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Geoelectrical Studies for Estimating Aquifer Hydraulic Properties in Enugu State, Nigeria

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Geoelectrical Studies for Estimating Aquifer Hydraulic Properties in Enugu State, Nigeria International Journal of the Physical Sciences Vol. 6(14), pp. 3319-3329, 18 August, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS DOI: 10.5897/IJPS10.274 ISSN 1992 - 1950 ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Geoelectrical studies for estimating aquifer hydraulic properties in Enugu State, Nigeria Chukwudi C. EZEH Department of Geology and Mining, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 26 May, 2011 Three hundred and twenty two vertical electrical soundings (VES) have been used to evaluate the hydraulic properties of aquifers in Enugu State, Southeastern Nigeria. The project domain lies within longitudes 7° 6’ E to 7° 54’E and latitudes 5° 56’N to 6 °52’N, and covers an area of about 7161 km 2 over eight main geological formations. The thickness, lateral extent and resistivity of the aquiferous layers were determined by the electrical survey. Also, zones of high yield potentials were inferred from the resistivity information. Transmissivity values were inferred using the empirical relationship between hydraulic conductivity and formation factor. Results show highly variable thickness of the main aquifer in the study area. Aggregate longitudinal conductance indicates greater depth of the substratum in the central part of the area, underlain by the Ajali and Nsukka Formations. High values of transmissivity, specific yield and moderate porosity also predominate, thus suggesting thick and prolific aquiferous zone. Lower average values of these parameters were obtained in southwestern and eastern parts underlain by the Imo and Ezeaku/ AwguNdeaboh/ Nkporo Formations, with the eastern part recording the lowest values, except porosity with the highest estimated average value. Maps of various geoelectrical and hydraulic parameters have been produced and the overall results can serve as a useful guide in planning a drilling program in the study area. Key words: Formation factor, transmissivity, porosity, specific yield. INTRODUCTION Knowledge of hydraulic properties of subsurface aquifers In recent years, attempts have been made by several is essential for the determination of natural flow of water authors to obtain hydraulic parameter estimates from through an aquifer and groundwater assessment. resistivity soundings (Kelly, 1979; Koinski, 1981; Mazac Hydraulic conductivity (k), transmissivity (T) and and Kelly, 1985). Transmissivities, formation factors and storativity (S) are aquifer properties that may vary specific yield have been estimated using empirical and spatially because of geologic heterogeneity. Estimation of semi-empirical relationships (Schimscal, 1981; Frohlick these properties allows quantitative prediction of the and Kelly, 1985; Huntly, 1986; Urish, 1987; Chen et al., hydraulic response of the aquifer to recharge and pump. 2001; Singh, 2005). Although previous attempts in Transmissivity, the hydraulic conductivity multiplied by relating geoelectrical and hyrogeological parameters the saturated thickness of the aquifer, represents a have been made, the empirical relations obtained were vertical average of hydraulic conductivities that may vary mostly applicable to areas with uniform geology. There is with depth. Most of the analytical techniques used to therefore the need to make these relations more general estimate the hydraulic properties of aquifer were in nature, so that they can be more widely applied in developed for porous media, such as unconsolidated areas with diverse lithological characteristics. sediments. Although these properties are mainly deduced In the present study, an attempt has been made to find from pumping test analysis, geophysical methods now a general functional relationship between surface provide an effective technique for aquifer evaluation and resistivity depth soundings and hydraulic parameters in can greatly reduce the number of necessary pumping the study area. Hydraulic conductivity obtained from well tests, which are both expensive and time consuming. tests is correlated with formation factor. Model calculations 3320 Int. J. Phys. Sci. NIGER BENIN STUDY AREA CAMEROUN ATLANTIC OCEAN Figure 1. Map of Nigeria showing the location of the study area (World Gazette, 2011). have been used to obtain regional patterns of Geology transmissivity, porosity and specific yield. The study area is underlain by the following geological formations (Figure 3), the Asu River group, Eze Aku Description of study area Shale group, Awgu/Ndeabor Shale group, Nkporo Shale, Mamu Formation, Ajali Formation, Nsukka Formation and Physiography Imo Formation. The Asu River group is the earliest recorded marine The study area (Figure 1) shows two major types of sediments consisting of bluish grey to brown shale and landforms which consists of a high relief central zone with sandy shale, fine-grained micaceous sandstones and undulating hills and ridges and the lowland area (Figure dense blue limestone (De-Swardt and Casey, 1963; 2). Both are related to the geology of the area. Reyment, 1965). The high relief zone is geologically associated with the The sediments of the Eze Aku formation consist of outcrops of Ajali Sandstone and Nsukka Formation, while fossiliferous limestone and shale. The thickness varies, the eastern lowland zone is associated with outcrops of but may attain 1000 m in places. The Awgu/Ndeaboh Asu River group, Eze Aku Shale group, Awgu/Ndeabor Formation is about 400 m thick and consists of bluish shale group, Asata/Nkporo Shale group and parts of grey, well-bedded shales, with subordinate calcareous Mamu Formation. The western lowland zone is sandstones and limestones (Kogbe, 1981). The Nkporo associated with outcrops of the Imo Formation. On the Formation comprises dark shales and mudstones, with scarp face, slope failures, land slides, soil and gully occasional thin beds of sandy shale and sandstone and erosion and slump features are common. In general thickness of about 150 m. The Owelli sandstone, Enugu terms, the Ajali Sandstone usually underlies areas of Shale and Asata shales are lateral equivalents of the height above 300 m while the Nsukka Formation is Nkporo Shale. The Owelli sandstone comprises medium characterized by abundant residual hills. to coarse-grained sandstones with pebble bands while Ezeh 3321 METERS 500 480 460 440 420 N 400 380 360 340 320 *IKEM 300 *NSUKKA 280 260 400 240 220 200 180 200 *UDI *AGBANI ELEVATION 160 *ADANI 140 120 *OJI RIVER *AWGU *UMULOKPA 100 VERTICAL SCALE: 1 : 200 HORIZONTAL SCALE: 1 : 850 000 Figure 2. Surface map of the study area. the Enugu/Asata shales consists of soft dark grey shales formation constitute outliers and its thickness averages and mudstones with occasional thick beds of white 250 m. sandstones and sandy shales. The Imo information consists dominantly of blue to dark The Mamu formation consist of fine to medium grained, grey shales, with occasional bands of clay- ironstone and white to grey sandstones, shaly sandstones, sandy subordinate thin sandstones. The formation includes thick shales, grey mudstones, shales and coals. The thickness sandstone units at several horizons and rests is about 450 m and it conformably overlies the Enugu conformably on Nsukka Formation with a thickness of shale. about 500 m. Quaternary alluvial deposits overlie the The Ajali Formation, also known as false bedded Northwestern parts of the area. These areas are within sandstone, consists of thick friable, poorly sorted the Anambra River flood plain and are generally less than sandstones, typically white in colour but sometimes iron- 100 m in altitude. stained. The thickness averages 300 m and is often overlain by considerable thickness of red, earthy sands, formed by the weathering and ferruginization of the Hydrogeology formation. The Nsukka Formation lies conformably on the Ajali The hydrologic units in the study area include confined, Sandstone. The lithology is very similar to that of Mamu semi-confined, unconfined, perched and fractured shale Formation and consists of an alternating succession of aquifers. sandstone, dark shale and sandy-shale, with thin coal Confined conditions exist over the Ajali Sandstone in seams at various horizons. Eroded remnants of this areas overlain by the Nsukka Formation and/or the Imo 3322 Int. J. Phys. Sci. 7.1 LEGEND 7 BENUE STATE KOGI STATE ALLUVIUM 6.9 +NSUKKA IMO SHALE *NSUKKA GROUP 6.8 NSUKKA *IKEM FORMATION *ADANI 6.7 *UKEHE AJALI SANDSTONE 6.6 EBONYI STATE MAMU *UMULOKPA FORMATION 6.5 ASATA/ NKPORO SHALE *ENUGU 6.4 AWGU/ NDEABOR SHALE GROUP 6.3 ANAMBRA STATE *UDI *AGBANI EZEAKU SHALE GROUP 6.2 *OJI RIVER ASU RIVER GROUP 6.1 *AWGU VES LOCATION ABIA STATE 6 BOREHOLE LOCATIONS 6.9 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 KM 0 8.5 17 25.5 Figure 3. Geologic map of the study area showing VES and borehole locations. Formation, and in the Mamu Formation where the dug holes gave thickness values ranging from 3 to 8 m overlying Ajali Sandstone and Nsukka Formation are with an average of about 4.6 m (Uma, 2003). considerably reduced in thickness or eroded. Semi- Fractured and fissured shale aquifers exist mostly in confined situation exist in places and usually comprise the Awgu/Ndeabor and Enugu/Nkporo Shale groups interbedded thick sequence of sand (aquifer) and sandy where recurrence fractures and weathering result in clay or clayey-sand aquicludes. Various aquifers in this economic water yield in the upper unites of the shales. group occur in the upper to middle horizons of Ajali Sandstone and in the upper section of the Mamu Formation and constitute the partial recharge zones for Basis of estimating hydraulic properties from the deeper-seated confined aquifers (Egboka and resistivity Onyebueke, 1990; Akudinobi and Egboka, 1996). Unconfined aquifer units in the study area occur mostly in A clear analogy exists between mathematical the Ajali Sandstone, and represent sections of the descriptions of the process of groundwater flow and formation where the semi-permeable or impermeable cap electrical transmission. The electrical current flow (J) in a beds have either been eroded or absent. The thickness conducting medium is governed by Ohm’s law and the of these aquifer units vary from shallow to deep in places.
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