DOCSLIB.ORG

WOOD ANATOMY of CAESALPINIA S.S., COULTERIA, ERYTHROSTEMON, GUILANDINA, LIBIDIBIA, MEZONEURON, POINCIANELLA, POMARIA and TARA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
WOOD ANATOMY of CAESALPINIA S.S., COULTERIA, ERYTHROSTEMON, GUILANDINA, LIBIDIBIA, MEZONEURON, POINCIANELLA, POMARIA and TARA IAWA Journal, Vol. 30 (3), 2009: 247–276 WOOD ANATOMY OF CAESALPINIA s.s., COULTERIA, ERYTHROSTEMON, GUILANDINA, LIBIDIBIA, MEZONEURON, POINCIANELLA, POMARIA AND TARA (LEGUMINOSAE, CAESALPINIOIDEAE, CAESALPINIEAE) Peter Gasson, Kate Warner and Gwilym Lewis Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom SUMMARY Caesalpinia s.l. traditionally comprised c. 140 species in the New and Old World tropics, and contained a maximum of 25 generic synonyms. The genus in its broad- est sense has been shown to be polyphyletic in molecular studies, and most species have now been assigned to reinstated segregate genera: Caesalpinia s.s. (c. 25 spp.), Coulteria (10 spp.), Erythrostemon (13 spp.), Guilandina (c. 7 spp.), Libidibia (8 spp.), Mezoneuron (c. 26 spp.), Poincianella (c. 35 spp.), Pomaria (16 spp.) and Tara (3 spp.). About 15 Asian taxa remain unassigned pending more data, especially DNA sequences. In this paper we describe the wood anatomy of these nine segregate genera, outlining the features that consistently help define some of them. We have examined the wood of 27 species representing all the woody segregate genera and found wood descriptions of three more species in the literature. Most species lack well defined growth rings, vessels are solitary and in radial multiples, intervessel pitting is alternate and vestured, fibres are mainly non-septate, axial parenchyma is aliform to confluent and irregularly storied, and the rays are mainly 1–2-seriate, mostly non-storied, and of varying height. Prismatic crystals are in chambered axial parenchyma cells in all except Erythrostemon gilliesii (Hook.) Link, and in ray cells in many species. Libidibia is well defined, with storied axial parenchyma, narrow short storied homocellular rays and lacking crystals in ray cells. Tara is also well defined with non-storied heterocellular rays and some ray cells containing crystals. The other genera are less consistent in wood characters. In Caesalpinia s.s. the rays are not storied, and most species lack crystals in ray cells. Coulteria has some species with storied rays and all have homocellular rays and crystals in ray cells. Poincianella is particularly poorly defined from a wood anatomical point of view, perhaps indicating that it can be further segregated. A few Poincianella species have septate fibres, which are otherwise seen only inLibidibia corymbosa. Mezoneuron has non-storied, heterocellular rays. The two species of Guilandina we examined have wide vessels and heterocellular rays containing crystals. Only two species of Erythrostemon were examined and E. gilliesii was unusual in having ring porous wood and very wide rays (but the sample was cultivated at Kew, and we do not know its porosity in its native range). Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston (originally described as Reichardia decapetala Roth) and Caesalpinia sappan L. from the Old World have not been reassigned to a segregate genus. Pomaria is mainly herbaceous and we have included some information on it. Key words: Caesalpinia s.s., Coulteria, Erythrostemon, Guilandina, Libidibia, Mezoneuron, Poincianella, Tara, Pomaria, wood anatomy. Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 11:10:06AM via free access 248 IAWA Journal, Vol. 30 (3), 2009 INTRODUCTION Caesalpinia s.l. traditionally comprised c. 140 species in the New and Old World trop- ics, and contained 25 generic synonyms (Lewis 2005). The genus in its broadest sense has been shown to be polyphyletic in morphological and molecular studies (Lewis & Schrire 1995; Simpson & Miao 1997; Lewis 1998; Simpson 1998, 1999; Simpson & Lewis 2003, Simpson et al. 2003), and most species have now been assigned to rein- stated segregate genera, whose names and/or status differ from the group names used in Lewis (1998) as follows: Caesalpinia s.s. (c. 25 spp.), Coulteria (10 spp., Brasilettia group in Lewis (1998)), Erythrostemon (13 spp., part of Erythrostemon/Poincianella group in Lewis (1998)), Guilandina (c. 7 spp., subgenus Guilandina), Libidibia (8 spp., Libidibia group), Mezoneuron (c. 26 spp, subgenus Mezoneuron), Poincianella (c. 35 spp., part of Erythrostemon/Poincianella group), Tara (3 spp., Russellodendron group in Lewis (1998)). About 15 Asian taxa remain unassigned pending further analysis, especially of molecular data. Pomaria was once largely included in Hoffmannseggia but is now considered more closely related to Caesalpinia s.l. based on molecular studies by Simpson et al. (2003). Some species of Caesalpinia s.l. (e.g. Poincianella pannosa and P. exostemma) have considerable morphological variation in their foliage, leaflet size, shape and indumentum, which has led to a proliferation of species names now included in synonymy. In this paper we describe the wood anatomy of the genus in its broadest sense, and outline the features (if any) that consistently define each segregate genus. Our major aim was to ascertain how closely the wood anatomy reflects the reclassification ofCaesalpinia s.l. into putatively monophyletic segregate genera. The wood anatomy of Caesalpinia s.l. is not simply of academic interest. Several species are well-known and of considerable economic importance. Caesalpinia echi- nata (currently tentatively placed in the Poincianella-Erythrostemon alliance, although proving to be molecularly distinct), locally known as pau-brasil (Brazil wood) and the wood after which the country Brazil was named, is an emblematic tree of the Atlantic forests of coastal Brazil and is the only wood used to make professional high-quality violin bows. There is a considerable literature on this species, which has recently been listed under Appendix 2 of CITES regulations as a timber not to be internationally traded. Another well-known species, Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. from Mexico and Guatemala, is widely cultivated in warm climates as an attractive ornamental and has various medicinal properties. Caesalpinia (Poincianella) pyramidalis Tul. is valued in the caatinga region of northeast Brazil as one of several species used for firewood and charcoal production, and a project is currently being carried out by Kew and the Associaçao Plantas do Nordeste (APNE) to ascertain the best management methods (coppicing or pollarding in the dry or wet season) to produce high quality fuel wood. It would be premature to publish all the new combinations necessary in the reinstated genera, mainly because there is still some doubt as to the correct generic allocation of some species, e.g. Caesalpinia echinata Lam. from Brazil, and 15 Old World taxa, mainly from Asia. These taxa cannot be placed with confidence until a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Caesalpinia s.l. has been completed. Our observations on wood anatomy provide additional data testing species placement and generic relationships. Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 11:10:06AM via free access Gasson, Warner & Lewis — Wood anatomy of Caesalpinia sensu lato 249 In this paper we use binomials in the segregate genera where these already exist in the literature or Caesalpinia binomials with their associated segregate genus in brackets where new combinations are still required in the segregate. Gasson et al. (2003) found some variation in the wood anatomy of Caesalpinia s.l. in their survey of Caesalpinioideae. They identified several wood characters which can be used for distinguishing between species and genera in the subfamily: storey- ing of vessels, axial parenchyma and rays, ray size and cell composition, presence or absence of prismatic crystals in ray cells, vestured intervessel pits, intervessel pit size, axial parenchyma patterns, presence or absence of septate fibres, fibre wall thickness, presence or absence of silica bodies and axial canals. The last two characters, silica bodies and axial canals, which are useful diagnostic features in some genera of Caesal- pinioideae are not found in Caesalpinia s.l. This study further develops the analysis of wood characters in Caesalpinia s.l. and shows that some characters support generic segregation, some do not, and some are equivocal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Caesalpinia species covering nine recently reinstated segregate genera (Lewis 2005) and two unplaced Old World species were examined in detail, and a brief description of Pomaria is also included. We obtained data on c. 46 species by direct observation (see Table 1 and the Appendix for details of the specimens) and on three additional species from the literature (see Table 1). Specimens were sectioned in their transverse, tangential and radial planes at 20–40 µm thick using a Reichert sliding microtome and stained in 1% Alcian blue and 1% Safranin in 50% ethanol. Sections were then taken through a dehydration process using ethanol, cleared in histoclear and the three planes were mounted onto microscope slides using Euparal. Information on habit (tree, shrub, liana etc.), habitat and major uses is taken from Lewis (2005). The majority of specimens were from branches and therefore juvenile, and the Appendix indicates the radius of each sample and which ones we consider to be mature. The wood anatomical characters, vessel diameter and intervessel pit size classes fol- low the categories given in Wheeler et al. (1989), and Table 1 is in a similar format to that for the Caesalpinioideae in Gasson et al. (2003). The Appendix lists the specimens examined. WOOD ANATOMY A general description of the wood anatomy of Caesalpinia s.l. is not given because the genus, as traditionally circumscribed, is polyphyletic. However, a brief summary of similarities and differences
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Brazilwood (Caesalpinia Echinata) in Brazil
    NDF WORKSHOP CASE STUDIES WG 1 – Trees CASE STUDY 5 MEXICO Caesalpinia echinata 2008 Country – BRAZIL Original language – English BRAZILWOOD (CAESALPINIA ECHINATA) IN BRAZIL AUTHORS: Elena Mejía* Ximena Buitrón** *UICN SUR consultant. **Senior Biodiversity Officer, UICN SUR Regional Office for South America. Acknowledgements Doris Cordero, Forest Program Officer (UICN-SUR) for compiling availa- ble information and contacting the CITES Scientific and Management Authorities, and Claudia Mello and José Chaves, Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA, CITES Authority) for providing valuable information and data. I. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE TAXA Brazilwood (Caesalpinia echinata) is the national tree of Brazil, where it is commonly known as pau brasil. After many years of harvesting, this species is on the verge of extinction. Despite Brazilwood’s inclu- sion on CITES Appendix II and the Brazilian threatened plant species list, exploitation continues due to its extremely dense hardwood ideal for making bows for stringed musical instruments (Global Trees 2008). Available information on the use of C. echinata for manufacturing bows is limited. Reliable figures on volumes exported from Brazil for this purpose are lacking, and volumes used by Brazilian bow-makers is also unknown (CITES 2007). Brazilwood is a late secondary canopy tree whose natural habitat is mainly semi-deciduous seasonal forests occurring on sandy marine soils of Brazil’s coastal Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica). Local ecologi- WG 1 – CASE STUDY 5 – p.1 cal factors lend a sclerophyllous aspect to this type of vegetation (Cardoso et al. 1998). Brazilwood’s natural distribution is restricted to between Rio Grande do Norte and Rio de Janeiro (Borges et al.
    [Show full text]
  • A Synopsis of the Genus Hoffmannseggia (Leguminosae)
    NUMBER 9 SIMPSON AND ULIBARRI: SYNOPSIS OF HOFFMANNSEGGIA 7 A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS HOFFMANNSEGGIA (LEGUMINOSAE) Beryl B. Simpson and Emilio A. Ulibarri Integrative Biology and Plant Resources Center, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712 USA Instituto de Botanica Darwinion, IBODA-CONICET, C.C. 22 (Labarden 200), Bl642HYD San Isidro, Argentina Abstract: The genus Hoffmannseggia Cav., now recognized as a monophyletic group distinct from Caesalpinia and Pomaria, consists of 22 species and is amphitropically distributed between North and South America, with 11 species in arid and semi-arid areas of the southwestern USA and adjacent Mexico, and 12 species in southern South America. Recent publications have provided a revision of Hoffmannseggia for North America, a resolved phylogeny, and an analysis of the biogeography of the genus, but there is to date no treatment of all of the taxa. Here we present a key to the genus and its closest relatives, a key to all of the recognized taxa, typification, distributional data for each species, selected specimens examined for the South American taxa, and notes where appropriate. Keywords: Caesalpinia, Caesalpinieae, Hoffmannseggia, Fabaceae, Leguminosae. Resumen: El genero Hoffmannseggia, actualmente reconocido como un grupo mo­ nofiletico distinto de Caesalpinia y Pomaria dentro de Caesalpinieae, consiste en 22 especies con distribuci6n anfitropical en zonas semi-aridas y aridas de Norte y Su­ damerica. De ellas, 11 especies se encuentran en el sudoeste de U. S. A. y norte de Mexico; las otras 12 en America del Sur, creciendo en las zonas andinas y semide­ serticas del Peru, Bolivia, Chile y Argentina. Recientes publicaciones por uno de los autores (B.
    [Show full text]
  • A REVISION of Pomaria (FABACEAE) in NORTH AMERICA
    46 LUNDELLIA MAY1998 A REVISION OF Pomaria (FABACEAE) IN NORTH AMERICA Beryl B. Simpson Plant Resources Center and Department of Botany, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713 Abstract: The genus Pomaria, described by Cavanilles in 1799 but subsequently sub­ merged in either Caesalpinia or Hoffmannseggia, is treated here as a distinct genus and the North American species are revised. This revision provides a key, corrected nomenclature, new combinations, and descriptions for all North American species. One new species is described and distribution maps are provided for each of the nine species. Resumen: El genero Pomaria, descrito por Cavanilles en 1799 y subsecuentemente sinonimizado ya sea bajo Caesalpinia o Hoffmannseggia, es tratado como un genero distinto cuyas especies norteamericanas son revisadas aqui. Esta revisi6n provee claves, una nomenclatura corregida, nuevas combinaciones y descripciones para todas las especies de Norteamerica. Se describe una nueva especie y se proveen mapas de distribuci6n para las nueve especies del subcontinente. Keywords: Caesalpinia, Pomaria, Hoffmannseggia, Caesalpinieae, Caesalpinioideae For over 100 years, systematists have (1865) and Taubert (1894) also subsumed disagreed on the circumscriptions of Melanosticta in Hoffmannseggia but they Caesalpinia (Fabaceae) and its segregates in treated Pomaria as a section of Caesalpinia. North America. The main point of con­ The uncertainty of workers dealing with the tention has been whether there is one genus, group is exemplified by Fisher (1892) who Caesalpinia, or whether components recognized Hoffmannseggia ( sensu Torrey of it are more naturally treated as and Gray) as a distinct genus but a year later distinct genera. Of concern here are species transferred all of the species to Caesalpinia variously placed in Caesalpinia, Pomaria, (Fisher, 1893).
    [Show full text]
  • Mekonnen Et Al. 199
    Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development Vol. 3(10), pp. 198-204, December 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JABSD DOI: 10.5897/JABSD10.030 ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and cotyledon removal on establishment and growth of yeheb nut bush ( Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl.) outside its natural habitat Bertukan Mekonnen 1*, Kebede Woldetsadik 1, Tamado Tana 1 and Asha Yahya 2 1Department of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, P. O. Box: 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. 2Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden. Accepted 13 September, 2011 Yeheb nut bush ( Cordeauxia edulis ) is a multipurpose but endangered shrub native to arid south- Eastern Ethiopia and Central Somalia. Establishment of this species was studied in two sets of experiments during 2005 to 2007. In the first set of experiment, field establishment was conducted at Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, which is located 725 km north west of the natural habitat (Bokh). Nitrogen at 0, 46 and 92 level and phosphorus at 0, 4 and 8 kg ha -1 were applied 84 days after transplanting. Application of 92 N/8 P kg ha -1 increased seedling height by 134%; 46 N/4 P kg ha - 1 increased leaf area by 152% and dry weight of seedlings increased by 309% at 46/8 kg ha -1 NP compared to the unfertilized plants. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers significantly altered soil as well as plant tissue N and P contents. Leaf and root N was significantly highest at 46 and 92 N kg ha -1, respectively while leaf P was maximised at 8P kg ha -1.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Profile of the Pea Or Bean Family
    Florida ECS Quick Tips July 2016 Structural Profile of the Pea or Bean Family The Pea Family (Fabaceae) is the third largest family of flowering plants, with approximately 750 genera and over 19,000 known species. (FYI – the Orchid Family is the largest plant family and the Aster Family ranks second in number of species.) I am sure that you are all familiar with the classic pea flower (left). It, much like the human body, is bilaterally symmetrical and can be split from top to bottom into two mirror-image halves. Botanists use the term zygomorphic when referring to a flower shaped like this that has two different sides. Zygomorphic flowers are different than those of a lily, which are radially symmetrical and can be split into more than two identical sections. (These are called actinomorphic flowers.) Pea flowers are made up of five petals that are of different sizes and shapes (and occasionally different colors as well). The diagram at right shows a peanut (Arachis hypogaea) flower (another member of the Pea Family), that identifies the various flower parts. The large, lobed petal at the top is called the banner or standard. Below the banner are a pair of petals called the wings. And, between the wings, two petals are fused together to form the keel, which covers the male and female parts of the flower. Because of the resemblance to a butterfly, pea flowers are called papilionaceous (from Latin: papilion, a butterfly). However, there is group of species in the Pea Family (a subfamily) with flowers like the pride-of-Barbados or peacock flower (Caesalpinia pulcherrima) shown to the left.
    [Show full text]
  • Growing the Pride of Barbados Successfully
    Growing the Pride of Barbados Successfully The Pride of Barbados, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, is a tropical to subtropical naturally evergreen medium to large shrub in the Papilionoideae (butterfly-like flowers instead of mimosa-like flowers) side of the Legume (Fabaceae) or Bean family. It produces wide spike-like (actually racemes) clusters of up to 40 ball- shaped red to pinkish red buds that open to reveal golden yellow and orange flowers that fade through shades of deep orange and red. The flowers are produced on new growth and it can flower continuously throughout the warmer months of the year and well into fall. The flowers are butterfly pollinated and our Sulphurs and Swallowtails seem unable to resist the bright colorful nectar rich flowers. Pollinated flowers are followed by flattened ‘bean’ pods that ripen to brown and split and twist open once fully mature dropping their hard tan colored seeds to the ground below. The showy, free flowering Pride of Barbados is so well loved that it has been given such worthy names like Flamboyan-de-Jardin, Peacock Flower, Red Bird of Paradise, Mexican Bird of Paradise, as well as Dwarf Poinciana, named after another popular and showy tree of the tropics the Royal Poinciana. The species ‘pulcherrima’ translates to beautiful which is perfectly fitting. The Pride of Barbados has also been named a Texas Superstar® plant and a Royal Horticulture Society Award of Garden Merit Winner in 2012. This is a heat and sun-loving plant suitable for the hottest, sunniest site that you can find in your garden. It can be grown as a large shrub in zones 10 and 11, as a shrub to die back perennial in zone 9 and a die-back shrub in the warmest protected sites in zone 8B.
    [Show full text]
  • Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Leaf and Flower Extract of Caesalpinia Pulcherrima, Delonix Regia and Peltaphorum Ferrugineum
    Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 3 (08), pp. 064-071, August, 2013 Available online at http://www.japsonline.com DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.3811 ISSN 2231-3354 Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activity of leaf and flower extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Delonix regia and Peltaphorum ferrugineum Vivek M.N, Sachidananda Swamy H.C, Manasa M, Pallavi S, Yashoda Kambar, Asha M.M, Chaithra M, Prashith Kekuda T.R*, Mallikarjun N, Onkarappa R P.G. Department of Studies and Research in Microbiology, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Kuvempu University, Shivamogga-577203, Karntaka, India. ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO Article history: The present study was undertaken to determine antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of leaf and flower extracts Received on: 09/07/2013 of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Delonix regia and Peltaphorum ferrugineum. Antimicrobial activity was tested Revised on: 30/07/2013 against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans by Agar well Accepted on: 20/08/2013 diffusion assay. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, ABTS free radical Available online: 30/08/2013 scavenging assay, Ferric reducing assay and Total antioxidant capacity determination. Total phenolic content of extracts was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteau Reagent method. S. typhi and C. neoformans were susceptible to Key words: extracts to greater extent than S. aureus and C. albicans among bacteria and fungi respectively. Except C. Caesalpinia pulcherrima, pulcherrima extract, the leaf extracts were more effective in inhibiting bacteria than flower extracts. Leaf extracts Delonix regia, Peltaphorum have shown high antifungal activity than flower extracts. The extracts have shown dose dependent scavenging of ferrugineum, Antimicrobial, DPPH and ABTS radicals.
    [Show full text]
  • Root System Morphology of Fabaceae Species from Central Argentina
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Wulfenia Jahr/Year: 2003 Band/Volume: 10 Autor(en)/Author(s): Weberling Focko, Kraus Teresa Amalia, Bianco Cesar Augusto Artikel/Article: Root system morphology of Fabaceae species from central Argentina 61-72 © Landesmuseum für Kärnten; download www.landesmuseum.ktn.gv.at/wulfenia; www.biologiezentrum.at Wulfenia 10 (2003): 61–72 Mitteilungen des Kärntner Botanikzentrums Klagenfurt Root system morphology of Fabaceae species from central Argentina Teresa A. Kraus, César A. Bianco & Focko Weberling Summary: Root systems of different Fabaceae genera from central Argentina, are studied in relation to habitat conditions. Species of the following genera were analyzed: Adesmia, Acacia, Caesalpinia, Coursetia, Galactia, Geoffroea, Hoffmannseggia, Prosopis, Robinia, Senna, Stylosanthes and Zornia. Seeds of selected species were collected in each soil geographic unit and placed in glass recipients to analyze root system growth and branching degree during the first months after germination. Soil profiles that were already opened up were used to study subterranean systems of arboreal species. Transverse sections of roots were cut and histological tests were carried out to analyze reserve substances. All species studied show an allorhizous system, whose variants are related to soil profile characteristics. Roots with plagiotropic growth are observed in highland grass steppes (Senna birostris var. hookeriana and Senna subulata), and in soils containing calcium carbonate (Prosopis caldenia). Root buds are found in: Acacia caven, Caesalpinia gilliesii, Senna aphylla, Geoffroea decorticans, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Adesmia cordobensis and Hoffmannseggia glauca. Two variants are observed in transverse sections of roots: a) woody with predominance of xylematic area with highly lignified cells, and b) fleshy with predominance of parenchymatic tissue.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Flora of Australia
    L'IBRARY'OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY. BOUGHT. THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEING AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. r^/f'ORElGN&ENGLISH' <^ . 1859. i^\BOOKSELLERS^.- PR 2G 1.912 Gray Herbarium Harvard University ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION. I I / ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEIKG AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. Reprinted from the JJotany of the Antarctic Expedition, Part III., Flora of Tasmania, Vol. I. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1859. PRINTED BY JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. CONTENTS OF THE INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. § i. Preliminary Remarks. PAGE Sources of Information, published and unpublished, materials, collections, etc i Object of arranging them to discuss the Origin, Peculiarities, and Distribution of the Vegetation of Australia, and to regard them in relation to the views of Darwin and others, on the Creation of Species .... iii^ § 2. On the General Phenomena of Variation in the Vegetable Kingdom. All plants more or less variable ; rate, extent, and nature of variability ; differences of amount and degree in different natural groups of plants v Parallelism of features of variability in different groups of individuals (varieties, species, genera, etc.), and in wild and cultivated plants vii Variation a centrifugal force ; the tendency in the progeny of varieties being to depart further from their original types, not to revert to them viii Effects of cross-impregnation and hybridization ultimately favourable to permanence of specific character x Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection ; — its effects on variable organisms under varying conditions is to give a temporary stability to races, species, genera, etc xi § 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Libidibia Paraguariensis, Fabaceae
    Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 52 (1) 2017 A. M. Giménez et al. - Ecoanatomía de Libidibia paraguariensisISSN 0373-580 X Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 52 (1): 45-54. 2017 Ecoanatomia del ébano sudamericano: “guayacán” (Libidibia paraguariensis, Fabaceae) ANA M. GIMÉNEZ1, GRACIELA BOLZON MUNIZ2, JUANA G. MOGLIA1 y SILVANA NIGOSKY2 Summary: Ecoanatomy of southamerican ebony, ‘guayacán’ (Libidibia paraguariensis, Fabaceae). The wood of Libidibia paraguariensis (D. Parodi) G. P. Lewis, “guayacan” is homologous to that of Diospyros ebenum J. Koenig “ebony”. It is a wood with technological and organoleptic characteristics that give excellent quality and significant future potential. For this reason study objectives were: (1) deepen the knowledge of anatomical qualities of the wood and bark; (2) analyze sapwood-heartwood ratio, and (3) characterize the growth rings. The study was conducted using samples from Guasayán, Santiago del Estero, and Villa Rio Bermejito, Chaco (Argentina). Six trees from each site were selected randomly. A wood disk from the main shaft of each individual, at a height of 1.3 m was achieved. The description of the wood and bark was performed. The relevant anatomical character with high diagnostic value was full stratification of radios. The rings are demarcated, with an average radial increment (RI) average 3.57 mm, the growth is slow-medium, with thick sapwood. The xylem has corresponding features to a mesomorphic species. The outer bark with one or two accumulated periderms, presents dehiscence in thin plates, which is a diagnostic element for field determination. Key words: Libidibia paraguariensis, bark, growth rings, heartwood, sapwood, xylem. Resumen: La madera de Libidibia paraguariensis (D.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibacterial Activity of Flower Extract of Caesalpinia Pulcherrima, Delonix Regia and Peltaphorum Ferrugineum Against Urinary T
    International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(4), 80-83, April (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. Antibacterial activity of flower extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima , Delonix regia and Peltaphorum ferrugineum against Urinary tract Pathogens Sachidananda Swamy H.C, Asha M.M, Chaithra M, Vivek M.N, Yashoda Kambar, Prashith Kekuda T.R.* Post Graduate Department of Studies and Research in Microbiology, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Kuvempu University, Shivamogga-577203, Karnataka, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 20 th December 2013, revised 30 th January 2014, accepted 27 th February 2014 Abstract The present study was conducted with an aim of determining antibacterial efficacy of methanol extract of flowers of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Delonix regia and Peltaphorum ferrugineum belonging to the family Fabaceae. Antibacterial efficacy of flower extracts was assessed by Agar well diffusion assay against five antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection. Among flower extracts, higher inhibitory activity was shown by C. pulcherrima followed by P. ferrugineum and D. regia. Susceptibility to extract was recorded higher in case of Gram positive bacteria when compared to Gram negative bacteria. Among bacteria, S. aureus and K. pneumoniae were inhibited to higher and least extent respectively. The flowers of the plants selected can be the potential sources for development of therapeutically important agents active against drug resistant urinary tract pathogens. Isolation of active components from flower extracts and their inhibitory activity against urinary tract pathogens are to be carried out. Key words: Caesalpinia pulcherrima , Delonix regia , Peltaphorum ferrugineum , urinary tract infection, agar well diffusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribute to Gwilym P. Lewis
    CSIRO PUBLISHING Australian Systematic Botany, 2019, 32,iv–vi Tribute https://doi.org/10.1071/SBv32n6_TB Tribute to Gwilym P. Lewis Anne Bruneau A and Colin E. Hughes B AInstitut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Street Est, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada. BDepartment of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland. This issue of Advances in Legume Systematics is dedicated to Gwilym Peter Lewis in recognition of his long and productive career and significant international contribution to the taxonomy and systematics of Leguminosae. The young Gwilym Lewis first joined the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, as part of the horticultural staff in 1974. There, his enthusiasm for botany was quickly noticed and he was soon recruited and, subsequently, promoted as part of the team of scientists in the herbarium, later going on to become a senior scientist in integrated monography at Kew. This drive, energy and dedication to botany, which were noted at the age of 22, have never left him. Gwilym has been a key contributor to research at Kew Gardens for nearly 45 years. These four decades have seen monumental changes in legume taxonomy, systematics and evolution, and Gwilym has been an important instigator and contributor to this movement both scientifically and as head of the legume section at Kew, and indeed in many ways, as leader of the legume systematics international research community as a whole in recent years. In the four decades since Gwilym started his career, our vision of legume relationships has profoundly changed. In the early 1980s, the main legume lineages were thought to have evolved from broad common ancestors, exemplified by simple-flowered extratropical woody Caesalpinioideae (Polhill et al.
    [Show full text]