DOCSLIB.ORG

Immunological and Physiological Effects of Piscine Orthoreovirus Infection in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Immunological and Physiological Effects of Piscine Orthoreovirus Infection in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar) Immunological and physiological effects of Piscine orthoreovirus infection in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Thesis Morten Lund Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Norwegian University of Life Sciences Adamstuen 2017 Thesis number 2017:33 ISSN 1894-6402 ISBN 978-82-575-1994-0 1 Table of contents Acknowledgements --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Abbreviations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 List of papers ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Sammendrag (Summary in Norwegian) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 1 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13 1.1 General background --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 1.2 The life cycle of farmed Atlantic salmon ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 1.3 Common infections in Norwegian aquaculture ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 1.4 Piscine orthoreovirus and heart and skeletal muscle inflammation --------------------------------------- 18 Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18 Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19 1.5 Responses to hypoxia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 24 Introduction to cardiorespiratory physiology in teleost fish ------------------------------------------ 24 Responses triggered by hypoxia in teleost fish ------------------------------------------------------------- 29 Hypoxia tolerance in salmonids ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 1.6 Antiviral immune responses -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 Components of the immune system ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34 Organization of the immune system in teleost fish ------------------------------------------------------- 40 The innate immune response to viral infection in teleosts --------------------------------------------- 41 The adaptive antiviral immune response in salmonids -------------------------------------------------- 47 Environmental effects on the immune response ------------------------------------------------------------ 47 1.7 Effects of PRV infection in Atlantic salmon ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 Hypoxic stress during PRV infection ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 The host response to PRV infection ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 50 2 Aims of the study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 3 Summary of papers ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 54 4 Methodological considerations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57 4.1 Experimental virus infections in Atlantic salmon ------------------------------------------------------------------57 4.2 Quantitative PCR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 4.3 Histopathological examinations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 4.4 Physiological measurements and tests performed in the hypoxia challenge trial ----------------- 68 4.5 Microarray analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------75 2 4.6 Immunohistochemistry ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 4.7 Virus neutralization test --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78 4.8 Field data ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 4.9 Statistical methods ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 81 5 Results and general discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 84 5.1 PRV infection compromise hypoxia tolerance in Atlantic salmon --------------------------------------- 84 5.2 Transient hypoxic episodes improve the hypoxia tolerance in PRV infected Atlantic salmon but did not affect HSMI development ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87 5.3 Hemoglobin levels are reduced at peak PRV RNA levels in the heart --------------------------------- 90 5.4 PRV infection reduces cardiac performance -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91 5.5 Hemoglobin oxygen affinity is reduced in PRV-infected fish exposed to hypoxic episodes 92 5.6 Experimental PRV infection protects against pancreas disease -------------------------------------------- 94 5.7 Interaction between co-infecting viruses ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97 5.8 Immunological mechanisms of the PRV-SAV protection ---------------------------------------------------- 99 5.9 PRV and SAV RNA levels in field samples from co-infected farmed Atlantic salmon ------ 102 5.10 Implications for the aquaculture industry ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104 6 Main conclusions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 106 7 Future perspectives ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 107 8 References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 110 9 Scientific papers I - III ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 144 3 Acknowledgements The study was performed during 2014 – 2017 at the Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI), section of Immunology and at the Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Campus Adamstuen. The work was funded by the Research Council of Norway (RCN #235788/E40: PRV-PROTect) and the Norwegian Seafood Research Fund (FHF #901001: HSMImore). I am sincerely grateful to my supervisors Maria Krudtaa Dahle, Espen Rimstad and Vidar Aspehaug for your guidance, interesting discussions, good humor and massive support. By being included in the PRV group at Lindern, I have had the opportunity to attend interesting discussions, get an overview of the molecular research on PRV and gather a lot of inspiration in my work. This thesis is a result of the collaboration between NMBU, the Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PatoGen Analyse AS and NOFIMA, which have been a colorful and interesting group to work with. Working with Sven Martin Jørgensen, Gerrit Timmerhaus and Aleksei Krasnov at NOFIMA have been truly inspiring and fruitful. I am also very grateful that professor Mark Powell at the University of Bergen/Norwegian Institute for Water Research joined the project and added expertise on respiratory physiology. This collaboration has inspired and encouraged me in the planning and performance of the challenge trials, the analyses and finally, at the writing of the papers and this thesis. Thanks to all co-authors for your contributions and interesting discussions. A special thanks to Magnus Vikan Røsæg for a great collaboration on the co-infection trial, discussing the results and writing the manuscripts from the co-infection trial. It has been very nice working with you and your analytical abilities have provided valuable input in my work. This work would not have been successfully accomplished without the help from Trine Kolstad and Linda Ramsevik Teigene at PatoGen AS. Furthermore, thanks to the team at VESO Vikan, led by Christian Wallace, for your expertise and patience in performing the challenge trials and for sharing your knowledge and experience. Thanks to all the colleagues at the Immunology department at the NVI, Marta Alarcon, Torunn Taksdal, Ingvild Berg Nyman Turhan Markussen, Øystein Wessel and Anja B. Kristoffersen for your support and guidance during my laboratory work and when learning R. 4 Finally, I would express my gratitude to my family and friends for your support and patience
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shoaling Reduces Metabolic Rate in a Gregarious Coral Reef Fish Species Lauren E
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Enlighten: Publications © 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2016) 219, 2802-2805 doi:10.1242/jeb.139493 SHORT COMMUNICATION Shoaling reduces metabolic rate in a gregarious coral reef fish species Lauren E. Nadler1,2,*, Shaun S. Killen3, Eva C. McClure1,2, Philip L. Munday2 and Mark I. McCormick1,2 ABSTRACT species. First, the ventilation rate of shoaling versus solitary Many animals live in groups because of the potential benefits individuals has been recorded to estimate metabolic rate (Lefrancois associated with defense and foraging. Group living may also induce a et al., 2009; Queiroz and Magurran, 2005). A second method uses ‘calming effect’ on individuals, reducing overall metabolic demand. respirometry (where oxygen uptake is measured as a proxy for ’ This effect could occur by minimising the need for individual vigilance aerobic metabolism) to compare the sum of each individual s and reducing stress through social buffering. However, this effect has metabolic rate when measured alone with the metabolic rate of the proved difficult to quantify. We examined the effect of shoaling on shoal measured together (Parker, 1973; Schleuter et al., 2007). metabolism and body condition in the gregarious damselfish Chromis Although these methods have provided supporting evidence for the viridis. Using a novel respirometry methodology for social species, we calming effect, they do not directly measure social influences on found that the presence of shoal-mate visual and olfactory cues led to individual physiology. Lastly, a third method has been employed, in a reduction in the minimum metabolic rate of individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Respiratory Disorders of Fish
    This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Disorders of the Respiratory System in Pet and Ornamental Fish a, b Helen E. Roberts, DVM *, Stephen A. Smith, DVM, PhD KEYWORDS Pet fish Ornamental fish Branchitis Gill Wet mount cytology Hypoxia Respiratory disorders Pathology Living in an aquatic environment where oxygen is in less supply and harder to extract than in a terrestrial one, fish have developed a respiratory system that is much more efficient than terrestrial vertebrates. The gills of fish are a unique organ system and serve several functions including respiration, osmoregulation, excretion of nitroge- nous wastes, and acid-base regulation.1 The gills are the primary site of oxygen exchange in fish and are in intimate contact with the aquatic environment. In most cases, the separation between the water and the tissues of the fish is only a few cell layers thick. Gills are a common target for assault by infectious and noninfectious disease processes.2 Nonlethal diagnostic biopsy of the gills can identify pathologic changes, provide samples for bacterial culture/identification/sensitivity testing, aid in fungal element identification, provide samples for viral testing, and provide parasitic organisms for identification.3–6 This diagnostic test is so important that it should be included as part of every diagnostic workup performed on a fish.
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Aspects of the Osmorespiratory Compromise in Fishes
    FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE OSMORESPIRATORY COMPROMISE IN FISHES by Marina Mussoi Giacomin B.Sc. Hon., Federal University of Paraná, 2011 M.Sc., Federal University of Rio Grande, 2013 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Zoology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) February 2019 © Marina Mussoi Giacomin, 2019 The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, the dissertation entitled: Functional aspects of the osmorespiratory compromise in fishes submitted by Marina Mussoi Giacomin in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology Examining Committee: Dr. Christopher M. Wood, UBC Zoology Co-supervisor Dr. Patricia M. Schulte, UBC Zoology Co-supervisor Dr. Colin J. Brauner, UBC Zoology Supervisory Committee Member Dr. David J. Randall, UBC Zoology University Examiner Dr. John S. Richardson, UBC Forestry University Examiner Dr. Yoshio Takei, University of Tokyo External Examiner Additional Supervisory Committee Members: Dr. Jeffrey G. Richards, UBC Zoology Supervisory Committee Member ii Abstract The fish gill is a multipurpose organ that plays a central role in gas exchange, ion regulation, acid-base balance and nitrogenous waste excretion. Effective gas transfer requires a large surface area and thin water-to-blood diffusion distance, but such structures also promote diffusive ion and water movements between blood and water that challenge the maintenance of hydromineral balance. Therefore, a functional conflict exists between gas exchange and ionic and osmotic regulation at the gill. The overarching goal of my thesis was to examine the trade-offs associated with the optimization of these different functions (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenotypic Drivers of Hypoxia Tolerance in a Tropical Diadromous Fish (Lates Calcarifer)
    ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Collins, Geoffrey M. (2016) Phenotypic drivers of hypoxia tolerance in a tropical diadromous fish (Lates calcarifer). PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/48866/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/48866/ PHENOTYPIC DRIVERS OF HYPOXIA TOLERANCE IN A TROPICAL, DIADROMOUS FISH (Lates calcarifer) Thesis submitted by Geoffrey M. Collins (BTech (Hons)) in October 2016 For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Frontispiece: Barramundi performing aquatic surface respiration i STATEMENT OF CONTRIBUTION OF OTHERS The data chapters in this thesis are a collection of collaborative work with my supervisors Dr Guy Carton and Dr Timothy Clark, with further contributions from Dr Jodie Rummer and Professor Dean Jerry. Experimental design, data collection, data analysis and interpretation in context were primarily conducted by myself. Further contributions in the form of intellectual guidance and financial support, as well as essential feedback on experimental design, statistical analysis and editing of manuscript drafts were provided by co-authors. Funding for this thesis was provided by the Australian Research Council and James Cook University, with further financial and logistical support towards research costs and equipment provided by Dr Guy Carton and Dr Timothy Clark, and additional support provided by Dr Igor Pirozzi.
    [Show full text]
  • Farmed Salmonids
    DRAFT CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF FARMED SALMONIDS Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... i Glossary .......................................................................................................................................... ii 1. Knowledge and Skills of Hatchery, Nursery, and Farm Personnel ........................................ 1 2. Rearing Units .......................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Site Selection ........................................................................................................................ 2 2.2 Rearing Unit Design ............................................................................................................. 2 2.3 Water Quality ........................................................................................................................ 4 2.4 Lighting ................................................................................................................................. 7 2.5 Biodensity ............................................................................................................................. 8 3. Husbandry Practices.............................................................................................................. 10 3.1 Husbandry Practices for Specific Life Stages and Triploid Fish .......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Physiology, Toxicology, and Water Quality
    Fish Physiology, Toxicology, and Water Quality Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium, Capri, Italy, April 24-28, 2006 R E S E A R C H A N D D E V E L O P M E N T EPA/600/R-07/010 February 2007 Fish Physiology, Toxicology, and Water Quality Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium, Capri, Italy, April 24-28, 2006 Edited by 1Colin J. Brauner, 1Kim Suvajdzic, 2Goran Nilsson, 1David Randall 1Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Canada 2University of Oslo, Norway Published by Ecosystems Research Division Athens, Georgia 30605 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Washington, DC 20460 ABSTRACT Scientists from Europe, North America and South America convened in Capri, Italy, April 24-28, 2006 for the Ninth International Symposium on Fish Physiology, Toxicology, and Water Quality. The subject of the meeting was “Eutrophication: The toxic effects of ammonia, nitrite and the detrimental effects of hypoxia on fish.” These proceedings include 22 papers presented over a 3-day period and discuss eutrophication, ammonia and nitrite toxicity and the effects of hypoxia on fish with the aim of understanding the effects of eutrophication on fish. The ever increasing human population and the animals raised for human consumption discharge their sewage into rivers and coastal waters worldwide. This is resulting in eutrophication of rivers and coastal waters everywhere. Eutrophication is associated with elevated ammonia and nitrite levels, both of which are toxic, and the water often becomes hypoxic. Aquatic hypoxia has been shown to reduce species diversity and reduce total biomass.
    [Show full text]
  • Ventilatory and Cardiovascular Actions of Centrally Administered Trout
    3301 The Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 3301-3310 Published by The Company of Biologists 2007 doi:10.1242/jeb.006106 Ventilatory and cardiovascular actions of centrally administered trout tachykinins in the unanesthetized trout Jean-Claude Le Mével1,*, Frédéric Lancien1, Nagi Mimassi1 and J. Michael Conlon2 1Laboratoire de Traitement de l’Information Médicale, INSERM U650, and Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 22 avenue Camille Desmoulins, CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France and 2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, 17666 Al Ain, United Arab Emirates *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 17 July 2007 Summary The brains of teleost fish contain members of the in VTOT but only at the highest dose (250·pmol). NKA was tachykinin family that are the products of orthologous without action on fV but significantly decreased VAMP at genes expressed in mammalian nervous tissues, but little is only the highest dose tested. In this case also, the net effect known regarding the physiological effects of these peptides of NKA was to reduce VTOT. When injected centrally, none in their species of origin. The present study compares the of the three peptides, at any dose tested, produced changes central actions of trout neuropeptide gamma (NP␥), in heart rate or mean dorsal aortic blood pressure (PDA). substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) (5–250·pmol) Intra-arterial injection of the three tachykinins (250·pmol) on ventilatory and cardiovascular parameters in the produced a significant (P<0.05) increase in PDA, but only unanesthetized rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Ecology Progress Series 568:151
    Vol. 568: 151–173, 2017 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published March 24 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12066 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Species-specific responses of demersal fishes to near-bottom oxygen levels within the California Current large marine ecosystem Aimee A. Keller1,*, Lorenzo Ciannelli2, W. Waldo Wakefield3, Victor Simon1, John A. Barth2, Stephen D. Pierce2 1Fishery Resource Analysis and Monitoring Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA 2College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences (CEOAS), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA 3Fishery Resource Analysis and Monitoring Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, 2032 SE OSU Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA ABSTRACT: Long-term environmental sampling provided information on catch and near-bottom oxygen levels across a range of depths and conditions from the upper to the lower limit of the oxy- gen minimum zone and shoreward across the continental shelf of the US west coast (US−Canada to US−Mexico). During 2008 to 2014, near-bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 5.5 ml l−1 with 63.2% of sites experiencing hypoxia (DO < 1.43 ml l−1). The relationship between catch per unit effort (CPUE) and DO was estimated for 34 demersal fish species in 5 sub- groups by life history category (roundfishes, flatfishes, shelf rockfishes, slope rockfishes and thornyheads) using generalized additive models (GAMs). Models included terms for position, time, near-bottom environmental measurements (salinity, temperature, oxygen) and bottom depth.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Hypoxia on Largemouth Bass ( Micropterus Salmoides) Behavior, Physiology, and Acclimation Potential
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository IMPACTS OF HYPOXIA ON LARGEMOUTH BASS ( MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES) BEHAVIOR, PHYSIOLOGY, AND ACCLIMATION POTENTIAL BY GREGGORY L. GAULKE THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2012 Urbana, Illinois Adviser’s Committee: Assistant Professor Cory D. Suski David H. Wahl, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Robert L. Schooley ABSTRACT With urbanization increasing throughout the United States and globally, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the effects of hypoxia (a product of urbanization) on aquatic fauna. This thesis combines two independent, yet complementary, studies to help better understand how hypoxia affects one of the most popular sport fishes, the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides ). The first study, conducted in 2010-2011 in the Chicago Area Waterway System, contained two parts: 1) quantification of largemouth bass movements in relation to dissolved oxygen through field telemetry, and 2) quantification of physiological parameters in largemouth bass within the study site and three reference sites through field sampling, low oxygen shock trials, and P crit analyses (defined as the point at which an animal ceases aerobic respiration and begins anaerobic respiration). Results from
    [Show full text]
  • The Sublethal Effects of Diel Fluctuations in Dissolved
    Sublethal effects of diel fluctuations in dissolved oxygen saturation on freshwater fishes from tropical Queensland Thesis submitted by Nicole Flint BSc Hons in August 2005 For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology and Tropical Ecology within the School of Tropical Biology James Cook University i STATEMENT OF ACCESS I, the undersigned author of this work, understand that James Cook University will make this thesis available for use within the University Library and, via the Australian Digital Theses network, for use elsewhere. I understand that, as an unpublished work, a thesis has significant protection under the Copyright Act and; I do not wish to place any further restriction on access to this work _____________________________________ ______________ Signature Date STATEMENT ON SOURCES Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institution of tertiary education. Information derived from the published or unpublished work of others has been acknowledged in the text and a list of references is given. …………………………………………….. ……………………… (Signature) (Date) STATEMENT ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF OTHERS Research funding: • Sugar Research and Development Corporation – scholarship and research funds. • Rainforest CRC’s “Catchment to Reef” program – research funds. • Queensland Government Department of the Premier and Cabinet’s “Growing the Smart State PhD Research Funding Program” – research funds. • James Cook University School of Tropical Biology – research funds. Research in-kind support: • Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries, Walkamin Research Station, location for experiments on sooty grunter eggs. • The Tablelands Fish Stocking Association provided sooty grunter eggs and fingerlings for experiments.
    [Show full text]
  • (Dicentrarchus Labrax) Juveniles Laura Cadiz, Bruno Ernande, Patrick Quazuguel, Arianna Servili, Jose-Luis Zambonino-Infante, David Mazurais
    Moderate hypoxia but not warming conditions at larval stage induces adverse carry-over effects on hypoxia tolerance of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Laura Cadiz, Bruno Ernande, Patrick Quazuguel, Arianna Servili, Jose-Luis Zambonino-Infante, David Mazurais To cite this version: Laura Cadiz, Bruno Ernande, Patrick Quazuguel, Arianna Servili, Jose-Luis Zambonino-Infante, et al.. Moderate hypoxia but not warming conditions at larval stage induces adverse carry-over effects on hypoxia tolerance of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Marine Environmental Research, Elsevier, 2018, 138, pp.28-35. 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.03.011. hal-02619271 HAL Id: hal-02619271 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02619271 Submitted on 25 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Marine Environmental Research Archimer July 2018, Volume 138, Pages 28-35 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.03.011 http://archimer.ifremer.fr http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00434/54606/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Moderate
    [Show full text]
  • Negative Effects of Diurnal Changes in Acidification and Hypoxia on Early-Life Stage Estuarine Fishes
    diversity Article Negative Effects of Diurnal Changes in Acidification and Hypoxia on Early-Life Stage Estuarine Fishes Brooke K. Morrell and Christopher J. Gobler * School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 239 Montauk Hwy, Southampton, NY 11968, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 August 2019; Accepted: 5 January 2020; Published: 8 January 2020 Abstract: Estuaries serve as important nursery habitats for various species of early-life stage fish, but can experience cooccurring acidification and hypoxia that can vary diurnally in intensity. This study 1 examines the effects of acidification (pH 7.2–7.4) and hypoxia (dissolved oxygen (DO) ~ 2–4 mg L− ) as individual and combined stressors on four fitness metrics for three species of forage fish endemic to the U.S. East Coast: Menidia menidia, Menidia beryllina, and Cyprinodon variegatus. Additionally, the impacts of various durations of exposure to these two stressors was also assessed to explore the sensitivity threshold for larval fishes under environmentally-representative conditions. C. variegatus was resistant to chronic low pH, while M. menidia and M. beryllina experienced significantly reduced survival and hatch time, respectively. Exposure to hypoxia resulted in reduced hatch success of both Menidia species, as well as diminished survival of M. beryllina larvae. Diurnal exposure to low pH and low DO for 4 or 8 h did not alter survival of M. beryllina, although 8 or 12 h of daily exposure through the 10 days posthatch significantly depressed larval size. In contrast, M. menidia experienced significant declines in survival for all intervals of diel cycling hypoxia and acidification (4–12 h).
    [Show full text]