Library Series London.

SYLLABUS

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY Ist Year: Semester I

(w.e.f. from 2018-19)

LABORATORY COURSE-I BO- LAB-215 (Credits -4)

TIME – 4 Hours MAX MARKS = 70

1. Study of various equipments, glass wares and accessories used in microbiological experiments. 2. Preparation of bacterial and cyanobacterial culture media. 3. Isolation and culture of bacteria and cyanobacteria from water and soil. 4. Measurement of dimension of microorganisms by the techniques of micrometry. 5. Quantification of soil bacteria by serial dilution and spread plate techniques. 6. Staining of bacteria with Gram stain. 7. Antimicrobial susceptibility test using disc-diffusion assay. 8. Visit to any Microbe-based industry, and report thereof. 9. Morphological studies of representative members of fungi: Pernospora, Mucor, Albugo, Pilobolus, Saccharomyces, Morchella, Polyporus, Penicillium andAspergillus. 10. Preparation of fungal culture media. 11. Isolation and cultivation of soil fungi. 12. Isolation and quantification of filamentous soil fungi by serial dilution and pour plating techniques. 13. Measurement of radial growth of filamentous fungi. 14. Isolation of phytopathogenic fungi from diseased plants. 15. Study of symptoms of some diseased specimens: white rust, downy mildew, powdery mildew, rusts smuts, ergot, groundnut leaf spot, red rot of sugarcane, wilts citrus canker, bacterial blight of paddy and little leaf of brinjal. 16. Visit to a mushroom industry, and report thereof.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY Ist Year: Semester I

(w.e.f. from 2018-19)

LABORATORY COURSE-II BO- LAB-216 (Credits -4)

TIME – 4 Hours MAX MARKS = 70

1. Morphological study of representative members of algae: Microcystis, Lyngbya, Microcoleus, Cylindrospermum, Gloeotrichia, Scytonema, Aulosira, Pandorina, Eudorina, Scendesmus, Pediastrum, Hydrodictyon, Ulva,Enteromorpha, Drapernaldiopsis, Stigeoclonium, Fritschiella, Sirogonium, Coleochaete, Bulbochaete, Cosmarium, Closterium, Caulerpa, Valonia, Nitella, Dictyota, Gelidium, Gracillaria, Compsopogon, Batrachospermum and Polysiphonia.

2. A study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive structure of common lichens. Study and identification with suitable preparations of Porella, Calobryum, Anthoceros, Notothylas, Sphagnum, Pogonatum,Polytrichum and Funaria.

3. Study and identification with suitable preparations of the following including those studied in B.Sc. and Psilotum, Lycopodium, Isoetes, Ophioglossum, Botrychium, Angiopteris, Osmunda, Gleichenia, Polypodium, Pteridium, Azolla, Salvinia and study of some important fossiltypes.

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS

S.N. Assignment Marks 1 SEAT WORK (WORKING MATERIAL) 40MARKS 2 SPOTTING 16 MARKS 3 VIVA – VOCE 14 MARKS

SYLLABUS

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY Ist Year: Semester II

(w.e.f. from 2018-19)

PAPER -I GYMNOSPERMS BO- 221

(CREDITS- 5)

Note: 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1 1. Classification and distribution of Gymnosperms with special reference to India. 2. Pteridospermales: Palaeozoic and Mesozoic groups with references to Lyginopteridaceae (Lyginopteris, Heterangium), Medullosaceae (Medullosa, Trigonocarpus), Glossopteridaceae and Caytoniaceae.

UNIT-2 1. Bennettitales: A general account of Cycadeoidaceae, Williamsoniaceae and Wielandiellaceae. 2. Cycadales: A detailed account including distribution of living Cycads.

3. Pentoxylales: A general account.

UNIT-3 1. Cordaitales: A general account of Eristophytaceae, Cordaitaceae and Poroxylaceae. 2. Ginkgoales: A general account of Ginkgo and Ginkgoites. 3. Coniferales: A general account. With special reference to Podocarpus.

UNIT-4 1. Taxales: A general account. With special reference to Taxus. 2. Ephedrales, : A general account. With special reference to Ephedra 3. Welwitschiales: A general account. With special reference to Welwitschia.

UNIT-5 1. Gnetales: A general account. With special reference to Gnetum. 2. Evolutionary tendencies in Gymnosperms. 3. Economic importance of Gymnosperms.

SUGGESTED READINGS: Andrews, H. N. 1961. Studies in Palaeobotany. New York. Arnold, C. A. 1947. An Introduction to Palaeobotany. New York, Bhatnagar, S.P. and Mitra, A. 1996.Gymnosperms. New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Chamberlain, CJ. 1955. Gymnosperms: Structure and Evolution. Chicago. Eams, A. J. 1969. Morphology of Lower Vascular Plants. Greguss, P. 1955. Identification of Living Gymnosperms oin the basis of Xylotomy.Buddhapest. Raizada, M.B and Sahni, KC. 1958. Living Indian Gymnosperms. Sahni, K.C. 1996. Gymnosperms of India and Adjacent Countries.Bishen Singh MahendraPal Singh, Dehradun. Seward, A.C. 1919. Fossil Plants for Students of Botany and Geology.4 Vols. Cambridge. Sporne, K.R.1991. The Morphology of Gymnosperms.Hutchinson Library Series London.

SYLLABUS

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY Ist Year: Semester II

(w.e.f. from 2018-19)

PAPER – II TAXONOMY AND DIVERSITYOF SEED PLANTS (Credits -4)

Note: BO- 222 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1 1. Origin of intra-population variation: Population and the environment; ecads and ecotypes; evolution and differentiation of species- various models. 2. The species concepts: Taxonomic hierarchy, species, genus, family and other categories; principles used in assessing relationship, delimitation of taxa and attribution of rank. Plant speciation and types of speciation.

UNIT-2 1. Salient features of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, fungi, plants and recent modification proposed by Melbourne Code. 2. Taxonomic evidences: Morphology, anatomy, palynology, embryology, cytology, phytochemistry, Taxonometrics, genome analysis and nucleic acid hybridization.

UNIT-3 1. Systems of angiosperm classification: Phenetic versus phylogenetic systems; cladistics in taxonomy; cladograms; major systems of classification (Linnaeus, Engler and Prantl, 2. Bentham and Hooker, Hutchinson, Cronquist, Takhatajan) and their relative merits and demerits; relevance of taxonomy to conservation.

UNIT-4 1. Taxonomic tools: Herbarium, floras, taxonomic keys, histological, cytological, phytochemical, serological and biochemical techniques. 2. Plant exploration in India with special reference to North-West and Uttarakhand Himalaya and vegetation of Uttarakhand Himalaya ranging from sub Himalayan tract to Alpine region.

UNIT-5 1. A study of the following families and their relationships. a) Dicotyledons: Magnoliaceae, Berberidaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Fumariaceae, Violaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Sterculiaceae, Linaceae, Geraniaceae, Rutaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sapindaceae, Anacardiaceae, Saxifragaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Oleaceae, Pedaliaceae, Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Polygonaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Loranthaceae, Urticaceae, Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Salicaceae. b) Monocotyledons: Hydrocharitaceae, Orchidaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Liliaceae, Arecaceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae.

Besides these families the students are also expected to have a complete knowledge of families studied at under graduate level.

SUGGESTED READINGS: Babu, C.R. 1976.Herbaceous Flora of Dehradun. CSIR, New Delhi. Benson, L. 1957. Plant Classification. Reprint. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Cole, A. J. 1969. Numerical Taxonomy, Academic Press, London. Cronquist, A. 1981.An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press, New york. Davis, P.H. and Heyhood, V.H. 1973. Principles of angiosperms Taxonomy. Robert E. Kreiger Pub. Co., New York. Gaur, R. D. 1999. Flora of District Garhwal: NW Himalaya. Transmedia, Srinagar, Garhwal. Grant, V. 1971.Plant Speciation. Columbia University Press, New York. Grant, W.F.1984. Plant Biosystematics. Academic Press, London. Harrison, H.J. 1971. New Concepts in Flowering Plant Taxonomy.HiemanEducationnal Books Ltd., London. Heslop-Harrison, J. 1967.Plant Taxonomy. English Language Book Soc. & Edward Arnold Pub. Ltd., UK. Heywood, V.H. and Moore, D.M. 1984. Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy. Academic Press, London Hutchinson, J. 1973. The Families of Flowering Plants. 2 Vols. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Jain, S.K. and Rao, R.R. 1977. A handbook of Field and Herbarium methods. Today and Tomorrow, New Delhi. Jones. A.D. and Wilbins, A.D. 1971. Variations and Adaptations in Plant Species.Hieman& Co. Educational Books Ltd., London. Jones, S.B., Jr. and Luchsinger, A.E. 1986. Plant Systematic (2nd edition). McGraw- Hill Book Co., New York. Lawrence , H.W. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Reprint Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. Naithani, B. D. 1985. Flora of Chamoli. 2 Vols, BSI, Calcutta.Nordenstam, B., El Gazaly, G. and Kassas, M. 2000. Plant Systematic for 21st Century. Portlant Press Ltd., London. Radford, A.E. 1986.Fundamentals of Plant Systematic. Harper & Row Publications, USA. Singh, H. 1978. Embryology of Gymnosperms.Encyclopaedia of Plant Anatomy X. GebruderBortraeger, Berlin. Solbrig, O.T. 1970. Principles and Methods of Plant biosystematics. The MacMillan Co.- Collier- MacMillan Ltd., London. Solbrig. O.T. and Solbrig, D.J. 1979. Population Biology and Evolution. Addison- Wesley Publication Co. Inc., USA. Soklal, R.R. and Sneath, P.H.A. 1963. Pinciples of Numerical Taxonomy. W.H. Freeman and Co. San Fransisco. Stace, C.A. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. Edward Arnold, London. Stebbins, G.L. 1974. Flowering Plant- Evolution Above Species Level. Edward Arnold Ltd., London. Stace, C.A. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics (2nd edition). Edward Arnold Ltd. Subramanyam, N.S. Modern Plant Taxonomy.Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi. Takhtajan, A.L.1997. Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press, New York. Woodland, D.W. 1991. Contemporary Plant Systematics. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY Ist Year: Semester II

(w.e.f. from 2018-19)

PAPER-III CYTOGENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

(Credits -4) Note: BO-223 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each. UNIT-1 1. Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell 2. Structure and function of cellular organelles. Chromatin and chromosomes: chromatin organization, chromosomal proteins, chromosome structure. Structure and numerical alterations of chromosomes, UNIT-2

1. Concept of gene and genome, gene structure and expression, multigene families, interaction of genes. 2. Mendelian principles: dominance, segregation, independent assortment, deviation from Mendelian inheritance. 3. Extrachromosomal inheritance: Inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. UNIT-3

1.Genetic Recombination: Homologous and non-homologous recombination, transposition, site-specific recombination. 2. Gene mapping methods: Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with molecular markers. 3. General account of genomics UNIT-4

1. Nucleic acids: structure, function and replication of DNA, Structure and function of RNA. 2. Mutations: Spontaneous and induced mutations; physical and chemical mutation, molecular basis of gene mutation; DNA repair mechanisms, proto-oncogenes and oncogenes.

UNIT-5

1. Molecular cytogenetics: Nuclear DNA content; C-value paradox; Cot curve and its significance 2. Restriction mapping- concepts and techniques; In-situ hybridization- concepts and techniques;

SUGGESTED READINGS:

Atherly, A.G., Girton, J.R. and McDonald, J.F. 1999. The Science of Genetics.Saunders College Publishing, Fort Worth, USA.

Burnham, C.R. 1962. Discussions in Cytogenetics. Burgess Publishing Co., Minnesota. Busch, H. and Rothblum, L. 1982. Volume X.The Cell Nucleus rDNA Part A. Academic Press. De, D.N.2000. Plant Cell Vacuoles: An Introduction. CSIRO Publication, Collingwood, Australia.

Gupta, PK. 1998. Cytogenetics.Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

Hartl, D.L. and Jones, E.W. 1998. Genetics: Principles and Analysis (4th edition). Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Massachusetts, USA. Khush, G.S. 1973. Cytogenetics of aneuploids. Academic Press, New York, London. Krishnamurthy, K.V. 2000. Methods in Cell wall Cytochemistry. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Lewin, B. 2000. Genes VII. Oxford University Press, New York. Lewis, R. 1997. Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications (2nd edition). WCB McGraw Hill, USA. Rost, T. et al. 1998.Plant Biology. Wadsworth Publishing Co. California, USA. Laboratory exercises

Fakui, K. and Nakayama, S. 1996. Plant Chromosomes: Laboratory Methods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Gunning, B.E.S. and Steer, M.W. 1996. Plant Cell Biology: Structure and Function. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts.

Hall, J. L. and Moore, A.L. 1983. Isolation of Membranes and Organelles from Plant Cells.Academic Press, London, UK.

Harris, N. and Oparka, K.J. 1994. Plant Cell Biology: A Practical approach. IRL Press, at Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.

Russel, P.J. 1998. Genetics (5th edition). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing company Inc. USA Snustad.D.P. and Simmons, M.J. 2000.Principles of Genetics (2nd edition). John Willey & Sons Inc., USA. Sharma, A.K. and Sharma, A. 1999. Plant chromosomes: Analysis, Manipulation and Engineering. Harwood academic Publishers, Australia.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY Ist Year: Semester II

(w.e.f. from 2018-19)

PAPER – IV PLANT DEVELOPMENT & REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY (Credits -4) BO- 224 Note: 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1 1. Organization of flowering plant and its morphology. 2. Leaf growth and differentiation: Origin, development and phyllotaxy; differentiation of stomata and trichomes. 3. Root development; vascular tissue differentiation; lateral roots; root hairs.

UNIT-2 1. Reproduction: Vegetative options and sexual reproduction; flower- a modified shoot, structure, development and varieties of flower, functions; structure of anther and pistil 2. Genetics of floral organ differentiation; homeotic mutants in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum, sex determination.

UNIT-3 1. Male gametophyte: Structure of anthers; microsporogenesis, role of tapetum; pollen development and gene expression; male sterility; sperm dimorphism 2. Pollen germination, pollen tube growth and guidance; pollen storage; pollen allergy; pollen embryos.

UNIT-4 1. Female gametophyte: Ovule development; megasporogenesis; organization of the embryo sac, structure of the embryo sac cells. 2. Pollination, pollen-pistil interaction and fertilization: Floral characteristics, pollination mechanisms and vectors; sporophytic and gametophytes self-incompatibility (cytological, biochemical and molecular aspects); double fertilization; in vitro fertilization.

UNIT-5 1. Seed development and Fruit growth: Endosperm development during early, maturation and desiccation stages; embryogenesis 2. Ultra structure and nuclear cytology; cell lineage during late embryo development

SUGGESTED READINGS:

Atwell, B.J., Kriedermann, P.E. and Jurnbull, C.G.N.(eds) 1999. Plants in Action: Adaptation in Nature, Performance in Cultivation. MacMillan education, Sydney, Australia. Bewley, J. D. and Black, M. 1994. Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination. Plenum Press, New York. Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P.2000. The Embryology of Angiosperms (4th revised and enlarged edition).Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi. Burgess, J. 1985. An Introduction to Plant Cell Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Eams, A. J. 1989. An Introduction to plant Anatomy.Reprint. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun. Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun. Fageri, K. and Van der Pijl, L. 1979. The Principles of Pollination Ecology.Pergamon Press, Oxford. Fahn, A. 1982.Plant Anatomy.(4th edition).Pergamon Press, Oxford. Fosket, D.E. 1994. Plant Growth and Development.A Molecular Approach.Academic Press, San Diego. Howell, S.H.1998. Molecular Genetics of Plant Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Leins, P., Tucker, S.C. and Endress, P.K. 1988.Aspects of Floral Development. J. Cramer, Germany. Lyndon, R.F.1990. Plant Development.The Cellular Basis.Unnin Hyman, London. Maheshwari, P. 1950. An Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill, New York. Metcalf, C.R. and Chalk, L. 1983. Anatomy of Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. 2 Vols. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Proctor, M. and Yeo, P. 1973. The Pollination of Flowers.William Collins Sons, London. Raghavan, V.1997. Molecular Embryology of Flowering Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Raghavan, V.1999.Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants. Springer- Verlag, New York. Raven, P.H., Evert, R.F. And Eichhorn, S.E. 1992. Biology of Plants (5th edition).Worth, New York. Steeves, T.A. and Sussex, I.M. 1989.Patterns in Plant Development (2ndedition) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Sedgely, M. and Griffin, A.R. 1989.Sexual Reproduction of Tree Crops. Academic Press, London. Shivanna, K.R. and Sawhney, V.K.(eds) 1997. Pollen Biotechnology for Crop Production and Improvement. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Shivanna, K.R. and Rangaswamy, N.S. 1992. Pollen Biology: A Laboratory Manual. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Shivanna, K.R. and Johri, B.M.1985. The Angiosperm Pollen: Structure and Function. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New York. The American Society of Plant Physiologists 1993.The Plant Cell.Special Issue on Reproductive Biology of Plants, Vol. 5 (10), Rockville, Maryland, USA.

Thorpe, T.A. 1996. In vitro Embryogenesis in Plants.Kluwer Academic Publ. London. Waisel, Y., Eshel, A. and Kafkaki, U. (eds) 1996. Plant Roots: The Hidden Hall (2nd edition).Marcel Dekker, New York.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY Ist Year: Semester II

(w.e.f. from 2018-19)

LABORATORY COURSE-I BO- LAB-225 (Credits -4)

TIME – 4 Hours MAX MARKS = 70

1. Study and identification with suitable preparations of the following including those studied in B.Sc and Cycas, Zamia, Ginkgo, Abies, Cedrus, Podocarpus, Araucaria, Taxus, Ephedra, Gnetum and important fossil types. 2. Identification and description of locally available plants belonging to families included in the syllabus from fresh specimens, herbarium or preserved materials. After identification up to family level any suitable regional Flora may be provided for generic identification if required. 3. Description of a species based on various specimens to study intra specific variation. 4. Studies to find out the location of key characters and preparation of keys at generic level. 5. Field trips, compilation of field notes, the preparation of herbarium sheets and submission of herbarium and museum specimens and/or live potted specimens of taxonomic interest and submission of the excursion report.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY Ist Year: Semester II

(w.e.f. from 2018-19)

LABORATORY COURSE-II BO- LAB-226 (Credits -4)

TIME – 4 Hours MAX MARKS = 70

1. Study of cytohistological zones in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) in sectioned and double stained slides of suitable plants such as Coleus, Kalanchoe, Nicotiana. Examination in shoot apices in a monocot both in T. S. and L. S. to show the origin of leaf primordia. 2. Study of various types of phyllotaxisand rosette plants (Launaea, Mollugo, Raphanus, Hyoscyamus, etc.) 3. Study of anatomy of various types of leaves, stomata and trichomes. 4. Study of roots of dicots and monocots- anatomy and apical organization. 5. Study of micro sporogenesis and gametogenesis in sections of anthers. 6. Study of pollen morphology; tests for pollen viability using stains, study in vivo pollen germination by clearing techniques. 7. Study of ovules in cleared preparations. Study of monosporic, bisporic and tetrasporic types of embryo sac development through permanent slides. 8. Study of cambial activity and wood structure of available plants. 9. T.S. of some abnormal dicot & monocot stem. 10. Study of various equipments and accessories used in cell and molecular biology 11. Isolation, detection and quantification of DNA and RNA. 12. Restriction digestion of DNA, its separation by agarose gel electrophoresis and visualization by ethidium bromide staining. 13. Study of mitosis and meiosis by smears and squash techniques. 14. Preparation of Idiogram and Karyotype analysis. 15. Induction of polyploidy by colchicine treatment. 16. Genetic problems on Mendelian and Post-Mendelian ratios, gene interactions, sex-linked inheritance.

DISTRIBUTION OF PRACTICAL MARKS

S.N. Assignment Marks 1 SEAT WORK (WORKING MATERIAL) 40 MARKS 2 SPOTTING 16 MARKS 3 VIVA – VOCE 14 MARKS

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY IInd Year: Semester III

(w.e.f. from 2018-19)

(Credits -5)

PAPER I PLANT ECOLOGY AND REMOTE SENSING Note: BO- 231 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1 1. Concept of ecology as discussed by E. P. Odum (1977). 2. Levels of study of ecology, concept and types of ecosystems, ecological management. 3. Interactions relations: Inter and intra specific interactions, positive and negative interactions.

UNIT-2 1. Climate: (a) Properties of climatic system. (b) Climatic factors: Effects of light on plants. Source of heat energy, temperature and spatial availability of temperature, Effect of temperature on plants, forms and sources of water, impact of human activities on hydrological cycle, water balance in plants and their adaptations, effect of wind on plants.

2. Climatic changes: Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs; trends and roles); Ozone layer and ozone hole; consequences of climate changes (CO2 fertilization, global warming,). 3. Soil: Origin and components of soil, properties of humus, classification of soil based on size, composition, mode of origin. Indian soil types as proposed by All India Soil and Land-Use Survey Organization. 4. Topography: Topographical regions, influences of topography on abiotic and biotic environment.

UNIT-3 1. Population: differentiation, characteristics, intrinsic rate of population increase. 2. Vegetation development and organization: Temporal changes (cyclic and non-cyclic); mechanism of ecological succession (relay floristic and initial floristic components; facilitation, tolerance and inhibition models) Changes in ecosystem properties during succession. 3. Concept of vegetation stability (resistance and resilience); ecological perturbation (natural and anthropogenic) and their impact on vegetation, vegetation restoration, Concepts of community organization (organismic and individualistic), analytic and synthetic characters, continuum and ordination concepts, ecological niche.

UNIT-4 1. Ecosystem: Structural aspects – Species structure, abiotic components, biotic components, trophic structure. Functional aspects – energy flow (principles in accordance with ecology and thermodynamics).Energy flow analysis, ecological efficiencies, Measurement of primary productivity. 2. Pollution: Air, water and soil – kinds, sources, effects on plants and ecosystems.

UNIT-5 1. Remote Sensing: Concepts and stages in the acquisition of remote sensing data; Spectral signature,Photographic and non-photographic sensors, Space Platforms. 2. Application of remote sensing in ecological and forestry research.

SUGGESTED READINGS:

Barbour, M.G., Burk, J.H. and Pitts, W.D. 1987. Terrestrial Plant Ecology. Benjamin/ Cummings Publication Company, California Begon, M., Harpor, J.L. and Townsend, C.R. 1996.Ecology.Blackwell Science, Cambridge, U.S.A. Brady, N.C. 1990. The Nature and Properties of Soils. MacMillan. Campbell, GS. 1977. An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics. Springer Verlag, New York. Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J. 1988. Ecology: Principles and Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Daubenmire, RF. 1973. Plant and Environment.John Wiley and Sons. New York Hill, M.K.1997. Understanding Environmental Pollution. Cambridge University Press Heywood, V.H. and Watson, R.T.1995. Global Biodiversity Assesment. Cambridge University Press. Kershaw K.A. Quantitative and Dynamic Ecology.Oxford and I.B.H. Kormondy, E. J.1996. Concepts of Ecology.Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Ludwig, J. and Reynolds, J.F. 1988. Statistical Ecology.John Wiley & Sons. Mason, C.F.1991. Biology of Freshwater Pollution.Longman. Malczewski J. Manning. GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis. Moldan, B. and Billharz, S. 1997. Sustainability Indicators. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Mohammad Yunus.2002. Plant Response to Air Pollution Muller- Dombois. D. and Ellenberg, H. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology, Wiley, New York. Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. Saunders, Philadelphia. Odum, E.P. 1983.Basic Ecology. Saunders, Philadelphia Schott, John R. 1997. Remote Sensing ; The Image Chain Approach. Oxford University Press. New York. Smith, R.L. 1996. Ecology and Field Biology. Harper Collins, New York. Treshow, M. 1985. Air Pollution and Plant Life.Wiley Interscience. Whittaker, R.H. 1970. Communities and Ecosystem, McMillan & Co. New York.

Laboratory Exercises: APHA- Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water.American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. Downie, N M and Heath, R.W. 1988. Basic Statistical Methods. Jasra, P.K. and Gurudeep Raj. 2000. Biostatistics, Krishna Publications. Meerut, Kapoor /Govil. 2000. Experimental Plant Ecology. Krebs, C.J. 1989. Ecological Methodology.Harper and Row, New York, USA. Ludwig, J.A. and Reynolds, J.F. 1988. Statistical Ecology.Wiley New York. Magurran, A.E.1988. Ecological Diveresity and its Measurement.Chapman & Hall, London. Misra,R.1968. Ecology Work Book.Oxford & IBH New Delhi. Moore, P.W. and Chapman, S.B. 1986. Methods in Plant Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications Muller-Dombois, D. and Ellenberg, H. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology, Wiley, New York Panse, V. G. andSukhatme, P.V. Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers, ICAR, New Delhi. Pielou, E.C. 1984. The Interpretation of Ecological Data.Wiley New York. Ray, M. and Sharma .2002.Mathematical Statistics.Krishna Publishers. Meerut. Smith, R.L. 1996. Ecology and Field Biology. Harper Collins, New York. Sokal, R.R and Rohlf, F.J. 1995.Biometry. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY IInd Year: Semester III

(w.e.f. from 2018-19) (Credits -4)

PAPER –II PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

BO -232 Note: 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1

1. Membrane transport and translocation of water and solutes: Plant-water relations, components of osmotic qualities of cells, mechanism of water transport through xylem, 2. Phloem loading and unloading, passive and active solute transport.

UNIT-2 1. Photosynthesis: General concepts, photosynthetic pigments and light harvesting complexes, photo oxidation of water, carbon assimilation – the Calvin cycle

2. The C4 cycle and CAM pathways; Photorespiration and its significance.

UNIT-3 1. Respiration: Overview of plant respiration, substrates and water metabolism, glycolysis, the TCA cycle, oxidative PPP or Phosphogluconate pathway electron transport pentose phosphate pathway, alternative oxidation system. 2. Nitrogen metabolism. Nitrogen fixation; overview, biological nitrogen fixation, nodule formation and nod factors, mechanism of nitrate uptake and reduction, ammonium assimilation.

UNIT-4 1. Stress physiology: Plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress, water deficit and drought resistance, salinity stress, metal toxicity, freezing and heat stress, oxidative stress. 2. Plant growth regulators – Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins& Growth retardants - their structure & physiological effects. 3. Physiology of flowering – Photoperiodism&Vernalization.

UNIT-5 1. Fundamentals of enzymology: General characteristics, allosteric mechanism, regulatory and active sites, isozymes, Michaelis-Menton equation and its significance. 2. Carbohydrates: Biosynthesis of starch and sucrose. 3. Lipids: Biosynthesis of lipid & fatty acid and their catabolism SUGGESTED READINGS:

Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L. 2000.Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants.American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, USA. Cohn and Stumpf.Outlines of Biochemistry. Devlin, R. M. and FH Witham. 1983. Plant Physiology. CBS Publication. New Delhi. Dennis, D.T., Turpin, D.H., Lefebvre, D.D. and Layzell, D.B. (eds) 1997. Plant Metabolism (second edition).Longman, Essex, England. Galston, A.W. 1989. Life Processes in Plants. Scientific American Library, Springer- Verlag, New York, USA. Gates, DM. 1980. Biophysical Ecology. Springer Verlag, New York. Hess, D. 1978. Plant Physiology. Springer Verlag. New York. Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology.John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA. Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S.L., Maztsudaira, P., Baltimore, D. and Darnell, J.2000.Molecular Cell Biology (fourth edition).W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA. Moore, T.C.1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones (second edition). Springer-Verlag.New York USA. Nobel, P.S. 1999.Physiochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology (Second edition).Academic Press, San Diego, USA. Noggle, GR and Fritz, GF. 1977. Introductory Plant Physiology. Prentice Hall., New Delhi. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. 1992. Plant Physiology (4th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Co., California, USA. Singhal, G.S., Renger, G., Sopory, S.K., Irrgang, K.D. and Govindjee 1999. Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 1998.Plant Physiology (2nd edition).Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Massachusetts, USA. Westhoff, P. (1998) Molecular Plant Development: from Gene to Plant. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Bajracharya, D. 1999. Experiments in Plant Physiology: A Laboratory Manual. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. Cooper. T.G. 1977.Tools in Biochemistry.John Willey, New York, USA. Copeland, R.A. 1996. Enzymes: A Practical Introduction to Structure, Mechanism, and Data Analysis. VCH Publishers, New York. Dennison, C. 1999. A Guide to Protein Isolation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherland. Devi, P. 2000. Principles and Methods of Plant Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Genetics.Agrobios, Jodhpur, India. Dryer, R.L. and Lata, G.F. 1989.Experimental Biochemistry. Oxford University Press, New York. Hames, B.D. (Ed.) 1998. Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins: A Practical Approach, 3rd edition. PAS, Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. Harborne, T.C.(1981) Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. Chapman & Hall, London. Moore, T.C. 1974. Research Experiences in Plant Physiology: A Laboratory Manual. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Ninfa, A.J. and Ballou, D.P. 1998. Fundamental Laboratory approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Fitzgerald Science Press, Inc., Maryland, USA. Plummer, D.T. 1988.An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry.Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing co. Ltd., New Delhi. Scott, R.P.W.1995. Techniques and Practice of Chromatography.Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. Wilson. K. and Goulding, K.H. (Eds), 1986.A Biologists Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry.Edward Arnold, London, UK. Wilson. K. and Walker, J. 1994. Practical Biochemistry: Principles and Techniques, 4th edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY IInd Year: Semester III

(w.e.f. from 2018-19) (Credits -4) PAPER – III: PLANT BREEDING AND BIOSTATISTICS BO- 233 Note: 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1

1. The role of plant breeding – historical aspects and genetic basis: breeding techniques; method of plant breeding in relation to self-pollinated and cross pollinated plants; selection, Methods. 2. Hybridization: Interspecific and Intergeneric; pure line; back cross hybridization. UNIT-2

1. Heterosis: Its genetic and physiological basis; economic exploitation of heterosis in maize. 2. Breeding for resistance to diseases and pests, physiological races. 3. Role of mutation in crop improving and evolution. UNIT-3

1. Plant breeding work done in India with special reference to potato, maize, paddy, wheat and sugarcane. 2. Maintenance of collection, registration of varieties, seed production, testing, certification and distribution. UNIT-4

1. Bio-statistics and its application in life sciences. 2. Methods of representation of statistical data and measurements of central tendencies. 3. Correlation, regression. UNIT-5

1. Probability and use of binomial trials. 2. Test of significance, X2,‘t’, ‘Z’ and ‘f’ tests. 3. Principles of experimental design.

SUGGESTED READINGS: Plant Breeding: Allard, R.W. 1960. Principles of Plant Breeding, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York Harihar, Ram, 1997. Vegetable Breeding; Principles and Practices.Jagminder Book Agency. New Delhi Hill, J. 1997. Quantitative and Ecological Aspects of Plant Breeding, Jagminder Book Agency. New Delhi. Kapoor, R.L. 1997. Plant Breeding and Crop Improvement. 2 Vols Mc Donald, MB. 1997. Seed Productioin: Principles and Practices. Poehlman, JM and D. Borthakur, 1969.Asian Field Crops.Oxford and IBH Publ. New Delhi. Poelhman, JM and Sleeper DR. 1995.Breeding Field Crops.Panima Publ. House, New Delhi. Richards,AJ. 1997. Plant Breeding Systems. 2nd Ed. Sharma, JR. 1994.Principles and Practice of Plant Breeding. Tata McGraw Hill Publ. Co. Ltd. New Delhi. Simmonds, NW. 1979. Principles of Crop Improvement, Longman, London and New York. Singh, B.D. 2002. Plant Breeding Principles and Methods.Kalyani Publ. New Delhi. Van Harten, A. 1997. Mutation Breeding: Theory and Practical Applicatiions. Biostatistics: Bliss CI 1967. Statistics in Biology.2 Vols. McxGraw Hill New York. Campbell, R. C. 1967. Statistics for Biologists. Cambridge University Press, New York. Downey, NM and Heath, R. W. 1960. Basic Statistical Methods, Harper International. Pearce, Sc. 1965., Biological Statistics- An Introduction. Mc. Graw Hill, New York. Rayner, A. A. 1969. A first Course in Biometry for Agriculture Students.Peitermaritzburg.University of Natal Press. Singh R. K.1994. Biometrical Techniques in Breeding and Genetics.Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.Dehradun. Sokal, R.R.andRohlf. 1981. Biometry, Freeman . San Francisco. Watt, T. 1993. Introductory Statistics for Biology Students.Narosa, New Delhi. Winer, BJ. 1962. Statistical Principles in Experimental Design. McGraw Hill., New York.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY IInd Year: Semester III

(w.e.f. from 2018-19) (Credits -4) PAPER – IV CURRENT TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY

Note: BO- 234 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1

1. Emergence of microbiology as a discipline. Compound microscope, dark-field microscope (Zernike microscope); fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy (transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope). Golden age of microbiology: Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister and Edward Jenner. 2. Whittaker’s five-kingdom concept of classification of microorganisms. Three domain classification of Carl Woese et al. (1990). Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology. Identification and differentiation of bacteria on the basis of Molecular techniques: r-RNA sequencing, DNA-DNA homology, Percent GC mol. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. UNIT-2

1. Bacteriology: Important groups of bacteria, Actinomycetes, Molds. Pathogenic bacteria of Pseudomonadaceae, Vibrionaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. The Mycoplasmas, the cell wall less bacteria, L- form bacteria, Rickettsea and Chlamydea. 2. Virology: Structure of TMV, cyanophages, bacteriophages, mycoviruses, and virus like particles (VLP), HIV, Kuru disease, measles (Rubeola virus), viroids. Classification, techniques and transmission of viruses. UNIT-3

1. Microbial genetics: Transformation, transduction, conjugation and transposition 2. Immunology: Antigen and antibody types, Types of immune response, Mechanism of antibody formation, vaccines. 3. Fungi as human pathogens: Mycoses, dermatophytoses, candidiases, aspergilloses, mucoromycoses and otomycosis. UNIT-4

1. Food and dairy microbiology, biodeterioration of dairy products. 2. Microbiology of soil: Biogeochemical transformation, carbon and nitrogen cycles, sulphur transformation. Rhizosphere microbiology. 3. Microbial ecology: Ecological groups of microorganisms and microbial interactions, water and waste water microbiology. UNIT-5

1. Petroleum microbiology. Use of petroleum as substrate, Single cell protein. 2. Industrial microbiology: Fermentation Technology, Production of ethanol, penicillin and microbial products- biofertilizers and biopesticides. SUGGESTED READINGS:

Alexander, M. 1991. Microbial Ecology.John Wiley and Sons. New York. APHA. 1971. Standard Methods for the Examination of water and Waste Water. Washington DC. Atlas.R. M. Principle of Microbiology. Board, R.G. and DW Lovelock 1975.Some Method for Microbiological Assay.Acadmic Press. New York. Casida, L E. 1968. Industrial Microbiology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Clifford, H.T. and W Stephenson 1975.An Introduction to Numerical Classification, Academic press, New York. Doelle, H.W. and C.G. Heden 1986. Applied Microbiology . Kluwer Acad. Press, London. Kaushik, P. 2009. Itroductory Microbiology. Emkay Publications, Delhi.

Kaushik, P. and Kaushik, K. 2012. Microbiology: Questions and Answers. S Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi Mandhar, C.L. 1989. Plant Viruses . 2 Vols. CRC Press USA Miller , B.M. and W. Litsky 1976. Industrial Microbiology.McGraw Hill New York. Mukherjee, K.G. and Ved Pal Singh, 1997.Frontiers in Applied Microbiology.Rastogi Publ. Meerut. Norris J.R. and D.W. Ribbons 1970. Methods in Microbiology. Academic Press, London. Pelczar, M.J. Chan E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. 1993. Microbiology, Concept and Applications.McGraw Hill Inc, New York. Power, C.B. and H.F. Daginawala 1996.General Microbiology 2 Vols. Himalaya Pub. House, New Delhi. Ross, F.C. 1983. Introductory Microbiology.Charles E. Merril Publ. Co. Columbus. Ohio. Umbrit W.W. 1968. Advances in Applied Microbiology.Vol 10. Academic Press, New York.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH M.Sc. BOTANY IInd Year: Semester III

(w.e.f. from 2018-19) (Credits -4) PAPER – IV RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY BO -234

Note: 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1

1. Scope of rDNA technology in various sectors, Vehicles: Plasmid and Bacteriophage; Purification of DNA: total DNA, plasmid DNA and bacteriophage DNA; enzymes used in manipulation of purified DNA.

2. Cloning vectors based on E. coli plasmids, cloning vectors based on M13 bacteriophage and λ bacteriophage, vectors for genomic library construction, vectors for other bacteria, Vectors for yeasts and other fungi, higher plants, animal cells.

UNIT-2

1. Rationale for the design of vectors for the over expression of recombinant proteins

2. Selection of suitable promoter sequences, ribosome binding sites, transcription terminator, fusion protein tags, purification tags, protease cleavage sites and enzymes, plasmid copy number, inducible expression system, promoter probe vectors.

3. Experiments using model systems: E. coli, Yeast, Baculovirus, Agrobacterium tumifaciens.

UNIT-3

1. Basic idea of transformation, conjugation and transduction, Introduction of DNA into host cells.

2. Transformation and identification of recombinants, transfection and identification of recombinants, transformation of non-bacterial cells.

UNIT-4

1. Obtaining clone of a specific gene: the problem of selection, direct selection, methods of identification of clone from gene library.

2. Locating the cloned gene in plasmid and in chromosomes using southern hybridization and chromosome walking.

3. Transcript analysis, regulation of the gene expression and identifying and studying the translation product of a cloned gene (HRT and HART techniques).

UNIT-5

1.DNA sequencing methods: Sanger-Coulson method &Maxam- Gilbert method, Automated sequencing.

2.Whole genome analysis- preparation of ordered cosmid libraries, bacteria artificial chromosome libraries, PCR & its application. DNA finger printing (RFLP & RAPD, REP-PCR etc.)Bioinformatics.

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Lillesand&Kieffer, Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

2. Sabins, F.F., Jr. Remote Sensing: Principles and interpretation.

3. Bhatia, S.C.Fundamentals of Remote Sensing.

4. Chanda, Datta, Majumdar. Digital Image Processing & Analysis.

5. Chang, K.T. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems.

6. Rao, et al., Geographic Information System.

7. JohnstonC.A. Geographic Information Systems in ecology.

8. Ahmed, E. I &Rabbany.Introduction to Global Positioning System.

9. Aronoff, S. 1991. Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective. Ottawa WDL Publ. 10. Barrett, E.C. 1982. Introduction of Environmental Remote Sensing.Chapman and Hall. 11. Burrough, P.A. 1986. Principle of Geographic Information System for Land Resources Assessment.Oxford University Press. 12. Colwell, R.N. 1983. Manual of Remote Sensing.Vol. I.II American Society of Photogrammetry. 13. Curran, P.J. 1985. Principle of Remote Sensing. Longman Group. 14. Dury, S.A. 1990. A Guide to Sensing.Interpreting Image of Earth.Wiley and Sons. 15. Hord, R.M. 1986. Remote Sensing: Method and Application, John Wiley and Sons. 16. Jenson, J.R. 1996 Introductory Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall. New Delhi. 17. Johnson, P.l. 1969. Remote Sensing in Ecology. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens. 18. Rampal, K.K. 1982. Text Book of Photogrammetry.Oxford and IBH Press., 19. Rees, W.G. 1990. Physical Principles of Remote Sensing, Cambridge University Press. 20. Schander, E. 1976, Remote Sensing for Environmental Sciences. Springer Verlag. 21.Ulaby, F.T. Moor, R.K. and Fung, A.K. 1982. Microwave Remote Sensing Active and Passive.Vol.I and II Wesley Pub.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH M.Sc. BOTANY IInd Year: Semester III

(w.e.f. from 2018-19) (Credits -4) Self-Study Paper b: PALYNOLOGY AND POLLEN BIOLOGY PAPER CODE----BO-SS-237

Note: 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each. ______UNIT-1 1. General Introduction, microsporogenesis, microspore tetrads and polarity of spores and pollen grains. 2. Pollen wall development and pollen chemistry, Chemical nature of sporopollenin, development of pollen wall, Ubisch body, pollen wall proteins, origin and formation exineless pollen grains; pollen expressed and pollen specific genes.

UNIT-2 3. Spore-pollen morphology: Symmetry, shape, size, aperture patterns, NPC System for numerical expression of apertural details, exine stratification, surface structures and sculptures of sporoderm; LO-analysis and edge-analysis. 4. Palynotaxonomy:Systematic palynology, identification key and evolutionary trends among pollen grains based on palynotaxonomical works.

UNIT-3 5. Aeropalynology with reference to allergy: Aeroallergens, introductory idea of Immune System with special reference to IgE. Study of airspora, identification of allergic taxa by in-vivo and in-vitro tests with spore-pollen extracts, chemical nature of exine-borne allergens, allergic taxa of North-West Himalaya. UNIT-4

6. Melissopalynology: Indian species of honey bees, importance of pollen grains as constituent of bee-bread, pollen-collecting mechanism of honey bees, analysis of pollen load and honey sample in understanding bee forage, objectives of melissopalynological studies, important bee plants of North- West Himalaya.

UNIT-5 7. Palaeopalynology: Introductory idea about palaeopalynological remains, significance of palaeopalynology. 8. Forensic palynology: Definition and significance, a few well-known case studies.

SUGGESTED READINGS: 1. Crane, Eva; Walker, Penelope and Day Rosemany.1984. Directory of Important World Honey Sources: International Bee Research Association, London. 2. Erdtman, G. 1952. Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy, Angiosperms; Almquist and Wiksell, Stockholm. 3. Knut Segril, Johnson Iverson. 1975. Text book of pollen analysis 3rd edition. Blackwell Publ. 4. Nair, P.K.K. 1966. Essentails of Palynology; Asia Publication House Lucknow. 5. Woodhouse, R.P. 1935. Pollen Grains: Hafner Publication Co.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY II Year: Semester III

(w.e.f. from 2018-19)

LABORATORY COURSE-I (Credits -4)

BO-LAB-235 TIME – 4 Hours MAX MARKS = 70

Ecology and Remote Sensing 1. To determine the minimum size of the quadrat by species area curve method and minimum number of quadrats to be laid down in the field under study. 2. To determine the frequency, density and abundance of each species present in community. 3. To calculate relative frequency and relative density of each species in a given area. 4. To calculate mean basal cover and total basal cover of each species in a given area. 5. To compute the relative dominance and IVI (Importance Value Index) of each species in a given area. 6. To calculate the Alpha () diversity, Beta () diversity and total diversity of given community. 7. To calculate water holding capacity of three samples of various soil types and to find the percolation percentage of water in the given soil. 8. To find out the bulk density and porosity of different soil types 9. Stereo test. 10. To test the pH and the buffering properties of soils. 11. Study of types of aerial photos and satellite data products. 12. Orientation of stereo model under mirror stereoscope.

A. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 1. To study the effect of temperature upon the permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane. 2. To determine the osmotic pressure (potential) of cell saps of living cells by plasmolytic method and

also by using KNO3 and sugar solution and to calculate the isotonic coefficient of sugar. 3. To determine the diffusion pressure deficit of plant cells. 4. To set up a Wilmott’s bubbler and to study the effect of the following on the rate of photosynthesis (a)

varying CO2 concentration and (b) different wavelengths of light. 5. To extract the four pigments i.e. chlorophyll a & b, carotene and xanthophylls from the green leaves and preparation of their absorption spectrum. 6. To separate the four pigments i.e. chlorophyll a & b, carotene and xanthophylls from the green leaves by paper chromatography and column chromatography. 7. To determine the chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio in C3 and C4 plants. 8. To study the effect of time and enzyme concentration on the rate of reaction of enzyme (acid phosphatase, nitrate reductase). 9. To study the effect of substrate concentration on activity of any enzyme and determination of its Km value. 10. To separate the amino acids by paper chromatography. 11. Principles of colorimetry, spectrophotometry and flourimetry.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH

M.Sc. BOTANY II Year: Semester III

(w.e.f. from 2018-19)

LABORATORY COURSE-II BO- LAB-236 (Credits -4)

TIME – 4 Hours MAX MARKS = 70

CURRENT TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY

1. Calibration of microscope: Determination of dimensions of micro-organisms. 2. Preparation of culture media for autotrophic and heterotrophic micro organisms (cleaning of glasswares, mineral media, complex media, solid media and sterilization, etc.). 3. Isolation of microorganisms: Streaking on agar plates, pore plate method. 4. Determination of growth of microbes (model organism: Escherichia coli), effect of nutrients e.g., glucose, fructose and sucrose on the growth of microbes. 5. Principles of colorimetry and spectro-colorimetry. 6. Determination of microbial population of forest soil and water sources (suggested model organism: yeast). 7. Use of haemocytometer, serial dilution technique, relationship between dilution and cell count, determination of standard error and reliability in cell counts. 8. Fermentation by yeast (inverted tube method, use of different substrates, e.g., glucose, fructose, cane sugar, starch, etc.). 9. Gram’s staining of bacteria- differential staining, negative staining. 10. Motility test of bacteria. 11. Biochemical tests- Citrate utilization, catalase test, acid and gas production. 12. Antibiotic sensitivity test. 13. Microbial antagonism by dual culture method.

Recombinant DNA Technology BOLAB236 1. Isolation of DNA and plasmid. 2. Restriction digestion of vector and DNA. 3. Ligation of DNA construct and vector. 4. Demonstration of transformation and selection of recombinant clones.

Bioinformatics and Biological database BOLAB236 BOLAB236 Bioinformatics and Biological Databases 1. Introduction to bioinformatics softwares and their downloading and installation. 2. Hands on experience on the database BLAST, FASTA. 3. Searching sequences, data analysis and modeling molecular pathways. 4. Constructing Phylogenetic trees. Plant Breeding and Biostatistics

1. Application of common plant breeding techniques 2. Identification of Indian varieties of important crops. 3. Floral biology of local food, pulse, vegetable and horticultural crops. 4. Collection of germplasm of different crops being grown in the area. 13. Study of techniques of biometrical studies.

14. To test the goodness of fit and independent assortment using Chi-square method.

BO-SS-237 Palynology and Pollination Biology

1. Pollen morphological studies of some pterodophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms representing different morphological types using acetolysis / alkali maceration method. 2. Extraction of pollen grains from honey sample and study of the frequency of different morpho-types. 3. Study of in vivo and in vitro germination of pollen grains. 4. Morpho-anatomical study of stigma and style. 5. Study of the growth of pollen tube through stigma and style. 6. Study of allergy producing pollen morpho-types.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH M.Sc. BOTANY IInd Year: Semester IV

(w.e.f. from 2018-19-20) (Credits -5) PAPER I BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Note: BO -241 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1 1. Biodiversity: Concepts, species, ecological and genetic diversity, microbial biodiversity, distribution, maintenance and loss of biodiversity. 2. Concepts of species in relation to biodiversity and systematics.

UNIT-2 1. Biodiversity in India and Uttarakhand with reference to major groups of plants, species and genetic diversity. 2. Biodiversity issues: Centers of diversity, mega and microcenters. Diversity of various plant groups of Uttarakhand. UNIT-3 1. Dynamics of floristic diversity, bio-geographical zones of India, aquatic and wetland vegetation, weeds and aliens. 2. Threatened plants concept and categories (rare, endangered, vulnerable etc.), Red Data Book. 3. Endemism with special reference to biodiversity in Himalaya.

UNIT-4 1. Conservation of Biodiversity: Concept, environmental policies, Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Sanctuaries, Conservation reserves. Botanical Gardens, Pollen storage and Seed Banks. 2. Tissue culture and role of biotechnology in conservation of biodiversity, Cryopreservation. Environmental awareness and people’s participation in conservation of biodiversity.

UNIT-5 1. General account of the activities of BSI, NBPGR, ICAR, CSIR & DBT for conservation and non-formal conservation efforts. 2. Convention on Biological Diversity, Biodiversity Act, CITES, Ramsar Convention, IUCN, IPR

SUGGESTED READINGS:

Anonymous 1997. National Gene Bank: Indian Heritage on Plant Genetic Resources

(Booklet). National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi.

Arora, R.K. and Nayar, E.R. 1984. Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India.NBPGR Science Monograph No.7. Baker, H.G. 1978. Plants and Civilization (3rd edition). C.A. Wadsworth, Belmont. Bole, P.V. and Vaghani, Y. 1986.Field Guide to Common Indian Trees.Oxford University Press, Mumbai. Chandel, K.P.S., Shukla, G. and Sharma, N.1996. Biodiversity in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in India: Conservation and Utilization. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. Chrispeels, M.J. and Sadava, D. 1977. Plants, Food and People.W.H. Freeman and Co. San Francisco. Conway, G. and Barbier, E. 1990.After the Green Revolution.Earthscan Press London. Conway, G. and Barbier, E. 1994.Plants, Genes and Agriculture. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. Conway, G.1999. The Doubly Green Revolution: Food for All in the 21st century. Penguin Books. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (1948-1976). The Wealth of India.A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products. New Delhi. Raw Materials I-XII, Revised Volume I-III (1985-1992) Supplement (2000). Council of Scientific & Industrial Research 1986.The Useful Plants of India.Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. Cristi, B.R. (ed.) 1999. CRC Handbook of Plant Sciences and Agriculture.Vol. I.In-situ conservation.CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Cronquist, A. 1981.An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press, New York, USA. Directory of Indian Wetlands, 1993. WWF INDIA, New Delhi and AWB, Kuala Lumpur. Falk, D.A., Olwell, M. and Millan C. 1996.Restoring Diversity.Island Press, Columbia, USA. FAO/ IBPGR 1989.Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Germplasm.FAO/IBPGR, Rome. Frankel, O.H., Brown, A.H.D. & Burdon, J.J. 1995.The Conservation of Plant Diversity.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Gadgil, M. and Guha, R. 1996. Ecology and Equity: Use and Abuse of Nature in Contemporary India. Penguin, New Delhi. Gaston, K.J. (Ed), Biodiversity: A Biology of Numbers and Differences. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, U.K. Gaur, R.D. and Prakash C. Kuriyal. (2011). Biodiversity and Conservation: Salient Features. In Biodiversity : An Overview edited by Mukesh Kumar, Rajan Kumar Gupta and G.S. Paliwal. Pp1-20. Heywood, V. (Ed) 1995. Global Biodiversity Assesment.United Nations Environment Programme. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Heywood, V.H. and Wyse Jackon, P.S. (eds) 1991. Tropical Botanical Gardens.Their Role in Conservation and Development. Academic Press, San Diego. Kaushik, P. 1983. Ecological and Anatomical Marvels of Himalayan Orchids. Today &Tomorrow’s Printers & Publishers, New delhi, pp VIII + 1-123 + Plates 71. Kocchar, S.L. 1998. Economic Botany of the Tropics, 2nd edition. Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi. Kohli, R., Arya, K. S., Singh, P.H. and Dhillon, H.S. 1994. Tree Directory of Chandigarh.Lovedale Educational, New Delhi. Kothari, A. 1997.Understanding Biodiversity: Life Sustainability and Equity.Orient Longman. Kumar, A. 2011.Bioresources of Uttarakhand, their conservation and management. Bisen Singh Mahendra pal Singh, Dehradun. Mukesh Kumar, Rajan Kumar Gupta and G.S. Paliwal (2011). Biodiversity: An Overview. I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi Nair, M.N.B. et al.(Eds) 1998. Sustainable Management of Non-Wood forest Products. Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia. 434004 PM Serdong, Selangor, Malaysia Paroda, R.S. and Arora, R.K.1991. Plant Genetic Resources Conservation and Management.IPGRI (Publication) South Asia Office, C/o NBPGR, Pusa Campus, New Delhi. Pimentel, D. and Hall, C.W. (Eds) 1989.Food and Natural Resources.Academic Press, London-NewYork. Pinstrup-Anderson, P. et al. 1999. World food Prospects: Critical Issues for the Early 21st Century. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., USA. Plant Wealth of India 1997. Special Issue of Proceedings Indian National science Academy B-63. Plucknett, D.L., Smith, N.J.H., William, J.T. and MurtiAnnishetty, N. 1987.Gene Banks and worlds Food.Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. Ramamurthi, R. Geeta Bali, 2001. Bioidiversity. APH, New Delhi Rodgers, N.A. and Panwar, H.S. 1988. Planning a Wildlife Protected Area Network in India. Vol. 1.The Report.Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. Sahni, K.C.2000. The Book of Indian Trees, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press Mumbai. Schery, R.W. 1972. Plants for Man. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Prentice Hall. Sharma, O.P. 1996. Hill’s economic Botany (Late Dr. A.F. Hill, adapted by O.P. Sharma). Tata McGraw Hill Co. Ltd., new Delhi. Swaminathan, M.S. and Kocchar, S.L. (Eds) 1989.Plants and Society. Macmillan Publication Ltd., London. Thakur, R.S., Puri, H.S. and Husain, A. 1989.Major Medicinal Plants of India.Central Institute of Medicinal and Anomatic Plants, CSIR, Lucknow. Thomas, P. 2000. Trees: Their National History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Wagner, H., Hikino, H. and Farnswarth, N. 1989.Economic and Medicinal Plant Research.Vols 1-3. Academic Press, London. Walter, K.S. and Gillet, H.J. 1998. 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants.IUCN, the orld Conservation Union.IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, U.K.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH M.Sc. BOTANY IInd Year: Semester IV

(w.e.f. from 2018-19-20)

(Credits -4)

PAPER II BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

Note: BO- 242 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1

1. Biotechnology: Basic concepts, principles and scope. 2. Plant cell and tissue culture: General introduction, history, scope, concept of cellular differentiation, totipotency. UNIT-2

1. Organogenesis and adventive embryogenisis: Fundamental aspects of morphogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and androgenesis, mechanisms, techniques and utility. 2. Somatic hybridization: Protoplast isolation, fusion and culture, hybrid selection and regeneration, possibilities, achievements and limitations of protoplast research. 3. Applications of plant tissue culture: clonal propagation, artificial seed, production of hybrids and somaclones, production of secondary metabolites/natural products, cryopreservation and germplasm preservation. UNIT-3

1. Recombinant DNA technology: Gene cloning principles and techniques, construction of genomic and cDNA libraries, choice of vectors, DNA synthesis and sequencing, polymerase chain reaction, DNA finger printing. 2. Genetic engineering of plants: Aims, strategies for development of transgenics (with suitable examples), Agrobacterium- the natural genetic engineer, T-DNA and transposon mediated gene- tagging, chloroplast transformation and its utility, intellectual property rights, possible ecological risks and ethical concerns. UNIT-4

1. Microbial genetic manipulation: Bacterial transformation, selection of recombinants and transformants.

2. Genetic improvement of industrial microbes and nitrogen fixers, fermentation technology.

UNIT-5 1. Genomics and proteomics: Genetic and physical mapping of genes, molecular markers for introgression of useful traits, artificial chromosomes, high throughout sequencing,

2. Genome projects, bioinformatics, functional genomics, microarrays, protein profiling and its significance.

SUGGESTED READINGS: Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K. 1996. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice (a revised edition). Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, USA. Bhojwani, S.S. 1990. Plant Tissue Culture: Applications and Limitations. Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, USA. Brown, T.A. 1999. Genomes. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore. Callow, J.A., Ford-Lioyd, B.V. and Newbury, H.J. 1997. Biotechnology and Plant Genetic Resources: Conservation and Use. Cab International, Oxon, UK. Chrispeels, M.J. and Sadava, D.E. 1994. Plants, Genes and Agriculture. Jones &Bartlett Publishers, Boston, USA. Collins, H.A. and Edwards, S. 1998. Plant Cell Culture.Bioscientific Publishers, Oxford, UK. Glazer, A. N. and Nikaido, H. 1995.Microbial Biotechnology. W. H. Freeman & Company, New York USA. Gustafson, J.P. 2000. Genomes.Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, New York, USA. Henry, R.J. 1997. Practical Applications of Plant Molecular biology.Chapman & Hall, Landon, UK. Jain, S.M., Sopory, S.K. and Veilleux, R.E. 1996. In Vitro Haploid Production in Higher Plants, Vols, 1-5 ., Fundamental Aspects and Methods. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherland. Jolles, O. and Jornvall, H. (eds). 2000. Proteomics in Function Genomics. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland. Kartha, K.K. 1985. Cryopreservation of Plant cells and Organs.CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. 1989.Principles of Gene Manipulation.Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK. Primrose, S.B. 1995.Principles of Genome Analysis.Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK. Raghavan, V. 1997.Molecular Biology of Flowering Plants. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA. Shantharam, S. and Montgomery, J.F. 1999. Biotechnology, Biosafety & Biodiversity. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Vasil, I.K. and Thorpe, T.A. 1994, Plant Cell and Tissue Culture. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. For Laboratory Exercises Butenko, R.G. 2000.Plant Cell Culture.University Press of Pacific. Collin, H.A. and Edwards, S. 1998. Plant Cell Culture.Bioscientific Publishers, Oxford, UK. Dixon, R.A.(Ed.) 1987. Plant Cell Culture: A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford. Gelvin, S.B. and Schilperoort, R.A. (Eds.), 1994.Plant Molecular Biology Manual, 2nd edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. George, E.F. 1993. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture.Part 1.The Technology, 2nd edition, Exegetics Ltd., Edington, UK. George, E.F. 1993. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture. Part 2.In Practice, 2nd edition, Exegetics Ltd., Edington, UK. Glick, B.R. and Thompson, J.E. 1993. Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology.CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Glover, D.M. and Hames, B.D. (Eds), 1995. DNA Cloning 1: A Practical Approach; Core Techniques, 2nd edition, PAS, IRL Press at Oxford University Presss, Oxford. Hackett, P.B., Fuchs, J.A. and Messing, J.W. 1988. An Introduction to Recombinant DNA Techniques: Basic Experiments in Gene Manipulation. The Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing Co., Inc Menlo Park, California. Hall, R.D. (Ed.), 1999. Plant Cell Culture Protocols. Humana Press, Inc., New Jersey, USA. Shaw, C.H. (Ed.) 1988. Plant Molecular Biology: A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford. Smith, R.H. 2000. Plant Tissue Culture: Techniques and Experiments. Academic Press, New York.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH M.Sc. BOTANY IInd Year: Semester IV

(w.e.f. from 2018-19-20)

(Credits -4)

PAPER- III RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND ETHNOBOTANY

Note: BO- 243 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1

1. Plant resources: Concept, status, utilization and concerns. 2. Sustainable development: Basic concepts, local plant diversity and its socioeconomic importance. UNIT-2

1. World Centers of Primary Diversity of domesticated plants. The Indo Burmese center; Plant Introductions and secondary centers. 2. Origin and evolution, uses of economically important plants (i) Cereals and millets (wheat, paddy, maize, bajra and jowar), (ii) Legumes (peas, gram, soybean, black gram, lentil and cowpeas), (iii) Sugar cane and starches (sugarcane, beetroot, potato, sweat potato), (iv) Forage and fodder crops. UNIT-3

1. Fiber crops, medicinal and aromatic plants: A general account. 2. Vegetable oil yielding crops: A general account. UNIT-4

1. Important firewood and timber yielding plants. 2. Non- wood forest products (NWFPs) such as bamboos, raw materials for paper making, gums, tannins, dyes, resins, beverages and fruits. UNIT-5

1. Ethnobotany- A brief history and introduction. 2. Areas of investigations.

SUGGESTED READINGS: Anonymous 1997. National Gene Bank: Indian Heritage on Plant genetic Resources (Booklet). National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. Arora, R.K. and Nayar, E.R. 1984. Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India. NBPGR Science Monograph No. 7. Baker, H.G. 1978. Plants and Civilization (3rd edition). C.A. Wadsworth, Belmont. Bole, P.V. and Vaghani, Y. 1986.Field Guide to Common Indian Trees.Oxford University Press, Mumbai. Chandel, K.P.S., Shukla, G. and Sharma, N.1996. Biodiversity in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in India: Conservation and Utilization. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. Chrispeels, M.J. and Sadava, D. 1977. Plants, Food and People.W.H. Freeman and Co. San Francisco. Cristi, B. R. (ed.) 1999. CRC Handbook of Plant Sciences and Agriculture.Vol. I.In-situ conservation.CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Conway, G.1999. The Doubly Green Revolution: Food for All in the 21st century. Penguin Books. Conway, G. and Barbier, E. 1990.After the Green Revolution.Earthscan Press London. Conway, G. and Barbier, E. 1994.Plants, Genes and Agriculture. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research 1986.The Useful Plants of India.Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (1948-1976). The Wealth of India.A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products. New Delhi. Raw Materials I-XII, Revised Volume I-III (1985-1992) Supplement (2000). WWF INDIA 1993.Directory of Indian Wetlands, New Delhi and AWB, Kuala Lumpur. Falk, D.A., Olwell, M. and Millan C. 1996.Restoring Diversity.Island Press, Columbia, USA. FAO/ IBPGR 1989.Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Germplasm.FAO/IBPGR, Rome. Frankel, O.H., Brown, A.H.D. & Burdon, J.J. 1995.The Conservation of Plant Diversity.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Gadgil, M. and Guha, R. 1996. Ecology and Equity: Use and Abuse of Nature in Contemporary India. Penguin, New Delhi. Gaston, K.J. (Ed), Biodiversity: a Biology of Numbers and Differences. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, U.K. Hill, A.F. 1952. Economic Botany. McGraw Hill., New York. Heywood, V. (Ed) 1995. Global Biodiversity Assesment.United Nations Environment Programme. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Heywood, V.H. and Wyse Jackon, P.S. (eds) 1991. Tropical Botanical Gardens.Their Role in Conservation and Development. Academic Press, San Diego. Kocchar, S.L. 1998. Economic Botany of the Tropics, 2nd edition. Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi. Kothari, A. 1997.Understanding Biodiversity: Life Sustainability and Equity.Orient Longman. Kohli, R., Arya, K.S., Singh, P.H. and Dhillon, H.S. 1994. Tree Directory of Chandigarh.Lovedale Educational, New Delhi. Nair, M.N.B. et al.(Eds) 1998. Sustainable Management of Non-Wood forest Products. Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia. 434004 PM Serdong, Selangor, Malaysia Paroda, R.S. and Arora, R.K.1991. Plant Genetic resources conservation and Management.IPGRI (Publication) South Asia Office, C/o NBPGR, Pusa Campus, New Delhi. Pimentel, D. and Hall, C.W. (Eds) 1989.Food and Natural Resources.Academic Press, London-NewYork. Pinstrup-Anderson, P. et al. 1999. World food Prospects: Critical Issues for the Early 21st Century. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., USA. Plant Wealth of India 1997. Special Issue of Proceedings Indian National science Academy B-63. Plucknett, D.L., Smith, N.J.H., William, J.T. and MurtiAnnishetty, N. 1987.Gene Banks and worlds Food.Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. Rodgers, N.A. and Panwar, H.S. 1988. Planning a Wildlife Protected Area Network in India. Vol. 1.The Report.Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. Sahni, K.C.2000. The Book of Indian Trees, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press Mumbai. Schery, R.W. 1972. Plants for Man. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Prentice Hall. Sharma, O.P. 1996. Hill’s economic Botany (Lata Dr. A.F. Hill, adapted by O.P. Sharma). Tata McGraw Hill Co. Ltd., new Delhi. Swaminathan, M.S. and Kocchar, S.L. (Eds) 1989.Plants and Society. Macmillan Publication Ltd., London. Thakur, R.S., Puri, H.S. and Husain, A. 1989.Major Medicinal Plants of India.Central Institute of Medicinal and Anomatic Plants, CSIR, Lucknow. Thomas, P. 2000. Trees: Their National History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Wagner, H., Hikino, H. and Farnswarth, N. 1989.Economic and Medicinal Plant Research.Vols 1-3. Academic Press, London. Walter, K.S. and Gillet, H.J. 1998. 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. IUCN, the World Conservation Union. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, U.K.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH M.Sc. BOTANY IInd Year: Semester IV

(w.e.f. from 2018-19-20)

(Credits -4)

PAPER- IV DISSERTATION B0 -244

Dissertation is an elective one mandatory for every student. The dissertation is to be allotted in the beginning of III Semester and would be submitted at the time of the examination of IV Semester. The distribution of marks for the Dissertation will be as below:

Periodical presentation : 30 Marks Dissertation : 50 Marks Viva Voce : 20 Marks Total : 100 Marks

The Dissertation would carry 04 credits in all. The dissertation/ Project report shall be evaluated jointly by the supervisor and one external examiner.

Following topics/research fields are proposed to undertake Dissertation/ Project Work:

1. Anatomy of Himalayan woods 2. Chromosome Analysis and Indexing of Himalayan Flora 3. Conservation of Endangered Species 4. Environment Impact Assessment 5. High Altitude Ecology and Climate Change 6. Invasion Ecology 7. Inventorization of unexplored Areas and Hotspots 8. Limnology 9. Plant Biodiversity Assessment 10. Pollution Monitoring 11. Population/weed/ Reproductive Biology 12. Survey of Less known Economic Plants Any other current trends / topics suggested by the Departmental committee may also be considered for the dissertation/project work.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH M.Sc. BOTANY IInd Year: Semester IV

(w.e.f. from 2018-19-20)

(Credits -4)

PAPER- IV FOREST ECOLOGY

Note: 1. This question paper consist of Maximum 70 Marks BO-244 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1

1 Forests, forestry and man: Definition, forests in geological ages, forests in prehistoric era, shifting cultivation, forests in historical time, scientific forestry, forest policy, natural forest policy, private forest policy, panned forest development, forestry education in India.

2. Essential elements of forest ecology: Extent and boundaries, physical features, geology, river system, soil, land-use pattern, role in country’s economy, forests and wild lands.

UNIT-2

1. Forests and trees: Locality factors of the forests, forest influences, forest composition, stand structure, dynamics and growth, classification, forest types and their distribution, species diversity 2. Forest conservancy and Potential Productivity: Soil, Water relation and nutrition, soil erosion and conservation, potential productivity of forests, site quality evaluation. UNIT-3

1. Forest Conservation and Management:

i) Impact of deforestation on soil and water, Role of fire: type, extent and cause of fire, fuel load, fire and different forest types of Himalaya.

ii) Forest resource management and forest resource information system.

iii) Forest cover in India-State of Art, Ground inventory. Vegetation and forest type maps.

UNIT-4

1. Wild Life: Species and distribution, Sanctuaries, Biosphere reserves, wild life and recreation.

2. Environmental Impact Assessment: Maintenance and conservational policies such as Joint Forest Management (JFM) and Agroforestry in the region.

UNIT-5

1. Remote Sensing: Acquisition of data, spectral signature, Sensors, Photogrammetry and photointerpretation, Digital Image Processing, 2. Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) in Land cover mapping.

SUGGESTED READINGS: Bir, S. S. and Chatha, G. S. 1988. Firest Vegetation Characteristics of Indian Hills. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers & Publ.., New Delhi. Dwivedi, A. P. Forestry in India. Jugal Kishor and Company, Dehradun. Misra, R. Ecolofy Work Book. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi. Mishra, R. and Gopal, B. Recent Advances in Tropical Ecology: Part I & II. International Society for Tropical ecology, Varanasi. Negi, S. S. 1983. Forest Ecology. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun. Puri, G. S., Gupta, R.K., Meher-Homji, V. M. and Puri, S. 1989. Forest Ecology: Plant Form, Diversity, Communities and Succession. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. Puri, G. S., Meher-Homji, V. M., Gupta, R.K. and Puri, S. Forest Ecology: Vol I & II. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

Singh, G. B. 1987. Forest Ecology of India. Rawat Publications, Jaipur Singh, J. S. and Singh, S. P. 1992. Forests of Himalaya. Consul Book Depot. Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital. India.

Singh, M. P. and Vishwakarma, V. 1997. Forest Environment and Biodiversity. Daya Publ. House, Delhi.

Wareing, R. H. and Schlesinger, W.H. 1985. Forest Ecosystems: Concepts and

Management. Academic Press, New York.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH M.Sc. BOTANY IInd Year: Semester IV

(w.e.f. from 2018-19-20)

(Credits -4)

Paper- IV PLANT HEALTH MANAGEMENT BO-244 Note: 4. This question paper consist of Maximum 70 Marks 5. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 6. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each.

UNIT-1

1. Basic procedure in diagnosis of plant diseases: Significance of plant diseases. Effects of changes in agricultural methods and human society on the development and spread of plant diseases. 2. Seed Pathology: Seed borne fungi. Disease transmitted through seeds. Biodeterioration of seed in storage. Control of seed borne fungi. UNIT-2

1. Nursery disease: Important disease of nursery plants. 2. Plantation disease: Plantation disease of Chir pine, Eucalyptus, Sal, Teak, Shisam, Populus, Acacia (Catechu). UNIT-3

1. Important disease of cash crops: Sugarcane, Potato and Ginger. How plants defend themselves against pathogen. 2. Control of crop and forest disease. Treatment of wounds. UNIT-4

1. Insect pests of nurseries, plantation and forest trees. 2. Principles and methods of insect control equipments used in disease treatment. UNIT-5

1. Application of biofertilizers in production of healthy and vigourous transplants in nursery. Role of mycorrhiza in growth of plants. 2. Mineral nutrition in crops and forest trees. Meteorological impact on crops and forest trees. Soil microorganisms and their products, which influence plant growth.

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Heywood, H.V. 1995. Global Biodiversity Assessment. 2. Lochwood, M., Worboys, G.L. and Ashish, K. 2006. Managing Protected Areas: A Global Guide. 3. Singh, J.S. Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2005. Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation.Anamaya Publ., F-154/2 Ladosarai, New Delhi- 110 030.

PT. L.M.S. GOVERNMENT POST-GRADUATE COLLEGE, RISHIKESH M.Sc. BOTANY IInd Year: Semester IV

(w.e.f. from 2018-19-20)

(Credits -4)

SELF STUDY PAPER : PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES

Paper code--- BO-SS-247

Note: 1. This question paper consists of Maximum 70 Marks. 2. The question paper consists of 5 long answer type questions. 3. Students have to attempt all the questions, carrying 14 marks each. ______UNIT 1 1. Environmental factors of Propagation: Fundamental microclimate and edaphic factors in the propagation environment; Managing the propagation environment; Management of edaphic factors in propagation; Management of Biotic factors-Pathogen and Pest Management; Post propagation care UNIT 2 2. Seed Propagation: Sources of seed, Harvesting and processing seeds, Seed testing and seed storage; Dormancy and regulation of germination; Field nurseries for transplant production 3. Vegetative Propagation: Selection and management of clones in vegetative propagation; Reasons for using clonal cultivars; Genetic basis of clones; Non-genetic variation within clones; Propagation sources of their management UNIT 3 4. Propagation by Cuttings: Observations of Adventitious root and bud formation; Factors affecting regeneration of plants from cuttings; Biochemical basis for Adventitious root formation; Importance and advantages of propagation by cuttings; Types of cutting, stock plants, rooting media; Management practices- Cutting nutrition, care of cuttings; Handling field propagated plants and container grown plants. UNIT 4 5. Propagation by Grafting: Reasons for grafting and budding, Natural grafting; Polarity and genetic limits of grafting, Graft incompatibility; Types of grafts: Detached scion graftage, Approach graftage, Repair graftage; Scion-rootstock relationship; Aftercare of grafted plants. 6. Techniques of Budding: Rootstock for budding; Time of budding; Types of budding; Micro budding. UNIT 5 7. Layering and its natural modifications: Physiology of regeneration by layering; Procedures in Layering; Management of plants during layering; Plant modifications resulting in natural layering; 8. Micro-propagation: Micro-propagation of plantlets from tissue culture; Types of systems used to regenerate plantlets by micro-propagation Callus, cell and protoplast culture systems.

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Bajaj YPS. (ed). 1988. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Springer-Verlag. 2. Gupta P.K. 2000. Elements of Biotechnology. Rastogi Pub. 3. Kumar S. and Singh M.P. 2008. Plant Tissue Culture. APH Pub. 4. Mandal A.K and Gibson G.L. (ed.). 1997. Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding. CBS. 5. Hong, T. D. and Ellis, R. H. 1996. A protocol to determine seed storage behaviour. IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 1.(J. M. M. Engels and J. Toll, vol. Eds.) International 6. Khullar, P. et al. 1992. Forest seed. ICFRE, New Forest, Dehra Dun. 7. Leadem, C.L. 1984. Quick Tests for Tree Seed Viability. B.C. Ministry of Forests and Lands, Canada. 8. Schmidt, L. 2000. Guide to handling of tropical and subtropical forest seed. DANIDAForest Seed Centre, Denmark. 9. ISTA. 1993. International Rules for Seed Testing. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland. 10. Hartman, H.J. et al., 1990 : Plant propagation . Principles and practices. Prentice Hall, New Delhi. 11. Schwalz. M. 1975. Guide to commercial hydrophonics. Israel Univerisity, Jerusalem. 12. Sharma, V.K. 1996. Plant Nurseries: Techniques, production and management. Indian Pub. New Delhi. 13. Sadhu, M.K. 1989 : Plant propagation. New Age Pub. New Delhi. 14. S. S. Bhojwani and M. K. Razdan. 1996. Plant tissue culture: Theory and Practice.