Sustainable Coral Reef Ecosystem Management in Palopo City Territorial Waters

JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) Vol.24 (2), November 2020, 162-179 ISSN 0852-9213 (Print), ISSN 2477-4693 (Online) Available Online at https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jkap

Muhammad Bibin Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidenreng Rappang [email protected]

Fenny Hasanuddin Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidenreng Rappang [email protected]

Ani Ardian Master of Public Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidenreng Rappang [email protected]

Abstract

Damage to coral reefs in the waters of Palopo City poses danger to the productivity of the habitat. Therefore, carrying out the adopting the principles of a conservation in the use and management of coral reefs in Palopo City area waters through an integrated system and participation of multi-stakeholders is considered imperative. The study analyzed the level and causes of damage coral reefs, assessed the role of stakeholders in managing coral reef ecosystems, and formulated a strategic model for managing coral reef ecosystems in Palopo City waters. Methods of data analysis included assessment of coral reef condition, stakeholder analysis, and hierarchical analysis. Result showed that fishing activity using environmentally unfriendly gear such as fish bombs and potassium is one of the principal causes of damage to coral reefs in the waters of Palopo City. Most damage occured to coral reefs at a depth of 4 meters at station 1, which registered a the percentage of the mortality index of 82.07%. Meanwhile, the least damage was 69.73%. At the depth of 4 meters station two is Result of stakeholder mapping identified three groups inter alia, contest setters, key players, and subject. The first priority strategy in the management of coral reef ecosystems in the waters of Palopo City should be designate the zoning of coastal areas, coordination among stakeholders that are relevant and important with respect to coral reef ecosystems power relations, drafting local regulations that mandate sustainable use and management of coral reef ecosystems and increasing training programs for fishing communities.

Keywords: Management; Priority Strategy; Coral Reefs.

JKAP (Jurnal KebijaJKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) Vol.24 (2), November 2020 ---- https://

INTRODUCTION ecosystems (Chang, Hong, and Lee 2008). Palopo City is one of the areas in Intensive and rapid development activities in coastal areas have increased the South Sulawesi Province that has immense threat that coral reef ecosystems face coral reef potential. The ecosystem covers 2 (Yulianda et al. 2010). This is because, coral reef Palopo City water area is 172 Km 2 increase in economic activities poses serious in area, and 21 Km along the beach (Anon danger to coral reef ecosystems due to 2018). Palopo City was designated an administrative city as part of Luwu Regency. excessive exploitation. In general, damage to coral reefs can occur naturally (autogenic), However, in 2002 based on Law No. 11 such as earthquakes, storms, tsunamis, 2002, Palopo reverted to the status of at global warming and the effects of climate town (Anon 2020). The immense potential change as well as due to human activities of marine and fishery resources, biological, (anthropogenic). Human activities that can non-biological and environmental services alike, which areas in the vicinity of makes, cause damage to coral reefs include the excessive taking of corals for building Palopo City an attractive area for economic materials, fishing activities using activities. Nonetheless, the increase in environmentally damaging fishing gear, economic activities in the area has created tourism activities, land conversion for dangers for biodiversity in Palopo City. This coastal areas and marine pollution (Webler is especially so with respect to the iridescent and beautiful coral reef ecosystem. Fishing and Jakubowski 2016). The damage to the coral reef using ecologically damaging fishing gear, is ecosystem can undermine the capacity of the one the key causes of the rising damage to ecosystem as a source of resources in coastal coral reef ecosystem. and marine areas, such as the loss of Damage to coral reefs in the Palopo City spawning areas and foraging for marine life coastal area will certainly have adverse impact on area. Subsequently, the and the reduction of fish (Saphier and Hoff- mann 2005). Besides, the adverse impact ramifications of local communities, also includes the loss of the physical especially traditional fishermen who depend function of coral reef ecosystems such as on coral reef resourcesfor livelihood is likely wave absorbers/breakers and preventing to be very dire. Thus, there is need for Palopo City to adopt sustainable use and seawater surges and inundation (Valderrama Ballesteros, Matthews, and Hoeksema management of the coral reefs ecosystem 2018). To that end, restoring the functions of along its coastal area. Considering the coral reef ecosystems requires, adopting an importance of sustainable management integrated and sustainable management of practices in supporting environmental coastal areas, especially coral reef biodiversity, good coral reef management

Copyright © 2020, JKAP, ISSN 0852-9213 (Print), ISSN 2477-4693 (Online) 163 Muhammad Bibin, Fenny Hasanuddin, & Ani Ardian- Sustainable Coral Reef Ecosystem Management in Palopo... must incorporate and cover ecological, describes techniques that were used to social, economic and institutional aspects. collect data that were later used in analysis Status of management and use of Palopo to answer the research question and purposes City waters, this paper aimed at obtaining of the research. the general picture about the condition of 1. Used Underwater photo transect (UPT) coral reefs in the area, identify problems that method to observe the condition of coral relate to coral reef management, and based reef ecosystem direct observation. on findings of the study, recomended 2. In depth interviews were used to collect solutions that can help to solve such social, economic, and demographic data. problems. Specifically, this study being Purposive sampling was used to motivated by the increase in the damage to determine respondents who were coral reef ecosystem in Palopo City coastal interviewed. The study conducted area as a result of the rapid increase in interviews with eight respondents, who economic activities in general and fishing are stakeholders with respect to the use using unsustainable methods, in particular, and management of coral reef ecosystem the purpose of this study was to analyze the in Palopo City coastal waters. form and causes of damage coral reef Stakeholders included the local ecosystem in Palopo City waters, map and government, non-governmental apportion roles of stakeholders in the organizations and local communities. management of coral reef ecosystems in Meanwhile, data analysis tecniques that Palopo City seas and strategic model for were used included, analysis of the condition sustainable management of coral reef of coral reefs using Coral Point Count with ecosystems in Palopo City waters. Excel Extension (CPCe) application (Kohler

METHODS and Gill 2006). CPCe a standalone The research used is a mixed research application that can automatically conduct design, which combined quantitative and random point calculation analysis and is also qualitative data collection and analysis able to perform necessary substrate techniques. Primary and secondary data calculations on images taken underwater. In were used during the research process. Pri- addition, CPCe can generate a statistical mary data were obtained by conducting analysis for each form of coral growth in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Stakeholders direct observation. Meanwhile, secondary data were collected using literature review analysis each stakeholder plays an important of previous research, official reports and role in policy formulation, which depends on documents from various institutions and influence wielded. Stakeholder analysis governments. The following sub section involves several steps, according to Ramirez

JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) Vol.24 (2), November 2020 ---- https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jkap Table 1. Criteria of Stakeholder Interests Score Criteria Description 5 Very high Have very high interest in coral reef ecosystem management 4 High Have high interest in coral reef ecosystem management 3 Modest/neither high nor low Have quite high interest in coral reef ecosystem management 2 Less high (low) Have little interest in coral reef ecosystem management 1 Very Low Have no interest in coral reef ecosystem management

Source: (Reed et al. 2009) cited in (Bibin, Vitner, and Imran 2018). denotes low importance attached to These include, namely: the policy in Palopo City (Table 1). a. Identification. 2. Determining the level of influence. b. Create a table containing information on Influence is based on economic, the register. social, ecological, and institutional 1. Interests, as manifested in motives and aspects inter alia. attention toward policy. To determine c. Subsequent step involved conducting grid the importance of actors that actors actor mapping (Figure 1) to determine the attach to a certain policy, the Likert level of importance and influence scale is used. The Likert scale used stakeholder attach to coral reefs consisted of five levels, that ranged ecosystem management policy. Issues from 1 (low) to 5 (very high). High that influence the position of the level is associated with strong stakeholder in the quadrant depends on importance attached to coral reef eco- category of subject, whether or not he or system management while very low she is a key player, whether is just part of

Figure 1. Stakeholders influence and interest matrix Source: Modified by Researchers, (2020) Copyright © 2020, JKAP, ISSN 0852-9213 (Print), ISSN 2477-4693 (Online) 165 Muhammad Bibin, Fenny Hasanuddin, & Ani Ardian- Sustainable Coral Reef Ecosystem Management in Palopo... the crowd, or contest setter (Reed et al. management in Palopo City coastal area 2009). Thus, the conduct of stakeholder waters. was intended to identify and assess roles FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 1. The Condition of Palopo City stakeholders play in influencing policy in Territorial Waters general and resource use on matters of Environmental conditions constitute coral reef ecosystem use and management one of the key limiting factors for the coral in Palopo City coastal waters. reef ecosystem. The limiting factor affects Conducting hierarchy process analysis the distribution and growth of coral reefs. (AHP). This step entails conducing Based on (Nybakken 1988) research, water simultaneous qualitative and quantitative quality parameters have interdependent assessments. Policy priority setting in AHP relationship between one another. Table 2 involves, capturing people's perceptions and illustrates the quality of Palopo City coastal converting intangible factors into ordinary/ waters. categorical measures to facilate a. Brightness radiated by Palopo City comparisoned. Figure 2 shows the coastal waters hierarchical process in determining Based on the results of measurements strategies for coral reef ecosystems in the research location, the level of water

Figure 2. Hierarchy of determining strategies for coral reef ecosystem management Source: Primary data, (2020)

JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) Vol.24 (2), November 2020 ---- https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jkap Table 2. Quality of Palopo City coastal waters

Parameters Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 (4 – 9 m) (4 – 9 m) (4 – 9 m) Brightness (%) 72 74 81 Temperature 30 30 30 Flow Velocity 0.16 0.16 0.18 Salinity 31 31 31

Source: Primary data, (2020) transparency falls within the from 72-81% Based on measurements obtained at range. The range in the effects is attributable the research location, current velocity at the to the differences in depth in each falls in the 0.16-0.18 m/s range, which falls observation station. The compensation point under the slow flow category. Dead current for coral reefs is at the a depth at which light category lies in the speed range of 0-0.25 m/ intensity is approximately 15-20% of the s, the intermediate current category falls in surface intensity (Yulianda et al. 2010). the speed range of 0.25-0.50 m/s, fast b. Temperature in Palopo City coastal current category has speed range of 0.25-1 waters m/s and speedy current category has speed Water temperature at the three that is above 1 m/s. Currents are benefical observation stations is around 30ºC. for coral reefs as they facilitate the removal Temperature results fall under the excellent of nutrients, larvae and sediment, while flow category for the survival and reproduction of helps in cleaning up trash. Meanwhile, coral reefs. Water temperature is an essential current velocity and turbulance also affect factor that determines the life of coral reefs. the general morphology and taxonomic This is related to the growth and composition of coral reef ecosystem development of coral biota (coral polyps and (Tomascik et al. 1997); (Yulika Sari and Us- zooxanthellae). The coral biota can still man 2012). tolerate a maximum annual temperature of d. Salinity in Palopo City coastal waters around 36ºC-40ºC and a minimum The salinity at the observation location temperature of 18ºC. Coral reefs grow well was 31°⁄(°°). Thus, salinity measurement at an optimum temperature of 25º-29ºC and result attest to the fact that conditions still survive up to a minimum temperature of support the growth and development of coral 15ºC and a maximum of 36ºC (Estradivari, reefs. In general, coral reefs can grow well at Handayani 2017). a salinity of 30-35°⁄(°°) in coastal areas c. Flow velocity in Palopo City coastal (Tuwo 2011). waters

Figure 3. Condition of coral reefs at station 1 Source: Primary data, (2020)

underwater photo transect method is an 2. The Condition of Coral Reefs in Palopo advanced development of LIT and PIT City Coastal Waters methods. At the depth 4 meters at station one The existence of coral reefs in Palopo the percentage of live corals was 0.53%, city coastal waters can be found at a depth of 82.07% were dead corals, 0.13% covered by between 4 meters and 9 meters. Observation algae, 0% and 17.27% other biotas and of the coral reef ecosystem in Palopo City abiotic species, respectively. Meanwhile, at waters was conducted using the underwater a depth of 9 meters, the percentage of live photo transect (UPT) method. The coral cover was 1.6%, dead coral was

Figure 4. Coral reef condition at station 2 Source: Primary data, (2020)

JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) Vol.24 (2), November 2020 ---- https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jkap

75.33%, algae was 0.13%, another biota and respectively. abiotic 0%, and 22.93% respectively. Based on the criteria for assessing the Observation of coral reef conditions at condition of coral reefs set by the then station two was carried out at a depth of 4 ministry of environmental protection and 9 meters. Result showed that the (MENLH 2001) No. 4 Year, the inference percentage of live coral cover at a depth of 4 from result obtained from measurements of meters was 0%, 69.73% was dead coral, 0% the condition of corals cover in Palopo City algae, other biotic and abiotic, 0.20% and waters is that between 0% and 24.9% of 30.07%, respectively. In comparison, at a coral can be categorized as damaged/sour. depth of 9 meters, the percentage of live One of the major causes of damage to coral coral cover was 0%, 67.87% was dead coral, reefs in the waters of Palopo City is the 0% algae, other biotic and abiotic species, existence of community activities that have 0.20% and 31.93%, respectively. damaged coral reefs in the past. Economic Observation of coral reef condition at activities that have damaged corals in the station three was made at a depth of 4 and 9 past include, fishing using environmentally meters. Result showed that the percentage of destructive fishing tools such as fish bombs live coral cover at a depth of 4 meters was and potassium that cause serious damage to 7.37%, dead coral 82.04%, algae 0%, other healthy coral reefs. This is reflected in the biotic and abiotic species, 0.80% and 9.79%, high percentage of dead corals of 67.87%- respectively. Meanwhile, at a depth of 9 82.07%. Bombing activity breaks and meters, live coral cover of was 11%, dead destroys the coral skeleton, leading to coral 69.47%, algae 0%, other biotic and excessive high pressure to which coral can abiotic species 0.40% and, 19.13% not adopt short time. This is corroborated in

Figure 5. The condition of coral reefs at station 3 Source: Primary data, (2020)

Copyright © 2020, JKAP, ISSN 0852-9213 (Print), ISSN 2477-4693 (Online) 169 Muhammad Bibin, Fenny Hasanuddin, & Ani Ardian- Sustainable Coral Reef Ecosystem Management in Palopo... previous research (Crosby, Brighouse, and reefs management in Palopo City coastal Pichon 2002) that found that a large number waters can be describe as follows: of human activities in coral reef areas, 1) The Mayor of Palopo City especially when fishing using explosives, The Mayor of Palopo is a stakeholder who are responsible for breaking and destroying has the authority to determine policies on corals. enhancing the protection of areas designed 3. Level of Influence and Interest of as protect, enforce environmental preserva- Stakeholders tion and improvement of function of The success of management activities protected areas. in an area is strongly influenced by the 2) Palopo City Spatial PlanningAgency ability and willingness of stakeholders to be Palopo City spatial planning office is play their roles in serving their interests in a responsible for spatial planning and zooning responsible manner. Stakeholders also of the utilization of coastal areas. influence management activity through 3) Palopo City Regional Development impacting on who carries out what, Planning Agency conditions of carrying out activities, and The Palopo City Regional Development incentive for doing so (Sunahwati, Maarif, Planning Agency (BAPPEDA) has the and Sukmawati 2019). Thus, the primary duties of assisting the Regent/ management of coral reefs ecosystem in district head in determining policies in the Palopo City waters will work well if the field of coral reef area management planning conduct of its activities gets the support of and assessment of its implementation, stakeholders inter alia, the community, compiling strategic plans (RENSTRA) in government, and non-governmental Palopo City and coordinate planning among organizations (Singgalen, Wiloso, and Sa- government agencies, regional technical songko 2017). institutions, and non-governmental a. Identification of stakeholders organizations (NGOs). The role played is dynamic and 4) Palopo City Marine and Fisheries depends on position, and exercising of the Agency rights and obligations that are associated The department of marine and fisheries Pa- with the position (Soerjono 2004). Roles lopo City is responsible for formulating and various stakeholders including government implementing policies that relate to coral agencies, non-governmental organizations reef management to ensure sustainability of and the community, play influence the man- use, supervise community activities to agement of coral reef ecosystems in Palopo prevent irrevocable damage to coral reefs, City waters. The results of the exercise of and provides guidance/assistance to commu- identifying stakeholders involved in coral nities on sustainable utilization of coral reef

JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) Vol.24 (2), November 2020 ---- https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jkap ecosystems. end, it is necessary to map interests and 5) Palopo City Environmental Service power of stakeholders with respect to the Palopo City Environmental Service is management of various coral reef ecosys- responsible for formulating, implementing tems. (Almutairi et al. 2018) underscores the and evaluating policies, that relate to coral importance of mapping stakeholders, which reef utilization. is pivotal for identifying the roles play in the 6) Non-Governmental Organizations policy process as well as identifying infor- Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) mation on roles, interests, knowledge, ex- conduct research that generates result that pectations, and influence levels they have. inform policy on improving the management Based on the influence (power) and of coral reef ecosystems Palopo City waters. interests (interest), the stakeholders involved Besides, NGOs, support, criticize in the management of coral reef ecosystems government policies on coral reef ecosystem can be categorized into three groups, inter management, monitor policy alia, key players, subjects, and contest set- implementation through forums that ters. Figure 6 shows the stakeholders map in aggregate, accomodate, and ventilate managing coral reefs in the Palopo City community aspirations into the public policy coastal waters. process. 1) Stakeholders: Key Players 7) Academics Stakeholders who have interest Academia help in providing research based (interest) and influence (power) levels are information and knowledge on the effective classified as Key Players (Quadrant II). To management of coral reef ecosystems in quality for this category, stakeholders must Palopo City waters, preservation of coral be actively involved in policy planning and reef ecosystems, evaluate and provide inputs evaluation (Maxwell and Filgueira 2020); and feedbacks to government policies on (Reed et al. 2009); (Lu et al. 2017). coral reefs ecosystem management. (Yehong et al. 2017) underlines the fact that 8) Local Communities the, key player group of stakeholders should Local communities are indigenous people play the most most critical role in the policy. who exercise social control over government In the case of coral reefs policy policy. This form of social control is also a management, key players include the Mayor source of criticism and suggestions on of Palopo, Palopo City Marine Affairs and improving existing government policies on Fisheries Agency, Palopo City, the Palopo coral reef ecosystem management. City Regional Development Planning b. Mapping Stakeholder Agency, Palopo City Spatial Planning Stakeholders involved in managing Service, Palopo City Environmental coral reef ecosystems in Palopo City have Agency. varying levels of interest and power. To that Copyright © 2020, JKAP, ISSN 0852-9213 (Print), ISSN 2477-4693 (Online) 171 Muhammad Bibin, Fenny Hasanuddin, & Ani Ardian- Sustainable Coral Reef Ecosystem Management in Palopo...

Figure 6. Classification of stakeholders according to the degree of influence and interests Source: Primary data, (2020)

2) Stakeholders: Contest Setter 2014). Contest setter category consists of 3) Stakeholders: Subject actors or stakeholders who have litte interest Subject category are stakeholders who but high influence (power). Stakeholders have high interest but little power with who are included in the Group of actors are respect to a certain policy. This category of non-governmental organizations. This stakeholders are more likely to become category of stakeholders can pose risk, recipients of the impact of the activity thay which is why their existence should be actively involved in the policy process. monitored with caution (Wang, Aenis, and Thus, special initiatives are needed to entice Siew 2019); (Reed et al. 2009). Enhancing their involvement into the policy or activity. the effectiveness of the various roles Nonetheless, subject stakeholders can be stakeholders play, it is necessary to influential in determing the effectiveness of coordinate policy process with them the policy. This occurs if subject (Oktavia and Saharuddin 2013); stakeholder’s forge collaboration or (Rahmawati, Noor, and Wanusmawatie coordination with other stakeholders

JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) Vol.24 (2), November 2020 ---- https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jkap 4. Strategy for managing coral reef Various criteria can influence the ecosystems in Palopo City Waters management of coral reef ecosystems. A strategy for managing coral reef Therefore, management strategy adopted to ecosystems sustainably is one that fosters improve coral reef sustainability should take and supports functioning capacity of coral into consideration ecological, economic, reef ecosystems by preventing sources of social, and institutional conditions/criteria. damage to it, thereby generating benefits for Based on result of the hierarchy process human life today and for future generations analysis (AHP) of the four criteria related to (Dahuri 2001). Acheving that feat requires the management of coral reef ecosystems, in management of coral reef ecosystems that is descending order of importance in terms of participatory, as well as prioritizing level of significance are ecological sustainable use of coral reefs. conditions (0.543), social (0.270), economic a. Criteria for priority management of (0.121), and institutional (0.063) criteria. coral reefs in Palopo City waters Figure 7 depicts in coral reef management.

Figure 7. Criteria for priority management of coral reef ecosystems in Palopo City waters Source: Primary data, (2020). Based on pairwise comparisons, the increasing the percentage of coral cover at first priority are ecological conditions/ stations that have been damaged, and criteria. The formulation of a coral reef limiting the exploitation of reef fish by the ecosystem management strategy in this community. Social conditions/criteria are study considers sensitive attributes of the second priority in the management of ecological conditions/criteria, including coral reef ecosystems in Palopo City water quality, percentage of live coral waters. Social criteria include alternative cover, coral fish diversity, and level of livelihoods, potential conflicts, and coral fish exploitation. Improving environmental knowledge. ecological conditions can be made by Conditions in the research location improving/maintaining water quality, indicate that there are not many

Copyright © 2020, JKAP, ISSN 0852-9213 (Print), ISSN 2477-4693 (Online) 173 Muhammad Bibin, Fenny Hasanuddin, & Ani Ardian- Sustainable Coral Reef Ecosystem Management in Palopo... alternative livelihoods for the local formulation of a coral reef ecosystem community as most take out a living as management strategy. Institutional criteria fisherfolks. This had led to conflicts in the include environment outreach, level of utilization of fishery resources. Besides, community compliance, implementation, overdependence on fishing, has led to the monitoring, and supervision. Based on result overexploitation of resources, which in of conditions in the research location, turn has increased damage to coral reef damage to coral reef ecosystems is ecosystems. attributable to community activities that Economic conditions/criteria are the exploit fisheries resources using methods third priority in the formulation of a strategy and tools that environmentally destructive, for managing coral reef ecosystems in such as fishing using bombs and potassium. Palopo City waters. Economic criteria Such activities have undermined coral reef include dependence on fisheries, fishing ecosystem sustainability. intensity, and capital availability. Over b. Priority Strategies for Management of dependence of the community of the Coral Reef Ecosystems in Palopo City population in west Wara subdistrict on Waters fisheries as the primary source of livelihood Based on result of coral reef ecosystems had contributed to overfishing of fisheries priority management analysis, which was resources in local waters. Meanwhile, conducted using expert choice software, the shortage of capital/finance to support the first strategic priority is the zoning of adoption of modern fishing methods, has coastal and marine areas (0.396), followed meant that local communitu continue to fish by improving e coordination among in relatively shallow waters where which is stakeholders (0.304), preparation of regional the habitat for many coral reefs. regulations on coral reef ecosystems Consequently, damage to coral reef (0.195), and providing e training to the local ecosystem has been unavoidable. Finally, community fishersfolks (0.105). are the institutional criteria in the

Figure 8. Priority strategies for managing coral reef ecosystems in Palopo City waters Source: Primary data, (2020)

JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) Vol.24 (2), November 2020 ---- https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jkap Priority strategies for managing coral reef formulation and implementation of the ecosystem resources in Palopo City waters. policy that addresses the problem. 1) The zoning of coastal and marine are- Fishersfolks are some of the stakeholders to as. which attention must be paid if effective Coral reefs ecosystems management coral reef ecosystems management is to be Palopo City waters should be based on a achieved. Fisherfolks play a crucial role in zoning system. The zoning of coastal and maintaining the sustainability of the marine areas should aim to restore damaged management of coral reef ecosystems. Thus, coral reef ecosystems. In principle, a there is need for good coordination between mapping plan of the coastal area needed fisherfolks and the government as well as prior to formulating the recovery strategy with other actors involved in coral reef and determining recovery priorities. There is ecosystems management in Palopo City need to have a needed as a first step. The waters. The above finding is in line with zoning of coastal and marine areas can be previous research that showed that good based on fishing, marine cultivation areas, coordination between stakeholders improves floating net cages and conservation zones, the prospects of achieving natural resource and other ways in accordance with needs/ management objectives and enhances local utilization of each area. To prevent future community benefits (Cárcamo, Garay- conflicts over zone use, there should a buffer Flühmann, and Gaymer 2014). area that separates each zone. Restoration of 3) The formulation of regiona l coral reef ecosystems can be done gaining regulations on the use of coral reef access to conservation zone, which should ecosystems. be free from disruption and disturbances The implementation of conservation from other activities. Such conditions foster activities requires enforcement by law and natural growth and recovery of coral reefs order authorities. To that end, the support of ecosystems. Based on previous research, local government for conservation activities zoning of coastal and marine areas aims to is crucial for their success. Without a clear separate the use of conflicting resources and legal basis, the implementation of determine prohibited and permitted activities conservation activities is likely to face aimed at each designated zone (Winanro and various obstacles and problem. Statutory Suparno 2008); (Anggraini 2006). regulations exist as an legal umbrella in the 2) Coordination among stakeholders. management, preservation, and protection of Coordination among stakeholders is coastal ecosystems (Batista, Pereira, and Bo- essential in the management of coral reef tero 2019). Thus local government Palopo ecosystems in Palopo City waters. Effective coordination of stakeholders, can lead to the

Copyright © 2020, JKAP, ISSN 0852-9213 (Print), ISSN 2477-4693 (Online) 175 Muhammad Bibin, Fenny Hasanuddin, & Ani Ardian- Sustainable Coral Reef Ecosystem Management in Palopo... City administration can play an active role in index was 82.07%, and the lowest damage supporting conservation efforts by drafting was at station 2 at a, depth of 4 meters which local regulations that require the sustainable recorded coral, mortality index rate of use of resources within and in the vicinity of 69.73%. As regards the level of interest and coral reef ecosystems. influence of stakeholders in the management 4) Increasing training programs for fish- of coral reef ecosystems, stakeholders were ing communities. categorized into three groups that included, The fishing community should have (1) the key player group stakeholders is a sufficient knowledge about the use of coral with high interest and power in the coral reef reef ecosystems (Peranginangin 2014). policy management comprised; the Palopo Acquisition of relevant and sufficient City mayor, Palopo City Marine and knowledge on sustainable fishing, Fisheries affairs Agency, the Palopo City importance of coral reefs for livelihood of Regional Development Planning Agency, fisherfolks and the environment, among the Palopo City Spatial Planning Service other factors, should enhance understanding Agency, and the Palopo City Environmental and support for coral reef ecosystem Agency; (2) subject group stakeholders, sustainability. Besides, the benefits of which is characterized by having high level knowledge based community activities, can of interest but low influence (power), and be enjoyed by both current and future consisted of local communities and members generations. Previous research corroborates of academics; and (3) contest setter the importance of coastal community stakeholder group that is characterized by empowerment program through enhanced low interest but high influence (power) in knowledge acquisition in improving the the coral reefs ecosystems policy quality of the exploitation of natural management that included non- resources and community welfare (Abrar et governmental organizations. Meanwhile, al. 2015). based on policy priorities, the strategy of zoning of coastal areas was identified as the CONCLUSION first priority in the management of coral reef Results of the identification exercise ecosystems in the waters of Palopo City, of causes of causes of coral reef damage, followed by formulating and implementing underscored the important role that coordination among stakeholders on issues overexploitation of local sea waters using that relate to the management of coral reef destructive fishing methods has played in ecosystems; third strategy entails causing serious damage to coral reef in preparation and enacting local regulations Palopo City waters. The highest level of that require and enforce sustainanble use of damage to coral reefs was at station 1 with a coral reef ecosystems; and lastly enchacing depth of 4 meters, where the coral mortality

JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) Vol.24 (2), November 2020 ---- https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jkap training programs for the fishing Bibin, Muhammad, Yon Vitner, and Zulhamsyah Imran. 2018. “Analysis of community. Stakeholder in the Development of Labombo Beach Sustainable Town in Palopo City.” Masyarakat, Kebudayaan ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dan Politik 31(1):62–71. doi: http:// The author would like to thank the Ministry dx.doi.org/10.20473/ of Research, Technology, and Higher mkp.V31I12018.62-71. Cárcamo, P. Francisco, Rosa Garay- Education's for the 2020 research grant and Flühmann, and Carlos F. Gaymer. 2014. “Collaboration and Knowledge Head of the Palopo City Marine Fisheries Networks in Coastal Resources Service. Management: How Critical Stakeholders Interact for Multiple-Use Marine Protected Area REFERENCES Implementation.” Ocean and Coastal Abrar, Muhammad, Muhammad Adrim, Management 91:5–16. doi: 10.1016/ Pramudji, Muhmmad Husni Askab, j.ocecoaman.2014.01.007. Muhammad Hafizt, Selvi Octaviany, Chang, Y. C., F. W. Hong, and M. T. Lee. Samsuardi, Hendri Guswanto, M. 2008. “A System Dynamic Based DSS Yusuf Amrullah, Asep Rasyidin, LH for Sustainable Coral Reef Purnomo, and Riris Hermawan. 2015. Management in Kenting Coastal Zone, Monitoring Kesehatan Terumbu Taiwan.” Ecological Modelling 211(1– Karang Dan Ekosistem Terkait Di 2):153–68. doi: 10.1016/ Taman Wisata Perairan (Twp) Selat j.ecolmodel.2007.09.001. Bunga Laut, Kabupaten Kepulauan Crosby, M. P., G. Brighouse, and M. Pichon. Mentawai, Sumatera Barat. 2002. “Priorities and Strategies for Almutairi, Ayedh, Zachary A Collier, Daniel Addressing Natural and Anthropogenic Hendrickson, Jose M Palma-Oliveira, Threats to Coral Reefs in Pacific Island Thomas L Polmateer, and James H Nations.” Ocean and Coastal Lambert. 2018. “Stakeholder Mapping Management 45(2–3):121–37. doi: and Disruption Scenarios with 10.1016/S0964-5691(02)00051-0. Application to Resilience of a Dahuri, Rokhimin. 2001. “Pengelolaan Container Port Manuscript.” Reliability Ruang Wilayah Pesisir Dan Lautan Engineering and System Safety. doi: Seiring Dengan Pelaksanaan Otonomi 10.1016/j.ress.2018.10.010. Daerah.” Jurnal Sosial Dan Anggraini, Oktiva. 2006. “Kajian Pembangunan 17(2):139–71. doi: Restropektif Program Pemberdayaan https://doi.org/10.29313/ Ekonomi Masyarakat Pesisir.” JKAP mimbar.v17i2.38. (Jurnal Kebijakan Dan Administrasi Estradivari, Handayani, Et. a. 2017. Publik) 10(Mei):19–34. “Kawasan Konservasi Perairan.” WWF Anon. 2018. Dinas Kelautan Dan Perikanan Jakarta Indonesia. Kota Palopo. Kohler, Kevin E., and Shaun M. Gill. 2006. Anon. 2020. “Portal Resmi Pemerintah Kota “Coral Point Count with Excel Palopo.” Retrieved September 19, 2020 Extensions (CPCe): A Visual Basic (https://www.palopokota.go.id/). Program for the Determination of Coral Batista, Celene Milanés, Cristina I. Pereira, and Substrate Coverage Using Random and Camilo M. Botero. 2019. Point Count Methodology.” Computers “Improving a Decree Law about and Geosciences 32(9):1259–69. doi: Coastal Zone Management in a Small 10.1016/j.cageo.2005.11.009. Island Developing State: The Case of Lu, Chao, Hu-chen Liu, Jie Tao, Ke Rong, Cuba.” Marine Policy 101(March and Ying-che Hsieh. 2017. 2018):93–107. doi: 10.1016/ “Technological Forecasting & Social j.marpol.2018.12.030. Change A Key Stakeholder-Based Fi

Copyright © 2020, JKAP, ISSN 0852-9213 (Print), ISSN 2477-4693 (Online) 177 Muhammad Bibin, Fenny Hasanuddin, & Ani Ardian- Sustainable Coral Reef Ecosystem Management in Palopo... Nancial Subsidy Stimulation for 2005. “Forecasting Models to Quantify Chinese EV Industrialization : A Three Anthropogenic Stresses on Coral System Dynamics Simulation.” Reefs from Marine Recreation: Anchor Technological Forecasting & Social Damage, Diver Contact and Copper Change. doi: 10.1016/ Emission from Antifouling Paint.” j.techfore.2017.01.022. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51(5–7):590– Maxwell, R. J., and R. Filgueira. 2020. “Key 98. doi: 10.1016/ Players in the Grieg NL Placentia Bay j.marpolbul.2005.02.033. Atlantic Salmon Aquaculture Project : Singgalen, Yerik Afrianto, Pamerdi Giri A Social Network Analysis.” Marine Wiloso, and Gatot Sasongko. 2017. Policy 113:103800. doi: 10.1016/ “Evaluation of the Implementation of j.marpol.2019.103800. Tourism Policy.” JKAP (Jurnal MENLH. 2001. Keputusan Menteri Negara Kebijakan Dan Administrasi Publik) 21 Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 4 Tahun (1):76–98. doi: 10.22146/jkap.16751. 2001 Tentang Kriteria Baku Kerusakan Soerjono, Soekanto. 2004. Sosiologi Suatu Terumbu Karang. Pengantar. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Muzani. 2014. “Strategi Peningkatan Peran Persada. Stakeholder Dalam Pengelolaan Sunahwati, Eka, Muhammad Syamsul Mangrove Di Kabupaten Tangerang.” Maarif, and Anggraini Sukmawati. Spatial Wahana Komunikasi Dan 2019. “Human Resources Development Informasi Geografi 112(2). Policy as a Strategy for Improving Nybakken, James W. 1988. Biologi Laut : Public Organizational Performance.” Suatu Pendekatan Ekologis. Jakarta: JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan Dan Gramedia. Administrasi Publik) 23(1):50–62. doi: Oktavia, Siska, and Saharuddin. 2013. 10.22146/jkap.37957. “Hubungan Peran Stakeholders Dengan Tomascik, T., A. J. Mah, A. Nontji, and M. Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Program K. Moosa. 1997. Chapter Eighteen: Agropolitan Desa Karacak Kecamatan Seagrasses. In The Ecology of the Leuwiliang Kabupaten Bogor.” Jurnal Indonesia Seas, Part II. Singapore: Sosiologi Pedesaan 01(03):231–46. Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. Peranginangin, Lily Sri Ulina. 2014. Tuwo, Ambo. 2011. Pengelolaan Ekowisata “Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Pesisir Dan Laut (Pendekatan Ekologi, Pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi.” Sosial-Ekonomi, Kelembagaan Dan JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan Dan Sarana Wilayah. Sidoarjo: Brilian Administrasi Publik) 18(1):66–78. doi: Internasional. 10.22146/jkap.6877. Valderrama Ballesteros, Laura, Jennifer L. Rahmawati, Triana, Irwan Noor, and Ike Matthews, and Bert W. Hoeksema. Wanusmawatie. 2014. “Sinergitas 2018. “Pollution and Coral Damage Stakeholders Dalam Inovasi Daerah Caused by Derelict Fishing Gear on (Studi Pada Program Seminggu Di Coral Reefs around Koh Tao, Gulf of Kota Probolinggo).” Jurnal Thailand.” Marine Pollution Bulletin Administrasi Publik 2(4):641–47. 135(March):1107–16. doi: 10.1016/ Reed, Mark S., Anil Graves, Norman j.marpolbul.2018.08.033. Dandy, Helena Posthumus, Klaus Wang, Jue, Thomas Aenis, and Tuck Fatt Hubacek, Joe Morris, Christina Prell, Siew. 2019. “Communication Processes Claire H. Quinn, and Lindsay C. in Intercultural Transdisciplinary Stringer. 2009. “Who’s in and Why ? A Research: Framework From a Group Typology of Stakeholder Analysis Perspective.” Sustainability Science 14 Methods for Natural Resource (6):1673–84. doi: 10.1007/s11625-019- Management.” Journal of 00661-4. Environmental Management 90 Webler, Thomas, and Karin Jakubowski. (5):1933–49. doi: 10.1016/ 2016. “Mitigating Damaging Behaviors j.jenvman.2009.01.001. of Snorkelers to Coral Reefs in Puerto Saphier, Adam D., and Tegan C. Hoffmann. Rico Through a Pre-Trip Media-Based

JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) Vol.24 (2), November 2020 ---- https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jkap Intervention.” Biological Conservation 197:223–28. doi: 10.1016/ j.biocon.2016.03.012. Winanro, Tjahjo, and Suparno. 2008. “Kajian Kondisi Terumbu Karang Dan Strategi Pengelolaannya Di Suaka Pesisir Batang Gasan, Kabupaten Padang Pariaman, Sumatera Barat.” Sains Akuatik 13(2):17–30. Yehong, Li, James O Donnell, Raul Garcia Castro, and Sergio Vega Sanchez. 2017. “Identifying Stakeholders and Key Performance Indicators for District and Building Energy Performance Analysis.” ENB. doi: 10.1016/ j.enbuild.2017.09.003. Yulianda, Fredinan, Achmad Fahruddin, Luky Adrianto, Armin Ambrosius Hutabarat, Sri Harteti, Kusharjani, and Ho Sang Kang. 2010. Kebijakan Konservasi Perairan Laut Dan Nilai Valuasi Ekonomi. Bogor: IPB Press. Yulika Sari, T. Ersti, and Usman. 2012. “Studi Parameter Fisika Dan Kimia Daerah Penangkapan Ikan Perairan Selat Asam Kabupaten Kepulauan Meranti Provinsi Riau.” Jurnal Perikanan Dan Kelautan 17(1):88–100.