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Paramecium Caudatum, Stałość Kąta Odbicia Od Przeszkody Mechanicznej 87 2

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Paramecium Caudatum, Stałość Kąta Odbicia Od Przeszkody Mechanicznej 87 2 http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK CENTRUM UPOWSZECHNIANIA NAUKI Leszek Kuźnicki PR0T0Z00L0GIA W POLSCE 1861-2001 http://rcin.org.pl2003 Adres Redakcji: Pałac Kultury i Nauki 00-901 Warszawa tel. 624-85-93 Projekt okładki: Robert Dobrzyński Projektowanie stylu i skład komputerowy: Jan Kociszewski Marcin Jeznach Na okładce rysunki orzęsków z publikacji Augusta Wrześniowskiego, 1 870 r. Publikacja dofinansowana przez Komitet Badań Naukowych Copyright by Centrum Upowszechniania Nauki PAN Warszawa 2003 Druk i oprawa: Warszawska Drukarnia Naukowa PAN ISBN 83-88443-51-8 http://rcin.org.pl SPIS TREŚCI PRZEDMOWA 9 I. GENEZA PROTOZOOLOGIII ZMIANY JEJ ZAKRESU W XIX I XX WIEKU 12 1. Odkrycie pierwotniaków i spór na temat ich natury 12 2. Protozooa - jednokomórkowe zwierzęta czy odrębne królestwo przyrody 15 3. Współczesne dyskusje wokół liczby królestw i struktury cesarstwa Eukaryota 21 4- Megasystematyka eukariotów a filogenetyka 24 II. PROTOZOOLODZY, ICH STOWARZYSZENIA MIĘDZYNARODOWE, KONGRESY I CZASOPISMA 29 1. Proces wyodrębniania się protozoologii 29 2. Światowe organizacje 34 3. Kongresy protozoologiczne 38 4- Udział Polaków w kongresach protozoologicznych 44 5. Międzynarodowe czasopisma 46 III. SYNTETYCZNA CHARAKTERYSTYKA DZIEJÓW PROTOZOOLOGII W POLSCE 49 1. Stan piśmiennictwa historycznego 49 2.1 rzy okresy - propozycja periodyzacji 51 3. Warszawska szkoła protozoologiczna Augusta Wrześniowskiego ... 53 4- Badania prowadzone przez Polaków zagranicą w latach 1861-1918 57 5. Konstanty Janicki i Jan Dembowski - ich rola w rozwoju protozoologii 60 6. Protozoologia w Uniwersytecie Warszawskim w latach 1919-1960 68 7. Pierwotniaki jako obiekty badań eksperymentalnych i terenowych 71 8. Zmiana pokoleniowa, powstanie nowych ośrodków badawczych ... 75 9. Doktoraty, habilitacje, profesury w okresie 1951-2001 77 10. Aktywność publikacyjna 82 http://rcin.org.pl5 SPIS TREŚCI IV. PROBLEMATYKA BADAWCZA I DOKONANIA W LATACH 1919-2001 86 A. TAKSJE I BEHAWIOR ORZĘSKÓW 87 1. Horyzontalne ruchy Paramecium caudatum, stałość kąta odbicia od przeszkody mechanicznej 87 2. Ujemna geotaksja i mechanizmy orientacji wertykalnej Paramecium 88 3. Próby wytworzenia u orzęsków reakcji uwarunkowanych 91 4- Chemotaksja i galwanotaksja 92 B. FORMY PŁYWANIA I REAKCJE RZĘSKOWE PARAMECIUM. 97 1. Odwracalna immobilizacja orzęsków 97 2. Relacje między zmianami potencjału membranowego a reakcjami rzęskowymi u Paramecium caudatum i Fabrea salina .... 98 3. Reakcje rzęskowe Paramecium w zależności od stężenia jonów wapnia w środowisku 100 4. Eksperymentalne zmiany kierunku spiralizacji pływania Paramecium 102 5. Rejestracja filmowa ruchu rzęsek Paramecium podczas pływania w środowisku o zwiększonej lepkości 103 C. REAKCJE ORZĘSKÓW I WICIOWCÓW NA ŚWIATŁO 108 1. Fototaksja i fotokineza Paramecium 108 2. Pobudliwość i potencjały membranowe orzęsków 109 3. Reakcje fotofobowe i transdukcja u barwnych orzęsków 111 4- Metabolia i fotobehawior euglen 114 D. ENDOCYTOZA I OKRĘŻNE RUCHY CYTOPLAZMY U ORZĘSKÓW 119 1. Ruch okrężny cytoplazmy i tagocytoza u Paramecium 119 2. Czynniki zewnętrzne wpływające na endocytozę orzęsków 123 3. Modulowanie aktywności endocytotycznej Paramecium aurealia ... 126 E. RUCHY AMEB I ŚLUZOWCÓW 129 1. Organizacja ruchu dużych ameb 129 2. Galwanotaksja i chemotaksja ameb 140 3. Reakcje Amoeba protues na światło 141 4. Endocytoza i adhezja ameb do podłoża 145 5. Procesy skurczowe i migracja plazmodium śluzowca Physarum polycephalum 149 6. Podbłonowe depozyty wapnia u Acarithamoeba castellanu 154 6 http://rcin.org.pl SPIS TREŚCI F. MORFOGENEZA I REGENERACJA 157 1. Badania Stylonychia mytilus 157 2. Przodotylna polaryzacja pobudliwości orzęsków z rodzaju Dileptus i jej odtwarzanie w toku regeneracji 158 3. Przebieg procesów morfogenetycznych u Dileptus 160 4- Morfogeneza i regeneracja struktur kortykalnych u Urostyla i Paraurostyla 163 5. Morfogeneza podziałowa i regeneracja orzęsków z rodzaju Chilodonella 167 6. Studia nad Opalina rananan 170 7. Kontrola genetyczna procesów rozwojowych orzęsków z rodzaju Tetrahymena i Paramecium 171 G. APARAT JĄDROWY ORZĘSKÓW 179 1. Techniki izolowania i badania makronukleusa Paramecium 179 2. Makronukleus orzęsków z rodzaju Chilodonella 180 3. Kariologia i genetyka orzęsków zespołu gatunków Paramecium aurelia i gatunku Paramecium jenningsi 182 H. WYSTĘPOWANIE, MORFOLOGIA, SYSTEMATYKA I FILOGENEZA PIERWOTNIAKÓW WOLNOZYJĄCYCH I PASOŻYTNICZYCH 186 1. Drogi przystosowań orzęsków do życia pasożytniczego na przykładzie Thigmotricha i Urceoralidae 186 2. Badania zmienności orzęsków pasożytniczych i ich znaczenie dla taksonomii i rybactwa 188 3. Systematyka i filogeneza orzęsków żyjących w przewodach pokarmowych ssaków roślinożernych 191 4- Rodzina Tetrahymenidae i jej miejsce w systematyce i filogenezie orzęsków 193 5. Morfologia i systematyka orzęsków psammobiotycznych 194 6. Występowanie gatunków bliźniaczych zespołu Paramecium aurelia w Polsce i na świecie 197 7. Tintinnina z Antarktyki 202 8. Pierwotniaki pasożytujące w stawonogach 204 9. Euglenida pasożytujące w widłonogach (Copepoda) 207 10. Występujące w Polsce pasożyty wewnątrzkomórkowe należące do Microsporidia, Myxozoa i Apicomplexa 208 11. Badania terenowe ameb i wiciowców 210 7 http://rcin.org.pl SPIS TREŚCI I. FIZJOLOGIA I ODPORNOŚĆ PIERWOTNIAKÓW 212 1. Toksyczność czynnika a zjawisko ochronnego wpływu skupienia Paramecium caudatum 212 2. Paramecium jako próbnik jakości wody 214 3. Enzymy i procesy oddechowe u pierwotniaków 215 4. Zachowanie się Tetrahymena pyriformis w roztworach antybiotyków 216 5. Fizjologia orzęsków ze żwacza 218 J. PROBLEMATYKA EWOLUCYJNA - FAKTY I HIPOTEZY .... 220 1. Odkrycie kalmoduliny u pierwotniaków i rozważania nad ewolucją molekularnych mechanizmów współdziałania aktyny i miozyny .... 220 2. Drogi pozyskiwania plastydów w toku ewolucji 223 3. Struktura gatunku u wiciowców z rodzaju Euglena 224 K. BADANIA PIERWOTNIAKÓW CHOROBOTWÓRCZYCH CZŁOWIEKA I ZWIERZĄT HODOWLANYCH 226 V. BIOGRAMY 231 VI. PROTOZOOLOGY IN POLAND - PAST AND PRESENT Reprint from Progress in Protozoology, Part I, 1982 283 SKOROWIDZ NAZWISK 298 SKOROWIDZ NAZW ŁACIŃSKICH 305 8 http://rcin.org.pl PRZEDMOWA Pierwszym zadaniem, które przed sobą postawiłem, przystępując do opra- cowania monografii, było dokonanie analizy dróg rozwoju badań dotyczących pierwotniaków. Dopiero w świetle światowych dokonań na tym polu mogłem pokusić się o przedstawienie dziejów protozoologii w Polsce - począwszy od pierwszej pracy Augusta Wrześniowskiego z roku 1862, dotyczącej orzęsków - aż po publikacje, które ukazały się w roku 2001. Pierwotniaki zostały odkryte w XVII wieku. Protozoologia (protistologia) jako odrębna dyscyplina zajmująca się pierwotniakami - jednokomórkowymi organizmami o złożonej budowie - zaistniała na uniwersytetach dopiero w pierwszej połowie XX w. Dokonało się to w wyniku długotrwałego i złożonego procesu rozwoju nauk biologicznych, w którym zmieniały się poglądy, do- tyczące natury pierwotniaków oraz ich relacji do świata zwierząt, roślin i grzy- bów. Rozwój badań nad pierwotniakami w Polsce przebiegał w kilku charakte- rystycznych etapach. Były to lata: 1861-1918 i 1919-1960 oraz okres ostatni, trwający od roku 1961 po dzień dzisiejszy. Badaniami pierwotniaków zajmo- wała się u nas nieliczna grupa biologów, toteż na szczególne podkreślenie zasługuje wartość ich dokonań oraz międzynarodowa ocena. Do dziś dziewięt- nastowieczne publikacje Augusta Wrześniowskiego, Józefa Ejsmonda oraz Mi- chała Siedleckiego są nadal cytowane. Badania pierwotniaków były również podstawą karier naukowych Henryka Raabego i Jana Dembowskiego. Zakres działalności naukowej i organizacyjnej wymienionych uczonych wykraczał da- leko poza protozoologię. August Wrześniowski był nie tylko znakomitym badaczem orzęsków, ale również małży i skorupiaków, etnografem Podhala oraz popularyzatorem ewo- lucjonizmu. Józef Ejsmond - nim został biologiem - dał się poznać jako cenio- ny malarz batalista. Michał Siedlecki na prośbę Józefa Piłsudskiego był organi- zatorem i pierwszym rektorem Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego w Wilnie. Jego późniejsza działalność w II Rzeczypospolitej miała istotny wpływ na rozwój ba- dań morza, rybołóstwa i ochronę zwierząt. Jednocześnie Michał Siedlecki był 9 http://rcin.org.pl PRZEDMOWA autorem książek przyrodniczych, a także innych publikacji, mających walory literackie. Konstanty Janicki znany jest przede wszystkim jako wybitny badacz przy- wr i tasiemców, ale także jako twórca licznej szkoły parazytologów polskich. Henryk Raabe w 1944, a więc w czasach II wojny światowej, stworzył nową uczelnię - Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie. Jan Dembowski równolegle z badaniami pierwotniaków i znaczącą dzia- łalnością popularyzatorską, prowadził prace doświadczalne na stawonogach. Po II wojnie światowej podjął się organizacji Polskiej Akademii Nauk, której był pierwszym prezesem. Pierwotniakami zajmowały się więc osoby, które swoimi badaniami i roz- ległą działalnością w różnych dziedzinach zapisały się trwale w dziejach nauki i kultury. Był to również ważny powód, dla którego zdecydowałem się opraco- wać monografię, poświęconą historii protozoologii, tym bardziej, że poczy- nając od roku 1919 istotną rolę odegrała w niej moja rodzima placówka - In- stytut Biologii Doświadczalnej im. Marcelego Nenckiego. Protozoologia jako dyscyplina nigdy nie miała wyraźnie zaznaczonych gra- nic w stosunku do innych nauk biologicznych, a nawet medycznych, wetery- naryjnych czy geologicznych. Wynika to z roli pierwotniaków w geobioceno- zie, z korzyści
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