Mathiazhagan M et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 Research Paper AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONING IN PALAR BASIN IN AND AROUND WALAJABAD BLOCK Mathiazhagan M1, Madhavi G2 and Selvakumar T3

Address for Correspondence 1Research Scholar and 2,3Associate Professor, 1 & 2 Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai -600 025 3 KCG College of Technology, Karapakkam, Chennai – 600 097 ABSTRACT: In this study, an integrated approach for the identification of groundwater occurrence in Palar Basin in and around Walajabad Block, Kanchipuram District of Tamil Nadu using geophysical, geology and remote sensing data. It is predominantly underlain by hard rocks, sedimentary and alluvium deposits. Vertical Electrical Sounding data were collected from 110 locations using ABEM SAS 1000 Terrameter and it was interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively. The resistivity varying from 0.565 Ωm to 39174.4 Ωm and thickness from 0.105 m to 94.91 m. With an integrated approach on using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS). Topographic map has been used to prepare base map and generate thematic maps like geology, geomorphology, lineament and lineament density, drainage, drainage density, and slope maps has been prepared. A composite groundwater potential map has been generated for the category of Good, Medium and Poor based on the groundwater availability. The outcome of the analysis suggests that 33.4 % of available ground water is good and 65.9 % of ground water falls under moderate category. The rest of 0.7 % of groundwater is Poor and serviceable. The data generated subjected to validate with limited field checks. The Groundwater Estimating Committee (GEC) announced in 2011, the groundwater had been over exploited in the Walajabad block. So, this is an alarming level for groundwater quality and quantity of Walajabad block. KEYWORDS: Palar Basin, Ground water, Vertical Electrical Sounding, Remote Sensing, GIS. 1. INTRODUCTION aquifers (K’Orowe, M.O. 2012). Resistivity value in In general, the occurrence and movement of sedimentary rocks are also controlled by parameters groundwater is controlling by lithology, geological such as water contents, salinity, texture, matrix structure, drainage pattern and climate condition. The conductivity and the presence of clay materials electrical resistivity technique involves the (Nwankwo C.N. 2012) and vulnerability of aquifer measurement of the apparent resistivity of soil and contamination (Opera A.I 2012). rock as a function of depth or position. The most In hard rock terrain availability of groundwater is common electrical technique needed in limited and is essentially confined to fractured and hydrogeologic and environmental investigations is weathered zones. There are several methods vertical electrical soundings (resistivity sounding). employed for delineating groundwater potential During resistivity survey, current is injected into the zones such as geological, hydrological, geophysical each through a pair of current electrodes, and the and remote sensing techniques. Integration of various potential difference is measured between a pair of data and thematic maps, such as terrain features current electrodes, and the potential electrodes. The derived from remote sensing images, bulk average resistivity of all soils and rock hydrogeomorphical details, depth to groundwater influencing the current. It is calculated by dividing table and geophysical resistivity sounding data help the measured potential difference by the input current in generation of groundwater potential zone maps and multiplying by a geometric factor specific to the which when supplemented with geophysical data i.e. array being used and electrode spacing (Zohdy AAR, VES data in GIS environment, facilitates effective 1974). evaluation of groundwater potential zones (Singh J In a resistivity sounding the distance between the and Jha, B.P, 1997; Yadav,G.S and Singh, S.K 2007). current electrodes and the potential electrodes is The sustainability and yield of the wells are mainly systematically increased, thereby yielding controlled by fracture density, aperture and information on subsurface resistivity from connectivity, secondary porosity, hydraulic properties successively greater depth. The variation of and the interrelationships among these factors resistivity with the depth is modeled using forward (Greenbaum, D., 1992; Mukherjee, S., 1996; Roy, and inverse modeling computer software. The A.K., 1996; Srinivasa Rao,Y., et al, 2000; Vijith, H., vertical sounding method was chosen for this study 2000; Jyoti Sarup et. al, 2011). Vertical electrical because the instrument is simple, field logistics are resistivity method can provide depth of occurrence of easy and straight forward while the analysis of data is groundwater zone, thickness of the aquifer system less tedious and economical (Ako and Olorunfemi, and the probable location for well sites (Srivastava, 1989). It also has capability to distinguish between P.K., and Bhattacharya, A.K., 2006; Israil, M., et al., saturated and unsaturated layers. The Schlumberger 2006). Remote-sensing and GIS techniques are being method has greater penetration than the Wenner routinely used to identify and map prospective configuration. In resistivity method, Wenner groundwater zones through qualitative assessment of configuration discriminates between resistivities of indicative, controlling parameters such as lithology, different geoelectric lateral layers while the geomorphology, regional structural features, and Schlumberger configuration is used for the depth drainage systems (Sander, P. et.al., 1997; Sander, P., sounding (Olowofela et al, 2005). Jessica Roe 2010, 2007; El Baz 1995; El Baz et al. 1998; Gheith, H., delineation of the groundwater potential aquifers and Sultan, M., 2002; Robinson, C.E., et al., 2006; (Joseph Olakunle Coker 2012). Geo-electrical Sultan, M., et al. 2008; Amer, R., et.al., 2010). techniques provide an alternative method for Integrated studies using remote sensing, GIS and acquiring hydraulic parameters and processes data in VES approaches has been applied successfully for order to adequately characterize flow in hard rock delineation of ground water potential zones by

Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. VII/Issue III/July-Sept.,2016/76-82 Mathiazhagan M et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 various researchers (Kukillaya,J.P., 2007; Semere Alluvial deposits are the youngest formation consists and Woldai, 2007; Mondal, N.C., et al, 2008; Hyun- of sands and clays and is deposited by the Vegavathy Jo Oh, et al., 2011; Balakrishna, S., et al., 2014; river and Palar rivers. The Palar alluvium comprises Venkateswaran, S., et al., 2014; Sahebrao, S., 2014). of coarse sands and gravels. The average thickness of In Palar Basin, there are number of studies related to alluvium is about 1 to 30 m. groundwater prospect. Central Groundwater Board (CGWB) has carried out a systematic hydrological survey on various issues in different physiographic region in Kanchipuram District, Tamilnadu. The study is an attempt to delineate the groundwater potential zone in Palar basin in and around Walajabad Block. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Study Area In this research project the study area selected is Walajabad block of Kancheepuram District, Palar sub basin. As per Groundwater Estimating Committee (GEC), 2011 the Walajabad block has been categorized as overexploited block. The areal Figure 1. Geology map extent of the study area is 325 Km2 and it lies 2.3.2 Gondwana between the geographical co-ordinates of Latitude This formation comprise of clays, shales, sandstones 13˚14’12” to 12˚15’38”and Longitude 79˚30’37” to and conglomerates. The shale and clay of gondwana 80˚30’42”. Palar river is the major river draining occur on the bank of Palar river in Walajabad block, across the district from West to East, and the river is as clay and shale beds, are of upper gondwana age. a seasonal in nature. As the surface water drying on, The fine grained sand is observed at Walajabad the groundwater has become the main source for block. Sandstone is called Conjeevaram gravels irrigation and drinking water sectors. The study area which is equivalent to cuddalore and Rajmundry sand is predominantly underlain by hard rocks, stone of Tertiary age. sedimentary and alluvium deposits and hence 2.3.4 Archaean: Hard Rocks because of heterogeneity in geological formation a The hard rocks spread over an area of about 30 suitable methodology is required to identify percent of this block. These rocks are Granitic groundwater potential zones. gneisses in parts of Walajabad block. Groundwater 2.2 Methods occurs mostly under water table or pheratic Vertical Electrical Sounding data were collected conditions in weathered, fractured jointed and faulted using ABEM SAS 1000 Terrameter from 110 portions of granitic rocks and under artesian locations was interpreted qualitatively and conditions in fractured zones located below quantitatively to obtain layered resistivity parameters impervious hard rocks. The pore spaces developed in and to delineate potential fractured zones in the deep the weathered mantle acts as shallow granular aquifer. The apparent resistivity and AB/2 values aquifers and forms the potential water bearing zones. were plotted on double-log sheet in IX1D software. Water table is shallow in ayacut regions whereas it is The layered resistivity model obtained in IX1D was relatively deeper in other regions. used to interpret different resistivity layers. The 2.4 Geomorphology apparent resistivity (), thickness (h), depth to layer Geomorphological maps (fig.2) help to identify the interface (d) were obtained from the layered various geomorphic units and groundwater resistivity model. Thematic layers of Drainage, occurrence in each unit. Limited field checks have Geology, Geomorphology, Slope and Lineaments been conducted to verify the occurrence of deferent were prepared using Toposheets (Survey of India landforms in the area. Walajabad comprises mainly (SOI)), Geological Survey of India (GSI) and of pediplain, alluvial plain, buried channel and old National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) LISS river courses. About 80 percent of Walajabad block imageries. The preparation of Geomorphology layer is covered by pediplain. based on the GSI and LISS images. The digital elevation model (DEM) and slope map of the study area was prepared based on SRTM data using spatial analyst tool in ArcGIS10.1. Morphometric analysis for the Drainage and Geophysical layers was also carried out in ArcGIS. 2.3 Geology The Walajabad Block is principally made up of hard rocks and sedimentary formation and these are overlained by alluvium fig.1. The study area is underlain by alluvium formations in the north-west and south-east while the sandstone and granitic gneiss occurs in the remaining parts of the study area. Figure 2. Geomorphology map Limited field checks have been conducted to verify 2.5 Lineaments the occurrence of different geological formations in Generally, lineaments are weaker zones which have the area. been formed due to crustal movements of the Earth. 2.3.1 Alluvium Lineaments occur as linear lines (fig.3) and are identified in satellite imageries for preparation of

Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. VII/Issue III/July-Sept.,2016/76-82 Mathiazhagan M et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 groundwater prospect map of the area. The buffer solution as per manufacturer instructions. The occurrence of Groundwater is confined to weathered spatial variation of Electrical Conductivity map and fractured zones and as well in the deeper zones. showing fig.6 After exploiting the shallow aquifers for agricultural and domestic purposes, targeting of groundwater is concentrated in deeper zones and fractured zones. Groundwater occurrences in most of the bore-holes, located in the lineament zones are good. The study area consists of two sets of lineaments and one of the NW-SE while the other set trending towards majority trending towards NE-SW. The lineaments are observed in the villages of Ullavour, Walajabad, Uthukadu, Kaliyanor, Vaiyavour, Karai, Uvari, Govindavadiagaram, Pulalur of the study area.

Figure 6. Spatial variation of Electrical Conductivity 2.9 Hydrogeology The study area is predominantly underlain by hard rocks, sedimentary and alluvium deposits and hence because of heterogeneity in geological formation a suitable methodology is required to identify Figure 3. Lineament map groundwater potential zones. Geomorphology of the 2.7 Land use area shows the various geomorphic units and 1. Land use predominantly consist of groundwater occurrence in each unit. Limited field Agriculture lands, numerous water bodies, checks have been conducted to verify the occurrence Urban Areas, Hill areas etc. of different landforms in the area. Walajabad block 2. River Palar, a major river course, which comprises mainly of pediplain, alluvial plain, buried drains this district, originates from Western channel and old river courses. About 80 percent of Ghats in Karnataka state. The tail end of the Walajabad block is covered by pediplain. The study Palar River traverses this district from West area consists of two sets of lineaments one trending to East till it reaches Walajabad. Thereafter, towards NW-SE while the other set trending towards it turns towards South and West and NE-SW. The lineaments are observed in the villages discharges to Bay of Bengal near of Ullavour, Walajabad, Uthukadu, Kaliyanor, Pudupattinam. Vagavathi river a small Vaiyavour, Karai, Uvari, Govindavadiagaram and tributary joins with river Palar near Pulalur of the study area. Walajabad and another river (fig.4), A network of 29 observation wells spread over the Cheyyar joins near Pazhaiyaseevaram. entire study area has been established to monitor the fluctuation in ground water levels periodically every month from November 2012. The groundwater level in the block reaches a minimum during summer and rises to maximum level during the monsoon seasons. The rise and fall depends upon the amount, duration and intensity of precipitation, along with the supplementary factors such as Depth of weathering, fracture zone and specific yield of the formation towards drainage channel. A general overview of the water level fluctuation suggests that the water level tends to rise during the months of October to December to reach the highest peak and starts falling from February onwards to end of August or September. It indicates that there is more declining Figure 5. Land use trend in the North-western part when compared to the 2.8 Geo chemical method South-eastern part of the study area. North-western The present study provides a detailed description of part water level ranges from 1.5 m to 9.5 m below the chemical criteria of groundwater. Twenty eight ground level (bgl) while in the central part of the groundwater samples were collected from the study study area it is from 1 m to 6.5 m bgl and in the area during January 2013. The water samples were south-eastern part it ranges from ground level to 3 m collected from the open wells using a rinsed bucket bgl. going up to a depth of 10 m. The samples were 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION analyzed using standard procedures (APHA 1989). 3.1 Geophysical spatial data information Immediately, after sampling EC and TDS was For qualitative interpretation method, the shape of the measured in the field using a pen type digital EC and field curve is observed to assess the number of layers TDS meter which was calibrated using standard and their resistivity. It gives information about the Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. VII/Issue III/July-Sept.,2016/76-82 Mathiazhagan M et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 number of layers with their continuity through area Fig. 8a shows the distribution of the thickness of the and reflects the degree of homogeneity or layer 1. In most of the study area 1 to 2 m thickness heterogeneity of an individual layer (Mathiazhagan occurs representing blueishgreen colour. Violet and M et.al., 2015). In this study area, three geological red colour indicate the 2 to 5 m thickness. Fig. 7b formations namely alluvium, sedimentary and hard shows the distribution of the apparent resistivity of rock are present. Totally, 110 Vertical Electrical the second layer. Green and cement colour indicate Sounding (VES) points have been covered with 25, the sedimentary formation with clayey sand and 58 and 27 points respectively. The interpretive sandy clay. Violet, orange and red colour indicate the models for each VES station as well as the hard rock area. It is the weathered Gnesis/ percentage relative Root Mean Square (RMS) errors Charnockite rock formation. Fig. 8b shows the which provide quantitative assessment on the quality distribution of the thickness of the layer 2. Green, of the interpretation method the RMS error ranges blue and blueish green colour indicate the 1 to 20 m from 3.33% to 16.56 % thickness. Violet colour is 20 - 30 m thickness and Fig. 7a shows the distribution of the apparent red colour indicate the 30 - 45 m thickness. Figure 7c resistivity of the layer 1. Most of the area with sandy shows the distribution of apparent resistivity of the clay, clayey sandy, fine sand and coarse sand. third layer. Green and blue indicate the sedimatery Variation of the colour with green, blue and violet formation which is the sandy clay bearing the good colour indicate the clay and sandy clay, clayey sandy aquifer areas. and orange colour indincate the fine sand area. Finally red colour indicate the coarse sand.

Figure 7. The distribution of the apparent resistivity a) Layer 1 b) Layer 2 c) Layer 3 & d) Layer 4 Northeast violet and red colour indicate the shale the 30 to 40 m thickness aquifers. Blueishgreen formation with aquitard by nature and not holding indicate 40 to 50 m thickness aquifers. Violet colour water. Southeast red colour indicate the hard rock indicate the 50 to 70 m thickness aquifers and red formation aquifers and jointed/fracture Charnockite. colour is 70 to 92 m thickness aquifers. Fig. 8c shows the distribution of the thickness of the 3.2 Integration of Thematic Layers and Modeling layer 3. Green, blue and blueishgreen indicate the 10 for Groundwater Prospects and Potentials to 40 m thickness area. Violet indicate the 40 - 50 m through GIS thickness and red colour indicate the 50 to 92 m At the initial stage of GIS spatial database thickness of the aqufiers. Figure 7d shows the development various analogue maps, all the maps at distribution of the apparent resistivity of the study different scales were obtained from different area. Blue colour indicate sandy aqufier and bearing organizations. All primary input maps (Water level, groundwater. Pink colour indicate the shale permeability, geo- electrical sounding, water quality, formations behaves aquitard. Orange and red colour geomorphology, lineament, elevation and drainage) indicate the hard rock aquifers, jointed charnockite were digitized. Slope map was prepared from formation. Fig. 8d shows the distribution of the collected GPS data. thickness of the fourth layer green colour indicate the All the above themes were brought into Arc GIS 9.3 10 to 30 m thickness aquifers. Blue colour indicate for further processing and integrated analysis of Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. VII/Issue III/July-Sept.,2016/76-82 Mathiazhagan M et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 various above data sets to construct composite each one of the polygons were qualitatively information set to explain various queries in the visualized into one of the categories like (i) Good (ii) spatial context. Moderate and (iii) Poor in terms of their importance The different polygons in each thematic layer were with respect to groundwater occurrence and suitable labeled separately. In the final thematic layer initially weights have been assigned.

Figure 8. The distribution of the Thickness a) Layer 1 b) Layer 2 c) Layer 3 and d) Layer 4

Figure 9.Groundwater Potential Map Weighted overlay analysis is a simple and should be assigned importance (Saraf and Choudhury straightforward method for a combined analysis of 1997 and Saraf and Choudhury, 1998). maps with different classes. The effectiveness of this Determination of weightage of each class is the most method lies in that human judgment can be decisive step in an integrated analysis, as the output incorporated in the analysis. A weighted overlay is largely dependent on the assignment of appropriate method takes into consideration the importance of the weightage. Considering the hydro-geomorphic parameters and the classes belonging to each conditions of the area, weighted indexing have been parameter. There is no standard scale for a simple adopted to delineate groundwater prospective zones. weighted overlay method. For this purpose, criteria The groundwater prospective zones were identified for the analysis should be defined and each parameter considering different parameters namely

Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. VII/Issue III/July-Sept.,2016/76-82 Mathiazhagan M et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 geomorphology, slope, drainage, soils and Electrical Sounding (VES). Jour. Geological Society of lineaments. India, 83, 393-402.  Central Groundwater Board, Ministry of Water Finally thematic layers were reclassified before the Resources Government of India (2011), Dynamic weighted overlay analysis. Each layer is assigned Groundwater Resources of India. with suitable weightage and weights to perform the  El Baz, F. 1995. “Utilizing Satellite Images for Ground overlay analysis. As an outcome of overlay analysis, Water Exploration in Fracture Zone Aquifers.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on the groundwater potential map is obtained for the Water Resources Management in Arid study area fig.8. The outcome of the analysis Countries, 1995, Oman, Vol. 2, 419–427. suggests that 33.4 % of available ground water is  El Baz, F., T. M. Kusky, I. Himida, and good and 65.9 % of ground water falls under AbdelMogheeth, S. 1998. Ground Water Potential of moderate category. The rest of 0.7 % of groundwater the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. 219, Cairo: Desert Research Center. is Poor and serviceable.  Gheith, H., and M. Sultan. 2002. “Construction of a 4. CONCLUSION Hydrology Model for Estimating Wadi Runoff The present study demonstrates that the integrated and Groundwater Recharge in the Eastern Desert, use of geospatial and geophysical techniques is an Egypt.” Journal of Hydrology 263: 36–55.  Greenbaum, D., 1992. Structural Influences on the efficient tool for assessing groundwater potential, Occurrence of Groundwater in SE Zimbabwe. v. 66, based on which suitable locations for groundwater Geological Society, London, Special Publications, pp. withdrawal could be identified. 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Hydrogeology journal, 14, 753-759. available ground water is good zone fall in 108.5  Jessica Roe, John Triantafilis and Fernano Monteiro sq.km of area covered and 65.9 % of ground water Santos (2010), Detecting a landfill leachate plume using a DUALEM-421 and a laterally constrained falls under moderate zone fall in 214.2 sq.km of area inversion model, In: 19th World Congress of Soil covered. The rest of 0.7 % of groundwater is Poor Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World Brisbane, zone fall in 2.3 sq.km and serviceable. The data Australia. generated subjected to validate with limited field  Joseph Olakunle Coker (2012), Vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods to delineate potential checks. 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Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. VII/Issue III/July-Sept.,2016/76-82