IFLA Journal No 3. 2005

IFLA JOURNAL

Ofﬁcial Journal of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions Volume 31 (2005) No. 3, pp. 225–293. ISSN 0340-0352 SAGE Publications

CONTENTS

Editorial: More from Buenos Aires – and elsewhere Stephen Parker ...... 227 Cooperative Virtual Libraries: training librarians and editors via the Internet Dominique Babini ...... 229 Audiovisual and Multimedia Content in the Curriculum for Librarianship Studies at the University of León in Spain Blanca Rodríguez Bravo ...... 234 Managing the Electronic Collection with Cost per Use Data Brinley Franklin ...... 241 Images and Sounds in Uruguay Samira Sambaíno ...... 249 A Revolution in Preservation: digitizing political posters at the National Library of Cuba Laura Susan Ward ...... 260 REPORT Los buenos Libros: un puente hacia la elaboración personal Paula Cadenas ...... 268 NEWS (with separate Table of Contents) ...... 271 INTERNATIONAL CALENDAR ...... 285 ABSTRACTS 286 — SOMMAIRES 287 — ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEN 288 — RESÚMENES 289 — Ρефераты статей 290 ...... 286 Index, Vol. 30, 2004 ...... 292 Notes for Contributors ...... 293

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Editor: Stephen Parker, c/o IFPRI-ISNAR Program, ILRI, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel. +251 1 463 215; Fax: +251 1 461 252/464 645. E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Committee Lis Byberg (Chair), Faculty of Journalism, Library and Information Science, Oslo University College, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] Charles Batambuze, National Library of Uganda, Kampala, Uganda. E-mail: [email protected] Michèle Battisti, Association des professionels de l’information et de documentation (ADBS), Paris, France. E-mail: [email protected] Yoshitaka Kawasaki, Professor, Library and Information Science, Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] Galina Kislovskaya, Russian State Library, Moscow, Russian Federation. E-mail: [email protected] David Miller, Levin Library, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Víctor Federico Torres, Biblioteca Regional del Caribe y de Estudios, Universidad de Puerto Rico. E-mail: [email protected] Christine Wellems, Burgersschaftskanzlei, Parlamentamsche Informationsdienste, Hamburg, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Nancy Gwinn (Chair, Publications Committee, ex ofﬁcio), Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Chevy Chase, MD, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Stephen Parker (United Kingdom) (Editor, ex ofﬁcio) Publisher SAGE Publications, London, Thousands Oaks and New Delhi. Copyright © 2005 International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, and only as permitted under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1998, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers at the address below. Annual subscription (4 issues, 2005) Free to IFLA members. Non-members: full rate (includes electronic version) £158/$269. Prices include postage. Full rate subscriptions include the right for members of the subscribing institution to access the electronic content of the journal at no extra charge from SAGE. The content can be accessed online through a number of electronic journal intermediaries, who may charge for access. Free email alerts of contents listings are also available. For full details visit the SAGE website: www.sagepublications.com Student discounts, single issue rates and advertising details are available from SAGE Publications, 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 20 7324 8500; fax +44 (0) 20 7324 8600; email: [email protected]; website: www.sagepublications.com. In North America from SAGE Publications, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91359, USA. Periodicals postage paid at Rahway, NJ Postmaster. The IFLA Journal is abstracted/indexed in Library and Information Science Abstracts, Multicultural Education Abstracts, PAIS International and Sociological Abstracts. Typeset by Type Study, Scarborough, North Yorkshire Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by The Cromwell Press Ltd, Trowbridge, Wiltshire EDITORIAL More from Buenos Aires – and elsewhere

Stephen Parker The next paper, ‘Managing the Electronic Collection with Cost per Use Data’, by Brinley Although this issue of IFLA Journal will be pub- Franklin, Vice Provost for Libraries at the Uni- lished in October, after the World Library and versity of Connecticut, USA, was presented in Information Congress in Oslo, it has to be Buenos Aires in a joint session of the Statistics compiled and sent for typesetting before the and Evaluation Section and the University Oslo conference, at the beginning of August. Libraries Section. The paper reviews some of the Readers will therefore have to wait until the next early efforts to develop cost per use data for elec- issue, Volume 31, Number 4, is published in tronic collections and notes that emerging trends December, for the first reports and news from in the standardization of electronic usage statis- Oslo. The first conference papers, selected by the tics and the utilization of cost per use data have Editorial Committee from those recommended great potential for libraries and library consortia by Division and Section Committees, will appear to make effective decisions in the development in the first issue of next year, Volume 32, and management of electronic collections. Some Number 1, due to be published in March 2006. of the ways in which libraries, consortia and publishers are using unit cost information in this This issue continues with the publication of way are also discussed. some papers from the Buenos Aires conference, held in August last year. The first of these, ‘Co- The fourth paper, ‘Images and Sounds in operative Virtual Libraries: training librarians Uruguay’, by Samira Sambaíno, was presented in and editors via the Internet’ by Dominique Buenos Aires in a joint session of the Section on Babini, Coordinator of the Network of Social Preservation and Conservation and the Audio- Science Virtual Libraries of Latin America and visual and Multimedia Section. The author, the Caribbean, was originally presented in a joint currently working as a consultant in Uruguay, session of the Management and Marketing and offers a vision of the institutions of Uruguay Public Libraries Sections of IFLA. Noting that responsible for compiling and preserving the the development of virtual libraries offering audiovisual records that constitute the heritage access to full-text documents via the Internet of the country. Her paper focuses on the audio- requires teamwork among librarians, editors and visual collections of national institutions such as webmasters, the paper describes how the Latin the National Image Archive, the Museum of the American Social Science Council (CLACSO) Word, the National Library and the Montevideo organized an Internet-based distance training Photographic Archive and the problems of pre- course for librarians and editors from Latin serving and conserving these collections. America and the Caribbean, and identifies factors that need to be considered in organizing In the final paper in this issue (not presented in such courses. Buenos Aires), Laura Susan Ward, who recently graduated from the departments of Library and The second paper, ‘Audiovisual and Multimedia Information Studies (MLIS) and Latin American Content in the Curriculum for Librarianship Studies (MA) at the University of California Los Studies at the University of León in Spain’, is by Angeles, is also concerned with the preservation Blanca Rodríguez Bravo, a Professor in that Uni- of visual materials. In ‘A Revolution in Preser- versity’s Department of Library and Information vation: digitizing political posters at the National Science. The paper (which was not among those Library of Cuba’, the author describes the unique presented in Buenos Aires) describes the third collection of Revolutionary graphic political module of the Department’s course on Analysis posters at Cuba’s Biblioteca Nacional José Martí, of Document Content, dealing with the repre- and the efforts being made by librarians and sentation and retrieval of sound, visual, audiovi- archivists to maintain the collection under diffi- sual and multimedia materials. The module cult conditions. The digitization of the poster covers the peculiarities of sound and iconic collection is helping to overcome problems of codes, the analysis of audiovisual materials and deterioration caused by unsatisfactory storage the characteristics of digital materials, which conditions and mishandling of the materials by need to be handled using new approaches. both library staff and users.

The largely Ibero-American theme of this issue Lis Byberg is also reﬂected in the contribution to the Reports Section, by Paula Cadenas of the Banco del Libro in Venzuela. Her paper ‘Los buenos Libros: un puente hacia la elaboración personal’ (in Spanish) describes the Banco del Libro’s project, ‘Leer para Vivir’ (‘Read to Live’), and is submitted in fulﬁlment of the conditions for the Guust van Wesemael Literacy Prize, awarded by IFLA to the Banco del Libro in 2003.

Editorial Committee Changes During the World Library and Information Congress in Oslo, four members of the IFLA Journal Editorial Committee will step down after completing their four-year terms of office. IFLA and the Editor of the IFLA Journal extend their warmest appreciation and thanks to the Chair of the Committee, Ramón Abad Hiraldo (Spain), and to Committee members Heinz Fuchs (Germany), Ludmila Kozlova (Russia) and Maria Witt (France) for their untiring support for the Journal and their painstaking evaluations of papers submitted for publication during the past four years. Their places on the Committee will be taken by three new members, Michèle Battisti (France), Christine Wellems (Germany) and Galina Kislovskaya (Russia). The new Chair, Lis Byberg (Norway), is already a member of the Yoshitaka Kawasaki (Japan), David Miller Committee. (United States) and Victor Federico Torres (Puerto Rico). We wish all the Committee The new members will join the other existing members, old and new, every success in their members whose terms of office are not yet com- efforts, and look forward to working with them pleted, namely, Charles Batambuze (Uganda), all during their terms of office.

228 Cooperative Virtual Libraries: training librarians and editors via the Internet

Dominique Babini The Unaccomplished Promise of Bibliographic Databases

For developing regions with a strong tradition in building cooperative bibliographic databases, accessing the documents cited in cooperative bibliographies has proved to be a very frustrating experience. Such is the case for Latin American countries, which share the use of the Spanish and Portuguese languages. Reduced number of copies printed of academic books and journals (average 500 copies), lack of budget for distribution of complimentary copies of publications, inadequate library infrastructure and extremely high costs of postage that make interlibrary loans among cities and countries nearly non-existent, are among the main factors that contribute to difficulties in accessing the documents mentioned in regional cooperative bibliographies. In the social sciences, discontinuity in library and journal collections Dominique Babini is Coordinator because of the discontinuity in support of the social sciences of the Network of Social Science worsens this situation. Virtual Libraries of Latin America and the Caribbean, a cooperative The Opportunities Provided by program of the Latin American E-Publishing and E-Libraries Social Science Council (CLACSO). She has a doctorate in political science and a postgraduate For developing regions, new information and communication qualification in documentation. technologies provide a unique opportunity to counteract the diffi- Dominique Babini is a specialist culties mentioned above for the dissemination of and access to in information service networks in academic books, journal articles, conference papers, theses and the social sciences, and has working documents. recently published a book and periodical articles on this topic. Authors compose their works on a computer, academic insti- She has also been a consultant tutions receive the authors’ contributions in electronic format by for programs of the International mail, and e-publishing software allows academic institutions to Development Research Centre prepare the final publication for print or for e-publishing in the (IDRC), the United Nations, the institutions’ websites, on a CD-ROM, and in a virtual library. World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Virtual Libraries Development Contact: CLACSO, Callao 875, 1023 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tel. +54 (11) Traditional libraries have always worked to add value to the 4811–6588. E-mail: dbabini@ original documents so that these can be easily located by campus.clacso.edu.ar. Website: librarians and end users. Cataloguing, subject classification, www.clacso.org. indexing and archiving are some of the technical processes that contribute to promote and facilitate access to knowledge produced by science and published in books, periodical articles, conference papers, theses and working documents.

With the arrival of the Internet and the Web, traditional libraries were able to develop online access to the library catalogs and provide online access to full text digital collections from the

institution and from external resources, thus mation networks. However, for editors, it is a providing Internet users with an experience, in new challenge to work together with librarians the virtual world, similar to visiting a traditional in developing metadata and e-formats to deliver library with the process of searching in the publications online. Additionally, it is a new catalog, accessing the document, and reading it. world for both professionals to work together with webmasters to develop the virtual library The American Society for Information Science architecture and learn to manage contents in the (ASIS), in its Thesaurus of Information Sciences virtual library webpage. (1998) defines virtual libraries as “systems in which information resources are distributed by As traditional libraries are, or will be, providing way of networks rather than having them in a virtual services through the Web as a means of physical location”. And it defines digital libraries adding value to their traditional services, it is as “libraries whose contents are mainly in elec- important to offer librarians opportunities of tronic format and which are accessible through obtaining the abilities required for the realiza- computers. Contents may be available locally or tion of digital or virtual libraries. On the be remotely accessible through communication occasion of the 5th World Conference on Con- networks”. Different terms are used in different tinuing Professional Education for Library and regions to describe the same services: ‘digital Information Science Professionals (IFLA, library’ in the USA, Canada and Mexico; ‘elec- Scotland, August 2002) it was mentioned that tronic library’ in the UK; and ‘virtual library’ in “librarianship and information sciences schools Spain, Argentina and Brazil. produce few graduates yearly in proportion to the total number of professionals in the disci- For developing regions, with severe economic pline, so effective actions for professional restrictions for building collections of printed development will probably constitute a change publications, e-publications provide a unique agent, offering professionals updated infor- opportunity for delivering content to users in mation, knowledge and abilities so as to be new ways, without geographic or time con- prepared to face new challenges. Future pro- straints. Academic institutions receive from the fessional leaders will arise from the rows of those authors the publications in digital format before who are continuing education consumers today.” going to print. Considering that most academic We need to prepare librarians, editors, web- institutions and authors do not make a signifi- masters and information technologists so that in cant profit from selling their publications in each institution they are the ones who may developing regions, providing open access to the produce the change necessary to advance the digital format of which publications becomes a development of virtual libraries. valid alternative to improve the visibility of research results, and even to improve the For this reason the Latin American Social citation of publications and thus improve sales Science Council (Consejo Latinoamericano de opportunities for the printed publications. Ciencias Sociales – CLACSO) began training activities some years ago, gathering librarians, editors and webmasters to help them better Cooperative Virtual Libraries understand this new world of virtual libraries and become familiar with methodologies and Working together with other virtual libraries practical issues when working in virtual libraries, provides each individual virtual library with together with the idea of facilitating their partici- additional collections of e-publications for its pation in building a regional decentralized users, and working together online is easy virtual library together so that Internet users can because the Web is about communicating and have online access to a selection of full text sharing information. Sharing links, metadata publications from each participating institution. and collections of e-publications in a cooperative network requires that librarians, editors and webmasters work together so that each insti- CLACSO’s Experience in Distance tution can contribute to the cooperative virtual Courses for Librarians and Editors at a library with digital texts and metadata from its own institution. Regional Level

Librarians are used to working together within Today, CLACSO’s Latin America and the interlibrary loan networks and subject infor- Caribbean Social Science Virtual Libraries 230 Cooperative Virtual Libraries

Network1 provides open access to a collection of research documents and for accessing external more than 4.000 full text books, periodical information resources. This course is addressed articles, conference papers and working docu- to librarians, editors and webmasters of social ments published in Spanish and Portuguese in science research and teaching institutions of Latin America and the Caribbean. This cooper- Latin America and the Caribbean. ative virtual library has been developed with the open source software Greenstone2 (University of Waikato, New Zealand) which allows searching Organizing Distance Courses on the in metadata and in the full text of each publica- Internet tion. For metadata, the fifteen basic fields of Dublin Core are used. The Virtual Library also When organizing distance courses on the Web it provides open access to bibliographies, research is important to and researchers, databases with information from CLACSO’s network of research insti- define the objective of the course tutions. These databases are developed with the • determine the participants open source ISIS software and provide members • choose the platform of the network with online Web access to • establish the duration of the course updated information. • • design the contents of the course select the teachers For CLACSO, a regional network gathering 168 • define responsibilities and dedication research institutions in 21 countries of Latin • evaluate results. America and the Caribbean, traditional regional • and sub-regional training activities that require participants to attend courses in other countries Objective and Beneficiaries of Distance are not possible because of the high costs of travel and per diem. Only exceptionally is it Training possible to have enough funds to gather participants from a diversity of countries in one In CLACSO’s research network the purpose of location to attend a regional course. providing distance training courses for librarians, editors and webmasters is to help them work Since the Internet, however, it has been possible together, both within each institution, building to think and implement new ways of delivering Web access to the electronic editions of books, distance courses by mail, Web and in virtual journals and working documents in full text, and campuses. These options have dramatically with other institutions in Latin America and the changed opportunities for both institutions and Caribbean as well, building a regional network of professionals involved in the development of virtual libraries to allow open and integrated virtual libraries. access to all collections. The course is free for CLACSO network members, and participants After some experiments in the 1990s in deliver- from eighteen countries have attended the ing courses via mail, the first online course was online courses: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, offered in CLACSO’s Virtual Campus in the year Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El 2000–2001, working together with the UN Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Economic Commission for Latin America Docu- Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico mentation Unit located in Chile. It was a course and Uruguay. on ‘Formulation of Information Projects for Grass-roots Organizations in Latin America and Technical requirements for participants in the the Caribbean’. It was a theoretical and practical course include a PC or Mac connected to the course in which 114 representatives of 42 NGOs Internet, an e-mail account for the first messages and academic institutions from 16 countries of before using the Virtual Campus, and a CD-ROM Latin America and the Caribbean participated reader (the Virtual Campus software First Class, the Acrobat Reader software for opening full text In 2002 CLACSO started its own course on bibliographies, WinZip and a full text biblio- ‘Virtual Libraries and the Social Sciences’ with graphy are sent in a CD-ROM to help participants the purpose of helping its then 130 member by reducing the time necessary for connection to institutes in Latin America and the Caribbean to the Internet). For countries with difficulties in take advantage of virtual platforms for e-publish- obtaining regular access to the Internet, such as ing and building e-libraries for their own Cuba, participation is accepted via e-mail. 231 Dominique Babini

What Internet Platform to Use for • Web visits to a selection of virtual libraries. Delivering Distance Courses Analysis and report. • Input of information online in virtual libraries. Many virtual campus platforms are available on the market. Examples are WebCT, Blackboard, No Geographical Constraints for Course First Class, Lotus Learning Space, and Top Faculty Class. Recently, some open source developments have been available for institutions considering One of the great advantages of delivering the possibility of delivering distance courses courses via Internet is that professors can be using the Web. In 1999, CLACSO started its invited from diverse locations worldwide, Virtual Campus to administer courses in the provided that they have social sciences using First Class, developed in Canada, because it accepted participants who • experience in the subject only had e-mail access to the Internet with the • mastered the language of the course objective of implementing an open source • experience in the management of groups with alternative in the future. cultural diversity • interest in distance education and experiment- The advantage of using a virtual campus ing with new teaching methodologies platform to deliver courses is the possibility to • dedication to the course, which usually is an replicate on the Internet the environment of a extra task aside from their regular work. university campus with its information offices, administration of the campus, classrooms, It is important to define the responsibilities and library facilities, meeting places for professors, dedication of the faculty. They have, as their cafeteria for informal meetings of students, responsibilities, to research facilities and conference hall. • Receive from the Virtual Campus a training session about the Virtual Campus methodology. Course Content • Prepare the bibliography of the course and send the full text of each document to the The three month course delivered by CLACSO, Virtual Campus Library (to be used only by ‘Virtual Libraries and the Social Sciences’, students of the course). requires an estimated dedication of 5 hours a • Prepare each class and send it to the Virtual week for participants (of which one hour Campus. Faculty usually adapt previous requires a connection to the Campus via the course contents to the format required by the Internet) and provides participants with an Campus, usually no more than 8/10 pages for introduction to virtual libraries and the possi- each class. bility to practice online. • Comment on participants’ feedback to each lesson. The course is organized around four main themes: • Coordinate group chats on specific topics. • Evaluate participants and Campus facilities 1. Changes in social science working practice during the course. within virtual environments 2. Transition from traditional libraries to digital/ The professors dedicate an estimated two hours virtual libraries a day to the course. 3. Virtual libraries: scope, trends, distinctive qualities, architecture, products and services Life in the Campus during the Course 4. Methodologies for input of information in digital/virtual libraries. A typical week for participants attending the These theoretical classes are complemented with course: practical work: Friday: download the class from the • Participants must interview some of their Campus and the bibliography in full text library users in order to think together about (Friday was chosen so as to provide which of the traditional library services could weekends for participants having full-time be provided via Internet. jobs). 232 Cooperative Virtual Libraries

From Saturday to the following Friday: debate on theoretical issues introduced in class and the bibliography, and in the successful com- • read the weekly lesson and the bibliography pletion of the practical exercises required during • send comments following instructions from the course. To receive the course certiﬁcate, par- the professor ticipants have to fulﬁl 80 percent of the course • read comments from other participants and requirements. from the professor • participate in weekly chat with other participants and the professor. Key Elements

• Clear definitions (objectives, expected results, Limitations of Distance Courses via the participants’ profile, course contents, course Internet dedication of faculty and of students). • Pro-active attitude in faculty and Campus Experience has provided feedback about the coordination. limitations of these new training platforms, • Training faculty for participation in the use of mainly: the Campus. • Bibliography in participants’ language. • The process of group integration is slower • Shared experiences with other institutions than in traditional face-to-face courses. The delivering distance courses via Internet. absence of body language makes it more difficult to understand participants’ reactions to Notes comments. It helps to have an opening session for individual informal presentations, and in 1. www.clacso.org.ar/biblioteca each chat it helps having the first minutes for 2. www.greenstone.org informal contacts. • The cultural and geographical diversity of the Bibliography group results in very diverse ways of partici- Babini, D. and J. Fraga. (2004) Bibliotecas virtuales para pating and contributing to the group dis- las ciencias sociales. CLACSO, Buenos Aires, 120 pp. cussions. It requires clear coordination so that http://168.96.200.17/ar/biblio/biblio.html each participant is active within the group. Cetto, A.M. and O. Alonso. (2002) Challenges for the • Teachers and students need to exhibit greater scientific community – a perspective on Latin America. dedication than had been foreseen, mainly Paper submitted and accepted at the International because it is a new technology, and because of Conference on Scientific Electronic Publishing in the excitement of sharing a course with par- Developing Countries, Valparaíso, Chile, September ticipants from diverse geographical and 2002. Cetto, A.M. (2000) ¿Qué futuro tienen las revistas latino- cultural environments. americanas? In Las revistas científicas latino- americanas: su difusión y acceso a través de bases de datos. UNAM, Mexico City. pp. 147–153. Evaluating Results Clyde, L.A. (2003) Continuing professional education for the information society. IFLA Journal, 29 (1), 18–24. The quality of continuing professional education Retrieved April 2003 from http://www.ifla.org/V/ provision is something that is of concern to its iflaj/ij-1–2003.pdf Ezeiza Pohl, C.E. (2003) Lineamientos para la publi- providers, to the professionals who are its ‘con- cación científica electrónica en la Argentina. Tesis de sumers’, to the libraries and other organizations Maestría en Política y Gestión de la Ciencia y la where the ‘consumers’ are employed, and to the Tecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de communities they serve (Clyde, 2003). Estudios Avanzados. Buenos Aires, 171 pp.

In the case of the CLACSO course on ‘Virtual Original paper no. 054 presented at the World Library Libraries and the Social Sciences’, quality has and Information Congress, 70th IFLA General Con- ference, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 20–27 August 2004, in much to do with meeting the needs of its Session no. 112, Management and Marketing with network staff, who are expected at the end of the Public Libraries. Spanish original and French and course to be active in creating Web access to English translations available on IFLANET at their publications. http://www.iﬂa.org/IV/iﬂa70/prog04.htm.

During the course, participants are evaluated by professors in terms of their contribution to the 233 Audiovisual and Multimedia Content in the Curriculum for Librarianship Studies at the University of León in Spain

Blanca Rodríguez Bravo Introduction

Within the framework of its programmes in Librarianship and Information Studies, the University of León provides a course whose syllabus is aimed at giving an awareness of audiovisual and multimedia documents. The second-year course in ‘Analysis of Document Content’ deals with the treatment of documentary messages with a view to retrieval.

In addition to this undergraduate subject, the University offers a postgraduate course with the title ‘Photographic Archives, Centres for Graphic Documentation and Image Banks. Represen- tation and Retrieval of Photographs’. It has also run extramural courses, such as Images in the World of Information, given in March 2001.

Discussion here will concentrate on the content of the course in question and the strategies used to teach it. The appearance of Dr. Blanca Rodríguez Bravo optical storage media has led to the birth of multimedia books and obtained her Doctorate in History other works. In them, text, images, video, voices and animations at the University of León and are integrated interactively so that the end user has complete holds postgraduate qualiﬁcations freedom of movement. Information professionals have to acquire in information science and digital the skill of representing the messages carried by the various codes information. She has been a Pro- that go to make up multimedia documents with a view to retriev- fessor in the Department of ing them. Library and Information Science at the University of León since 1991. She teaches subjects The Course on Analysis of Document Content related to information processing and is the author of two books The subject ‘Analysis of Document Content’ (ADC) has as its aim and some 50 professional to teach students the rudiments of abstracting and the basics of papers. She has been head of indexing. It consists of three modules. The ﬁrst module covers research projects devoted to theoretical aspects of ADC. The second module concentrates on thesauri and the evaluation of ADC for documents in print form, starting with a block given over electronic publications. Her to abstracting and following on with one on indexing. The third current research interests focus module looks at ADC for items that are in sound, visual, audio- on knowledge organization, multi- visual or multimedia forms, with special attention paid to the media resources, interfaces and peculiarities affecting their treatment. electronic libraries. She may be contacted at Biblioteconomía y The order in which the content of the course is presented is not Documentation, Facultad de arbitrary. It begins with an outline of the theoretical parameters Filosofía y Letras, University de of ADC, its conception and relationship to other content analyses. León Campus de Vegazana, This concept is approached from the angle of its links to infor- 24071 León, Spain. E-mail: mation and documents, and the interleaving of this discipline [email protected]. with information retrieval and indexing languages is studied.

The second area covered is ADC of printed materials. This is included for several reasons:

Copyright © 2005 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.iﬂa.org). IFLA Journal 31(3): 234–240. 234 ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035205058803 Audiovisual and Multimedia Content in the Curriculum

1. Students are more familiar with the verbal information science, since the various codes and code of textual documents and how to handle differing layouts of messages in different media it. All of them have at some time written an affect the treatment and retrieval of their abstract or gone through a text underlining its contents. The codings are the following main ideas. (Rodríguez Bravo, 2002: 112): 2. The verbal code permits sentences for the abstract or terms for indexing to be derived • In respect of writing, it is a question of textual directly from the text. It is only necessary to or written documents, which hitherto have identify the basic concepts: a formulation of been principally on paper, corresponding to them is already available in the document. books or printed material. Nowadays, The indexing carried out in this subject is an however, textual material also has a consider- indexing of concepts, free, with only minimal able place in digital documents. standardization. • In the case of sound, there are audio items, 3. The intention is for students to grasp the covering principally records, cassettes and relationship between indexing and retrieval, audio CDs. and the need to measure the quality of the • With regard to still or moving pictures or latter so as to correct the former. This is more images, there are photographs, films, slides, easily achieved by using print documents as and some other formats. examples, since the students have been users • Finally, there are mixed items, which until of libraries and done searches for items of this recently were exclusively audiovisual. sort. However, a digital document permits integration of sound, visual and textual items. While Once students have mastered the fundamental at the moment text is predominant, there is an concepts of abstracting and indexing, they are increasing tendency towards full multimedia. given instruction in the methods used to represent and retrieve audio, visual, audiovisual and Until around a decade ago, the principal division multimedia documents. This makes up the third was between documents on paper and the module of the programme. remainder, forms which were outcomes largely of 20th century technical advances. However, at The spoken discourse of sound documents is the present day the most significant split is transcribable into written language with no between analogue and digital media, between greater difficulty than that arising from its atoms and bits, as Codina (2000) puts it. diachronic nature (developing over time) and the necessity for reproduction equipment. What characterizes analogue media is that they represent information through a relationship of As for still pictures, which sometimes have a resemblance or analogy, maintaining some simi- direct impact, the course lays stress on the main larity between the information and its coding, peculiarities affecting their handling. These are even if this may be remote. By contrast, in digital their iconic coding, their synchronicity (no media, which utilize a series of bits to represent development over time) and their polysemic information, any similarity between information nature (multiple meanings). Prior thought on and its representation is eliminated. Whether the these points is indispensable before coming to information is a text or a photograph or a video, grips with analysis of audiovisual and multi- it is just a set of ones and zeros for the computer; media items. in other words all these would be represented in the same way. Items which are audiovisual, mixed, and multimedia documents, are studied last, after con- In analogue media, however, each format or sideration of features affecting handling of coding and each information medium requires materials with a single coding for information its own form of coding. In fact, no analogue transmission. medium is equally appropriate for all formats of information at the same time. In contrast to this, Means of Transmitting Content and digital media can hold any format of information and any combination of formats. Their Effects on ADC In the light of this new reality, the following Systematic organization of documents as a classification has been proposed (Rodríguez function of the coding they use is crucial in Bravo, 2002: 115): 235 Blanca Rodríguez Bravo

1. Directly decodifiable analogue documents: involves, since it forces translation of images of these would be pictorial and printed materials concrete realities into concepts. This usually that do not need any intermediary apparatus implies that there will be a loss of meaning. for access to their message. The medium on Analysis of images is always only partial, because which they are held is paper or some similar the change from one medium of expression to material, tangible and very stable. the other imposes the making of a selection from 2. Analogue documents not directly decodifiable among the inexhaustible possibilities offered by by the senses, but requiring some form of the visual document. reproduction equipment: slides, video recordings, records, and so forth. The medium on The analysis faces the difficulty of having to which they are recorded is tangible and reason- recognize and name what can be seen in the ably stable. picture. This task is all the more complicated 3. Digital documents on a tangible medium that because it is a question of recognizing, not so is not directly accessible but needs a computer much the object in itself, but rather the image of and some form of reader. These include CD- it, and because this naming has to be done ROMs and DVDs. The stability of the medium without it being feasible to have recourse to the on which they are recorded is also reasonable. document itself and take from it the terms needed 4. Digital documents on a medium which is to represent the concepts selected. Indexers must intangible, or virtual documents, which work exclusively on the basis of their cultural cannot be directly decoded, needing equip- knowledge and landmarks, of the semantic comment, in this case a computer and a network petences listed by Vilches (1987): iconographic, connection. These are documents circulating narrative, aesthetic, encyclopaedic, and linguistic on the net and are very unstable, subject to and communicative. An attempt is made by the constant change. course to reinforce these skills in the students.

It is to be noted that these four types also con- The second fundamental peculiarity that has to stitute stages in the evolution of documents. be stressed is the polysemous nature of images, From this it is possible to see the technological with their multiple meanings. A picture serves evolution that documents have undergone and for elucidation in many more contexts than a are undergoing, since it does not appear likely written document can, by virtue of the distinc- that digital documents will replace earlier types tion between what the image denotes and what in the short term. Curiously, it seems that docu- it connotes. Pictures are very flexible. ments in printed or book form will be those with the greatest life expectancy; not having been dis- Indexing is not to be limited to what objectively placed by audiovisual formats, they have still not exists in the image, to its concrete concepts, but been superseded by digital. Their better should also extract from it abstract concepts that ergonomics work in their favour, together with represent the impressions or sensations that the the fact that text is the principal vehicle for picture transmits. However, to go overboard on thought. these subjective aspects, which vary as a function of the universe of reference of each Some Reflections on Teaching individual user, illustrator, graphic professional or television producer, may give the image a set Documentary Treatment of Pictures of meanings not envisaged either by the photographer and/or cameraman or by the indexer. It Before approaching ADC for audiovisual and is preferable not to go too far away from the multimedia items, it makes sense to go deeper context of the picture as given by the photograph into the treatment of the codings that go to make caption, the report of which it forms part, the them up, which are language, whether spoken or text or the soundtrack, and not to assign abstract written, and images. As already mentioned, terms to it ad lib. pictures have particular characteristics that affect the way they are handled (Rodríguez Besides this, attention must be paid to the risks Bravo, 2000). that might arise from re-use of pictures in which people appear in contexts differing from the The first is their iconic coding, which makes it original. This might lead to lawsuits for infringe- necessary to carry out a translation to verbal ment of a person’s right to their own image or coding at the moment when they are to be sub- for libel, apart from damaging the prestige of the mitted to analysis, with the difficulties this publication or other medium because of its use 236 Audiovisual and Multimedia Content in the Curriculum of inaccurate information. Of course, only In fourth and final place among the character- anonymous people are likely to be involved istics, it would seem necessary to stress the when there is an out-of-context use, but importance of formal aspects of the content, anonymity is clearly a relative quality. Well- technique and composition of the image, to known people can only be denoted by their facilitate re-use. This is for two reasons. The first names and thanks to the specific field that is that the way in which a picture is taken influ- makes them public and representative figures. ences its interpretation, since the supposed objectivity of visual items is a myth. Hence there The third important characteristic of images is are characteristics that are fundamental in their synthetic nature, an outcome of their cap- aiding discrimination among the motifs repre- turing a part of reality as seen through the lens sented: types of planes, structure of the of a camera. Still pictures present all their infor- representation, lighting and atmospheric mation at once. They are synchronic documents, characteristics, axis of take, and others. The summaries, and the human brain and eye can second is that the formatting of books and news- grasp their significance in an instant. papers limits choice and hence aspects such as the format, technical quality or whether the This circumstance, together with the multiple picture is in colour or black-and-white are meanings and hence fresh uses of which the crucial. Demands for information from users picture is capable, permit the drawing up of and their criteria for accepting the results of a more exhaustive indexing in comparison with search are not based solely on the concepts rep- printed documents, with due regard for the resented in a document; how they are repre- dangers mentioned above. This is because the sented is equally or even more decisive when it noise brought in by very detailed indexing, comes to making a choice. increasing the level of recall, does not imply negative consequences, but rather quite the The use of still pictures in magazines, books and opposite, for two reasons: newspapers is studied and photographs are abstracted and indexed. Practice is given in 1. Images are picked out much more rapidly retrieval from image banks such as Corbis, Getty than printed materials, which are diachronic Images, Comstock, Age Fotostock, and so forth. and verbally coded. Students are introduced to the characteristics of 2. The polysemous character of pictures means Systems of Automated Image Retrieval (SARI), that the subjective views of an analyst do not both conceptual (concept-based indexing) and have to be identical to those of a potential visual (content-based indexing). user.

Hence, it is most appropriate to offer users a ADC of Audiovisual Documents wide initial choice and to allow them to make the final selection. According to Joanna Smit Thirdly, students are introduced to the analysis (1987), it has been demonstrated that 30 is a of audiovisual documents, mixing sound and suitable number for the person requesting an pictures, which are diachronic and not directly image to be able to make the correct choice. This decodifiable by the senses, depending on techno- is true when the search can be made directly logical developments. from photographs or from their digital reproductions. If the user must choose from analytic Items with a single fixed image construct their records by reading the descriptions and charac- messages on a purely spatial canvas, stable over terizations drawn up by an information pro- time, and using only an iconic coding and the fessional, selection will be costlier, less certain visual channel. The first liberation from static and more time-consuming. images was achieved by means of the superposi- tion of a sequence of still frames so as to obtain All the same, exhaustiveness must depend, as in moving pictures. This is the essential ingredient the indexing of any document, on the quantity of of audiovisual documents, among which cinema information to be picked out in the visual and television products bulk largest (Pinto, document and on the background and the García and Agustín, 2002: 192). requirements of users of the information centre. Pictures which are more unusual, rarer or more In comparison with textual discourse and still beautiful are those that will require greater detail picture types of document, media using moving in description. pictures and sound pose problems for the

237 Blanca Rodríguez Bravo

process of analysis as a result of the changing awareness of the various audiovisual genres and transitory character of the messages they and their respective practices. send. Indexers are obliged to undertake several 3. External documentation, interpretation and viewings or showings, with sequences deﬁned document contextualization. Documentary and located by the use of a stopwatch. However, support is sought to aid interpretation of the audiovisual documents represent a synthesis or item under consideration. linkage between word and picture, since these 4. Bringing together all the previous steps. give each other mutual support in resolving the 5. Representing the document contents. deﬁciencies of each subsystem. Just as photo- Drawing up the various types of documen- graphs need the text of their captions to focus tation product. the meaning of the image, here it is sound that carries out the needed contextualizing function So as to manage resources adequately it is for the picture. Moreover, the sequential delivery necessary to establish the level of analysis of images also permits a context to be given to needed for each type of document. The level of the messages. Audiovisual documents turn out analysis will be related to the later uses that the to be more precise semantically than purely material may undergo. The contents of docu- visual items. ments which are highly likely to be re-used, will demand more detailed description and Since audiovisual information is made up of indexing so as to facilitate their retrieval by any elements belonging to the worlds of both images concept. This would be the case with news and and sound, study of them must be approached documentary programmes, and of the original from two angles: prints from which a film was edited (Conesa, 2000). 1. By considering each of the levels separately. 2. By considering the two levels together, When a news bulletin or programme containing observing any changes that they undergo as a several reports is being analysed, each of the result of the combining of codings. news items or reports will need to be treated individually, as would be done for the articles in Analysis of the contents of audiovisual docu- a periodical. ments is complex, owing to the juxtaposition of codes, but also because of the diversity of the items involved: cinema, video and television The conceptual or semantic analysis of a report genres. In addition, the purpose for which these may be similar to analysis of a text document. If documents are being treated has to be kept in the documentary analysis of the same piece of mind: news as published in a newspaper and as reported in a television newscast is compared, some elements in the description of contents will • Whole-item retrieval of videocassettes, DVDs, and so forth, in libraries and other information be found to be very similar. However, the audio- stores. visual document is also analysed at a second level, with description and indexing of the • Retrieval broken up into micro-units of information (sequences, scenes, shots, and the like) concrete images it contains, which may or may of news, reports, advertising spots, and so on, not be directly related to the overall theme of the in various means of communication. item (Conesa, 2000).

This fact implies that the unit constituting a An average description must include at least an document may be any thematic piece of infor- outline of the most prominent sequences, indi- mation (film, video, programme, report, cating the names of the people involved, identi- sequence or shot). fying locations and describing the actions taking place in shots. The stages for ADC for audiovisual materials, according to Pinto, García and Agustín (2002: The difficulty of analysing audiovisual docu- 265), would be the following: ments lies in having to differentiate between the theme of the document or report, normally 1. Viewing. This implies a knowledge of the generic and given by the spoken discourse, from specific features of audiovisual language. the information brought to illustrate it by the 2. Determining the structure of the contents and various shots, always showing concrete places, describing the document. This presupposes an objects, people and actions.

238 Audiovisual and Multimedia Content in the Curriculum

Just as is the case for still photographs, shots are and these are many. Their strong points are their subject to great divergences in interpretation, but huge storage capacity, their virtual nature and it is best to describe them fundamentally by their accessibility at distance, along with their using the concrete features that exist referen- ability to be constantly updated. Their weak- tially in them. Compositional and technical nesses are the difficulty of keeping their aspects are equally crucial in indicating the type messages (their durability) and the greater diffi- of sequence as useful or useless for a given user. culty there is in ensuring they are complete and The description of the pictures must include: the authentic. The facility with which messages can type of shot, camera movements and other change storage medium and the ease with which formal aspects. To aid in locating images it is they can be manipulated lie at the origin of both necessary to indicate at what point in the their advantages and their disadvantages. document (time code) the shot or sequence is to be found. Linda Schamber (1996) characterizes digital documents in the following way: they are easily Practice in this sort of document handling is manipulated, can be linked both internally and provided by using various pre-recorded tele- externally, they are rapidly transformable, easily vision broadcasts: a newscast, a documentary accessible, instantly transportable and able to be and an entertainment programme. The formats replicated infinitely. From these characteristics it of the Spanish State Broadcasting Service, Tele- may be deduced that the first difference between visión española (TVE), for analysing pro- digital and analogue documents lies in the fact grammes aid in gathering all the vital data. A that in them there is a dissociation between cinema film is also indexed and abstracted. The medium and content. The specific features listed principal sound and image banks and indexing by Schamber refer to content, because the engines on the World Wide Web, such as storage medium has lost its relevance. In fact, Footage.net, are also accessed. messages contained can be copied with ease to any other medium, which makes them transformable or manipulable and also transportable. ADC of Digital/Multimedia Documents In a digital document the spatial and temporal To end the course, the special features of digital limitations intrinsic to all other documents have documents are considered, chief among which is disappeared. Now the worry is mostly about their multimedia character, bringing together how they can be located in the boundless digital text, image and sound. jungle where contents are broken up into a mosaic of elements whose sense is freely recon- In recent years there has been a striking structed by the user thanks to hypertext. It is in phenomenon, the migration from textual and this context that an interest arises in auto- audiovisual systems to the new digital environ- description and the concept of metadata, a ments. Indeed, the new category, ‘multimedia’ notion that includes information about the documents, arises from the combination of text contents and context of digital documents. and audiovisual documents made possible by computerized environments. Digital documents The greatest deficiency of the Internet at the combine the two channels, sound and vision, moment is the lack of a universal system for and the three available codes (textual, iconic and labelling, representing and structuring infor- musical). Interactive CD-ROMs represent the mation so as to allow more adequate automatic digital version of the traditional book, but the searching and processing of any web document. development of the Internet or Web has given Students are given an awareness of the various rise to an alliance between multimedia appli- models for metadata, with special attention paid cations and online networks whose sphere of to the Dublin Core Metadata. influence goes beyond any previously available form of document. Solely for the purposes of content analysis, it is useful to group digital documents into three The separation between contents and storage categories (Pinto, García and Agustín, 2002: medium means that digital documents are not 314–315): just compound (different codings) and distributed (stored in several files), but also dynamic 1. digital documents (easily modified). It is from these characteristics 2. computer programs that the new possibilities that they offer derive, 3. multimedia documents

239 Blanca Rodríguez Bravo

In the first group can be included those docu- emisoras de televisión. In Rovira, C. and Codina, L. ments which involve no more than a simple (eds) Documentación digital 2000. Barcelona: UPF. translation to digital formats, storage and repro- [On-line version: http://docdigital.upf.es] duction media of messages which are textual, FIAT/IFTA. (1986) Panorama de los archivos audiovisuales: contribución a la puesta al día de las sound or visual items, and which thus require a técnicas de archivo internacionales. Madrid: RTVE content analysis appropriate to their coding, [Spanish State Radio and Television Service]. noting as a novelty that they now have a digital Fuentes i Pujol, M.E. (ed.) (1995) Manual de docu- format and storage medium. mentación periodística. Madrid: Síntesis. García Gutiérrez, A. (ed.) (1999) Introducción a la doc- Computer programs are tools for processing umentación informativa y periodística. Alcalá de information, requiring to be identified and Guadaira, Seville Province, Spain: MAD. located, but lacking informational messages and Moreiro González, J.A. (ed.) (2000) Manual de documentation informativa. Madrid: Cátedra. so not needing content analysis. Moulis, A.-M. (1999) L’analyse documentaire des images animées. Documentaliste, Sciences de l’information, As for multimedia documents, they are items in 36, (3): 131–137. which the normal interactive tools allow the Pinto Molina, M., García Marco, F.J. and Agustín Lacruz, combination of various communicative M.C. (2002) Indización y resumen de documentos elements: text, sound recordings, digital video, digitales y multimedia. Técnicas y procedimientos. and so forth. In interactive multimedia docu- Gijón: Trea. Rodríguez Bravo, B. (1996) La indización de documen- ments the medium modifies the message, which tos no bibliográficos. Accademie e biblioteche creates a new means of communication and a d’Italia. Year LXIV (47, New series), No. 3, July– distinctive class of documents for the purposes September, pp. 47–54. of content analysis. Rodríguez Bravo, B. (2000) El tratamiento documental de la imagen fotográfica: su enseñanza en la Univer- Content analysis for multimedia documents sidad de León. En Jornades Antoni Varés (6ª. 2000. must consider, on the one hand, each of the Girona) Imatge i recerca. Gerona: Gerona Municipal Council. levels or communicative codes separately, Rodríguez Bravo, B. (2002) El documento, entre la tradi- keeping in mind their peculiarities, and on the ción y la renovación. Gijón: Trea. other, the three levels jointly, observing the Schamber, L. (1996) What is a document? Rethinking transformations they undergo as a result of the the concept in uneasy times. Journal of the American combination of codes. Given the unstable nature Society for Information Science, 1996, 47 (9): of these documents, the products of content 669–671. analysis are to be integrated among metadata, Smit, J. (1987) A análise da imagem: un primeiro plano. which will aid in locating items. In Smit, J. (ed.) Análise documentária: a análise da síntese. Brasilia: IBICT, pp. 99–111. Valle Gastaminza, F. Del (ed.) (1999) Manual de docu- Bibliography mentation fotográfica. Madrid: S’ntesis. Vilches, L. (1987) Teoría de la imagen periodística. Bellveser, E. (ed.) (1999) Manual de documentació Barcelona: Paidós. audiovisual en ràdio i televisió. Valencia: University of Valencia. Codina, L. (2000) El libro digital y la WWW. Madrid: Web Addresses for Image Banks Tauro. Codina, L. and Palma, M.V. (2001) Bancos de imágenes Corbis Traditional (http://www.corbis.com) y sonido y motores de indización en la WWW. Gettyimages (http://www.gettyimages.com) Revista Española de Documentation Científica, 24, Comstock (http://www.comstock.com) (3): 251–274. Agefotostock (http://www.agefotostock.com) Conesa, A. (2000) Documentación audiovisual en Footage (http://www.footage.net)

240 Managing the Electronic Collection with Cost per Use Data

Brinley Franklin Introduction

The pricing of networked electronic resources is still in its early stages of development. Libraries often purchase electronic journals differently than the traditional method of an annual subscription cost for a print journal. Despite promising recent initiatives like COUNTER (Counting Online Usage of Net- worked Electronic Resources),1 there has historically been too much variation in vendor usage reports to accurately compare cost per use data for electronic resources across vendors and publishers. Some libraries compute unit costs solely on the basis of subscription costs. Fewer libraries take a more comprehensive approach and compute the total cost to offer electronic collections to users.

Despite variations in pricing models for acquiring electronic journals and the lack of consistency to date in usage reports from vendors, the ability to measure usage of networked electronic resources holds great promise for librarians as a tool for measuring not just the usage of electronic resources, but also the unit cost Brinley Franklin is Vice Provost for of each database search or article view or download. This paper Libraries at the University of Con- reviews some of the early attempts to develop cost per use data necticut, USA. He is involved for electronic collections and discusses some of the ways libraries, nationally and internationally in consortia, and publishers can use unit cost information to make the assessment of academic management decisions. library performance. Brinley has chaired the Association of Research Libraries’ Statistics and Unit Costs of Electronic versus Print Journals Measurement Committee since 2003 and also serves on the IFLA To manage the transition from print to electronic journal collec- Standing Committee on Statistics tions successfully, library managers could examine how the unit and Evaluation, the National cost of electronic journal usage compares to print journal use. An Center for Education Statistics – American library, Drexel University Library in Philadelphia, Academic Libraries Statistics received funding from the US Institute of Museum and Library Advisory Committee, and the Services, beginning in 2000, to study the economic effects of its Association of College and library’s shift from print to electronic journals on staff and other Research Libraries Statistics costs.2 The Medical Branch Library of the University Library in Committee. He may be contacted Muenster, Germany studied the correlation of usage in the same at: University of Connecticut set of print and electronic journals and, in part, sought to deter- Libraries, 369 Fairﬁeld Road, mine the cost efﬁciencies of print and electronic journals.3 Storrs, CT 06269–2005 (USA), Tel. 001–860–486–2219, E-mail: By 2002, Drexel University had migrated to an almost exclusively [email protected]. electronic journal collection. In 1998, Drexel subscribed to 1710 print journals and 200 electronic journals. In 2002, it subscribed to 8600 electronic journals and 370 print journals. The Drexel University study is especially important because it considered all costs associated with journal subscriptions (i.e. the subscription price as well as operational costs). Operational costs included: space costs required to house print collections; systems costs (e.g., servers, workstations and software, including maintenance costs);

supplies and services (e.g., binding; security aggregated journal package, or a journal offered strips, printing); and staff costs. in a full-text database. In Drexel’s pricing model, only half the cost of a database was included Operational costs to service electronic journal since databases serve a larger function than just collections include compensation for staff whose providing the full text of journals. Drexel skills include licensing, managing the library’s reported subscription costs for the four different offerings in journal packages whose content may journal categories in 2002 as shown in Table 2. quickly change, implementing and maintaining journal linking software, and other staff costs not To determine unit cost information for print required in a print journal environment. Annual journal titles, Drexel maintained title-by-title re- operational costs for print and electronic journals shelving counts for bound and unbound journals at Drexel University were reported as shown in for four years. Electronic journal use was defined Table 1. as an article view, accessing an html file, or downloading a PDF file. Montgomery and King2 When determining e-journal subscription costs, noted that print and electronic use data are not Drexel found that pricing models and content directly comparable for several reasons. Most offered varied so significantly among different notably, print journal use based on re-shelving types of electronic journals that four electronic assumes only one article was referenced before journal subscription categories were established: it was re-shelved while each use of an article individual subscriptions; publishers’ packages; within the same electronic journal issue, even by aggregator journals; and full-text database the same user, is recorded as a distinct use. journals. Costs for electronic journals were based upon either individual subscription price or the To further compound matters, neither re- average cost per title in a publisher’s package, an shelving counts nor electronic use data received

Operational costs Electronic journals Current journals Bound journals USD USD USD Space 5,000 40,000 205,000 Systems 10,000 2,500 2,400 Supplies and services (2,000) 600 8,000 Staff 125,000 46,000 42,000 Total 138,000 90,000 258,000 Table 1. Drexel University: annual operational costs for print and electronic journals.

Journal category No. of titles Total cost Cost per title USD USD Print journals 370 38,000 100.00 Electronic journals Individual subscriptions 266 115,000 432.00 Publisher’s packages 2,500 334,000 134.00 Aggregator journals 480 29,000 60.00 Full-text databases 10,200 59,000 6.00 (non-unique) Unique electronic journals 8,600 537,000 62.00 Table 2. Drexel University: subscription costs for different journal categories, 2002.

242 Managing the E-Collection with Cost per Use Data

Journal type Recorded use Subscription Operational Total cost cost per use cost per use per use USD USD USD Print journals Current journals 15,000 2.50 6.00 8.50 Bound journals 9,000 n.a. 30.00 30.00 Total print journals 24,000 2.50 15.00 17.50 Electronic journals Individual subscriptions 23,000 3.20 0.45 3.65 Publisher’s packages 134,000 2.25 0.45 2.70 Aggregator journals 20,000 1.35 0.45 1.80 Full-text database journals 158,000 0.40 0.45 0.85 Total electronic journals 335,000 1.40 0.45 1.85

Table 3. Drexel University: cost per use by journal type (Montgomery and King2). from publishers reflect truly accurate counts of A subsequent study at the Medical Branch journal usage. Davis and others have written Library of the University Library in Muenster, why electronic use cannot be compared to print Germany also reported a significant difference in use, arguing that print journal use may be under- the unit cost of an electronic journal versus a estimated by as much as 80 percent and that print journal. One component of the study electronic journal use data reported by publish- reported by Obst in 20033 was to differentiate ers should be treated with skepticism.4 the cost efficiencies of print and online journals. Like Drexel, the ratio of print journals subscrip- Nevertheless, Montgomery and King presented tions to electronic subscriptions changed rapidly the following summary of cost per use by journal between 1998 and 2002. In 1998, the Medical type for those titles where usage data was avail- Branch Library subscribed to approximately 700 able as shown in Table 3. journals online and 800 print journals. In 2002, the Library offered 1400 journals online and Montgomery and King acknowledged that usage about 600 print journal subscriptions. In the data was problematic. They pointed out, Muenster study, print and online usage was however, that these large differences in unit compared for 270 journals for which both print costs were meaningful and reached the follow- and online versions were available to users. ing conclusions as a result of the Drexel Uni- versity study: The Muenster study only considered subscription costs. The definition of subscription costs • Operational cost per use for print journals has become problematic as vendors moved in (USD 15.00) was much greater than for elec- recent years from print subscriptions to print tronic journals (USD 0.45); plus optional electronic subscriptions to elec- • The highest cost per use (USD 30.00) was tronic plus optional print subscriptions. To associated with bound journals, given the cost account for subscription costs that included both to house them and their relatively low use; print and electronic journals, the Muenster study • Full-text database journals were used heavily included prices quoted by their publishers for an and were cost effective (at less than USD 1.00 exclusively print or electronic subscription. per use); and • Unit costs for publisher’s packages and aggre- Print usage data in the Muenster study was col- gator journals were more cost-effective than lected quite differently than in the Drexel study. individual subscriptions, but further investi- In the Muenster study, print usage data reflected gation of the use patterns within these total copy volume from which monograph copies packages is warranted. (25 percent) were subtracted. The net number of 243 Brinley Franklin

Publisher Print Print Print unit Online Online Online subscription usage cost subscription usage unit cost cost cost EUR EUR EUR EUR Academic 67,533 3,350 20.16 54,241 3,593 15.10 Blackwell 35,742 1,531 23.35 30,380 6,329 4.80 Elsevier 60,143 4,012 14.99 54,139 8,248 6.56 HighWire 8,984 3,223 2.79 8,086 25,975 0.31 Springer 85,335 1,679 50.82 76,801 20,346 3.77 Total 257,737 13,795 18.68 223,647 64,491 3.47 Table 4. Medical Branch Library, University of Muenster: costs of print and online journals, by publisher.

journal copies was then divided by ten (based on print and online costs were bundled, 75 percent a methodology adapted from Bauer)5 to estimate of the cost was assigned to e-journals and 25 the number of articles copied. percent to print journals. There were 1.4 million recorded uses of the articles contained in these The Muenster study reflects significant differ- electronic journals, yielding an average cost per ences in unit costs not just for print versus elec- article used of roughly USD 1.64. There was a tronic subscriptions, but also between publishers significant range of cost per article use among (see Table 4). the 26 publishers and aggregators, however. Cost per article used varied from USD 0.07 to USD The Muenster study demonstrated that, for titles 17.92; the median publisher/aggregator cost per included in the study, users not only accessed the article use was slightly more than USD 1.00. online version significantly more than the print version, but also, on average, the unit cost of an Forty-nine of the major electronic reference online usage was 5.38 times (EUR 18.68 / EUR databases to which the University of Virginia 3.47) less expensive than the unit cost of print subscribes cost approximately USD 550,000 journal usage. annually. These 49 databases were searched about 1.05 million times last year, yielding a USD 0.52 per search cost. The most heavily used Using Unit Cost Information for database was searched more than 270,000 times, Management Decisions at a per search cost of USD 0.08. An infrequently searched database had the highest per search To make comparisons between electronic cost (USD 16.68). resources for the purposes of collection development or content delivery to a particular constitu- A number of universities perform cost per use ency, individual libraries currently calculate a calculations in a similar way. Another American relatively straightforward cost per use figure for university, Western Carolina University, reported their networked electronic resource offerings the employment of cost per use data as “a based solely on subscription costs. The tempta- valuable decision-making tool during a periodi- tion to perform and employ this simple calcula- cal review cycle when the need arose for identi- tion seems appealing because the electronic fying a percentage of titles to cancel”.6 information environment yields a vast amount of easily manipulated usage information, particu- At the University of Connecticut, users down- larly for electronic journals, that the print loaded 180,521 articles from ScienceDirect in journal environment did not. calendar year 2003. The list price of the journals we offer our users through ScienceDirect was At the University of Virginia, electronic journals approximately USD 2 million in 2003. Con- provided by 26 publishers and aggregators cost sequently, it cost the University, on average and the University Library about USD 2.3 million in using list prices, about USD 11.00 per article subscription costs in fiscal year 2003. When download. Our actual cost per article download

244 Managing the E-Collection with Cost per Use Data was significantly less (about 60 percent of list A simple example like this provides a library price) because we did not pay Elsevier the list manager with various ways of looking at the price, but rather a capped price for our former rising cost of networked electronic resources. print subscription journals, plus a cross access The cost of these four databases increased by 8.3 fee for additional journals we did not subscribe percent in one year. The number of searches per- to in print, plus an electronic access fee. formed on these databases increased 3.7 percent during the same year. The unit cost per search in Our ScienceDirect cost per use varied from USD these databases increased on average by 4.3 0.57 for a journal with a list price of USD 635 percent from 2002 to 2003. The expanded that was used 1,121 times to USD 1,230 for a JSTOR database, whose price increased by the journal that was used once. Moreover, we found highest percentage, 33 percent, experienced a 57 that journals we had not subscribed to in the percent increase in use, and its cost per use went print environment were used fairly frequently down by USD 0.11, or 15 percent. when they became available as part of the ScienceDirect package and that some journals Libraries, of course, should not make retention we subscribed to in print were not heavily used decisions based solely on cost and usage infor- when offered electronically. Two physics mation. Based on this information, each Web of journals that we subscribed to in print, for Science search at the University of Connecticut example, with list prices that total about USD cost USD 2.17 and each WorldCat search cost 24,000, were used 41 times. Our second most USD 0.37 in fiscal year 2003. Based on its cost expensive journal was used more than 2,000 per search figure, WorldCat is less expensive. times, for a cost per use of about USD 9.00. Our Based on usage, Web of Science is more popular. most heavily used journal in Science Direct was Obviously these two databases offer significantly used 3,275 times in 2003, at a cost of about USD different content and cost per use comparisons 1.00 per use. do not reflect the value of these databases to University of Connecticut faculty and students. Librarians at the University of Connecticut can also rather easily determine the cost per search In fact, Townley and Murray, citing guidelines for many of our most heavily used databases for electronic resource selection developed by because we have subscription costs and usage Pratt, Flannery, and Perkins,7 assert that, in data readily available. This database comparison addition to usage data, qualitative measures such does not address the different content of these as assessments of content, relevancy, and use of networked electronic resources; it only features, should be used to make decisions on compares cost, usage, and the resulting cost per selection and retention of electronic infor- search figure for two consecutive years. This mation.8 In a similar vein, there are journal titles simple subscription cost per search calculation a library will always purchase, regardless of cost results in the following management information per use data, simply because the journal is criti- shown in Table 5. cally important for a key constituency.

Database 2002 2003 Searches Cost Cost per Searches Cost Cost per search search USD USD USD USD WorldCat 35,762 9,766 0.27 30,131 11,160 0.37 JSTOR 31,485 23,100 0.73 49,439 30,650 0.62 FirstSearch 14,736 9,380 0.64 13,700 6,375 0.47 Web of Science 72,040 135,270 1.88 66,420 144,039 2.17 Total 154,023 177,516 1.15 159,690 192,224 1.20 Table 5. University of Connecticut: search costs by database, 2002–2003. 245 Brinley Franklin

Publisher 2002 downloads Average price per use GBP USD Emerald 3,062,502 3.43 5.46 IOPP 3,093,655 2.88 4.58 Table 6. Cost per use data from two publishers, 2002.

At the January 2004 meeting of the Association Alliance members. Each library in the state is of Research Libraries (ARL) Survey Coordina- assigned a share of the total cost, based on their tors, the Executive Director of OhioLink, a large annual usage, with a USD 350 minimum. The library consortium serving libraries in the state ten libraries who are members of the Colorado of Ohio, reported that OhioLink analyzes cost Alliance of Research Libraries used these and usage data in a number of ways, particularly thirteen databases approximately 1.3 million by publisher. Title and vendor data are sorted by times in a recent fiscal year, which represented volume of use. Annual cost per search by title about 56 percent of the total state-wide use. and publisher is also calculated. Since OhioLink Their share of the total cost to subscribe was loads vendor products on its own servers, its consequently 56 percent and it consequently usage data is arguably more reliable and compar- cost each Alliance member about USD 0.25 for able than vendor-provided use data. OhioLink each use of these databases. has collected data for the last five years, enabling consortial managers to determine if product use As much as librarians may dislike the idea, in our is consistent or varied. When OhioLink and current information world we are co-dependent other consortia renew their license agreements, on publishers and aggregators. Publishers may they can posture and negotiate based on usage also take a ‘cost per use’ view of the world and, and cost per use management information. The when they do, it can look like the following pub- pricing practices of publishers whose total con- lisher-supplied data.9 sortial cost per download is significantly higher than other publishers can be questioned, as can From this perspective, Emerald and the Institute vendors whose prices increase faster than usage. of Physics Publishing (IOPP) counted use as the download or printing of an article. The price per Another consortium member reported at the use from the publisher’s perspective was calcu- same ARL meeting that cost per use data was lated by dividing their annual online revenue used to cancel specific journal titles after negoti- (derived from site licenses, consortium deals, ations with a publisher for their package of elec- pay-per-view traffic and 50 percent of the tronic journals broke down. Faculty who might revenue from their print journals) in 2002 by the have previously argued the value of subscribing total number of downloads. Half of the revenue to all of the journal titles in the package report- from print journal subscriptions was included edly supported canceling the full package in because both publishers offer online access to favor of subscribing to selected electronic print journal subscriptions. journal titles when they were shown some of the cost per use data for titles that were ultimately Thus, we see that publishers, by considering all cancelled. related revenues, are taking a more comprehensive approach to average price per use than The Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries is libraries and consortia typically do when they an American consortium of academic and public calculate unit costs based solely on subscription libraries in two states, Colorado and Wyoming. costs. It offers its members several electronic collections through a statewide database purchase. The Alliance’s share of the statewide purchase is Conclusion calculated based on its share of total use. The state’s cost of subscribing to the thirteen data- This paper has reviewed some of the pioneering bases that comprise the package is roughly USD efforts to develop cost per use data for electronic 600,000 a year. The databases are then offered collections. It has noted some of the problems to more than 100 libraries, ten of which are inherent in measuring print and electronic 246 Managing the E-Collection with Cost per Use Data journal usage, whether by title, publisher, search, per use data, commercial document delivery article download, or some other variable. It has charges, and institutional interlibrary loan/ shared some of the analyses that libraries and document delivery costs provide library consortia currently undertake to make and managers with cost per use comparisons that review collection development decisions for the were not readily accessible in the print journal electronic collection comprised of e-journals environment. and databases and has taken a brief look at cost per use data from a publisher’s perspective. Secondly, we can anticipate that electronic journal use data will become more reliable. A number of trends begin to emerge for library COUNTER released its first Code of Practice in managers to consider. First, as John Cox January 2003. While the Director of HighWire cautions in the title of his article, ‘Don’t Confuse Press feels that stopping at the requirements of Price With Value’, librarians need to remember COUNTER compliance would fail to provide that commercial publishers undoubtedly know “useful and/or interesting information that which of their journals are considered invaluable fell outside the COUNTER specification,”10 or indispensable in a given field. For these COUNTER is important in that it represents an journals, a relatively inelastic market and pricing international effort, reinforced by compliance structure is at work. At the University of Con- audits, that involves librarians, publishers, sub- necticut, for example, Brain Research is our scription agents, and other stakeholders in a second highest price journal subscription. Its coordinated effort. The HighWire Press con- cost per use, however, at USD 9.12 per tinues to provide users with “extra-COUNTER download, is exceeded by about two-thirds of information above and beyond COUNTER com- the titles we receive through ScienceDirect. pliance”, but it is also COUNTER compliant. While the list price of Brain Research (about USD 20,000 annually) remains difficult to grasp, Lastly, library managers can learn from the in fact there are many other Elsevier journals at pioneering cost study performed at Drexel Uni- the University of Connecticut that we subscribed versity. The operating costs in the print environ- to in the print environment that appear to yield ment, even for current year subscriptions, less value for the price. In the print environment, typically exceed the subscription cost. The oper- price, prestige, and perceived need largely influ- ational costs for electronic journals on average enced collection decisions. In the electronic represented only about 25 percent of the total environment, librarians may be seeing more cost per use (USD 0.45 of USD 1.85) and only tangible evidence of actual value for the price full-text database journals (which were used paid. heavily and appeared to be very cost effective) had a higher operational cost per use than sub- The University of Connecticut Libraries are also scription cost per use. We can expect lower oper- finding that some of the journals we subscribed ating costs in the electronic journal environment to in the print environment do not receive as than we experienced in the print environment. much use as journals we did not subscribe to once we offer broader access to journals through Librarians strive to connect users with infor- publisher and aggregator packages. Some mation they seek to satisfy their information journals whose prices seemed preposterous in needs. Certainly cost per use data needs to be the absence of use data seem more reasonable in studied over a period of time to smooth out fluc- the context of cost per use. Other reasonably tuations. Decisions should not be made on cost priced journals, which survived earlier print per use data alone. Nevertheless, recent and journal cancellation projects, now seem expend- emerging trends in the utilization of cost per use able given their low-recorded use. Granted, we data to manage electronic collections hold had to be more selective in the print environ- tremendous potential for libraries to increasingly ment than libraries with a greater number of employ improving cost and use data to support print subscriptions. Given our purchasing collection development and management history, the data we now have available raises decisions and better serve our user populations. important questions about our previous selection policies. Acknowledgements Different libraries can be expected to have differ- The author is grateful for the assistance provided ent findings when they employ cost per use by Jim Self at the University of Virginia, George statistics. Nevertheless, electronic journal cost Machovec at the Colorado Alliance of Research

247 Brinley Franklin

Libraries and Deborah Sanford at the University Zeitschriftenkonzept. Zeitschriftenevaluierung an of Connecticut for providing unpublished cost der Zentralbibliothek fur Medizin in Wien, and use data presented in this paper. The author Mitteilungen der VOB, 51 (2): 42–52. would also like to thank Terry Plum from the 6. Sennyey, Pongracz, Gillian D. Ellern and Nancy Newsome. (2002) Collection development and a Simmons Graduate School of Library and long–term periodical use study: methodology and Information Science for reviewing the paper and implications. Serials Review, 28 (1): 38–44. suggesting improvements. Any mistakes, mis- 7. Pratt, Gregory F., Patrick Flannery and Cassandra representations, or other errors are, of course, L.D. Perkins. (1996) Guidelines for Internet the author’s. resource selection. College and Research Libraries News. 57 (March): 134–135. 8. Townley, Charles T. and Leigh Murray. (1998/1999) Notes Use-based criteria for selecting and retaining electronic information: a case study. Information 1. www.projectCounter.org. Technology and Libraries, 18 (1): 32–39. 2. Montgomery, Carol Hanson and Donald W. King. 9. Cox, John. (2004) Don’t confuse price with value – Comparing library and user related costs of print in academic publishing, electronic is better. Against and electronic journal collections: a first step the Grain, 15 (6): 92–3. towards a comprehensive analysis. D-Lib Magazine, 10. Sack, John. (2003/2004) The beginning of value 8 (10) (October 2002). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/ assessment: usage information in the e-journal age. october02/montgomery/10montgomery.html. Against the Grain, 15 (6): 36–40. 3. Obst, Oliver. (2003) Patterns and cost of printed and online journal usage. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 20: 22–32. Original paper no. 098 presented at the World Library 4. Davis, Philip M. (2002) Patterns in electronic and Information Congress, 70th IFLA General Con- journal usage: challenging the composition of ference, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 20–27 August 2004, in geographic consortia. College and Research Session no. 125, Statistics and Evaluation with Uni- Libraries, 63 (6): 484–497. versity Libraries. English original and French and 5. Bauer, B. (1998) Eine Benutzungserhebung als Spanish translations available on IFLANET at Entscheidungshilfe fur ein langfristiges http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/prog04.htm.

248 Images and Sounds in Uruguay

Samira Sambaíno Introduction

Uruguay is situated to the southeast of South America. It has a total area of 176,215 square kilometres and borders to the north and the northeast with Brazil and to the south and south-east with the River Plate. To the west, the Uruguay River separates it from Argentina. Uruguay has a total population of 3,399,438 inhabitants, of whom 45 percent reside in Montevideo, the capital. Montevideo is the social, cultural, economic and ﬁnancial center of the country.

In a nation whose independence was declared in 1825, everything is ‘new’. In this rising country, the population is constituted by European immigrants who emigrated to these latitudes for various reasons. They brought their customs, their music and their beliefs, and still continue the bonds with their countries of origin. The Samira Sambaíno was Assistant Uruguayan settlers take as an example the culture and customs of Professor of Audiovisual Materials Europe (especially France), and travel to get to know the ‘old con- at the University School of Librar- tinent’. ianship in Uruguay from 1997– 2004 and has also worked at the This context contributes to the emerging and interchanging of National Library and university diverse interests, curiosities and disciplines in Montevideo, a libraries. She currently works both cosmopolitan city and port. Technological developments and as a consultant and at the YMCA events in the country go hand in hand with what happens at a College of Physical Education. worldwide level. For example, the daguerreotype was invented in She has undertaken research into August 1839 and the ﬁrst daguerreotype in Montevideo was taken the evaluation of multimedia on on 29 February 1840. Exhibitions of early ﬁlms are usual and they the Internet and metadata for are incorporated into the national culture. Still and moving images on the Internet, has pre- images and sound were present in Uruguay from its beginning. sented conference papers on This background provides the context for the operations of the evaluating information on the institutions described below – institutions which aim to collect Internet and the use of open and preserve the audiovisuals that constitute the heritage of the source software in libraries, and country. Although other institutions possess images and sounds given courses on open source in their archives, those described in this paper stand out because and digital libraries. She is a of their national roles, such as the National Image Archive member of the Uruguayan Librarian Association, the American Library Association and the IFLA Sections on Audiovisual and Multimedia, Information Technology and Latin American and the Caribbean. She may be contacted at e-mail: ssambain@ internet.com.uy.

Figure 1. Door of the Citadel (Montevideo), 1868. (Source: AFMVD–IMM)

(Archivo Nacional de la Imagen) and the Museum of the Word (Museo de la Palabra), whose commitment is to compile and conserve still and moving images in the ﬁrst case, and voice recordings in the second case. The paper focuses on the collections and their preservation, showing how the institutions work and what are their difﬁculties and advantages.

The National Image Archive

Introduction Figure 2. 18 de Julio Avenue (Montevideo), s.d. The National Image Archive has among its (Source: AFMVD–IMM) assignments to preserve and make available those still and moving images which are con- Collections sidered as a documentary record of the cultural heritage of the country. The collections basically comprise still images (photographs) and moving images (films and The Archive had a long history before starting its video recordings), but also include documen- current activities and becoming dependent on the tation on the cinema in different formats, such Official Service of Diffusion, Radiotelevision and as books and pamphlets, periodical publications, Shows (Servicio Oficial de Difusión, Radio- press releases, posters, etc. televisión y Espectáculos – SODRE), which is related to the Ministry of Education and Culture. The photographic archive contains approxi- Its present denomination arose in 1985 after an mately 75,000 glass negatives and 25,000 cellu- internal reconstruction of SODRE. It currently loid negatives. Some of them are unique in the comprises two divisions: the Photo and Cinema country and recreate social and cultural events Division and the Cinema Art Department. and political and historical facts from 1870 to the decade of the 1960s. From that decade on, The Photo and Cinema Division was created in the material covers the activities of SODRE, 1912 as the Photograph Section of the Office of such as music and musicians, dance, shows, etc. Exhibitions of the Ministry of Industry. Its collection mainly comprises photographs and The collection of moving images contains a total films created by the institution itself; it was of 5,000 national feature films and short films, as enlarged by the acquisition of an important well as international films, in 35mm and 16mm private collection from John FitzPatrick, an out- format. It also includes 1,500 video recordings standing photographer of that time. Later, it was (U-Matic and VHS). The collection recreates transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, different periods of the cinema at national and and then in 1935 to the Ministry of Public international level, and also includes edu- Instruction and Social Security, with the name cational and documentary films in 16mm and ‘Photo and Cinema Division’. On 30 November VHS formats. The Archive owns silent films con- 1960, by means of law Nº 12.801, it was finally sidered as classics. Some of these films are incorporated into SODRE. unique documents and have been used by important film archives for the recovery of The Cinema Art Department was created on 16 famous films of the European cinema. An December 1943 by resolution of the SODRE example of this is the existence in the archive of Council, becoming what is now the oldest the only colored example of the German film cinema archive in Latin America. Its purpose is ‘The Cabinet of Doctor Caligari’ from 1919 (con- to document and study the origin, progress and sidered the first film of German Expressionism) evolution of cinematographic art, to preserve which made possible the restoration, with the films of historical value and to exhibit and make original colors, of the copies that are circulating available the information to the specialists and throughout the world at this moment. the general public. In the 1950s the Cinema Art Department came to be considered a leader of Donations from private and public institutions cinematographic activity in the continent. have helped to enlarge the collection. A really

250 Images and Sounds in Uruguay

importance of the film within the collection, establishes the priorities in the subsequent procedures. Avoiding the decomposition of the films is one of the greatest concerns of the Archive. To achieve this, regular checks of the collection are carried out (reviewing the complete collection takes nearly 2 years of uninterrupted work). The cleaning and minimum restoration of the films are done in the laboratory.

Considering that restoration is very expensive, the Archive tries, for non-Uruguayan films, to obtain international cooperation through agree- Figure 3. 18 de Julio Avenue (Montevideo), 1892. ments with other similar institutions. Special (Source: AFMVD–IMM) mention should be made of the agreement with the Cineteca di Bologna that allowed the valuable contribution was made by Fernando restoration of the Archive’s most valuable collec- Pereda, who donated his private collection of tion, namely, the collection donated by Pereda more than 500 titles which included the begin- referred to above. nings of the European silent cinema (short films and feature films). Also included are the first For Uruguayan films, subsidies have been feature films and silent films – mainly documen- obtained from the International Federation of taries – by Carlos Alonso, that show the social Film Archives (FIAF), the Spanish Agency of life of the provinces of the country. International Cooperation (AECI) and the Inter- American Development Bank (BID). In this case, priority is given to films of excellent docu- Working Procedures, Preservation and mentary value; items recovered under this Facilities arrangement include, for example, the Assump- The procedures of the Photo and Cinema tion Speech of the President of Uruguay, Tomás Division include the cleaning of the base of the Berreta (1947) and the historical meeting glass negatives with isopropyl alcohol and between Presidents Perón of Argentina and careful work on the emulsion. Batlle Berres of Uruguay in 1948.

The next step is the digitization of the photo- In cooperation with a private institution, the graphs. The copies are retouched using digitiza- Uruguayan Cinema Library (Cinemateca tion software, improving scratch problems, etc., Uruguaya), the film ‘The Small Hero of the but respecting the original content. The digitized Stream of Gold’ (1929) has been recovered. This copies are saved on compact discs. is considered one of the best films produced in Uruguay and the last one belonging to the After digitization, the photographs are stored in Uruguayan silent cinema. a depot located in SODRE, specially supplied with air conditioning, a dehumidifier and temperature and humidity measuring devices, in order to maintain them under constant environmental conditions.

For the description of the items, a primary inventory is made in an electronic spreadsheet with the name of the collection, description of the content and a number indicating the location. In 2004, after the installation of WinISIS software and the adjustment of the databases, the technical processing of the photographs began.

Work with moving images is conducted in a similar way. First, the degree of decomposition is Figure 4. 18 de Julio Avenue (Montevideo), 1932. veriﬁed. This condition, combined with the (Source: AFMVD–IMM) 251 Samira Sambaíno

In all cases, the Archive makes a safety film (of At present, the lack of economic resources, and acetate) from the nitrate films. Then the safety especially the lack of specialized personnel to film is treated against vinegar syndrome, fungi, perform the diverse assigned functions, is a loss of color, etc. The next step is to store the film serious problem. An archive with these charac- in a depot located in SODRE, specially con- teristics requires interdisciplinary work from structed in accordance with international speci- personnel specialized in diverse areas fications of security (retaining wall, double wall, (librarians, archivists, photographers, historians, etc.) and with suitable environmental conditions art critics, etc.) (air conditioning, temperature and humidity controlling devices, etc.) Services This building, located in the surroundings of The services provide by the National Image Channel 5 (National Television System), was Archive include: constructed after a great fire that occurred on 18 September 1971 and which destroyed the audi- • Access to the photographic and cinemato- torium of SODRE, where the Archive was graphic collections for the general public and located and the films were stored. Ironically, the researchers. collection of the Archive survived this fire, but in • Consultation of the Documentation Center. January 1974 it was almost completely destroyed • Consultation of the Video Library, which by spontaneous combustion. The collection is includes material in U-Matic and VHS being reconstructed by donations from film formats. library colleagues in FIAF, from individuals (for • Photograph Reproduction Service, in digital example the Fernando Pereda collection) and format or on photographic quality paper. from distributors, and also through exchange • Film Reproduction Service. with colleague institutions. • Access to the Viewing Room, where 35mm, 16mm, Super 8 and VHS projections can be A small part of the collection (nitrate films) is viewed. conserved in a depot belonging to the • Loan of educational and documentary films. Uruguayan Cinema Library, with whom an • Special Exhibitions Series. Programs of agreement has been made for this purpose. regular series of films and video recordings at the SODRE Auditorium. Another procedure is the recording of inventory • Publications. For example the collection details of the films in an electronic spreadsheet ‘Images’, published in 10 volumes, comprises with minimum data input such as title and more than 1,000 photographs and illustrations location. from the Archive, offering a graphical view of the country from 1516 to 1984. For the accomplishment of its objectives, the • Support to publications on national cinema. Archive also maintains a Documentation Center • Museum of Film Devices, where professional (with a specialized library and newspapers and and domestic cinematographic equipment is current periodicals), a Viewing Room and a exhibited (cameras, viewers, sound recorders, Museum of the Cinema. projectors, etc.).

Figure 5. English Temple (Montevideo), 1917. Figure 6. Port of Montevideo, 1931. (Source: (Source: AFMVD–IMM) AFMVD–IMM)

252 Images and Sounds in Uruguay

Projects Current projects of the National Image Archive include:

• Digitization of the collection of photographs. It is intended to continue with the digitization in progress and obtaining funds to achieve continuity. • Computer processing of the collections, which began in 2004. The lack of resources (economic and human) conspires against this project.

Figure 7. Carnival Parade (Montevideo), 1935. (Source: AFMVD–IMM) The Museum of the Word Collection The collection is made up of recordings of the Introduction voices of Uruguayans, or of foreign personalities The Museum of the Word has among its objec- closely related to Uruguay, who are relevant in tives to compile and conserve the voices of out- different areas like politics, literature, music, standing personalities at both national and history, and science and technology. international level. It was created as ‘Archive of the Word’ on 23 November 1959 by resolution The main way of increasing the collection is by Nº 33.106 of the Board of Directors of SODRE. obtaining the recordings corresponding to the It works within the orbit of the Radio Direc- programs broadcasted by SODRE Radio. Also torate of SODRE. However, its history begins contributing to increasing it are donations from before that date. If we go back to the creation of individuals and institutions like the ‘Archivo de SODRE, which begins with CX6 radio, we can la Palabra de Madrid’ (Madrid Word Archive), say that the preservation of recorded sound was and exchanges with other national or inter- among its original functions. The idea of creating national radios, like the ‘Radio de la Universidad this archive was also the result of the sensitivity de La Plata’ (University of La Plata Radio). of some operators from SODRE Radio, who visualized, when transmitting programs with Voices like those of Juan Zorrilla de San Martín, educational purposes, the importance of con- Juan José Morosoli, Juan Ramón Jiménez, serving this most valuable material for future Santiago Ramon y Cajal, Miguel de Unamuno, generations. As a consequence, the Archive was Pablo Neruda, Gabriela Mistral and Jorge Luis founded, taking as a source of reference a similar Borges are kept with great care. Also, the institution in Madrid. Assumption Speeches of the Presidents of Uruguay from 1938 to date are conserved. Since then the Museum has gone through several stages. In the ﬁrst stage the material was At the moment approximately 900 voices are exclusively for internal use, in other words, it stored on more than 2,000 magnetic tapes com- was used for the programming of the insti- prising 450 recording hours and on 250 compact tutional radio. Between 1965 and 1985 it discs comprising 295 recording hours. remained closed due to internal matters of the institution. It reopened in 1985 with its present Working Procedures, Preservation and denomination, Musem of the Word, but with a Facilities different concept from the original one: to make the material available to the general public. In When a sound recording arrives at the Museum 1999 several efforts were made to know the real the quality of the audio is veriﬁed and the condition of the collection. First, an exhaustive recording is examined to assess the condition of data collection process was carried out and the the material. In spite of this routine activity, the collection was processed and entered in a Museum does not have the technical equipment database. Nowadays the whole collection is in a for the restoration of the recordings, if it were database. necessary. If the recording is damaged and

253 Samira Sambaíno

• Free reproduction service of Voices from the Museum.

Projects • To publicize the ‘Museo de la Palabra’ including offering internships to students of communication science from the University of the Republic. • To extend and update the material available by hiring advanced students from different careers offering scholarships.

The Special Collections Section of the National Library

Introduction The National Library opened on 26 May 1816 as Figure 8. Mrs Rosa Luna, Carnival Parade a public library. It works within the orbit of the (Montevideo), 1964. (Source: AFMVD–IMM) Ministry of Education and Culture, and its objectives include the compilation and conservation of the documents that constitute the heritage of considered of value for the Museum, it is kept, the country. awaiting the time, in the near future, when it will be able to be restored. The Special Collections Section (Sección Materiales Especiales) has the objectives of com- If the recording is in good condition, its data are piling and conserving documents with ‘special’ verified, first by confirming that the recorded features. The Section was created in the 1960s voice corresponds to the right person and and maintains a Bibliographic Museum, the secondly by confirming or, if necessary, adding, cultural wealth of which was enriched with data on date, place and reason for the speech. important collections of incunabula, rare books, Data like name, year, description, duration, letters and essays of voyages, scores, maps, location in the recording and physical location plans, engravings, watercolours, photographs, in the Museum are entered in a database for later old coins and medals which were incorporated recovery. in the institution by purchase or donation.

Later, digitization is carried out: the recording is ﬁrst copied to the computer and then recorded on compact disc. All the collection is digitized in WAV, using MP3 for backup copies.

Finally, originals and copies are placed in a storeroom. This is not properly prepared for the correct preservation of the materials, but in spite of this, an attempt is made to preserve minimum environmental conditions by maintaining a regular temperature.

Services • Access to the sound recordings collection of the Museum by the general public and specialists. • Search by author, year or description in the Figure 9. Pepino’s “Murga”, Carnival Parade automated catalogue. (Montevideo), 1965. (Source: AFMVD–IMM) 254 Images and Sounds in Uruguay

Collection Working Procedures, Preservation and Facilities The Special Collections Section of the Library includes a number of valuable materials such as The treatment varies in accordance with the audiodiscs (115), audiocassettes (106) and audio material being processed. In general, once the compact discs, original watercolours (1,100), material arrives by some of the ways previously illustrations (2,700), drawings and posters described, the verification of its existence in the (10,214), engravings (1,398), postcards (20,000), catalogue begins and it is then stamped and the slides (1,600), photographic prints (46,276), inventory made. photographic negatives (500), glass negatives (1,440), glass stereographic images (40), non- After that, the technical processing takes place. glass stereographic images (222, 38 national and All the materials are catalogued according to the 184 foreign), daguerreotypes (2), films (10), Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules and indexed video recordings, objects, scores (2,200), maps using the Subject Heading List of the Pan- and plans (2,000), old coins (3,491), medals American Union. Some documents are classified (3,973), microforms, books (7,800), pamphlets by the United States Library of Congress (3,500), magazines (243 titles), newspapers and Classification System, others are assigned a historical manuscripts (315 bound volumes). sequential number. Since 2002 the information is entered in different databases for maps, photo- The collection is increased through purchase, graphs and illustrations. exchange, donation or legal deposit. Nowadays, most of the collection is acquired through Later, the storage process takes place, taking donations. The collection includes many unique into account the advice of the Binding and Book items. Pathology Sections of the National Library. The Special Collections Section has dehumidifiers The photograph collection is the biggest within and temperature and humidity control devices. the Section and includes photographs from the end of the 19th century to the present, as well as In order to fulfil its objectives, the Section has the daguerreotypes mentioned above. The close relations with other sections of the Library, collection of photographs of the War of the like Cataloguing, Classification, the Uruguay Triple Alliance stands out among the others Room and the Micrographic Center. The digitiz- (1865–1870). It is important to remark that in ation work takes place in the Micrographic 1990 the collection grew thanks to the acquisi- Center. tion of a large amount of photographs of Uruguay which show costumes and customs, places and activities of the country from about Services the middle of the 20th century. • Access to the catalogues of books and pamphlets, maps and plans, photographs, etc. • Customer service. This is restricted to researchers registered as such with the Library due to the value of the materials. • Loan service in the Reading Room. The room is equipped with tables of different sizes to facilitate the consulting of maps and other types of material. There is also a microfilm reader to access microfilmed publications and a CD-ROM reader for publications in that format. Reproductions are provided when available, in order to preserve the originals. • Reproduction service. This provides digitized copies of requested materials in hard copy or on compact disc.

Products of the National Library include publications on CD-ROM such as ‘Ancient Monte- Figure 10. Ramírez Beach (Montevideo), 1916. video: photographs from the capital of (Source: AFMVD–IMM) Uruguay in the golden era’ – a compilation of

255 Samira Sambaíno

Figure 11. Pocitos Promenade (Montevideo), 1940. (Source: AFMVD–IMM) Figure 12. Constitution Square (Montevideo), s.d. (Source: ANI) approximately 80 photographs from 1920 to 1930 – and ‘Besnes Irigoyen Work in the actual state for future generations through National Library’, showing the work in water- photography. colour of this Spanish artist depicting the customs of the time he lived in Montevideo, The AFMVD experienced important changes in from 1809 to 1865. 2003. One was the move to its present location that makes the daily work easier; the other was Projects the creation of the Municipal Photograph Center (CMDF) as a space that intends to exhibit, Digitization of the collection. This project • promote and diffuse photography and to carry began at the end of 2002 and is still in out research. progress. Photos, watercolours, manuscripts, maps, plans, etc. are digitized, giving priority In the new facilities, and working in a coordi- to the collections that are at risk or to which nated and complementary way with the CMDF, access is limited for security reasons. Other the Archive has obtained an improvement in the materials are digitized at the request of users. achievement of its goals, mainly those related to diffusing the material it owns. For the accomplishment of its objectives, it counts on special- The Montevideo Photographic Archive ized personnel like archivists, photographers and investigators. Introduction Collection The ‘Archivo Fotográﬁco de Montevideo’ (AFMVD) is a dependency of the Municipality Its collection is considered one of the most of Montevideo and was created in 1915. important of the country in terms of quality and quantity. The photographs show the cultural life Its objectives are: of Montevideo from 1865 until now. An aspect to be emphasized is the extreme concern of the • to conserve and preserve in suitable con- Archive to assign photographers in order to ditions the collection of glass negatives; document the present situation of the city, like • to digitize the collection to ensure the perma- its avenues, transport, buildings and typical nence of the images in another format; customs such as the carnival, with its ‘candombe’ • to promote and spread the images as widely as and ‘murgas’, the tango, soccer, the Montevideo possible in order to make them common Promenade, the port and the Old City, beaches cultural property; and many other features. The Archive possesses • to allow professionals of different disciplines 35,000 negatives, the majority in glass and some easy access to the images for research and to in polyester, and 4,000 slides. respond to the demands of the general public; • to create an image bank of the present to safe- A complete registration is maintained making guard the knowledge of Montevideo in its good access to the collection possible. The 256 Images and Sounds in Uruguay digitization process began in 1998 and with the installation of Cumulus software to create a data base of images and descriptions, users can make their own searches by subject or by year. Nowadays more than 9,000 photographs – 5,000 old and 4,000 current – can be searched and viewed using this software.

Working Procedures, Preservation and Facilities To ensure better organization of the work, the AFMVD divides the collection into two main Figure 13. Soccer World Cup (Montevideo), 1930. periods, namely, the Historical Archive (from (Source: ANI) 1865 to 1970) and Present Memory (1971 to date). The next step is digitization. The process of The Historical Archive increases its collection digitization began in 1998 with the aim of con- through donations from individuals or insti- serving the originals and making the collection tutions. It also campaigns to obtain donations or more accessible. The negatives are digitized in the possibility of copying photographs of value TIFF format in 16-bit gray scale, at 60 x 40 cm. for the collection. with 300 dpi definition, where each image size can be 65 Mb. In this first copy the original Recovering a city it is not only improving its characteristics of the photograph are kept; it is streets, its public squares or its drainage: digitized as the original, with existing signs of recovering a city is also recovering its deterioration like scratches, stains, breaks, etc. memory. For this reason the Municipality of From that copy a version named ‘copy of use’ is Montevideo, through its Photographic made, where these imperfections are covered up, Archive, is preserving since 1998 the most taking care to conserve the content of the photo- important photographic collection of our graph. For the Archive web page these images city. To achieve this, we are digitizing more are converted to 768 x 756 pixels and 72 dpi. than 30,000 photographs of old Monte- video, assuring a suitable conservation of Immediately after digitization, the negatives are the originals and allowing fast and easy stored in a chamber specially equipped for their access to those who wish to consult the conservation. The chamber has a dehumidifier images. and temperature and humidity control devices which are verified daily to assure that the tem- We invite you to reconstruct together the perature does not vary from 24º C and the collective memory of Montevideo. If you humidity does not exceed 50 percent. The nega- have negatives or old photographs do not tives are conserved in metal cabinets in the dispose of them, donate them to our chamber. Previously they were stored individu- heritage. In the Archive we have the space, ally on acid free paper and grouped by size. The the suitable technology and equipment for paper used is a photocopy paper analyzed by the its safe conservation. If you do not want to Faculty of Science, as the one with the most release those photographs, let us conserve a neutral Ph available on the local market. copy so that those Uruguayans and citizens of Montevideo who don’t know that part of With the material already digitized, the images our past, can do it.1 are classified and the information then entered in the Cumulus database. After this first classifi- After making a selection of the photographs, the cation, a historical investigation of the images is material goes to the Cleaning Room where pre- made in collaboration with researchers, and this ventive conservation is carried out. Manual information is also entered in the database. cleaning of the glass negatives with tissue paper When this process is finished, the images are and isopropyl alcohol is done, cleaning the base ready to be sold to the public, inserted in the side with great care and paying attention to not institutional web page or used for exhibitions, to touch the emulsion. talks, etc.

257 Samira Sambaíno

The collection named Present Memory operates • Photographers Fair. This takes place three within the orbit of the CMDF and is mainly sup- times a year (May, September and December), ported by information recovered from the and provides an opportunity for photogra- memory of the city neighbourhoods. This is done phers to show – and possibly sell – their work. within the Project ‘Nosotros’ (‘Us’) which tries to • Photograph Reproduction Service. Sale of record changes in the city, events, public works copies on photographic quality paper. of the Municipality of Montevideo, etc. from the people’s point of view – in other words, photo- Products of the Archive include: a CD-ROM graphs that people can feel as their own and publication ‘Impressions of a Century’ contain- with which they also feel they can identify. This ing 225 photographs in 15 subject groups of 15 is done by visiting neighbourhoods one by one photos each, and images of the Archive in poster in order to make contact with the community to format (until now six have been published). get them involved and provide their photographs and experiences to the collection. After this, if it Projects is considered that some aspects have not been covered, photographers take the pictures needed • Access to the catalogue of digitized images to ﬁll the gaps. The research is complemented through the Internet, by year or by subject, with oral heritage by interviewing relevant with the possibility of purchasing them. The people of the neighbourhood. creation of the ‘Primer Sala Exclusiva de Fotografía’ (First Exclusive Photography The photographs are processed in the same way Room), with the aim of having a place where as those in the Historical Archive, but these the work generated by the AFMVD and the photographs are not for sale to the general CMDF is shown, as well as works from excel- public. lent photographers. It also includes the possibility of having Satellite Rooms in order to show the photographs in different neighbour- Services hoods of Montevideo. • Consultation of the historical collection • ‘Proyecto Espacio Memoria Audiovisual’ (general public and researchers). (Audiovisual Memory Space Project). Its • Search by subject or by year in the catalogue purpose is to organize, digitize, preserve and of digitized images. facilitate access to the important historical • Permanent exhibition room of historical and cultural collection from the video library photographs and photographs by contempor- of City TV, a television channel belonging to ary photographers. the Municipality of Montevideo. This • Historical exhibitions of old photographs. ambitious project was recently submitted to • Promotion and dissemination of photographic the municipal authorities, and its implementa- activities. tion will depend on obtaining the support of • ‘Fotoviaje’ (Phototrip) – a project of didactic public and private institutions, as well as inter- visits for pupils and students. national organizations.

To Conclude

Uruguay has a long tradition of conservation and preservation of still and moving images and sounds as a means of cultural expression and of showing the national identity. ‘New media’ are quickly incorporated by Uruguayans as their own. Interest is shown, not only by the creation of documents, but also by the people, when the media are used as means of entertainment or to express ideas.

Nevertheless, the history of our usage and Figure 14. Meeting between Presidents Perón of customs, documented in these formats, faces Argentina and Batlle Berres of Uruguay (River certain risks today. These risks are generated by Plate), 1948. (Source: ANI) the intrinsic vulnerability of the materials, but

258 Images and Sounds in Uruguay also emerge from the institutions. In some cases Information about the Institutions the failure of the authorities to value this docu- Archivo Fotográfico de Montevideo (Montevideo Photo- mentation contributes to the increasing degrada- graphic Archive) tion of the services. Conditions of work are Address: San José 1360, CP 11.100, Montevideo, Uruguay. minimum, and often adverse. Lack of material Telephone: (598–2) 1950 ext.1113. E-mail: afmvd@ and specialized human resources has been con- prensa.imm.gub.uy. Web page: http://www.montevideo. stantly present in recent years. gub.uy/fotografia/index.html. Arch. Susana Banfi: In charge of the AFMVD and the Digitization Project. The difficulties are many, but always present is Phot. Daniel Sosa: In charge of CMDF and the Digitiza- the desire to confront adversity and to obtain, tion Project. through cooperation or subsidies, small but important achievements. Nevertheless, these Archivo Nacional de la Imagen (National Image specific efforts help, but do not solve, deeper Archive) problems. When speaking to the people who Address: Sarandí 430–450 P.1, CP 11.000, Montevideo, work in these services, one can feel the con- Uruguay. sciousness, enthusiasm and affection they have Telephone: (598–2) 9155493. Fax: (598–2) 9163240. E-mail: [email protected]. towards their work, to continue showing us the Juan José Mugni: Director of the National Image images and sounds from Uruguay . . . and from Archive. the whole world. Sección Materiales Especiales de la Biblioteca Nacional (Special Collections Section of the National Library) References Address: 18 de Julio 1790, CP 11.400, Montevideo, 1. Intendencia Municipal de Montevideo. La memoria Uruguay. de la ciudad. [online]. Montevideo: IMM, 2004 [cited Telephone: (598–2) 4030346. in June 2004]. Available on Internet: http://www. Lic. Mabel Batto: Sub Directress of the National Library. montevideo.gub.uy/fotografia/inicio/inicio.htm Lic. Adriana de León: Head of the Special Collections Section. Lic. Inés Nessi: Librarian of the Special Collections Bibliography Section.

Biblioteca Nacional (Uruguay). (1997) Biblioteca Museo de la Palabra (Museum of the Word) Nacional: historia, organización, servicios. 3a. ed. Address: Sarandí 450 P.4, CP 11.000, Montevideo, Montevideo: Biblioteca Nacional. 25 p. Uruguay. Biblioteca Nacional (Uruguay). (2002) Rutina de la Telephone: (598–2) 9154576. E-mail: museodelapalabra Sección Materiales Especiales de la Biblioteca @hotmail.com. Nacional de Uruguay. Montevideo: Biblioteca Soc. Ingrid Rodriguez Fontes: In charge of the Direction Nacional. 19 p. of the Museum of the Word. Intendencia Municipal de Montevideo. (2004) Centro Municipal de Fotografía [online]. Montevideo: IMM Revision of the English version of paper no. 134 pre- [cited in June 2004]. Available on Internet: http:// sented at the World Library and Information Congress, www.montevideo.gub.uy/fotografia/index.html 70th IFLA General Conference, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 20–27 August 2004, in Session no. 107. Preservation and Conservation with Audiovisual and Multimedia. Spanish original and original English translation available on IFLANET at http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/ prog04.htm.

259 A Revolution in Preservation: digitizing political posters at the National Library of Cuba

Laura Susan Ward Introduction

Despite the hardship caused by 45 years under a US-imposed economic embargo, Cuba’s socialist government has supported cultural development on the island in a way that has resulted in a ﬂourishing of the arts during the Revolutionary period (1959–present). The Biblioteca Nacional José Martí (BNJM), Cuba’s national depository library, has as one of its primary functions the responsibility of preserving library and archival collections that represent the artistic and intellectual legacy of this period. The library houses the largest and most comprehensive collection of Cuban graphic political posters in Latin America. Posters from the Cuban Revolution have generated signiﬁcant international interest for their unique artistic style and for their controversial messages. Since the onset of the so-called ‘Special Period’, which President Fidel Castro announced when the Soviet Laura Susan Ward is a recent Union withdrew economic and material support to the island in graduate of the departments of 1990, and which heralded a period of extreme economic hardship Library and Information Studies that continues to this day, librarians and archivists at the BNJM (MLIS) and Latin American have been trying to maintain this valuable collection under less- Studies (MA) at the University of than-ideal conditions. California Los Angeles, where she was an American Library Associ- This article reviews the importance of the Cuban Revolutionary ation Spectrum Scholar. She lives poster collection, the preservation conditions at the Biblioteca in Brooklyn, New York, with her Nacional José Martí, and the library’s investment in digitization family. She may be contacted at: despite a severe lack of resources during the Special Period. In 139 Plymouth St. #501, the spring of 2004 multiple visits were made to the BNJM to Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA. investigate the status of the Cuban Revolutionary poster collec- Tel: + 1 718 522 6135. Fax: + tion. In addition to documentation of the physical condition of 1 718 522 6135. Cell: + 1 917 the posters, interviews were conducted with library administra- 621 7483. E-mail: wardla2@ tors, including director Eliades Acosta and preservation depart- gmail.com ment head Mariza Villazón, the preservation librarians and public services librarians, the paraprofessional staff, and the director of the BNJM’s digitization laboratory, Abel Ponce. An assessment of the condition of the posters and strategies used to preserve them showed that, while the knowledge, energy, and dedication of the preservation staff are not lacking, the preservation situation at the BNJM remains grim. However, digitization of the poster collection may be a way to hedge against poster deterioration due to intrinsic and extrinsic causes or possible damage to or destruction of the collection during an episode of political change in Cuba.

Graphic Political Posters as Cuban Cultural Heritage

The BNJM’s collection of approximately 15,000 posters was formed as a result of Cuba’s 1964 legal deposit decree, which requires that copies of all materials produced in Cuba be sent to the BNJM (Torres, 2001). The majority of Cuban graphic

Copyright © 2005 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 31(3): 260–267. 260 ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035205058818 A Revolution in Preservation political posters were produced from the mid- conclude that women artists, for example, 1960s to the mid-1980s. The BNJM keeps not produced approximately 15 percent of Editora only political posters, but also any poster pub- Politica posters (Cushing, 2003). lished in Cuba, with topics ranging from Mother’s Day to the heroes of the Spanish- When the Special Period began in the early American War. Although a small portion of the 1990s the production of posters dropped precip- collection dates from before the Revolutionary itously. There are currently very few posters period, the majority of the posters date from produced in Cuba, and Eliades Acosta, the 1963 to 1989, during which Cuba’s socialist director of the BNJM, considers Cuban Revol- government had an ongoing policy of communi- utionary posters from the past 45 years to be a cating its messages through poster art. The valuable part of Cuban cultural heritage. poster genre gained currency early in the Revol- According to Eliades Acosta, the posters utionary period, since posters were easily made, achieved a high level of artistic development cheaply produced, and held the possibility of while simultaneously expressing the vanguard almost unlimited reproduction and consumption vision of the left, of the Revolution and progress- by a mass audience. Although some posters had ive ideas, the fight for principles and the just limited editions, most were reproduced by the causes of the world. The preservation of the thousands and distributed freely. Posters, like collection is a high priority for the BNJM, since, radio programs, were a means of popular com- he says, “the life of this country in its greatest munication, and Cuba was small enough that moments can be seen by studying these posters,” their messages reached much of the general and their loss would be equivalent to erasing the public. The bulk of the posters were produced by memory of an important part of Cuban history. three government-sponsored agencies: the Outside of Cuba, the posters not only represent Cuban Institute of Cinematic Art and Industry Cuban cultural heritage, but also document (ICAIC), also known as the Cuban Film Insti- international political movements during the tute, Editora Politica, and the Organization in Cold War. Thus, in addition to being unique in Solidarity with the People of Africa, Asia, and their artistic achievement, Cuban Revolutionary Latin America (OSPAAAL). By the end of the posters have an importance that crosses national 1980s, these organizations created at least and cultural boundaries. 12,000 posters on subjects such as occupational health, the sugar harvest, the Vietnam War, recycling, and music (Cushing, 2003). Preservation at the Biblioteca Nacional José Martí The result of state support for popular art was a flourishing of the poster art genre that took cues After the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in from international graphic art trends but 1959, the Biblioteca Nacional José Martí was developed a unique form inside of Cuba. During opened to the public for the first time in an the early Revolutionary period Cuban poster art enhanced role as a national cultural institution was influenced by an antecedent tradition of (Torres, 2001). Fidel Castro’s emphasis on the political graphic art that emerged from the valorization of popular cultural forms, such as Mexican Revolution of 1913–1915, and by music, art, and literature, stemmed from his con- posters produced under the revolutionary tention that a true social revolution would also governments of the Soviet Union and China. create a cultural revolution. When the Castro However, a wider range of content and style dis- regime assumed power the library became an tinguishes Cuban poster art from these previous organ for the dissemination of Revolutionary traditions. After the first Salon Nacional de ideals, but it also continued to play a significant Carteles on 26 July 1969, Cuban artists moved in role in preserving Cuban documentary heritage a direction almost entirely their own, leaving (Riobó, 2004). Thus, the library’s opening to behind the tendency to mimic the socialist ordinary Cubans was part of the attempt by the realism typical of Soviet and Chinese poster art new government to democratize the island’s (International Institute of Social History, 2001). cultural institutions while continuing to preserve Another unique aspect of Cuban poster art is a uniquely Cuban patrimony. that many posters were signed by or attributed to an individual artist – a characteristic not The uncommon nature of many library materials common to state-sponsored socialist art. makes the preservation of Cuban patrimony a Because individual poster designs were less-than-straightforward affair. Many of the attributed to their creators, it is possible to BNJM’s fragile paper collections are decaying 261 Laura Susan Ward

due to their high acid content. High tempera- tures and the humidity of the Cuban climate, as well as the presence of salt water in the air from the nearby ocean, are all factors that contribute to this deterioration. To make matters worse the library has had to contend with a broken central heating and cooling system and a lack of humidity control or air filtration, although there are plans to repair the climate control system in the near future. One of the primary endeavors of the 1990s was an assessment of the condition of Cuban library collections and library facilities from a preservation standpoint. The assessment was system-wide, and with the help of several international experts, professionals at the national library and from the Centro Nacional de Restauración y Museología (CENCREM) succeeded in generating an estimate of the number of endangered materials. In 1998 it was determined that 75 percent of all library facilities in Cuba did not possess adequate conditions for the storage of documents, 66 percent of the Figure 1. The poster stacks at the Biblioteca facilities had poor shelving conditions, and 54 Nacional José Martí. percent of all materials in Cuban libraries were generally in poor condition. No Cuban library, including the BNJM, had adequate heating, shelves – for example cardboard for storage, and cooling, or humidity controls (Biblioteca wood for shelves – so that only two folders Nacional José Martí, n.d.). would be stored, side-by-side, on each shelf. Although broader shelves have the potential to support poster folders, they are essentially a Keeping Poster Originals makeshift solution to the problem of poster Librarians exercise strict control over access to storage, since shelves are generally not a suitable the Cuban Revolutionary poster collection. This way to store posters. But purchasing new, is partly the result of the library administration’s oversize storage units for the oversized posters anxiety about the less-than-ideal conditions for would most likely be cost-prohibitive for the the collection. For example, posters are stored in BNJM, and so a solution to storage problems for folders on rows of metal bookshelves, and the the BNJM’s poster collection probably remains folders hang off the edges of the bookshelves or a long way off. protrude haphazardly from the stacks. Folders stored on the upper shelves can obscure those Another major preservation effort for the poster that are improperly adjusted on the lower collection entails separating all of the posters shelves, sometimes causing the posters inside to with acid free paper and rearranging them so bend or fold. Many folders show signs of wear or that incompatible materials do not share the have tears along their center creases. In same folder. Silk-screened posters, for example, addition, the limited space inside the stacks area tend to stick to each other, and the finish on also makes retrieval of library materials prob- glossy posters causes them to adhere to other lematic. The head-high bookshelves are ob- materials – a situation aggravated by the lack of stacles for anyone attempting to retrieve a folder temperature control in the library and the from the upper stacks. Library employees often humidity from regular fumigation for insect struggle to shift the heavy folders without control. Despite a shortage of acid-free paper spilling the contents onto the floor. and few boxes for storing unique materials, efforts are being made to move forward with The less-than-adequate storage conditions cause preservation. One simple procedure that damage to both the folders and the posters inside librarians in charge of the poster collection them. According to Olga Vega, head librarian for follow is to keep from three to five copies of each public services at BNJM, the library needs to poster. Keeping multiple copies limits the waste find materials to extend the existing poster of conservation resources on posters that can be 262 A Revolution in Preservation replaced by better copies. Indeed, moving Whether or not the library has extra manpower, forward with the conservation of other high- sufficient quantities of acid-free paper, or priority materials including manuscripts, photo- materials appropriate for constructing new graphs, and newspapers makes sense in a shelving, can be matters that relate to the larger situation where, because of the difficult nature of political and economic situation inside and poster conservation, progress tends to be slow outside of Cuba. The US embargo on trade with and can divert resources from other items that Cuba as well as travel restrictions affect the may benefit from immediate attention. climate at the BNJM. The BNJM is subject not only to the budgetary constraints set by the Finally, staff mishandling further aggravates Cuban government under the Ministry of damage to the collection caused by inadequate Culture, but also to US governmental oversight storage conditions. According to preservation in terms of professional contact and communi- librarian Emelinda Exposito, staff mishandling is cation with the US preservation community. the leading cause of damage to the collections. Preservation best practice standards for the While library professionals are knowledgeable western hemisphere are currently being set in about document manipulation, the paraprofes- the United States, and the economic embargo sional staff at the BNJM is badly under-trained. makes getting project funding and professional One of the ongoing battles for preservation staff training more difficult. Professional exchange of is keeping up with training of public service knowledge and information between Cuba and employees who have little knowledge of the United States is also impeded because of the document manipulation procedures. Likewise, political situation, and slows the rate at which however well-kept some of the stacks appear, the BNJM staff is able to learn about and apply cleanliness can be hard to maintain, and advanced preservation techniques. Despite the librarians must constantly remind janitorial staff situation, the preservation professionals at the how to avoid damaging the library materials BNJM do not lack for a comprehensive knowl- while cleaning. The result of this lack of training edge of up-to-date preservation practices. The is that while the preservation staff struggles to preservation staff at the BNJM has managed to keep up with the demands of an ever-increasing keep up with advances in preservation practices, collection and the deterioration of materials due and is knowledgeable even in areas where they to intrinsic and extrinsic causes, paraprofes- have been unable to implement solutions. sional and janitorial staffs routinely mishandle or damage fragile documents. Poster Digitization as Preservation Librarians at the BNJM have had to be flexible Since the BNJM requires preservation resources about their approaches to preservation. Where far beyond what it currently has, the upkeep of resources or materials are lacking the library has Cuban Revolutionary posters involves determin- been able in the past to cooperate with other ing how best to provide access to the collection Cuban institutions. Mariza Villazón, head of the while minimizing damage to them, and thus preservation department, explains that solidarity minimizing the resources needed to repair or among Cuban library professionals has helped preserve them. In the past, posters were micro- the BNJM and other libraries to meet some of filmed. However, making a copy of the artistic their needs. Because of the US economic and intellectual content of the posters is now embargo, the BNJM has trouble obtaining done digitally because not only is microfilm preservation supplies from nearby sources and expensive and difficult to acquire, but digital must look to China to buy basic necessities. Pur- copies also offer better representations of the chasing from non-US and overseas merchants originals. Given the shortages of the Special also puts an added strain on already tight library Period, librarians have increasingly begun to budgets. As a result, Cuban librarians tend to look at digitization as a partial solution to the stockpile supplies. The stockpiling and sharing problem of keeping the poster collection intact. of supplies across libraries makes it clear that Digitization of the poster collection is one way Cuban cultural institutions must rely upon a of providing access to the collection while certain amount of serendipity to move forward avoiding the damage caused by staff and patron with preservation efforts. Whatever preser- manipulation of the originals. Although they are vation, conservation, or digitization project unable to keep pace with the latest develop- comes next depends upon when resources ments for capturing their collections digitally, appear and whether or not they are adequate for BNJM librarians recognize the potential of using a particular job. digitization to carry out the library’s policy of

263 Laura Susan Ward

making multiple copies of important cultural BNJM materials is not within the library budget, heritage materials. Preservation professionals at so lab staff has had to assemble equipment that the BNJM recognize the immediate benefits to does the work of transferring documents into a digitizing the collection, which are: first, digital format in ways not originally intended by increased access to the poster images (although equipment manufacturers. For example, tech- not the posters themselves) through a searchable nicians scan microfilm using an imaginatively on-line database, and secondly, prevention of rigged flatbed scanner, instead of a film scanner, damage to the materials caused by the public and a 5-megapixel camera, instead of an over- services staff retrieving the originals from the sized flatbed scanner, is used to capture poster shelves and damage by patron mishandling. images. Although high on its list of priorities, the Administration at the BNJM does not consider lab is unable to afford a high quality oversized making digital copies a foolproof method of pre- flatbed scanner for poster digitization, and cap- serving its materials. Although resources are turing digital images of posters using a camera is limited, every poster that needs care receives currently the only available option. Given the cleaning, appropriate storage conditions within equipment it has, lab staff is able to make decent the library’s means, and acid-free housing or quality reproductions of posters for use by protective coverings where they are necessary. researchers either on CD-ROM or through the The BNJM also tries to reduce the resources library’s on-line catalog. used for maintaining the poster collection by donating duplicates to other Cuban institutions, Drawbacks to digitizing the poster collection are or in some cases to extra-national libraries, such mostly associated with the resources that digitiz- as the University of California, Berkeley in the ation requires in light of an already-strained United States. The BNJM has an exchange library budget. Funds that may be directed to agreement with UC Berkeley, and as part of the other parts of the library have been used to exchange agreement, UC Berkeley has agreed to purchase expensive equipment for the lab, and digitize the posters that it receives and to make although the library purchases only the them available via the Internet (University of minimum equipment required to move forward California, Berkeley, n.d.; Macalay, 2000). with the digitization process, it will no doubt be necessary to replace computers and other equip- From a preservation standpoint, the main ment in order to keep up with changing stan- benefit of digitizing the poster collection is that dards of technology. Funds for computer it provides, at the very least, a guarantee that the upgrades may be drawn from the preservation intellectual and artistic content of posters will be department budget, which sometimes is not available for current library users. According to sufficient for purchasing the materials necessary the director of the BNJM digitization lab, Abel to preserve originals of materials that the library Ponce, the database for the digital collection is is now digitizing. available to library patrons through the LAN at the BNJM. A back-up database is also hosted in Embarking upon a digitization project requires Venezuela as part of an UNESCO project. From that the library weigh the benefits and costs of a preservation standpoint, storing a copy of the digital collection off-site has the added benefit of making these copies more secure. Librarians at the BNJM also hope that, despite rapidly changing digital formats, the digitization lab’s current practice of keeping low-, medium- and high-resolution digital images of posters will increase the utility of these digital images in the years to come.

The BNJM has only recently invested in digitization as part of its preservation program. Still, the accomplishments of the library’s two-year-old digitization lab are frequently achieved under suboptimal conditions, since keeping up with the latest technology is not always possible. Buying specialized equipment designed to handle digitization of the various formats of Figure 2. A typical poster before digitization.

264 A Revolution in Preservation digitization. Overall, preservation librarians at maintained. If a library decides to digitize, then the BNJM anticipate less damage to the poster it is also making a commitment to invest in the collection after it is digitized, since the need to necessary resources for maintaining the digital move original posters for user consultation will collection, since ignoring this aspect puts the decrease. In fact, digitization at the BNJM can institution at risk of losing its initial investment be an alternative to expensive conservation (Conway, 1999). work on originals, and the digital restoration of badly damaged posters will make available to On the other hand, it may be that, even when a researchers the intellectual and artistic content library faces budgetary constraints, the cost con- of previously inaccessible materials. On the siderations of digitization may be secondary to other hand, librarians must be aware of that an urgent need to keep a record of the intellec- digitization is often an expensive proposition. tual and artistic contents of a collection. At the Digitization requires investment in hardware, BNJM, digitization may not only be a viable software and durable storage media, as well as solution for minimizing damage to the Cuban training and significant time investment for Revolutionary poster collection, but it may also personnel. Additionally, rapidly evolving be the best way to hedge against the possibility technological capabilities and standards of intentional and unintentional damage or require long-term investment to keep digital destruction, vandalism, theft, and rapid deterio- collections accessible. The process of digitizing ration of the collection in the case of political a collection is labor-intensive, and the quality change on the island. In many instances of of the results depends upon the library’s invest- political change – which often occurs in the ment both in equipment and in the ability of wake of armed conﬂict – materials that represent staff to carry out a project successfully. Most the cultural legacy of a nation-state are endan- importantly, digital collections have their own gered. The UNESCO Convention for the Protec- characteristics, and must be dealt with on tion of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed separate terms. Information that is ‘born Conﬂict adopted at The Hague, Netherlands in digital’ has its own set of criteria for preser- 1954 recognized this and introduced the idea of vation, and the choice to ‘preserve’ non-digital taking preventative measures to protect cultural information by copying it digitally assumes heritage in times of hostilities but also in times that access to the digital surrogate will be of peace. The Convention has since been updated to include a directive for creating banks of digital surrogates of important documentary heritage collections around the world (UNESCO, 2003). Thus, digitization of the Revolutionary poster collection not only dove- tails with the BNJM’s mandate to preserve Cuban cultural heritage, but also follows the UNESCO directive, since there is no guarantee that poster originals will survive any episode of political change in Cuba.

Conclusion

Cuban librarians have displayed a remarkable resilience in their ability to implement inno- vative solutions to preservation problems brought on by the shrunken organizational budgets of the Special Period. Librarians at the BNJM have made the Cuban Revolutionary poster collection available to researchers despite generally unfavorable library conditions and limited resources for the upkeep of the collection. They have accomplished this by applying a comprehensive approach that includes carrying out basic overall preservation measures Figure 3. A typical poster after digitization. where possible, as well as by case-by-case

265 Laura Susan Ward

decision-making for conservation and digitiza- unintentional damage of or destruction to the tion of more valuable posters. collection the event of political change in Cuba. While the Cuban situation is fairly unique, the Library director Eliades Acosta’s vision for the BNJM administration’s decision to digitize the future of the poster collection is to improve the Cuban Revolutionary poster collection suggests physical preservation situation, transfer all card that even libraries with limited resources may catalog information for posters to a digital adopt digitization as more than an access tool. database, and increase the number of searchable Besides enhancing user access to fragile or on-line images. However, he also recognizes that deteriorating collections (or to collections that poster originals have unique value for research: otherwise present obstacles to user access), the qualities of a document’s paper, and any national libraries or other cultural institutions notations or other details are information that can use digitization to follow the UNESCO only an original can supply: mandate for protecting important cultural heritage materials and to ensure that high- The original is important – it is not a luxury. quality copies of the intellectual and artistic Consulting an original may be unimportant legacies of the nation-state are available to for 90 percent of our researchers, but for the future generations. other 10 percent it is absolutely necessary. We can achieve the goal of keeping our orig- References inals with intelligent policy and by micro- filming and digitizing our collections for Biblioteca Nacional José Martí (BNJM). (n.d.) Proyecto access by the majority of our users for whom de política de conservación de la Biblioteca access to originals is not necessary. Nacional José Martí, Depto. de Conservación, BNJM, Havana. Conway, P. (1999) The relevance of preservation in a For the BNJM, the posters’ importance as docu- digital world. In Ogden, S. ed. Preservation of library mentary evidence of the intellectual and artistic and archival materials: a manual. [Online]. North- achievements of the Cuban Revolution also jus- east Document Conservation Center, Andover, MA. tifies the expense involved in digitizing them. As Available from: http://nedcc.org/plam3/tleaf55.htm poster scholar Lincoln Cushing writes, posters [28 July 2005]. from the Revolutionary period are not only Cushing, L. (2003) ¡Revolución!: Cuban poster art. important because of their exceptional graphic Chronicle Books, San Francisco. International Institute of Social History (IISH). (2001) qualities, but because the posters “offer a glimpse The chairman smiles. [Online], IISH. Available into Cuban life” during a period when Revol- from: http://www.iisg.nl/exhibitions/chairman/ [29 utionary ideas made “human capital . . . more October 2004]. important than financial capital, when public Macalay, K. (2000) Proposed historic pact between UC voluntarism was commonplace and self-sacrifice Berkeley, Cuban libraries encourages research, share expected” (Cushing, 2003). Thus, the BNJM’s materials. [Online], Media Relations, Campus News, current investment in digitization may seem UC Berkeley. Available from: http://www.berkeley. edu/news/media/releases/2000/09/07_cuba.html insignificant in light of any urgent need to keep [29 October 2004]. copies of the intellectual and artistic achieve- Riobó, C. (2004) History of the Cuban National Library. ments of the Cuban Revolution. In Conference proceedings from Cuba today: Conti- nuity and change since the ‘Periodo Especial’, There is much that could be gained from a more pp. 261–270. Available from: http://web.gc.cuny.edu/ comprehensive discussion than is possible here dept/bildn/CubaProject/seminars/cubaToday/Frame about how the Cuban Revolutionary poster set.tm [28 July 2005]. Torres, V. (2001) The National Library of Cuba. In Stam, collection and other collections representing the D.H., ed. International dictionary of library histories. Revolutionary period can be protected in the Fitzroy Dearborn, Chicago, pp. 503–505. case that they are threatened during a change in UNESCO. (2003) Protection of cultural property in the Cuba’s political climate. Future research into event of armed conflict. [Online]. UNESCO. Avail- preservation of the Cuban Revolutionary posters able from: http://www.unesco.org/culture/legalpro or other important collections from the Revol- tection/war/html_eng/index_en.shtml [29 October utionary period would benefit from conducting 2004]. interviews with BNJM administration about University of California, Berkeley (UCB). (n.d.) José Martí National Library of Cuba cooperative agree- Cuban–American relations and about how ment. [Online]. Doe Library, UCB, Berkeley, CA. domestic politics affect library decisions, since Available from: http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/Collec administration at the BNJM must ultimately tions/LatinAm/frame.html [29 October 2004]. respond to the possibility of intentional or

266 A Revolution in Preservation

Note José Martí. English original available from Charles E. Young Research Library Box 951575, 11340 Young Adapted from an original master’s thesis submitted to Research Library, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1575, USA. the Department of Library and Information Studies, Tel. +1 310 825 1323. Or, for document delivery see UCLA, When is digitization also preservation? Keeping http://www2.library.ucla.edu/service/362.cfm. Cuban revolutionary posters at the Biblioteca Nacional

267 REPORT

Los buenos Libros: un puente hacia la elaboración personal

Paula Cadenas desde las acciones hasta investigaciones reve- ladoras de especialistas en distintas áreas del La literatura ayuda a reorganizar el pen- saber. samiento, a resolver problemas, a recordar el pasado, cuando se necesite hacerlo y mirarlo desde una perspectiva diferente. En otras Un proyecto: Leer para vivir palabras, la literatura puede ser un poderoso agente de cambio creativo y sano. La primera experiencia sucedió con la pavorosa Joseph Gold tragedia de 1999, cuando el estado Vargas, azotado por violentas lluvias, literalmente se Son muchas las iniciativas que se ponen en desmoronó entre, deslaves y derrumbes, y con él marcha, cuando descubrimos lo inmensamente todo el país. Desconcertados entre la brutal transformador que puede resultar la promoción devastación, decidimos ir a leer a grupos de de la lectura en distintos contextos. Claro, se damnificados. Desde ese momento se darían trata de promover un leer, en este caso, que sea experiencias verdaderamente conmovedoras, algo más que simple esa habilidad de como cuando las madres confesaban que desciframiento alfabético que se adquiere en una después de leerle a sus hijos finalmente dormían determinada edad escolar o un mero mejor; o cuando, más adelante, ya de vuelta a la pasatiempo. Ese leer que abre espacios de comu- catástrofe y, todavía entre rocas y polvo, nicación y desarrollo va mucho más allá. tomarían la decisión de limpiar las calles y cerr- arlas en distintas zonas para leer entre todos; o Pero la iniciación a esa manera de leer se da cuando posteriormente, se irían formando sobre todo a través de los grandes libros, esos padres y maestros para ellos también contar que gracias a la bondad estética, estética vincu- cuentos y prestar libros las 24 horas del día a la lada a la ética, nos permite encontrarnos en la comunidad. Muchos meses más tarde historia de otros e imaginarnos insertos desde la sospechábamos que estábamos dando algo más pluralidad. Los libros son, como nos dice que entretenimiento, que horas de olvido, Larrosa en esa obra indispensable La experien- estábamos, según especialistas, ejerciendo una cia de la lectura, “instrumentos ópticos que los práctica terapéutica, eso que algunos llaman hoy escritores nos ofrecen para hacer de la lectura biblioterapia; que en una acepción, quizás más una actividad que nos ayude a configurar humanística que clínica, podría definirse como nuestra propia mirada sobre nosotros mismos y, la posibilidad de establecer una relación a partir de nosotros mismos, sobre nuestro humana y sensible con los libros, para propiciar mundo” (1996). Pero para entender la lectura de cambios en la vida de personas afectadas y una manera ampliada tenemos que ser lectores, reconstruir realidades. especialmente aquellos que hacemos oficio alrededor de ella, y sólo así comenzará a trascen- El Banco del Libro, apoyó entonces, en una der lo puramente instrumental, así se vinculará enérgica iniciativa liderada por Carmen al lenguaje, al reconocimiento crítico del mundo Martínez, un proyecto, Leer para vivir, que tra- que nos rodea y a la expresión del sí mismo bajaría en paralelo y, a través de diversas estrate- como ejercicio indispensable. gias, con niños, padres y maestros. De allí se tejieron ricos momentos de acompañamiento, Sin embargo, en el Banco del Libro hemos capacitación, selección y dotación de colec- llegado a estas ideas a través de la experiencia. ciones en distintos puntos. Se capacitaron El camino ha sido inverso, un recorrido intuitivo equipos de voluntariado en distintas áreas:

Copyright © 2005 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 31(3): 268–270. 268 ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035205059814 Los buenos Libros narración, selección y atención psicosocial, Lee para tu vida (Fitzhery Whiteside, Toronto, entre otros. Hora del Cuento, Plan de actual- 1993), que sólo los buenos libros “pueden ización de docentes, padres y promotores comu- alterar nuestras percepciones del mundo, nitarios. ordenar el caos, articular el pensamiento, recobrar el pasado y mirarlo de manera difer- En un diseño de ciclos trimestrales, se realizaron ente y resolver ciertos problemas del presente”. acciones sistemáticas de narración oral, lectura Y como dice Carmen Diana Dearden, presi- de cuentos, actividades de animación a la lectura denta de esta institución, la literatura, en otras con niños, préstamos circulantes de libros a las palabras, nos ayuda a reescribir nuestras comunidades y capacitación de grupos de líderes propias historias. en distintos campos de promoción de lectura además de la actualización a docentes y ya para Después de cuatro años, Leer para vivir es un el 2005 se han celebrado cuatro jornadas de proyecto del estado Vargas, no del Banco del encuentros entre los protagonistas de Leer para Libro, sino de sus protagonistas. La propia vivir. En las distintas etapas las acciones fueron comunidad, a través de estrategias sencillas, ejecutadas por voluntariado del Banco del Libro sostenidas y cotidianas, ha formado clubes de y de Ediciones Ekaré, apoyado inicialmente por lectura, talleres para mediadores, y las narra- el aporte de la Organización Internacional para ciones son ya rituales comunes a lo largo de todo el Libro Infantil y Juvenil-IBBY, gracias a la el estado. Hoy podemos decir que niños y mediación de Katherine Paterson, y, en paralelo, adultos han dejado entrar a los libros y la liter- posteriormente IFLA con la difusión y re atura a sus casas. En los espacios más inéditos conocimiento. se ha descubierto la presencia de estos generosos huéspedes. Y desde Caruao hasta Carayaca, a lo Después de cinco años hemos constatado: largo de todo el estado Vargas, transitan más de cinco mil ejemplares. • que un programa que simplemente se conforme con donar libros, sin un conjunto de De la experiencia en el estado Vargas confir- estrategias de promoción de lectura, no dará mamos tres líneas muy puntuales: los mismos dividendos que aquel que comienza con sencillos encuentros con la • En primer lugar, que todo proyecto sustentado lectura a modo de despertar, de manera que la en una selección cuidadosa, tomando en donación – que podría entregarse posterior- cuenta la variedad y la calidad estética, podría mente – sea valorada pro las comunidades. abrir, a través del encuentro placentero, posi- • que los libros deben entrar a la escuela y a la bilidades para la articulación individual y la casa tímidamente, de manera sostenida, y resolución de conflictos. quedarse sólo a solicitud de sus lectores. No • En segundo lugar, que cualquier proyecto que hay mejor sistema de préstamos que aquel que emprendamos debe plantearse el fortale- responda a las necesidades de sus potenciales cimiento de redes devolviendo protagonismo a lectores. esos espacios islas, hogar – escuela – bibliotecas. • que la lectura es contagiosa, cuando alguien • Y, en tercer lugar, que los proyectos debían en la comunidad descubre un libro siente la tejerse con la conciencia de ciclos definidos, necesidad de recomendarlo, contarlo, com- trabajar sin pretensiones, pero de manera prarlo, pedirlo prestado y prestarlo, primero a sostenida en el tiempo, en un acom- su círculo más cercano, luego a otros y otros. pañamiento sistemático y solidario, más • que las pequeñas iniciativas que se toman en abierto a las necesidades del otro que a la cuenta producen grandes dividendos. rígida planificación de metas; más orientado al • que los libros tejen vías para el diálogo y el apoyo, atentos a no generar dependencias. intercambio, especialmente en momentos de crisis. Sin embargo, sabemos que los libros, como dice Larrosa, “deben activar la vida espiritual pero no Nosotros sólo empezamos con una certeza conformarla, deben dar a pensar pero no trans- como eje de cada proyecto: desde la atención al mitir lo ya pensado, deben ser punto de partida llamado de grupos comunitarios a la cuidadosa pero nunca de llegada” (1996). Y estamos con- evaluación y selección de materiales según las scientes de que las carencias continúan, y posibles necesidades de los grupos para concre- después de casi cinco años la depresión está muy tarlo en un plan de estrategias puntuales. presente y con ella la necesidad de reelaboración Creemos como Joseph Gold, según su libro de la memoria.

269 Paula Cadenas

Nos queda, como en cada rincón donde la This report on the project, ‘Leer para Vivir’ (‘Read to tragedia se maniﬁesta de manera tan contun- Live’) of the Banco del Libro in Venezuela, is submitted dente, comprender que nuestros esfuerzos son in fulﬁlment of the conditions for the Guust van sólo eso, pequeñas grandes proezas que no Wesemael Literacy Prize, awarded by IFLA to the Banco del Libro in 2003. deben abandonarse, sino multiplicarse, y pre- guntarnos por todo lo que podemos seguir haciendo con creatividad, afectividad y disci- plina a favor de la reconstrucción.

270 NEWS

IFLA/FAIFE Statements

Closure of Libraries Imports of foreign literature, news- NEWS CONTENTS papers and magazines are pro- The President of Turkmenistan, Mr IFLA/FAIFE Statements . . . . . 271 hibited, while state bookshops only Saparmurat Niyazov, has ordered IFLA Elections 2005...... 273 sell books that support the ideology. the closure of libraries on the From the Governing Board . . 274 The remaining bookstores and grounds that “nobody reads books From the Secretariat ...... 275 libraries are already emptied of or go to libraries”. Central and Membership News ...... 275 books – which makes closure of student libraries will remain open IFLA Meetings ...... 276 libraries even easier. Book burning, but the remainder will be closed. Grants and Awards...... 277 banning of libraries, banning of cul- The President has stated that IFLA Publications ...... 277 tural institutions and ballet, opera, additional libraries are unnecessary From Corporate Partners. . . . 278 circus and concerts and foreign as most books that Turkmen need From Other Organizations . . . 279 cultural associations, along with should already be in homes, work- Other Publications ...... 280 harassment and imprisonment of places and schools. IFLA/FAIFE is Personal News ...... 282 intellectuals and other opponents of monitoring this situation with Obituaries ...... 282 the government, are all examples of alarm. the severe oppression experienced by the people of Turkmenistan. It has proved difficult to get an exact status of closure of libraries. While the National Library appears Violations of Human Rights to have escaped closure, the Open IFLA Protests Closure of Society Institute has confirmed the The elimination of freedom of Libraries and Violations closure of the libraries in the access to information and freedom of expression will deeply affect the of Human Rights in Dashoguz province. Other analysts report that libraries have been out of development of the country and its Turkmenistan favour with the president for a long people. Access to information, time. The supplies of books of uni- knowledge and lifelong learning is The following statement was issued versity libraries have not been central to democratic development by IFLA on 29 April 2005: updated for ten years and many and active participation and influ- works on history, literature and ence in society. It is a fundamental biology have been removed and human right as specified in Article The International Federation of destroyed. 19 of the Universal Declaration of Library Associations and Insti- Human Rights. tutions (IFLA) strongly protests the closure of libraries in Censorship and Blocked State control over Turkmen lives Turkmenistan and its impact on Internet Access keeps citizens in a state of ignorance freedom of access to infor- and prevents communications with The closure of libraries is a recent mation and freedom of the outside world. Human rights example of violations of intellectual expression in the country. organizations report the abuses to freedom in the country. The govern- include violations of civil, political, ment makes access to the Internet social, economic and cultural rights. “While the World Summit on the as difficult as possible and blocks Those opposing government policy Information Society debates how access to online information are imprisoned and subjects of best to safeguard access to infor- resources. The educational system is torture and summary trials and their mation and freedom of expression deeply affected, the curriculum con- families harassed. What is happen- in the information and knowledge centrating on the study of the presi- ing in Turkmenistan is an abuse of society, the Turkmen government dent’s Rukhnama ideology, which unheard proportions of the rights of takes steps to keep the Turkmen denies any influence by civilization, its people. population in isolation and ignor- science or culture on the develop- ance by exercising one of the most ment of the Turkmen people. profound onslaughts on intellectual Human rights organizations report International Protest freedom rights we have witnessed in on widespread censorship of infor- many years”, said IFLA President mation and media that do not The International League for Kay Raseroka. support the Rukhnama ideology. Human Rights, the International

Helsinki Federation for Human process, and we are happy that we Society has embraced the prin- Rights and the Memorial Human have been able to contribute ciples of Article 19 of the UN Rights Center are appealing to the towards the successful verdict. Universal Declaration of UN Commission on Human Rights IFLA/FAIFE would like to thank Human Rights, but Tunisia con- to address the continuing human everyone who responded with inter- tinues to restrict its citizens’ rights violations in Turkmenistan. est to announcements on FAIFE-L freedom of access to infor- and IFLANET regarding the trial, mation through censorship and IFLA declares its support for this and are pleased that the Italian the stifling of freedom of appeal and urges the Turkmen authorities saw the value of uphold- expression on the Internet. Government to re-open libraries, ing the rights of intellectual freedom restock them and provide free Inter- and freedom of access to infor- His Excellency President Ben Ali net access and support their staff in mation. This case has proved the announced on 27 May 2005 that the order to provide unrestricted access importance of cooperation and legal submission procedure applic- to information in accordance with solidarity inside and outside the able to the press would be abolished. Article 19 of the Universal Declara- local community, and also inside IFLA welcomes this announcement tion of Human Rights. and outside the international library but is concerned at reports from the community. Many people have International Freedom of Expression helped the defence and more than Exchange (IFEX) Tunisia Moni- Censorship in Italy 5,000 signatures in support of the toring Group that the authorities librarian have been collected. continue to use legal means to prevent a large number of books Italian Librarian Not Guilty The trial result is a victory for all from freely circulating in the country. librarians who seek to promote the IFLA/FAIFE issued the following right to know and the right to provide announcement on 21 June 2005: Furthermore, IFLA/FAIFE ex- uninhibited access to information – presses its grave concern that without any restrictions and oppos- IFLA/FAIFE are extremely Tunisian authorities have used the ing any form of censorship. pleased to announce that the Law on Terrorism passed in Decem- Italian librarian recently ber 2003 as a tool to silence and accused of lending an obscene punish critics of the government. book to a minor, has been IFLA/FAIFE Protests The attitude of the Tunisian govern- acquitted on appeal of all Against Restrictions on ment towards the circulation of charges (see the IFLA/FAIFE Freedom of Access to information is one that cannot be reconciled with the aspirations of Press Release – Censorship in Information in Tunisia Italy – a librarian on trial on the nations attending the World the 17th of June: http://www. Summit on the Information Society. ifla.org/V/press/pr10-06-2005. The following statement was issued htm). by IFLA on 8 July 2005: Only by upholding the principles of intellectual freedom and guaran- In his judgment on the 17th June, The International Federation of teeing the rights of its citizens can the judge deemed the accusation lev- Library Associations and Insti- the Tunisian authorities demon- elled at the librarian to be false. The tutions (IFLA) Committee on strate their commitment to full par- book in question was a legally pub- Free Access to Information and ticipation in the information and lished work recommended for Freedom of Expression knowledge society. This means pro- teenagers by the Italian Ministry of (IFLA/FAIFE) expresses its viding unrestricted access to infor- Work and Welfare as part of anti-drug deep concern over the state of mation in accordance with Article campaign. The judge found that the freedom of access to infor- 19 of the Universal Declaration of book itself was not obscene and con- mation in Tunisia in the run up Human Rights – before and after the sequently it will again be included on to the second phase of the Tunis Summit. the shelves of the ‘Sorbelli’ public World Summit on the Infor- library in Fanano. In a month, the full mation Society (WSIS) which IFLA/FAIFE therefore urges the verdict will be filed and published. will be held 16–18 November in Tunisian government to take steps Furthermore, the Italian Parliament Tunis. In building a robust and to increase freedom of access to may consider passing legislation that equitable information and information in the country by protects librarians. knowledge society, it is crucial removing restrictions on the circu- to safeguard unhampered lation of books and information on The FAIFE Office has been access to information resources the Internet. We also support col- closely involved with the librarian’s across borders, for all people, leagues in Tunisia fighting to safe- legal team and the Italian Library without restriction. The World guard the right of library users to Association during the appeal Summit on the Information freedom of access to information.

272 IFLA Elections 2005

IFLA Calls on the IFLA urges rethink expression in the country. China must be seen as more than just a Chinese Government to The elimination of freedom of market for western companies to access to information and freedom end Censorship of gain a foothold in – it must be seen of expression will deeply affect the Internet Access and allow as a country where citizens have development of a country and its Freedom of Expression rights to access the information they people. Those with influence in choose and to disseminate the opin- Online China must demonstrate their com- ions they hold without conse- mitment to full participation in the quences. The following statement was issued information and knowledge society. by IFLA on 14 July 2005: This means to actively work for the provision of unrestricted access to IFLA/FAIFE Contacts: The International Federation of information in accordance with Paul Sturges, Chair of IFLA/FAIFE, Library Associations and Insti- Article 19 of the United Nations Department of Information Science, tutions (IFLA) Committee on Universal Declaration of Human Loughborough University, Leices- Free Access to Information Rights. tershire, UK, LE 11 3TU. Tel.: +44 and Freedom of Expression 1509 22 8069, Fax: +44 1509 22 (IFLA/FAIFE) expresses its IFLA urges the Chinese govern- 3053. E-mail: R.P.Sturges@lboro. deep concern over the state of ment to reconsider their attitudes ac.uk. freedom of access to infor- towards the country’s Internet users mation on the Internet in and permit full freedom of China. expression online. Access to infor- Peter Lor, Secretary–General, Inter- mation, knowledge and lifelong national Federations of Library At a time when China is becom- learning is central to democratic Associations and Institutions, The ing more and more significant on development and active partici- Hague, Netherlands. Tel: +31 70 the world stage in terms of trade and pation and influence in society. It is 3140884 Fax: +31 70 3834827. technological development, the a fundamental human right as E-mail: peter.lor@ifla.org. increasing curtailment of the specified in Article 19 of the Uni- freedom of its citizens to access the versal Declaration of Human Susanne Seidelin, Director, IFLA information they choose is deeply Rights. The Chinese government’s FAIFE Office, Copenhagen, disturbing. In addition to their con- attitude towards the circulation of Denmark. Tel: +45 32 34 15 32. Fax: tinuing use of technological restric- information is one that cannot be +45 32 84 02 01. E-mail: susanne. tions, the Chinese authorities are reconciled with Article 19 nor the seidelin@ifla.org or [email protected]. tightening control of the Internet, aspirations of the nations attending through measures against bloggers the World Summit on the Infor- The full texts of all IFLA/FAIFE and website operators. This is an mation Society in Tunisia in statements, including background attempt not merely to silence and November 2005. information and lists of sources, are punish critics of the government, available on IFLANET: www.ifla. but also to prevent citizens’ general Furthermore, IFLA strongly sug- org. Comments from IFLA members interaction in the online public gests that western computer com- and others may be posted on sphere, says the Chair of the panies providing assistance to the the IFLA discussion list, IFLA-L, IFLA/FAIFE Committee Professor government consider the effects of details of which are also available Paul Sturges. their actions on freedom of on IFLANET.

IFLA Elections 2005

The full results were: J. Ford (United States), Shawky Presidential Election Salem (Egypt) (2nd term), Zhang • Claudia Lux (Germany) 1094 – Xiaolin (China), Gunnar Sahlin Claudia Lux, Director General, elected (Sweden), Réjean Savard (Canada), Zentral- und Landesbibliothek • Cristobal Pasadas Ureña (Spain) Sang-Wan Han (Korea, Rep. of), Berlin (ZLB), Germany, has been 330 – not elected Adolfo Rodríguez Gallardo voted President-elect by IFLA (Mexico), Vinyet Panyella (Spain) members. She will begin her two- (2nd term), Tiiu Valm (Estonia) year term as President-elect during Governing Board Election (2nd term). the IFLA conference in Oslo this August. She will succeed Alex Byrne In the elections for the new IFLA They will serve a two-year term as President in August 2007 for a Governing Board, the following on the Governing Board, beginning two-year term. candidates were successful: Bob at the end of the Oslo conference in McKee (United Kingdom), Barbara August. Bob McKee, Barbara Ford,

273 News

Zhang Xiaolin, Gunnar Sahlin, • Gunnar Sahlin (Sweden) 802 The total number of valid ballot Réjean Savard, Sang-Wan Han and elected papers received for the vacancies on Adolfo Rodríguez Gallardo will be • Réjean Savard (Canada) 790 the Governing Board was 522, a serving on the board for the ﬁrst elected return rate of 41.4 percent. This rep- time. • Sang-Wan Han (Korea, Rep. Of) resents 1425 votes, 55.9 percent of 708 elected the possible total. The full results were: • Adolfo Rodríguez Gallardo (Mexico) 684 elected Two members of staff of the Royal Bob McKee (United Kingdom) Vinyet Panyella (Spain) (2nd • • Library of the Netherlands, P.J. 960 elected term) 682 elected Moree and J.J.M. Bos, acted as Barbara J. Ford (United States) Tiiu Valm (Estonia) (2nd term) • • scrutineers. 931 elected 676 elected • Shawky Salem (Egypt) (2nd • T.A.V. Murthy (India) 660 not term) 858 elected elected Peter Johan Lor • Zhang Xiaolin (China) 818 • N. Varaprasad (Singapore) 575 Secretary General elected not elected June 2005

From the Governing Board

10–11 November, the week before cacy and requiring a redeployment IFLA Governing Board: the Summit meeting in Tunis, and of our resources. This is being recog- Outcomes of the March will lay a foundation for future nized through the adoption of a 2005 Meeting library development. program based budget approach framed around IFLA’s three pillars. It will be presented at WLIC 2005 in At its March meeting, the Govern- In regard to the core activities, Mr Gunnar Sahlin, National Librarian Oslo. While demands are growing, ing Board noted with sadness the our income has been static so we are terrible loss of life and devastation of Sweden, was appointed to chair the Advisory Board of the Advance- looking intensively at alternative caused by the Indian Ocean sources of income but also need Tsunami and approved the concept ment of Libraries Development Pro- gramme following Peter Lor’s members to pay their dues promptly plan for an IFLA Relief and and to provide the strongest possi- Development Partnership. The part- assumption of the position of Secre- tary General. The Board also ble support for the initiatives which nership will enable the global IFLA is expected to pursue. library and information community adopted principles for the establish- to assist those affected by this dis- ment of advisory boards for IFLA’s core activities which will allow each aster to re-establish services and The vitality of IFLA is well to be tailored to the needs of the will also provide a mechanism to demonstrated through the World activity it guides. In addition, prin- help strengthen services and to Library and Information Congress. ciples were identified for the loca- respond to future disasters. It WLIC 2005 promises to be a very tion of core activities, essentially involves the establishment by interesting Congress with a varied that they should be located where member associations of national programme. It is hoped that HM they will best serve IFLA and the foundations and other mechanisms King Harald will attend the opening global library and information com- to gather money and coordinate and a great social and cultural pro- munity. Allocations for 2004 were resources with IFLA’s specialist gramme is being organized. offices (especially ALP, the Preser- approved and the Board was vation and Conservation Pro- pleased to hear that both ALP and FAIFE will receive a major grant gramme and the Regional Offices) Commenting upon his first week to support their projects – an providing advice and assistance to of meetings of the Board and its announcement will be made soon. ensure that aid will be targeted committees, Secretary General appropriately. Peter Lor commented that the This highlights a major challenge experience had demonstrated both In order to engage fully with the for IFLA: as we extend our work the breadth of the issues concurrent phase of the World Summit through new initiatives and pro- fronting IFLA and the commitment on the Information Society, Ms jects, we need to invest more in of members and staff and that he Tuula Haavisto (former Secretary administrative support and infra- was excited to be part of the Feder- General of the Finnish Library structure, especially IFLANET. As ation’s important work. Association) was appointed to co- a consequence of our success, ordinate IFLA’s strategy. Activities demands on IFLA are growing par- will culminate in a pre-Summit ticularly in areas related to the Kay Raseroka, IFLA President conference at the Bibliotheca society and professional pillars, Alex Byrne, IFLA President-elect Alexandrina, Alexandria, Egypt on placing greater emphasis on advo- Peter Lor, IFLA Secretary General 274 From the Secretariat

From the Secretariat

Introducing Lidia and start performing quite fast. And So when I ‘landed’ at IFLA I was of course, I knew all my colleagues! happy to see that I found myself working with a fantastic group of people, coming from different cul- IFLA was my first job opportunity tures and with a lot to exchange. I in Holland, where I had moved to merged easily. with my family in January 1999. I am originally from Brazil, where I I am slowly learning more and was born and lived before moving more regarding the membership here. During my first years in ‘world, especially the daily adminis- Holland I did not work in order to trative and financial issues regard- have time to learn the Dutch lan- ing our members. Our members are, guage and take care of my children. without any doubt, crucial for the existence of this organization.

Starting with IFLA was also a I am very happy with my function whole new experience, since I have and glad to see that some members a commercial work background. I already know who I am. My wish is started when I was 21 to work for to be known to them as one of the KLM in Brazil (following in the persons within IFLA they can footsteps of my grandmother, who always contact and count on to worked there for almost 25 years). solve their problems and answer Within KLM I can say I did almost their questions. My name is Lidia Putziger. I started everything, except for flying as a with IFLA in March 2005 as Mem- stewardess. I worked at the airport, For this reason I am very much bership Assistant, working directly as a secretary, replacing supervisors, looking forward to being in Oslo for with Kelly Moore, IFLA’s Member- for the reservations department, the first time and experiencing the ship Manager. Actually I restarted was responsible for flight control, International gathering of all these with IFLA, since I had already trained staff and led the local TQM professionals involved in the library worked here replacing a colleague team. I believe that I got all those world for the first time, as a First- on leave, between November 2003 opportunities for being someone Timer myself. and August 2004. who adapts easily, learns fast and is not afraid of coming up with new When this Journal is published So, when starting in this new ideas. But most of all I love working we will already have attended the position I had already some experi- with people. I enjoy working in a WLIC 2005 in Oslo, I hope you ence with IFLA’s work, therefore I group and produce much more with have enjoyed it! could quickly learn the ‘technical’ the exchange of ideas. I do not have part of the work regarding the mem- a problem with accepting others’ Lidia Putziger, Membership Assist- bership administration database points of view. ant. E-mail: lidia.putziger@ifla.org

Membership News

Canadian Urban Libraries Council, Institutions New Members Canada Association des Bibliothécaires, Biblioteca Nacional de Maestros/ National Teachers Library, IFLA is very pleased to welcome the Archivistes, Documentalistes et Argentina following 99 new members, who Muséologues, Congo CAVAL Collaborative Solutions, joined our community between 1 Alliance of Libraries and Infor- Australia January 2005 and 4 August 2005. mation Institutes, Hungary Council of New Zealand University Büchereien Wien/Municipal Libraries Librarians (CONZUL), New of Vienna, Austria National Associations Zealand National Library Service, Barbados Royal Institute of Management, Council of Australian University Semtokha, Bhutan Librarians (CAUL), Australia Other Association BEDIA – Botswana Export Devel- Association Burkinabé des Gestion- opment and Investment Author- naires de l’Information Docu- Ontario Library Association, Canada ity, Botswana mentaire (ABGID), Burkina Faso 275 News

Brazilian Institute of Information Nanyang Technological University, Albert Klazes Boekhorst, Nether- on Science and Technology Singapore lands (IBICT), Brazil UFS Library and Information Ser- Ms Corry S.J. Scholte, Netherlands Conselho Federal de Bibliotecono- vices, South Africa Ms Anna Clack de Diaz, Peru mia (CFB), Brazil Cortes de Castilla y León, Spain German Kruger Espantoso, Peru University of Winnipeg, Global Center for Library Resources and Pumla P. Funani, South Africa Information Commons Centre, Educational Media, Thailand Cristóbal Pasadas Ureña, Spain Canada National Library and Information Ms Vivienne Blake, Switzerland Assemblée Nationale, Cameroon System (NALIS), Trinidad and Ms Sheila Mary Corrall, United Pontificia Universidad Católica de Tobago Kingdom Chile, Sistema de Bibliotecas, Yeditepe University, Turkey Gayner Eyre, United Kingdom Chile Makerere University Library, Ms Katrina Anderson, United States Hong Kong Baptist University, Uganda Ms Patricia Senn Breivik, United China American University of Sharjah States Taipei Public Library, China Library, United Arab Emirates Ms Catherine Chung, United States Wuxi Library, China Public Libraries Section, Dubai Ms Carole Gall, United States Zhejiang University Library, China Municipality, United Arab Emi- Ms Chisato Jimura, United States Biblioteca Departamental Jorge rates James Marcum, United States Garces Borrero, Colombia NHS Health Scotland, United Ms Karen Ronald, United States Biblioteca Nacional “José Martí”, Kingdom Ms Lynne Rudasill, United States Cuba The National Archives, United Nonny Schlotzhauer, United States Hørsholm Public Library, Denmark Kingdom Ms Susan Schnuer, United States ISSN International Centre, France Brigham Young University, United Ms Teri Switzer, United States Service des bibliothèques, des States Ms Janelle M. Zauha, United States archives et de la documentation Jacksonville Public Library, United générale, France States Stadtbüchereien Düsseldorf, New Jersey City University, Con- Germany gressman Frank J. Guarini Student Affiliates Hebrew University of Jerusalem Library, United States Library Authority, Israel School of Communication, Infor- Kabou Kadio, Burkina Faso Comune di Roma Istituzione Bib- mation and Library Studies, Ms Marilyn Ceridwen MacPherson, lioteche, Italy Rutgers, the State University of Canada Riga Central Library, Latvia New Jersey, United States Ms Audrey Saint-Laurent, Canada Université La Sagesse/Bibliothèque University of Vermont, United Frederick Nesta, China Issam Farès, Lebanon States Ms Janine Guill, France Bibliothèque nationale du Mali, Mali Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela Ms Sadia Zeb, Paracha, Pakistan Centre National de Documentation, Ms Audra Adomenas, Unites States Morocco Personal Affiliates Ms Judith Eckoff, United States Nord–Trøndelag fylkesbibliotek, Ms Karen Frizzell, United States Norway Kevin Dudeney, Australia Ms Joy Humphrey, United States ISCTE – Higher Institute for Labour Ms Monica Hourihan, Canada Seungmin Lee, United States and Business Studies, Portugal Ade Oluwafemi Olabode, China Ms Julie Martin, United States Metropolitan Library of Bucharest, Jean-Louis Baraggioli, France José Manuel Palacios, United States Romania Ms Maitrayee Ghosh, India Jonathan Richards, United States CESAG – Centre Africain d’Etudes Ms Germana Graziosi, Italy John Ronald, United States Supérieures en Gestion, Senegal Egbert Sanchez-VanDerKast, Mexico Ms Elizabeth Warrick, United States

IFLA Meetings

ber), especially for national dele- Botswana to Arabic countries, Chile WSIS Pre-Conference gates, and for librarians. In the and Slovenia. Some international program, librarians from different cooperation networks will be pre- On 10–11 November 2005, a parts of the world report on their sented as well. One of the keynote seminar on ‘Libraries the Infor- work to further education, health, speakers will be Dr. Ismail Ser- mation Society in Action’ will be enlarged literacy, heritage preser- ageldin, Director of Bibliotheca held in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, vation and disaster preparedness in Alexandrina and former Vice Presi- Alexandria, Egypt. This WSIS pre- their communities. The program is dent of the World Bank. The conference is meant for those taking genuinely global: cases to be pre- ‘Alexandria Manifesto on the Infor- part in the ﬁnal phase of the Summit sented describe successful library mation Society in Action’ about the in Tunis next week (16–18 Novem- work in nine countries, from role of libraries in the Information

276 Grants and Awards

Society will be proclaimed at the The registration fee for the pre- Further information: Tuula end of the pre-conference. The conference is USD 100 (approx. Haavisto, Project Coordinator, c/o results of the pre-conference will be EUR 80). The website of the pre- Finnboat, Kaenkuja 8 A 47, FI- reported to the WSIS in Tunis. conference is open at www.bibalex. 00500 Helsinki Finland. Tel. +358- org/wsisalex/. 40-5689396. E-mail: tuulah@ kaapeli.ﬁ.

Grants and Awards

Executive Committee and Ms Torny been done and how the prize Chinese Winner of Guust Kjekstad, Chair of IFLA’s Division money will contribute to further- van Wesemael Literacy of Libraries Serving the General ance of that work: purchasing Prize 2005 Public; both are members of IFLA’s Braille publications and talking Governing Board. books, as well as Braille software.

IFLA is pleased to announce that This year there were ten appli- On hearing the news of the prize, the Yunnan Provincial Library of cations for the Guust van Wesemael Rumei Guo of the Yunnan library Kunming, China, is the winner of Prize. Their quality was high and the was very gladly surprised and stated, the Guust van Wesemael Literacy geographical spread was remark- “It is really a great help and encour- Prize 2005. able: they came from nine different agement to us. This will really help countries in Africa, Asia and South us to help and serve more blind The objective of this award is to America. people in our Province”. An article sponsor a public or school library in containing further detailed infor- a developing country to perform mation will be submitted for a future activities in the field of literacy: The Jury members were unani- issue of IFLA Journal. collection development, promotion, mous in their choice of the proposal training, policy development or submitted by the Chinese colleagues otherwise. The prize provides EUR for the following reasons: This Prize was established in 3000 toward these activities. 1991 by IFLA’s Executive Board to 1. The number of libraries in China commemorate the late Guust van The Yunnan Provincial Library that provide services to the blind Wesemael, Coordinator of IFLA’s has set out to establish a sustainable and visually impaired is very Professional Activities from 1979 to literacy programme and service for limited. The initiative of the 1990 and Deputy Secretary General the blind people in Yunnan, as a Yunnan Provincial Library is of IFLA from 1979 to 1991. Funded follow-up effort to the recently therefore extra remarkable. by donations, the Guust van Wese- opened Reading Room for the 2. The work done here will help to mael Literacy Prize has been Blind. This is the first service of its maintain and develop the literacy awarded biennially since 1997. kind in that province and the first in of people with no or a very low the entire Southwestern part of degree of vision, a large group of The Guust van Wesemael Liter- China. millions of people living at the acy Prize 2005 was handed to repre- lowest societal levels. sentatives of Yunnan Provincial The Jury of the Guust van Wese- 3. It was the most interesting of this Library during the World Library mael Literacy Prize 2005 consisted year’s applications, giving clear and Information Conference in of Ms Ellen Tise, Member of IFLA’s evidence of the work that has Oslo (14–18 August 2005).

IFLA Publications e-Learning for Management and satellite meeting held in Geneva, Contributions from experts Marketing in Libraries/e-Forma- Switzerland, in 2003. It was devoted examine the fundamental e-learn- tion pour le marketing et le man- to e-learning for the marketing and ing issues raised in Africa, Europe, agement des bibliothèques. Ed. by management of libraries and was India and North America, as well as Daisy McAdam. Munich: Saur, organized by the IFLA Management illustrating the power and diversity 2005. 165 p. (IFLA Publications; and Marketing Section, with the of this new teaching medium. In the 115). ISBN 3–598–21843–5. Price: help of the University of Geneva, ﬁnal, informal discussions, chaired EUR 74.00 (IFLA Members EUR the Ecole nationale supérieure des by Réjean Savard and Jean-Michel 55.50) sciences de l’information des biblio- Salaün, we are given many tentative thèques (ENSSIB, France) and the insights into what the future holds This publication reﬂects the Agence Intergouvernementale de la for both teachers and students content and richness of the IFLA Francophonie-INTIF. alike.

277 News

Cette publication reﬂète le intergouvernementale de la Fran- Réjean Savard et Jean-Michel contenu et la richesse du colloque cophonie-INTIF. Salaün, permettent de découvrir ce satellite IFLA à Genève (Suisse), en que l’avenir peut réserver dans ce 2003, consacré à la e-formation Des contributions d’experts domaine tant aux enseignants pour le marketing et le management explorent les enjeux de la e-forma- qu’aux étudiants. des bibliothèques et organisé par la tion en Afrique, Europe, Inde et Section IFLA Management et Amérique du Nord, en mettant en IFLA Publications published by: Marketing, avec le soutien de valeur la puissance et la diversité de K.G. Saur Verlag, PO Box 701620, l’Université de Genève, de l’Ecole ce nouveau moyen d’enseignement 81316 Munich, Germany. Tel: +49- nationale supérieure des sciences de par les meilleures pratiques. Des 89-76902-300. Fax: +49-89-76902- l’information des bibliothèques échanges de points de vue, lors des 150/250. E-mail: saur.info@ (ENSSIB, France) et de l’Agence discussions ﬁnales modérées par thompson.de.

From Corporate Partners

and lectures continue to be influen- Emerald Journal Marks a tial throughout the world.” Librarian’s Legacy In addition to the many serious papers Line authored, he is credited with colourful titles such as ‘On the Care and Construction of White Elephants: Some Fundamental Questions Concerning the Cata- logue’ and ‘How Golden is Your Retriever? Thoughts on Library Classification’. His column ‘Man- For the next 12 years Maurice agement Maxims’ was often the worked as a consultant specializing Special Issue of Interlending & spark of controversial debate in the in the management of change, and Document Supply to journal Library Management. Commemorate the Career advising organizations in many parts of the world. He carried out and Retirement of Maurice B. The August issue (volume 33, over 50 consultancies in 16 different Line number 2) of the Emerald journal countries and visited more than 40 Interlending & Document Supply is countries in a professional context. Emerald Group Publishing is entitled ‘Maurice Line: a celebra- He served as Professor Associate at pleased to announce the publication of a lifetime in librarianship.’ It Sheffield University’s Department tion of a special issue of Interlending includes essays on ‘The British of Information Science, and as & Document Supply to celebrate Library: its origins, development External Professor at Lough- the contribution to the field of and future’, ‘The Other Side of borough University’s Department of Librarianship by Maurice B. Line, Line’, and ‘Maurice’s Management Information and Library Studies. In former Director General of the Maxims’. British Library. Featuring Guest addition, Maurice was a prolific Editors Mike McGrath and Stella writer and speaker affectionately Pilling, the August issue (volume 33, known for his humour and unpre- About Emerald number 2) includes essays, articles, dictable nature. and viewpoints by Line as well as Emerald Group Publishing, Ltd. is numerous colleagues. “As a stimulus to clear thinking the leading international publisher about professional and other issues of academic and professional litera- The library career of Maurice I have never met his peer,” accord- ture in the fields of management and Line began in 1950 when he ing to Chris Hunt, Emeritus library and information services. became a trainee for the Bodleian Librarian at the University of Man- Emerald is COUNTER compliant, Library in Oxford. In 1971 Maurice chester, UK. “In argument he may meeting the international code of was a member of the body carrying not always convince one that he is practice for reports that allow out the preliminary planning for the right, but he always strikes sparks clients to measure usage of online British Library. From 1974 to 1985 and makes one attempt to justify a information products and services he held the post of Director- contrary view by using the logical according to a standardized General, British Library Lending and quantitative criteria which he method. Consistently ranked at 98 Division, and from 1985 to 1988 he himself deploys so skilfully . . . . percent in customer satisfaction was Director-General of the British Maurice Line is almost certainly the surveys, Emerald was voted ‘Best Library’s Science, Technology and most widely known librarian of his Customer Support’ by readers of Industry Directorate. generation; his writings, teaching The Charleston Advisor. 278 From Other Organizations

Emerald publishes over 150 peer- product, Emerald Management Xtra, Communications, Emerald Group reviewed titles such as Management is dedicated to the continued develop- Publishing, Ltd. 60/62 Toller Lane, Decision, European Journal of ment of business schools and manage- Bradford, BD8 9BY UK. Tel. 011 44 Marketing, Journal of Documen- ment departments worldwide. 274-777700. Fax: 011 44 1274- tation, Library Hi-Tech, Journal of 785201. Website: www.emerald Knowledge Management and The For further information contact: Gill insight.com. E-mail: gcrawford@ TQM Magazine. Emerald’s ﬂagship Crawford, Head of Corporate emeraldinsight.com.

From Other Organizations

• involvement of all local public Bogotá to be World Book and private stakeholders in the International Children’s Capital 2007 book sector. Digital Library

The Selection Committee of the Furthermore, Members of the Internet history has been made by World Book Capital 2007, made up Committee unanimously expressed The International Children’s Digital of Jean-Manuel Bourgois, Represen- their appreciation for the general Library (ICDL), a free website of tative of the International Publish- quality of the submissions. complete children’s books from ers Association (IPA), Françoise around the world created by the Dubruille, Representative of the University of Maryland. A new International Booksellers Federa- The representatives of IPA, IBF version of the digital library is the tion (IBF), Peter Lor, Representa- and IFLA commit themselves to first to provide free access in nine tive of the International Federation continue their efforts to ensure a languages (Arabic, Chinese, of Library Associations and Insti- better geographic and cultural English, Filipino/Tagalog, French, tutions (IFLA) and Georges Poussin distribution among the nominated German, Hebrew, Persian/Farsi, on behalf of Milagros del Corral as cities and encourage UNESCO to and Spanish) to children’s books in UNESCO representative, met on 17 join them in their endeavours. 28 languages. In addition, the June 2005 under the chair of Jean- library is also one of the few online Manuel Bourgois, in order to Paris, 17 June 2005. libraries for children with books examine the applications to the Jean-Manuel Bourgois, IPA reviewed by child readers around nomination of the World Book Milagros del Corral, UNESCO the world. Capital 2007, in accordance with Françoise Dubruille, IBF Resolution 31 C/Resolution 29, Peter Lor, IFLA The ICDL works with children in adopted by the UNESCO General the US, Germany, Honduras, and Conference on 2 November 2001. New Zealand to design, evaluate, and improve the library as it grows. Right to Information Act The ICDL is funded by the National The Selection Committee exam- in India Science Foundation (NSF) and the ined the following candidatures: Institute for Museum and Library Amsterdam (The Netherlands), Services (IMLS). Faculty, staff, and Bogotá (Colombia), Coimbra (Por- The Right to Information Act, 2005 students from the Human–Com- tugal), Dublin (Ireland), Rosario has been enacted by the Indian puter Interaction Lab (www.cs. (Argentina), and Vienna (Austria). Parliament and came into force on umd.edu/hcil), the Department of The Committee welcomed the 15 June 2005. This Act provides for Computer Science (www.cs.umd. increase in number of the appli- citizens to secure access to infor- edu) and the College of Information cations, including for the first time mation under the control of public Studies (www.clis.umd.edu) research two applications from a region of authorities in order to promote and maintain the library software the world which had so far not been transparency and accountability in and collection. represented (Latin America). The the working of every public author- city of Bogotá was nominated as ity, for the constitution of a Central The materials included in the World Book Capital 2007 for the Information Commission and State collection reflect similarities and following reasons: Information Commissions and for differences in cultures, societies, matters connected therewith or interests, lifestyles, and priorities of incidental thereto. The full text of • comprehensiveness of the bid peoples around the world. The the act is available at http://www. presence of several specific initia- collection’s focus is on identifying • persmin.nic.in/RTI/RTI-Welcome. tives for the World Book Capital materials that help children to htm City 2007 programme, including understand the world around them creative activities for the pro- and the global society in which they motion of reading J.K. Vijayakumar live. It is hoped that through a

279 News

greater understanding of one It determined that the same holds Information Activists’ Group – another that tolerance and accept- true for the emerging networked PALIAct. ance can be achieved. society, where the opportunities provided by information and com- PALIAct will provide a new The collection has two primary munications technologies have rev- vision to help create a people-orien- audiences. The ﬁrst audience is chil- olutionized the way information is tated information service that can dren ages 3–13, as well as librarians, made available, but the funda- meet the information needs of teachers, parents, and caregivers mental principle remains constant. workers and peasants. It will work who work with children of these towards providing an anti-imperial- ages. The second audience is inter- The full text of CILIP’s position ist and a Pan African world outlook national scholars and researchers in statement on Intellectual Freedom, among African librarians and infor- the area of children’s literature. Access to Information and Censor- mation workers. It will also seek to ship is available at www.cilip.org. set up an alternative information Further information: www.icdlbooks. uk/professionalguidance/foi. service in partnership with the org potential users of the service as a Contact: Tim Buckley Owen, Head way of showing what our ‘ofﬁcial’ of Membership, Marketing & libraries and information workers Media, CILIP, Tel: 020 7255 0652. should be doing. PALIAct will form CILIP and Intellectual Email: [email protected]. partnerships with progressive infor- Freedom uk. mation and other workers within Africa and overseas.

At its recent full meeting in Man- Progressive African The Project will bring together chester, the governing Council of Library & Information the resources, skills, and labour of CILIP: the Chartered Institute of Activists’ Group those who accept its vision for a Library and Information Pro- (PALIAct) relevant information service, based fessionals (UK) approved a position on the principles of equality, equity, statement on Intellectual Freedom, social justice, and democracy. Access to Information and Censor- The African Progressive Librarian ship which afﬁrms the role of and Information Activists’ Group librarians as guardians of the unfet- (PALIAct) is an initiative of a group Membership of PALIACT is open tered right to information as CILIP of progressive African librarians and to all who agree with the Vision and policy. information workers. We recognize Principles of PALIACT, and agree to that current ‘leaders’ in the African contribute their labour, skills or The Council’s decision estab- information ﬁeld have done little to other resources to the Project. lishes the principle that access to break the colonial and imperialist information should not be restricted policies and practices in meeting Further information: Shiraz on any grounds except that of the the information needs of working Durrani, Senior Lecturer, Infor- law. If publicly available material people in Africa, or to make the pro- mation Management, Department has not incurred legal penalties then fession more relevant to the needs of Applied Social Sciences, London it should not be excluded on moral, of African librarians and infor- Metropolitan University, Ladbroke political, religious, racial or gender mation workers. We have therefore House, 62–66 Highbury Grove, grounds, to satisfy the demands of decided to take the initiative to set London N5 2AD, UK. Tel: +44 sectional interest. up an alternative organization – the (0)20 7133 5017. E-mail: s.durrani@ Progressive African Library and londonmet.ac.uk.

Other Publications

Science & Technology) are pleased researchers and practitioners International Calendar of to announce: The International (and their colleagues in related Information Science Calendar of Information Science disciplines) to discover which Conferences Conferences (ICISC), available at conferences are planned that http://icisc.neasist.org/. might fulﬁll their need to commu- nicate their knowledge and The Special Interest Group on This centralized, master calendar experience and learn from International Information Issues of relevant conferences being held others; and, (SIG/III), the European around the world serves three • to help conference organizers (ASIST/EC) and the New England primary purposes: avoid time or topic conﬂicts, or (NEASIST) chapters of ASIS&T coordinate with other groups, (American Society for Information • to help information science leading to more interaction and

280 Other Publications

coherence among professional New Publication on Book tures, which bring together a unique groups; and, Donations set of benefits for information pro- • to contribute to facilitating inter- fessionals, wherever they are. Every action among like-minded pro- member gets their own blog, fessionals working on information Book Donations for Development, website, webmail account, elec- problems around the globe. written by Mauro Rosi of the Divi- tronic briefcase, photo album and sion of Arts and Cultural Enterprise calendar, as well as a whole range of This calendar is meant as a co- of the Cultural Sector of UNESCO, common facilities. Its primary aim is operative venture. Any organization has just been edited, designed and to enable information specialists to or conference organizer is cordially printed in Canada by CODE. It is build a global network of pro- invited to submit relevant confer- available as a pdf. file at www. fessional and personal contacts and ences, either confirmed or planned, codecan.org. to improve their professional skills. to the ICISC Calendar. Detailed At the same time, it keeps its instructions for registering a confer- This handbook builds on the members up to date with a wide ence directly, through a submission work of UNESCO, CODE and the range of the latest LIS news, form, or by Email can be found on International Book Bank which comment, jobs, useful websites, the Web site. The site is moderated together sponsored an international books, blogs and much more. In and the sponsoring organizations symposium entitled, Donated Book addition, members get a package of reserve the right to discard entries Programs: A Dialogue of Partners, useful tools to help them organize that would not be deemed appropri- in Baltimore, USA, in 1992. The their essential daily activities more ate. Center for the Book at the Library effectively, as well as a number of of Congress published the proceed- entertainment modules to keep The calendar is in English at the ings in 1993. them amused in their occasional moment. We hope that more lan- spare moments. guages and/or mirror sites could be The present handbook provides added in the future. Announce- both policy and practical infor- The new community is the brain- ments can be passed in any language mation for donors and recipients of child of joint founders, Stuart that can be presented in Latin book donation projects. It is Urwin, who has many years’ experi- characters, provided an English intended as an educational and ence of providing online and inter- translation of at least the conference training tool. It sets book donations net services to information users, place and title is also included. within the context of the book chain and Gunnel Stjernvall, a pro- and the importance of supporting fessional library manager. In addition to the dynamic and the book industry in every UN searchable calendar available for member state, with special attention The informationcity.com com- viewing in both block and list style, to those in the developing world. munity has been designed to offer there is a ‘Quick Calendar’ listing all value to all levels of information the events on a static HTML web Hard copies of Book Donations specialists, from students up to page useful for printing, or for those for Development are available from holders of the most senior manage- with slower internet connections. CODE for distribution through ment and academic posts. ICISC further offers the option to non-governmental agencies and subscribe to an RSS feed to keep up library associations/institutions Contact: Stuart Urwin, ISIM, to date on the latest additions. involved in book donation projects. Torsvagen 7b, 192 67 Sollentuna, Sweden. Tel. +46 8754 15 55. Fax: The web site further includes lists La donation du livre pour le +46 8754 13 33. E-mail:stuart.urwin of electronic fora, organizations, développement appeared in 2004 @isim.org. http://www.information networks and rotating conferences and has been distributed through city.com in information science. Suggestions Culture et développement in Gren- of relevant entries will be most oble, France. welcome. Open Access Bibliography Further information: Gwynneth Evans, Chair, IFLA Reading We hope that you will find this The Open Access Bibliography: liber- Section. E-mail: gwynnethevans@ calendar useful from an organiz- ating scholarly literature with e- sympatico.ca or codehq@codecan. ational and/or individual stand- prints and open access journals, by org. point. We encourage you to Charles W. Bailey, presents over contribute to the calendar and offer 1,300 selected English-language your suggestions. Be sure to sub- New Global Community books, conference papers (including scribe to the RSS/XML feed to stay for Information Sector some digital video presentations), up to date on new additions to the debates, editorials, e-prints, journal calendar. and magazine articles, news articles, The www.informationcity.com com- technical reports, and other printed Contact: [email protected] munity has a collection of 31 fea- and electronic sources that are

281 News

useful in understanding the open liography is available at http://info. Commons Attribution–Non- access movement’s efforts to lib.uh.edu/cwb/oab.pdf. It has also Commercial License. provide free access to and unfet- been published as a printed book tered use of scholarly literature. (ISBN 1-59407-670-7) by the Further information: Charles W. Most sources have been published Association of Research Libraries Bailey, Jr., Assistant Dean for Digital between 1999 and 31 August 2004; (ARL). http://www.arl.org/pubscat/ Library Planning and Development, however, a limited number of key pubs/openaccess/. University of Houston, Library sources published prior to 1999 are Administration, 114 University also included. Where possible, links Libraries, Houston, TX 77204-2000. are provided to sources that are ARL and the author have made E-mail: [email protected]. Voice: freely available on the Internet the above PDF version of the bibli- (713) 743-9804. Fax: (713) 743- (approximately 78 percent of the ography freely available. It is 9811. http://info.lib.uh.edu/cwb/ references have such links). The bib- licensed under the Creative bailey.htm

Personal News

where many eminent judges, American and Caribbean libraries Elizabet Carvalho lawyers, librarians and information and information services and for her Honoured professionals were present – homage grandiose collaboration to divulge was rendered to Manager of the Brazilian and Latin American and IFLA Ofﬁce for Latin America and Caribbean culture worldwide. Eliza- On 1 April 2005 a solemnity was the Caribbean, Ms Elizabet Ramos bet was awarded a gold medal as held in Rio de Janeiro to commemo- de Carvalho, for her outstanding Outstanding International Personal- rate the 114 years of the Federal efforts to develop Brazilian, Latin ity Year 2004. Courts of Law. At that session –

Obituaries

Cumbria. In 1980 he was appointed Information Services Council Stuart Brewer City Librarian of Newcastle upon (England). He was a member of the Tyne, a post which he occupied until Library Association (LA) Council Stuart Brewer, the Information 1995. In Newcastle his particular from 1981 to 1995, was a Northern Coordinator of the IFLA Metro- interests were in staffing and Branch Councillor and chaired politan Libraries Section and development and in the relationship several LA committees and subcom- INTLIB Moderator died suddenly of libraries to the arts and the committees. From 1989 to 1995 he was on June 1 aged 66. Stuart had been munity, and he carried out a major the LA Honorary Treasurer. one of those British public librarians reorganization of the City’s library who not only accomplished great service. In 1995 Stuart became the first professional achievements in the Executive Secretary of the new UK, but who also threw himself As City Librarian he was also very Library and Information Com- with great energy into international active in the Council of City mission (LIC), helping to set up a librarianship. Research and Information body which after many changes now Libraries, the Newcastle upon Tyne forms the core of the influential Stuart was born in Ilford in Essex, Libraries Joint Working Party and body, MLA, the Museums Libraries and after army service with the the Northern Regional Library and Archives Council. After leaving Royal Signals spent four years at System, later Information North, on the LIC, Stuart carried out a wide Oxford University reading ‘greats’ which he served in a number of range of consultancy activities. (i.e. classics, ancient history and capacities, including Director and philosophy). He gained an honours Chair. Stuart always had a strong inter- degree and then took a postgraduate est in the international library librarianship course at the North In addition to these Newcastle scene, attending library study tours Western Polytechnic in London. based activities Stuart was heavily and conferences from the 1960s Stuart’s first professional post was involved in librarianship at the onwards. From 1985 he was a in Tottenham in London, and from national level. From 1975 to 1980 member of INTAMEL (as it then there he moved to the London he was the chairman of the UK was), the International Association Royal Borough of Kensington and MARC Users Group and he served of Metropolitan Libraries, which Chelsea. From 1970 he worked first as a member of the British Library was also an IFLA Round Table. By in Nottingham and then in the and other national advisory com- 1998 Stuart had become the Infor- north-western English county of mittees, including the Library and mation Coordinator of INTAMEL,

282 Obituaries

and in this role he was a very bachelor’s degree from Alabama members of underrepresented successful planner and networker State University. She worked as a groups pursuing an MLS degree – a bringing together city librarians teacher in the Alabama public position she helped to create and from four continents to its annual schools then received a Master’s of oversee. She presented papers at conferences. He moderated the Library Science degree from the and helped organize international INTLIB list, and in the last two University of Illinois at Urbana- conferences for IFLA and other years working with Frans Meijer Champaign. She worked as a refer- groups in Australia, Cuba, Spain, (formerly at Rotterdam Public ence librarian in the Chicago public India, and other locations. library), Aline Girard-Billon (Paris libraries before accepting a position Public Libraries) and Tay Ai Cheng at the Douglass Library of Rutgers Thelma was internationally rec- (Singapore National Library Board) University in 1970. ognized as the leading expert on the and others, he helped to initiate many uses of mobile libraries in superb annual meetings in Rotter- At various points Thelma served developing countries. She compiled dam and Singapore. In addition he as the Libraries liaison to the Amer- and edited well-acclaimed bibli- used his great knowledge of IFLA as ican Studies, African Studies, Clas- ographies on mobile libraries across well as his charm and negotiating sics, Education, English, History, the globe and personally traveled to skills to persuade INTAMEL mem- Psychology, Religion, Romance assess the effectiveness of camel- bership of the advantages of becom- Languages, Sociology and Speech born mobile libraries in Kenya ing the IFLA Metropolitan Libraries departments. She served as coordi- and donkey-driven library carts in Section, something which was nator of reference services at the Zimbabwe. approved in 2004. Douglass Library for many years. Thelma’s colleagues recognized her In recognition of her long, varied, Stuart had an abiding passion for as an exemplary instructor for and distinguished service to Rutgers opera and his wide range of other college audiences, whether as indi- University, and to the international interests included film, charitable viduals or in groups, on library field of librarianship, Thelma was activity for the elderly, travel and resources and research methods. awarded the Rutgers University book collecting. She accepted the position of coordi- Human Dignity Award in April nator of global outreach services for 2002. Stuart’s death at a relatively early the Rutgers University Libraries in age is a great loss to international 1999 and moved to the Alexander Thelma also devoted consider- librarianship. His many friends and Library, where she also served as able attention to local concerns. She fellow librarians will miss him not the liaison for persons with disabili- served on the executive board of the only as a fine professional and great ties. Urban League of Greater New organizer, but also as a warm, Brunswick, as a member of the com- friendly and very sensitive col- While working at Douglass, munity advisory board of the Black league. Our sympathies go to his Thelma served as chairperson of the Resource Center of New Brunswick, widow Pat (who frequently accom- Douglass College Equal Oppor- and chaired several committees at panied him at international library tunity Board and as an active the United Presbyterian Church in events) and to his family. member of the Voorhees Assembly Plainfield, NJ. She was also an Board, the Douglass Advisory Ser- active leader in the Global Literacy David Bradbury, July 2005. vices for Women committee, and Project, a New Jersey non-profit the committee that developed the organization that collects dated or Douglass College ‘Shaping a Life’ unwanted books and ships them to Thelma Horn Tate course. communities in Africa, the Caribbean, and other developing Thelma was very active in countries. Rutgers University Librarian, national and international library International Libraries organizations. She served as chair of Thelma was married to James Activist, 1934–2005 the Library Instruction Round Table Tate, an administrator at Rutgers of the American Library Associ- University, who died in the 1970’s. Thelma Tate understood that her ation (ALA) and as chair of the Thelma died in May, at the age of 71. work as a librarian allowed her not International Federation of Library She is survived by her two sons, only to advance the highest ideals of Associations (IFLA) Round Table Alaric and Greg. her profession but also to create new on Continuing Professional Edu- opportunities to increase human cation. As a frequent invited She will be sorely missed by her dignity and spread knowledge, both exhibitor in the ALA’s Annual Rutgers colleagues, former students, locally and internationally. Diversity Fair, she most recently and professional associates world- showcased the Rutgers University wide. Thelma was born and raised in Libraries/SCILS resident/intern- rural Alabama and graduated with a ship position, which supports Harry Glazer

283 News

Virginia G. Young 2002. She led the movement to earned her an honorary member- build the original Columbia Public ship in the American Library Library at 100 W. Broadway, and Association (ALA)–the highest Longtime advocate of libraries, played a key role in the realization library award. Virginia G. Young, passed away of the current building. She Wednesday, 16 March 2005. She authored the definitive book on In 1997, Young created a new began her service to the Columbia library trusteeship, The Library IFLA discussion group, Friends and Library District (now part of the Trustee, first published in 1964 and Advocates of Libraries. As a five- Daniel Boone Regional Library now in its fifth edition. Her knowl- year trustee of the American Library system) in 1952 when she was edge, combined with her lifetime of in Paris, she helped plan their 50th named to the board of trustees. She library service all over the world, anniversary celebration. served nearly ten terms through

284 INTERNATIONAL CALENDAR

2005 Place des Nations, CH-1211 Conference and Council. Geneva 20, Switzerland. Tel. +41 Theme: Libraries: dynamic (22) 730 6113. Fax: +41 (22) 730 engines for the knowledge and November 10–11, 2005. Alexandria, 5881. E-mail: [email protected]. information society. Egypt. Website: www.itu.int/wsis/. For more information: IFLA IFLA Pre-summit to the World Headquarters, POB 95312, 2509 Summit on the Information November 25–December 1, 2005. CH, The Hague, The Nether- Society. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emi- lands. Tel. +31 70 314-0884. Fax: Further information from: Inter- rates. +31 70 3834827. national Federation of Library XXXVIIIth International Con- Associations and Institutions ference of the Round Table on (IFLA), PO Box 95312, 2509 CH Archives. Theme: Building 2007 The Hague, Netherlands. Tel. +31 memory in the global age. (70) 3140884. Fax: +31 (70) Further information: Perrine 3834827. E-mail: IFLA@ifla.org. Canavaggio. E-mail: canavaggio 2007. Durban, South Africa. Website: http://ifla.inist.fr/index. @ica.org. World Library and Information htm. Congress: 73rd IFLA Council November 27–December 1 2005. and General Conference. November 14–15, 2005. San Fran- Yaoundé, Cameroon. Theme: Libraries for the future: cisco, California, USA. 2005 IEEE International Con- progress, development and part- 7th Annual Virtual Reference ference on Signal-Image nerships. Desk Conference. Technology & Internet-Based Further information from: Inter- More information: http://www. Systems. national Federation of Library vrd.org/conferences/VRD2005. Further information: http://www. Associations and Institutions u-bourgogne.fr/sitis. (IFLA), PO Box 95312, 2509 CH November 14–18, 2005. Moscow The Hague, Netherlands. Tel. +31 Region, Russia. (70) 3140884. Fax: +31 (70) LIBCOM–2005. Ninth Inter- 2006 3834827. E–mail: IFLA@ifla.org. national Conference and Exhibi- Website: http://ifla.inist.fr/index. tion: Information Technologies, htm. Computer Systems and Publi- February 7–9, 2006. Bielefeld, cations for Libraries. Germany. Contacts: LIBCOM–2005 Organ- 8th International Bielefeld Con- 2008 izing Committee, 12 Kuznetsky ference 2006. Theme: Academic Most, GSP–6, K–31, Moscow library and information services – 107996, Russia. Tel: 7-095-923- new paradigms for the digital age. August 10–14, 2008, Québec, 12497/095-923-9998. Fax: 7-095- Further information: Dr Norbert Canada. 921-98627-095-925-9750. E–mail: Lossau, Library Director, Chief World Library and Information l [email protected]. Information Officer Scholarly Congress: 74th IFLA General Information, Bielefeld University Conference and Council. November 16–18, 2005. Tunis, Library. Tel.: +49 521 106-4050. Further information from: Inter- Tunisia. Fax.: +49 (0) 521 106-4052. national Federation of Library World Summit on the Infor- E-mail: norbert.lossau@uni-biele Associations and Institutions mation Society. Phase 2. feld.de. Website: http://www.ub. (IFLA), PO Box 95312, 2509 CH Further information: Mr. A. uni-bielefeld.de. The Hague, Netherlands. Tel. +31 Levin, Chief a.i., Coordination, (70) 3140884. Fax: +31 (70) External Relations and Com- August 22–28, 2006. Seoul, Korea. 3834827. E-mail: IFLA@ifla.org. munication Units, International World Library and Information Website: http://ifla.inist.fr/index. Telecommunication Union (ITU), Congress: 72nd IFLA General htm.

Dominique Babini. Cooperative materials, which mix image and preserve the audiovisuals that con- Virtual Libraries: training librar- sound, have a time dimension and stitute the heritage of the country. ians and editors via the Internet. are not directly decodifi able by the The work focuses on the collec- IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 3, senses. Finally, the specifi c char- tion and the preservation showing pp. 229–233 acteristics of digital materials are how they work, which are the dif- covered, one of the chief of these fi culties and which the advantages. The development of virtual librar- being their multimedia nature, Excellent institutions in this area ies that offer Internet users access bringing together text, image and are considered, standing out by to full-text documents requires the sound. The separation between their national reach, such as the teamwork of librarians, editors and contents and medium leads such ‘Archivo Nacional de la Imagen’ webmasters. This paper proposes materials to be both compound (National Image Archive) and the option of cooperative virtual (different codes) and distributed the ‘Museo de la Palabra’ (Word libraries and describes how the (stored in several fi les), as well as Museum), whose commitment is Latin American Social Science dynamic (easily modifi able). These to compile and conserve still and Council (Consejo Latinoamericano characteristics imply new require- moving images in the fi rst case, de Ciencias Sociales – CLACSO) ments in handling them which are and voice in the second case. The organized a distance training sketched out as a corollary of this Special Collections Section of the course via the Internet for a group subject. National Library and the Monte- of librarians and editors of eighteen video Photographic Archive are countries of Latin American and Brinley Franklin. Managing the also included. the Caribbean, pointing out the Electronic Collection with Cost factors that must be considered for per Use Data. the organization of courses via the IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 3, Laura Susan Ward. A Revolution Internet. pp. 241–248 in Preservation: digitizing political posters at the National Library Blanca Rodríguez Bravo. The This paper reviews some of the early of Cuba. Audiovisual and Multimedia efforts to develop cost per use data IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 3, Content in the Curriculum for for electronic collections and dis- pp. 260–267 Librarianship Studies at the Uni- cusses some of the ways libraries, versity of León in Spain. consortia, and publishers currently Cuba’s Biblioteca Nacional José IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 3, use unit cost information to make Martí houses a collection of Revo- pp. 234–240 management decisions. Emerg- lutionary graphic political posters ing trends in the standardization that have generated international Within the framework of its pro- of electronic usage statistics and interest for their unique artistic grammes in Librarianship and concurrent utilization of cost per style and controversial messages. Information Studies, the University use data to manage electronic col- Since the onset of the “Special of Leon offers the course ‘Analysis lections hold tremendous potential Period,” a time of extreme eco- of Document Content’, which has for libraries and library consortia nomic hardship, librarians and as its aim the treatment of docu- to increasingly employ reliable cost archivists have tried to maintain mentary messages with a view to and use data to support collection the collection under less-than-ideal their retrieval. The third module development and management conditions. While library staff does of the course concentrates on rep- decisions. not lack knowledge, energy, and resentation and retrieval of sound, dedication, the preservation situ- visual, audiovisual and multime- Samira Sambaíno. Images and ation at the BNJM remains grim. dia materials. Prior to undertaking Sounds in Uruguay. However, digitization of the poster documentary study of audiovis- IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 3, collection can be used as a way ual materials, the peculiarities of pp. 249–259 to hedge against current deterio- the sound and iconic codes are ration and possible damage to or explained. Students are then intro- Offers a vision of the institutions of destruction of the collection during duced to the analysis of audiovisual Uruguay which aim to compile and an episode of political change.

SOMMAIRES

Dominique Babini. Cooperative sont expliquées. Les étudiants sont Propose une vision des institutions Virtual Libraries: training libra- ensuite initiés à l’analyse des docu- uruguayennes s’étant donné pour rians and editors via the Internet. ments audiovisuels qui mélangent mission de rassembler et de con- [Coopération entre bibliothèques images et sons, ont une dimension server les documents audio-visuels virtuelles: formation des biblio- temporelle et ne sont pas directe- constituant le patrimoine national. thécaires et des éditeurs par ment décodables par les sens. Enfi n, Ce travail est axé sur le rassemble- l’intermédiaire d’Internet.] les caractéristiques des documents ment et la conservation, montrant IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 3, numériques sont abordées, l’une les méthodes de travail, les diffi cul- pp. 229–233 des principales étant leur nature tés et les avantages. Certaines ins- multimédia, rassemblant texte, titutions de qualité se distinguant Le développement des bibliothè- image et son. La distinction entre par leur portée nationale sont ainsi ques virtuelles offrant aux utili- contenus et médium fait que ces abordées ici, notamment ‘Archivo sateurs d’Internet l’accès à des documents sont tout à la fois com- Nacional de la Imagen’ (Archives documents dans leur version inté- posites (codes différents) et diffus nationales de l’Image) et ‘Museo de grale nécessite un travail d’équipe (conservés dans différents fi chiers), la Palabra’ (Musée du Mot), qui se de la part des bibliothécaires, édi- ainsi que dynamiques (facilement consacrent au rassemblement et à teurs et webmestres. Cet article modifi ables). Les caractéristiques la conservation des images fi xes et évoque une coopération possible de ces documents nécessitent de en mouvement dans le premier cas, entre bibliothèques virtuelles et nouvelles formes de traitement, et de la voix dans le second cas. décrit comment le Conseil latino- évoquées en corollaire à ce sujet. La section des collections spéciales américain des Sciences Sociales de la Bibliothèque Nationale et les (Consejo Latinoamericano de Brinley Franklin. Managing the Archives photographiques de Mon- Ciencias Sociales – CLACSO) a Electronic Collection with Cost tevidéo sont également abordées. organisé un cours de formation per Use Data. [Gestion de la collec- à distance sur Internet à l’intention électronique avec un système Laura Susan Ward. A Revolution tion d’un groupe de bibliothécai- de coûts de consultation.] in Preservation: digitizing politi- res et d’éditeurs de dix-huit pays IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 3, cal posters at the National Library d’Amérique Latine et des Caraïbes, pp. 241–248 of Cuba. [Une révolution dans le et indique les facteurs qui doivent domaine de la conservation: digi- être pris en compte pour organiser Cet article passe en revue certains tisation des affi ches politiques à la des cours sur Internet. des efforts initiaux pour développer Bibliothèque Nationale de Cuba.] un système de coûts de consultation IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 3, Blanca Rodríguez Bravo. The pour les collections électroniques pp. 260–267 Audiovisual and Multimedia et aborde certaines des méthodes Content in the Curriculum for appliquées actuellement par les La Bibliothèque Nationale José Librarianship Studies at the bibliothèques, consortiums et édi- Martí à Cuba abrite une collection University of León in Spain. [Le teurs afi n d’utiliser les informa- d’affi ches politiques révolution- contenu audiovisuel et multimé- tions sur les coûts par unité pour naires qui ont suscité un intérêt dia du programme de cours d’étu- prendre des décisions de gestion. international par leurs qualités des bibliothécaires à l’Université Les tendances émergeantes dans la artistiques uniques et le caractère de León en Espagne.] standardisation des statistiques à controversé du message véhiculé. IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 3, usage électronique et l’utilisation Depuis la mise en place de la pp. 234–240 simultanée d’un système de coûts “Période spéciale,” une époque de de consultation pour gérer les col- pénurie économique extrême, les Dans le cadre de son programme lections électroniques représentent bibliothécaires et archivistes se sont d’études bibliothécaires et de l’in- un potentiel considérable pour les efforcés de conserver la collection formation, l’Université de León bibliothèques et les consortiums de dans des conditions qui étaient loin propose le cours ‘Analyse du bibliothèques, permettant d’utiliser d’être idéales. Bien que le person- contenu des documents’, ayant de plus en plus des données fi ables nel de la bibliothèque ne manque pour objet le traitement des mes- sur les coûts et les consultations, pas de connaissances, d’énergie sages documentaires afi n d’en per- afi n de soutenir le développement et de dévouement, la situation de mettre l’accès. Le troisième module des collections et les décisions de conservation à la BNJM reste pré- du cours se concentre sur la repré- gestion. caire. Cependant, la numérisation sentation et l’accès aux documents de la collection d’affi ches peut être sonores, visuels, audiovisuels et Samira Sambaíno. Images and utilisée pour faire obstacle à la multimédias. Avant d’entreprendre Sounds in Uruguay. [Images et détérioration actuelle et empêcher une étude documentaire des docu- sons en Uruguay.] des dommages ou une destruction ments audiovisuels, les particula- IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 3, possible de la collection en cas de rités des codes sonores et visuels pp. 249–259 virement politique.

287 Zusammenfassungen

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEN

Dominique Babini. Cooperative der audiovisuellen Materialien Maße auf verlässliche Kosten- und Virtual Libraries: training libra- werden die Eigenheiten der akus- Nutzungsdaten stützen können. rians und editors via the Internet. tischen und symbolischen Codie- [Kooperative virtuelle Biblio- rungen erläutert. Danach folgt eine Samira Sambaíno. Images and theken: Internetkurse für Biblio- Einführung in die Analyse audiovi- Sounds in Uruguay. [Bilder und thekare und Herausgeber.] sueller Materialien, bei denen Bild Töne in Uruguay.] IFLA-Journal 31 (2005) Nr. 3, Seite und Ton miteinander verschmel- IFLA - Journal 31 (2005) Nr. 3, S. 229–233 zen, bei denen eine Zeitdimension 249–259 vorkommt und die nicht direkt mit- Zur Entwicklung virtueller Biblio- hilfe der Sinne decodiert werden Dieser Beitrag enthält eine Vision theken, die den Internetbenutzern können. Schließlich kommen auch der Institutionen in Uruguay und Zugang zu Volltext-Dokumenten die spezifi schen Charakteristika zielt darauf ab, die audiovisuel- bieten, müssen die Bibliotheken, digitaler Materialien zur Sprache, len Konserven, die das Erbe des Herausgeber und Webmaster im wobei der Schwerpunkt u.a. auf Landes ausmachen, zu sammeln Team zusammenarbeiten. Der vor- deren Multimedia-Eigenschaften und zu bewahren. Das Werk kon- liegende Beitrag präsentiert die liegt, wobei Text, Bild und Ton zentriert sich auf die Sammlung Möglichkeit kooperativer virtuel- kombiniert werden. Die Trennung und Konservierung und zeigt die ler Bibliotheken und beschreibt, zwischen dem Inhalt und dem entsprechende Vorgehensweise, wie der lateinamerikanische Sozial- Medium führt dazu, dass solche es zeigt auf, wo die Schwierigkei- wissenschaftsrat (Consejo Latino- Materialien sowohl zusammen- ten liegen und wo die Vorteile zu americano de Ciencias Sociales gesetzt (verschiedene Codierun- fi nden sind. Dabei werden außer- – CLACSO) im Internet einen gen) als auch verteilt (in separaten gewöhnliche Institutionen in Fernkurs für eine Gruppe von Dateien gespeichert) sind, und dass diesem Bereich betrachtet, die sich Bibliothekaren und Herausgebern sie dynamisch (leicht modifi zier- insbesondere durch ihren landes- aus achtzehn Ländern in Latein- bar) sind. Diese Charakteristika weiten Einfl uss auszeichnen, wie amerika und der Karibik angeboten beinhalten implizit neue Anforde- beispielsweise das ‘Archivo Naci- hat. Dabei werden auch die Fakto- rungen beim Umgang mit solchen onal de la Imagen’ (das nationale ren unterstrichen, die bei solchen Materialien, die im Rahmen dieses Bilderarchiv) und das ‘Museo de Internetkursen zu berücksichtigen Themas angeschnitten werden. la Palabra’ (das Wortmuseum). sind. Dabei geht es insbesondere um die Brinley Franklin. Managing the Sammlung und Konservierung von Blanca Rodríguez Bravo. The Electronic Collection with Cost Festbildern und Filmen im ersten Audiovisual und Multimedia per Use Data. [Verwaltung elek- Fall und der Stimme im zweiten Content in the Curriculum for tronischer Sammlungen auf Basis Fall. Dies betrifft auch die Abtei- Librarianship Studies at the Uni- der Nutzungskosten.] lung für Spezialsammlungen in der versity of León in Spain. [Der IFLA-Journal 31 (2005) Nr. 3, Seite Nationalbibliothek und das Foto- audiovisuelle und multimediale 241–248 archiv in Montevideo. Inhalt des Curriculums für das Bibliothekswesen an der Univer- Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit Laura Susan Ward. A Revolu- sität von León in Spanien.] einigen der ersten Bemühungen zur tion in Preservation: digitizing IFLA-Journal 31 (2005) Nr. 3, Seite Entwicklung einer Datensamm- political posters at the National 234–240 lung über die Nutzungskosten für Library of Cuba. [Eine Revolution elektronische Sammlungen und in der Konservierung: Digitalisie- Im Rahmen ihrer Programme in den bespricht, in welcher Weise Biblio- rung der politischer Poster in der Bereichen des Bibliothekswesens theken, Verbände und Verlage heute Nationalbibliothek von Kuba.] und der Informationswissenschaf- solche Stückkosteninformationen IFLA-Journal 31 (2005) Nr. 3, Seite ten bietet die Universität von Leon im Rahmen ihrer Management- 260–267 einen Kurs mit dem Titel ‘Analysis Entscheidungen nutzen. Neue of Document Content’ [Analyse Trends zur Standardisierung der Die Biblioteca Nacional José Martí des Inhalts von Dokumenten] an. elektronischen Nutzungsstatistiken in Kuba besitzt eine Sammlung Zielsetzung ist die Bearbeitung und das gleichzeitige Heranziehen graphischer politischer Revoluti- dokumentierter Mitteilungen, um der Nutzungskostendaten zur Ver- onsposter, die aufgrund ihres ein- diese im Bedarfsfall wieder abrufen waltung elektronischer Sammlun- zigartigen künstlerischen Stils und zu können. Die dritte Kurseinheit gen ergeben ein hervorragendes der kontroversen Inhalte auf inter- konzentriert sich auf die Darstel- Potenzial für Bibliotheken und nationales Interesse gestoßen sind. lung und Wiedergewinnung akus- Bibliotheksverbände, die damit die Seit Beginn der “Special Period,” tischer, visueller, audiovisueller Förderung des Aufbaus von Samm- einer Phase extremer wirtschaft- sowie multimedialer Materialien. lungen und auch ihre Mangement- licher Probleme, haben Biblio- Vor Beginn der Dokumentarstudie Entscheidungen in zunehmendem thekare und Archivleiter versucht,

288 Resúmenes die Sammlung unter schwierigen servierungssituation beim BNJM jetzt stattﬁ ndenden Verfall und Bedingungen zu erhalten. Obwohl immer noch sehr schwierig. Die möglichen Schäden zu schützen es den Mitarbeitern der Bibliothek Digitalisierung der Postersamm- sowie die Zerstörung der Samm- nicht an Kenntnissen, Energie und lung kann jedoch eine Möglichkeit lung bei einem potenziellen politi- Engagement fehlt, ist die Kon- sein, um die Sammlung vor dem schen Umschwung zu vermeiden.

RESÚMENES

Dominique Babini. Cooperative ción. El tercer módulo del curso siones de gestión. Las tendencias Virtual Libraries: training libra- se centra en la representación y emergentes en la estandarización rians and editors via the Internet. recuperación de materiales de de las estadísticas electrónicas de [Bibliotecas Virtuales Coopera- audio e imágenes, y de contenido uso, y la utilización simultanea de tivas: formación para biblioteca- audiovisual y multimedia. Antes de los datos del coste por uso para rios y directores de publicaciones emprender el estudio documental gestionar las colecciones electróni- mediante Internet.] de los materiales audiovisuales se cas, ofrecen un enorme potencial IFLA Journal Vol. 31 (2005) Nº 3, explican las peculiaridades de los para que bibliotecas y consorcios p 229–233 códigos de sonido y los signos icó- utilicen datos fi ables de coste y uso nicos. A continuación, se ofrece que respalden el desarrollo de las El desarrollo de las bibliotecas vir- una visión general a los estudiantes colecciones y sirvan de base para tuales, que permiten a los usuarios sobre el análisis de los materiales tomar decisiones de gestión. de Internet acceder a documentos audiovisuales, es decir, aquellos completos, requiere la colabora- que combinan imagen y sonido, Samira Sambaíno. Images and ción entre bibliotecarios, directo- tienen una dimensión temporal y sounds in Uruguay. [Imágenes y res de publicaciones y webmasters. no pueden descodifi carse directa- sonidos en Uruguay.] Este documento propone la opción mente mediante los sentidos. Por IFLA Journal Vol. 31 (2005) Nº 3, de formar bibliotecas virtuales coo- último, se abordan las caracterís- p 249–259 perativas, y describe de qué forma ticas concretas de los materiales el Consejo Latinoamericano de digitales, siendo una de las más Ofrece una visión de las institu- Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) ha importantes su carácter multime- ciones de Uruguay con el objetivo organizado un curso de formación dia, que combina texto, imagen y de reunir y conservar los materia- a distancia, mediante Internet, sonido. La separación entre los les audiovisuales que constituyen para un grupo de bibliotecarios contenidos y los soportes hace el patrimonio nacional. El trabajo y directores de publicaciones de que dichos materiales sean com- se centra en las labores de recopi- dieciocho países latinoamericanos puestos (distintos códigos), dis- lación y conservación, y muestra y caribeños, señalando los facto- tribuidos (almacenados en varios su funcionamiento, difi cultades y res que deben tenerse en cuenta a archivos) y dinámicos (fácilmente ventajas. En el trabajo se abordan la hora de organizar este tipo de modifi cables). Estas características instituciones de renombre en esta cursos. suponen nuevos requisitos para la área, que destacan por su alcance administración de los mismos, que nacional, como el “Archivo Nacio- Blanca Rodríguez Bravo. The se resumen como corolario de este nal de la Imagen” y el “Museo de Audiovisual and Multimedia tema. la Palabra”, cuyo propósito es com- Content in the Curriculum for pilar y conservar las imágenes fi jas Librarianship Studies at the Uni- Brinley Franklin. Managing the y dinámicas en el primer caso, y la versity of León in Spain. [El con- Electronic Collection with Cost voz en el segundo caso. También tenido audiovisual y multimedia per Use Data. [Gestión de colec- se incluyen la sección de Colec- en el currículo de Bibliotecono- ciones electrónicas con datos del ción Especiales de la Biblioteca mía y Documentación en la Uni- coste por uso.] Nacional y el Archivo Fotográfi co versidad de León (España).] IFLA Journal Vol. 31 (2005) Nº 3, de Montevideo. IFLA Journal Vol. 31 (2005) Nº 3, p 241–248 p 234–240 Laura Susan Ward. A Revolution Este documento analiza algunas in Preservation: digitizing politi- En el marco de sus programas de las primeras iniciativas para cal posters at the National Library formativos de Biblioteconomía y crear datos del coste por uso para of Cuba. [Una revolución en el Documentación, la Universidad colecciones electrónicas, y expone mundo de la conservación: la de León ofrece el curso “Análisis algunas de las formas en las que digitalización de los carteles polí- de contenidos de documentos”, bibliotecas, consorcios y directores ticos en la Biblioteca Nacional de que tiene como objetivo abordar el de publicaciones utilizan actual- Cuba.] tratamiento de los mensajes docu- mente la información del coste IFLA Journal Vol. 31 (2005) Nº 3, mentales con vistas a su recupera- unitario por uso para tomar deci- p 260–267

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La Biblioteca Nacional José Martí mica, los bibliotecarios y archiveros la digitalización de la colección de de Cuba alberga una colección de han intentado mantener la colec- carteles podría utilizarse como una carteles políticos de la Revolución ción en unas condiciones poco forma de protección frente al dete- que han suscitado un interés inter- favorables. Aunque los empleados rioro actual, así como para preve- nacional por su singular estilo artís- de las bibliotecas cuentan con los nir el posible daño o destrucción de tico y sus mensajes controvertidos. conocimientos, energía y dedica- la colección durante una etapa de Desde el comienzo del “Periodo ción suﬁ cientes, la situación de la cambio político. Especial”, una época caracterizada conservación en la BNJM sigue por una intensa depresión econó- siendo desalentadora. Sin embargo,

Рефeраты статей

Dominique Babini. Cooperative Университета Леон предлагается В этой работе пересматриваются Virtual Libraries: training librar- курс «Анализ содержания некоторые прежние попытки ians and editors via the Internet. документа», целью которого является создать платную базу данных Доминик Бабини. Кооперативные рассмотрение документальных для электронных собраний, а виртуальные библиотеки: обучение сообщений с точки зрения поиска также обсуждаются некоторые библиотекарей и издателей через информации. На третьем этапе курса способы, которыми в настоящее Интернет обращается внимание на презентацию время пользуются библиотеки, Журнал ИФЛА 31 (2005) No. 3, стр. и поиск информации в звуковых, консортиумы и издатели для принятия 229–233 визуальных, аудиовизуальных решений в области управления. и мультимедийных материалах. Возникающие новые направления в Развитие сети виртуальных До начала документального области стандартизации статистики библиотек, которые предлагают исследования аудио-визуальных использования электронных средств пользователям Интернета доступ материалов объясняются и одновременное использование к документам в развернутом виде, особенности звуковых и иконических платных данных с целью управления требует тесного сотрудничества кодов. Затем студентов знакомят электронных собраний имеют библиотекарей, издателей и с анализом аудио-визуальных огромный потенциал для библиотек и составителей веб-сайтов. Эта работа материалов, в которых сочетаются библиотечных консортиумов. Целью предлагает способ сотрудничества изображение и звук, они измеряются является постоянное увеличение между виртуальными библиотеками и временным промежутком и не надежной платной базы данных описывает, как Латиноамериканский напрямую различаются при помощи и использование этих данных для Совет социальных исследований в чувств. В заключение освещаются поддержания развития коллекции области наук (Consejo Latinoamericano специфичные характеристики и принятия решений в области de Ciencias Sociales – CLACSO) дигитальных материалов, основной управления. организовал курсы через Интернет для из которых является сама сущность группы библиотекарей и издателей мультимедии, соединяющая Samira Sambaíno. Images and из восемнадцати стран Латинской текст, изображение и звук. Sounds in Uruguay. Америки и Карибского бассейна, Разграничение между содержанием Самира Самбайно. Изображение и а также выделяет особенности и средством приводит к тому, что звуки. Уругвай. организации курсов через Интернет. подобные материалы отличаются Журнал ИФЛА 31 (2005) No. 3, стр. сложностью (различные коды), 249–259 Blanca Rodríguez Bravo. The дистрибутивностью (хранятся Audiovisual and Multimedia в различных файлах), а также Выражает точку зрения Content in the Curriculum for динамичностью (легко изменяются). институтов Уругвая, состоящую Librarianship Studies at the Uni- Эти характеристики подразумевают в том, чтобы собрать и сохранить versity of León in Spain. новые требования обращения с аудио-визуальные материалы, Бланка Родригес Браво. ними, вытекающие из сути данного представляющие собой наследие Аудиовизуальное и предмета. страны. Внимание в данной работе мультимедийное содержание сосредоточено на том, как собираются Программы обучения и сохраняются и материалы, какие библиотекарскому делу Brinley Franklin. Managing the встречаются трудности и какие Университета города Леон, Electronic Collection with Cost есть преимущества. Описывается Испания per Use Data. работа выдающихся институтов, Журнал ИФЛА 31 (2005) No. 3, стр. Бринли Франклин. Управление таких как ‘Archivo Nacional de 234–240 электронным собранием платных la Imagen’ (Национальный архив данных изображений) ‘Museo de la Palabra’ В рамках программы факультета Журнал ИФЛА 31 (2005) No. 3, стр. (Музей слов), в чьи обязательства Библиотекарское дело и информатика 241–248 входит сбор и хранение, во-первых,

290 Рефераты статей

недвижимых и движущихся образов Журнал ИФЛА 31 (2005) No. 3, стр. – библиотекари и архивариусы и, во-вторых, голоса. Отдел Особых 260–267 пытались сохранить коллекции в собраний Национальной библиотеки условиях, далеких от идеальных. Хотя и Фотоархив Монтевидео также Кубанская Национальная библиотека работники библиотек используют принимают в этом участие. Йозе Марти является хранилищем знания, силы и преданность коллекции Революционных делу, положение в Национальной Laura Susan Ward. A Revolution политических графических плакатов, библиотеке остается тяжелым. in Preservation: digitizing politi- к уникальному артистическому стилю Однако дигитализация коллекции cal posters at the National Library и противоречивому смыслу которых плакатов может стать своеобразной of Cuba. возникает интерес со стороны преградой против данного ухудшения Лаура Сюзан Вард. Революция в международной общественности. и возможного нанесения ущерба или области хранения: дигитализация Со времени начала «Особого разрушения коллекции во время политических плакатов в периода» – времени экстремальных периода политических перемен. Национальной библиотеке Кубы экономических трудностей

291 IFLA Vol. 30, 2004 INDEX

This is an alphabetical author index of articles Ramos de Carvalho, Elizabet Maria. 2004. Activities of and a title index of major news items. It does the IFLA Regional Office for Latin America and the not cover minor news items, book reviews or Caribbean. 30 (2): 166–174. other contributions. Raseroka, Kay. World Library and Information Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentiina, August 2004: Opening Address. 30 (2): 272–274. Richardson, John V. 2004. Eritrea: the state of its library Articles and information economy. 30 (3): 231–240. Samassékou, Adama. 2004. World Summit on the Infor- mation Society: the first step towards a genuine Aliaga, César Castro. 2004. Library services for Latin shared Knowledge Society. 30 (1): 5–13. American indigenous populations. 30 (2): 134–140. Sciberras, Lillian. 2004. National memory in Malta: the Beaudiquez, Marcelle. 2004. The perpetuation of extended role of libraries. 30 (3): 208–215. national bibliographies in the new virtual infor- Smith, Alan. 2004. Innovation – the creative tension of mation environment. 30 (1): 24–30. risk and evidence. 30 (1): 19–23. Bomeke, Martin. 2004. The engineering subject gateway Soodeen, Frank and Allison Dolland. 2004. An infor- (ViFaTec) and biotech: virtual developments in mation commons in a Caribbean context: emerging biotechnology. 30 (1): 47–54. paradigms in electronic service delivery at the Main Britz, Johannes, and Peter Lor. 2004. A moral reflection Library, the University of the West Indies, St. Augus- on the digitization of Africa’s documentary heritage. tine. 30 (4): 302–309. 30 (3): 216–223. Torres, Victor Federico. 2004. The need for research and Esquivel, Adolfo Perez. 2004. The walls of information publishing on the Hispanic Caribbean. 30 (2): and freedom. 30 (4): 284–287. 150–155. Giardinelli, Mempo. 2004. The library in the life of a Vannini, Margarita. 2004. The Memory of the World writer. 30 (4): 288–292. Program in Latin America and the Caribbean. 30 (4): Hamilton, Stuart. 2004. The war on terrorism: conse- 293–301. quences for freedom of expression and the integrity Vegas, Saadia Sanchez. 2004. Knowledge management: of library users. 30 (3): 199–207. intellectual capital and social capital. an approach Johnson, Ian M. 2004. Writing for the profession: an for Latin America. 30 (2): 156–165. editor’s perspective. 30 (4): 319–322. Vester, Finn, and Winnie Vitansky. 2004. Librarians and Krause, Jürgen. 2004. Standardization, heterogeneity politicians behind the same wheel. 30 (1): 55–58. and the quality of content analysis: a key conflict of Wedgeworth, Robert. 2004. The literacy challenge. 30 digital libraries and its solution. 30 (4): 310–318. (1): 14–18. Lombello, Donatella. 2004. Education and educational Zimmermann, Ana Maria Peruchena. 2004. Libraries in responsibility of the school documentalist in the Argentina: an overview. 30 (2): 108–128. school of the learning society. 30 (3): 241–245. McIlwaine, Ia C. IFLA in Buenos Aires – the tango conference! 30 (2): 275–276. Major News Items Martinez, Tomas Eloy. 2004. The book in times of globalization. 30 (4): 277–283. Matos, Eliades Ignacio Acosta. 2004. National libraries Draft statement on Indigenous Knowledge. 30 (2): in Iberoamerica: from challenge to commitment. 30 177–178. (2): 129–133. IFLA and IPA deplore OFAC regulations limiting the Namhila, Ellen Ndeshi. 2004. Filling the gaps in the exchange of information materials. 30 (3): 247. archival record of the Namibian struggle for IFLA and the World Summit on the Information Society. independence. 30 (3): 224–230. 30 (1): 71–72. Pasch, Grete and Diana Miranda-Murillo. 2004. Infor- IFLA/FAIFE Statement on Internet Access in Cuba. 30 mation technology in Central American libraries. 30 (1): 60–61. (2): 141–149. IFLA Statement on Open Access to Scholarly Literature Pilette, Roberta. 2004. Mass deacidification: a preser- and Research Documentation. 30 (1): 59–60. vation option for libraries. 30 (1): 31–36. World Summit on the Information Society. Declaration Poulter, Alan and David McMenemy. 2004. Beyond the of Principles. Building the Information Society: a European Computer Driving Licence: basic and global challenge in the new Millenium. 30 (1): 72–78. advanced ICT skills for the new library professional. World Summit on the Information Society. Plan of 30 (1): 37–46. Action. 30 (1): 78–87.

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Submission All contributions (except advertisements), in whatever format, should be addressed to: Stephen Parker, Editor, IFLA Journal, c/o IFPRI-ISNAR Program, ILRI, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel. +251 1 463 215; Fax: +251 1 461 252/464 645. E-mail: [email protected]