AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF 2007 INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA JOURNAL 2007 INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL NUMBER ISSN 0159-656X INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA JOURNAL 国际山茶杂志 国際 ツノヾキ会誌 JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL DU CAMELLIA REVISTA INTERNAZIONALE DELLA CAMELIA REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE LA CAMELIA INTERNATIONALE KAMELIENZEITSCHRIFT INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA TIJDSCHRIFT COVER PICTURES Front cover:- Camellia japonica ‘Virginia Carlyon’. 1973. A striking camellia ICS recipient ‘Award of Garden Excellence’ that makes a considerable impact in many Cornish gardens. Its Marwood Hill Gardens flowers are large, freely produced and have a glowing velvety texture. Barnstaple. Unusually for Miss Carlyon the parentage of this cultivar is North Devon. EX31 4EB not known. Her camellia breeding work had started in 1960, England with careful selection of parents, and immaculately researched propagation facilities provided. By 1973 most of the seedling 01271 342528 selections being named were the result of chance pollination. Gillian Carlyon of Tregrehan, near St Austell, Cornwall, (one of the gardens to be visited during [email protected] the 2008 ICS Congress in Cornwall), produced many successful cultivars that make excellent www.marwoodhillgarden.co.uk “landscape” camellias. Enthusiasts claim that four out of five of her seedlings were worthy of Extensive collection of Camellias. selection. Those with less enthusiasm claim that many were of spreading or rather untidy habit, Twenty acres of gardens with three making them unsuitable for the controlled environment of most modern gardens. lakes. A haven for plants from Back cover:- around the world. Pictures and information supplied by George Orel. Plants Sales and Garden Tea Room The four images show stages in the development of Camellia Groups welcome by appointment dongnaiensis Orel, in cultivation in Australia. It is believed to be the first time this species has been successfully cultivated. Scions were collected in January 2004 on Da Lat Plateau, South Viet Nam (See article on p.90 ICS Journal 2006), grafted in Australia and originally thought to be a variety of C. piquetiana until adult foliage developed, when doubts arose. The grafted plants were grown in an unheated glasshouse (Sydney, Australia climate), potted into acidic soil pH6- pH6.5. Pots were kept in relatively high air humidity at all times with warm diurnal temperatures and low illumination. Light from the side was preferred to that from overhead. The plant illustrated flowered the following season, in the autumn, indicating that the scion carried flower buds. When these developed it was clear that the flowers were unique. A new species had been discovered. Unopened flower buds were freely produced on all three grafted plants, which seem able to sustain a large number without effort. Flowers open within 2 weeks from this stage. A light sprinkling of a fertiliser with a high potassium content increased the quality of the flowers. Light pink flowers open at optimum temperatures between 20°C and 30°C, mostly in the autumn. It is believed that a heated glasshouse is needed to produce seed capsules containing viable seeds. New foliage is spectacular and well adapted to its rainforest conditions; soft pendulous leaves to conduct rainwater and drips from the overhead canopy away. Their large size catches the maximum light in the dark under-storey conditions. Adult leaves in the spring. Winter conditions where outside temperatures fell below 5°C caused partial defoliation and browning of leaf margins.
Printed by The Minster Press, 5 Mill Lane, Wimborne, Dorset BH21 1JQ, UK. +44 (0)1202 882277 1 International Camellia Journal 2007 No. 39
An official publication of the International Camellia Society
Aims of the International Camellia Society To foster the love of camellias throughout the world and maintain and increase their popularity To undertake historical, scientific and horticultural research in connection with camellias To co-operate with all national and regional camellia societies and with other horticultural societies To disseminate information concerning camellias by means of bulletins and other publications To encourage a friendly exchange between camellia enthusiasts of all nationalities
MAJOR DATES ON THE INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA CALENDAR
2-5 April 2008 --- International Camellia Congress. Falmouth, Cornwall, England.
28th March – 1 April --- Pre-Congress Tour. London, Exbury, Plymouth.
6-10 April --- Post-Congress Tour. Salisbury, Brighton.
Spring 2010 --- International Camellia Congress. Kurume, Japan.
Spring 2012 --- International Camellia Congress. Chuxiong, Yunnan, China. ICS 50th (Golden) Anniversary. 2 Contents
Message from the President Greg Davis 4
Otomo Endowment Research Fund Neville Haydon 5
Notes from the Editor Jennifer Trehane 6
ICS Web Report 7
Events, People and Places
International Camellia Congress, Falmouth, Cornwall, England. 2008. 8
A Meeting with Dr. Chang Hung Ta Jean-Francois Tremblay 10
New Zealand’s Golden Year Compiled by Vonnie Cave 12
Camellia Pilgrimage To Galicia Shigeo Matsumoto 20
The ICS Meeting in the Azores 1st–7th March 2007
An Overall Picture President Greg Davis 29
Seven days of enjoyment David Molloy 30
Culture and Research
Recycling Jennifer Trehane 35
The Botanical Garden of Porto and its Camellias Carmen Salinero, Pilar Vela, 38 María González, Joana Andresen, and Francisco Caldas.
Second National Symposium on Yellow Camellias Pat Short 48 in Vietnam
Vietnam Boosts Research and Development in Tea Pat Short 52
New Species of Genus Camellia in Vietnam Naotoshi Hakoda, Shuho Kirino, 54 and Tran Ninh 3
The Wild Species of Camellia in the Tamdao Le Nguyet Hai Ninh, 59 National Park Do Dinh Tien
Molecular Investigation and Assessment of George Orel, A.D.Marchant 64 C. azalea C. F. Wei 1986 (syn. C. changii and A.S.Curry Ye 1985) as potential breeding material
Camellia Pictures in “Botanical Magazine” Shinichiro Kishikawa 76
Book Reviews Beyond the Camellia Belt Review by Max Hill 82 William Ackerman Camellias - The Gardener’s Encyclopedia Review by David Molloy 83 Jennifer Trehane
Obituary Miss Cicely Perring 84 Deaths 84
In The Regions 85
Translations of Summary of Journal Contents
Résumé du Contenu du Journal ICS 2007 91
Inhaltsübersicht 94
2007 年《国际山茶杂志》内容简介 96
ＩＣＳ２００７年誌内容の要約 98
By-Laws of the International Camellia Society, Inc 100
Membership 103
Directors and Officers 2007-2009 110
New Species Of Genus Camellia In Vietnam Naotoshi Hakoda and Shuho Kirino, of the Japan Camellia Society, and Tran Ninh, of the Department of Botany, at Hanoi University of Science. 54
The Wild Species Of Camellia In The Tamdao National Park Le Nguyet Hai Ninh, Hanoi University of Science 59 Do Dinh Tien, Tam Dao National Park 59
Molecular investigation and assessment of C. azalea C. F. Wei 1986 (syn. C. changii Ye 1985) as potential breeding material George Orel, A.D.Marchant and A.S.Curry 64
Camellia Pictures in “Botanical Magazine” Shinichiro Kishikawa, Japan 76
Book Reviews Review by Max Hill 82 Review by David Molloy 83
Miss Cicely Perring 84 Deaths
85
RÉSUMÉ DU CONTENU DU JOURNAL ICS 2007 91
INHALTSÜBERSICHT 94
2007 年《国际山茶杂志》内容简介 96
ＩＣＳ２００７年誌内容の要約 98
By-Laws of the International Camellia Society, Inc 100
Membership 104
Directors and Officers 2007-2009 106 4 Message from the President
How do you like the delivery of your 2007 International Camellia Journal near year-end? Our new editor, Jennifer Trehane has designed the production schedules for the journals around a year-end printing. I am confident you will appreciate the promptness and greatly enjoy the 2007 International Camellia Journal.
All eyes are soon to be on the 2008 UK Camellia Congress. If anyone can plan a successful camellia congress, our experienced UK friends can. Let’s hope you have already signed up and we have a record attendance at the London welcoming dinner on March 28, 2008. Nowadays it is easy to find a reason to not make an over-seas journey. With more than two years’ planning the UK team are confident that this will be a wonderful Congress and that we will all want to expend our best efforts to attend.
2007 has been a busy year for the ICS. There were three major international camellia meetings in the first quarter. First was the second Yellow Camellia Symposium in Vietnam. Herb and Pat Short and several other ICS members attended this interesting meeting. Some of the recent yellow camellia species found in Vietnam should help in our quest for a big yellow camellia.
Second, the Chinese Camellia Hybridization Group met for their second annual meeting. They are now 100 members strong and four cities have bid for their 2008 meeting site.
China has planned big camellia events for February 2008 in Dali City and Chuxiong. These are neighboring cities in Yunnan Province—the home of the C.reticulata. The Sixth Chinese National Camellia Show will be held in Dali City along with meetings of both the Chinese Camellia Society and the Camellia Hybridization Group. Following the Dali activities, a new camellia park will be dedicated in Chuxiong, the site of the 2012 ICS Camellia Congress. China is already working to have one of the best camellia events, ever, in Chuxiong in 2012. Plan now to attend.
The third meeting was the Azores international meeting on Ancient Camellias. The islands of the Azores have the perfect climate for camellias; camellias planted in the 1800’s are still growing and doing well. A happy group of camellia enthusiasts enjoyed a week-long visit to Sao Miguel Island. The camellia gardens, the hospitality, the interesting history and beautiful island are second to none. David Molloy’s article is a “must read”.
The internet availability of the International Camellia Register for ICS members will soon be announced. Professors Motta and Wang now have an updated version of the Register on 5 the Web. Plans for this web-site are moving forward and we hope to finalize these plans at the UK Congress. Stay tuned!
The Otomo Research Fund, at the end of the 2007 financial year, had grown to 32,281 GBP ($64,562US). Thanks to all who have made contributions. Donations in 2007 were 12,621 GBP, including 10,000 GBP, which the Board voted to transfer from our ICS General Fund and 1680 GBP from an anonymous ICS Member. Chairman Neville Haydon and Advisory Board members, Ross Hayter, Shigeo Matsumoto, Pat Short, and Howard Rhodes will now be able to increase their research grants. This year we made grants to Dr. George Orel of the University of Western Sydney to study C. changii, (C.azalea) and to the University of Kyoto for their continuing study of camellia DNA. All ICS members should search for promising camellia research projects in their region and suggest them to the Otomo Advisory Board.
The Japanese are planning to have their Camellia Garden in Goto City, the site of the discovery of C.j. ‘Tama-no-ura’, recognized as a Garden of Excellence during their 2010 Camellia Congress. All ICS members are encouraged to nominate additional gardens in their regions for consideration as Gardens of Excellence.
I continue to enjoy the honor of serving as your president for the 2007-2009 term. We continue to have challenges and opportunities for problem solving—but all in all, it is a fun experience. We hope our membership continues to grow and we can introduce more friends into the worldwide culture of camellias.
Gregory Davis
OTOMO ENDOWMENT RESEARCH FUND It is a matter of some disappointment that only a small percentage of ICS members have contributed to the Fund since the late Mrs Otomo made its creation possible with her two very generous gifts. Fortunately there have been further substantial donations from those who have contributed, and the Fund has currently earned sufficient interest to be able to offer another grant of $US 2000 towards the cost of a camellia related scientific project. Applications are invited, and should include a broad outline of the work to be carried out, and a summarised budget of its total funding. Only future work can be assisted. Please email any application to [email protected] . The Advisory Board thanks the following members for donations not previously acknowledged: Mr Greg Davis; Exxon Foundation Grant; Mr Shigeo Matsumoto; Mr Mikio Akashi; Mr Shinsuki Hisatomi; Anonymous (Japan). Neville Haydon, Chairman, Otomo Fund Advisory Board 6 Notes from the Editor Jennifer Trehane It is never easy to take on a new job, and it is certainly not at all easy to take over the editorship of the International Camellia Journal from somebody who has produced such excellent journals as Herb Short has done for the past eleven years. He has created a Journal of excellence; of interesting and varied content, meticulously checked and well presented, even after the effect of the mild stroke he suffered in 2004. I know we all thank him, wish him well in his “retirement”, and look forward to meeting him and Pat at various camellia events round the world. After listening to a number of people I have made one or two changes. First is the mailing out of journals. These are now individually wrapped, labelled and sent out to members, direct from the UK, with spare copies going to Membership representatives. Please contact them if you know of instances where journals have failed to arrive or are damaged. The aim is to send journals out annually in January. Articles and news are always appreciated and need to be received by the end of August each year at the latest. As an experiment, the President’s message and the main articles have been summarised and translated into Chinese, French, German and Japanese, removing the translated headings over each article. Reaction, whether positive or negative, would be welcome, as will be any suggestions regarding your Journal. A big “thank you” to all those who have supplied articles and responded so willingly and rapidly to requests for information, photographs, or help. Extra thanks also to Mayda Reynolds who did the proof reading and to Graham Mallett of GPM Computer Services who did the typesetting. Shigeo Matsumoto must have beaten all records by sending back his translation from English into Japanese within just over 24 hours of receiving the English version! There is no doubt that e-mails and the Internet are wonderful tools in modern communications, especially for those of us who lead busy lives in addition to our voluntary ICS work. Our increased use of the Internet is evident from the appreciation of the ICS website and the tremendous work that is being carried out, both on communication of knowledge of camellias in general for everyone, but also on putting the International Camellia Register on the Web. Jennifer Trehane [email protected] ~~~ Contents’ Translations Voir page 91 pour la traduction du resume du message de notre President et des articles principaux dans ce Journal. s.S.94: Zusammenfassung der Mitteilungen des Praesidenten und der wesentlichen Artikel dieses Journals.
会長のメッセージ及び本誌の主要記事の要約の訳文については96,98頁参照の こと。 7 WEB NEWS Report from the Web Editor, Pat Short – November 2007
Our Internet address is www.camellia-ics.org
This has been another slow but steady year of expanding and updating the ICS website.
For example, we have expanded and updated the pages on the International Camellia Journal to include photographs of the covers. Eventually, I hope to include brief abstracts about the main articles of each year’s journals, with the possibility of making reprints from old issues available.
The website now includes a calendar of camellia activities around the world, and a section on camellia gardens, which spotlight the ICS Gardens of Excellence among others. In 2008, we will add a page about the Otomo Fund -- what projects we have helped support, and how researchers can apply for ICS support on new projects. I am also working to expand the section on new books -- particularly because some very interesting books have recently been published.
An exciting project is looming: the International Camellia Register is to be placed on the ICS Website. This work has been guided by Gianmario Motta, director for the ICS Italy Region, assisted by the Robotics Laboratory of the University of Pavia. Australian, Lorraine Fraser, the International Registrar for Camellias -- nominated by the ICS, but appointed by the International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants -- has provided Gianmario with up-to-date material. Lorraine, in turn, had built on the tremendous work done previously by Neville Haydon, of New Zealand. The material that will be posted will include the latest registrations and publication mentions, will be searchable, and will have links to photos -- especially important for new registrations.
It seems likely that access to this information will be controlled, and details of this are still being worked out. One possibility: free password access for members, plus a user license for non-members. Your thoughts and suggestions on how this is handled will be very much appreciated. If we have password access for members, however, it will be extremely important that membership lists be kept up-to-date. Membership representatives will have to promptly inform Ines Kasimir, our Membership Registrar, about new members, so they can receive access to the controlled parts of the Website.
So this is my mantra: tell us! What is going on? What information would you like to see on our website? And again, as soon as camellia events in your region are set, please let me know or encourage the organizers to let me know. We can post details about them immediately, for a newsy section that will encourage planning for visitors.
Patricia Short, ICS Web Editor [email protected] 8 INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA CONGRESS, FALMOUTH, CORNWALL, ENGLAND. 2008.
There is still just time to book for this wonderful event. Bookings are already fulfilling expectations but there are still some places available. (See the 2006 Journal for more details).
Congress. Wednesday – Saturday, 2-5 April. Four days, five nights in the seaside town of Falmouth in Cornwall, where Spring comes early and Cornwall’s famous camellias should be at their best. Congress sessions include several papers from Cornish camellia experts and enthusiasts, plus a wide range of topics from others from around the world. Visits to :- Trewithen Gardens,(official opening ceremony and a traditional Cornish Cream Tea), Tregothnan Gardens, Tregrehan Gardens, Caerhays Castle Gardens, The Eden Project (private evening visit and buffet supper), and The Cornwall Garden Society’s Spring Show, (in the magnificent setting of Boconnoc House).
Pre-Congress Tour. Friday dinner, 28th March- 1April. A packed programme of visits to gardens in the London area include the choices :- The historic Chiswick House and Claremont Landscape Garden, or the magical woodland garden of the Isabella Plantation in the middle of the deer park at Richmond, or The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (A ballot has already been held and the lucky 30 have been informed of their very privileged visit to Buckingham Palace garden). A trip on the London Eye, right by the river Thames, at dusk should give a bird’s eye view of London as the lights come on and the skyline becomes dramatic. A whole day visit to the famous Savill Garden and the less well known Valley Gardens in Windsor Great Park ends the London part of this Tour. Exbury Gardens, on the fringe of the New Forest is briefly visited and its camellia collection seen during a stopover for lunch en route to historic Plymouth. A day is allocated for a “taster” visit to two International Camellia Gardens of Excellence one at Mount Edgcumbe and the other at Antony Woodland Gardens.
Post-Congress Tour. Sunday to Thursday 6-11th April. A journey through some of south west England’s typical and varied countryside to the ancient cathedral city of Salisbury with a stopover for lunch at a large and interesting Garden Centre in Devon. Tours of the cathedral and time to browse in the city, or a trip to Trehane Camellia nursery are offered before lunch in the historic city centre hotels where delegates will have spent the previous night, before setting off for Brighton. 9 From Brighton visits will be made to Wakehurst Place, home to the Millenium Seed Bank, to Borde Hill Gardens where the favourite williamsii hybrid, ‘Donation’ was bred, to the large and interesting Leonardslee Gardens. The National Trust gardens at Nymans once home to Leonard Messel are being opened especially for us to see these wonderful 30 acre gardens.
For details about hotels, travel information and booking information please contact Eyas Ltd. 5, Cooper Street, Chichester. West Sussex. PO19 1EB. United Kingdom Tel. +44 (0) 1243 775561 e-mail: [email protected]
For information about details concerning Congress or tours content please contact ICS (UK) Corresponding Secretary:- Mrs Pat Short, 41, Galveston Road, London SW15 2RZ Tel: +44 (0) 20 8870 6884 fax: +44 (0) 20 8874 4633 e-mail: [email protected] 10 A Meeting with Dr. Chang Hung Ta “A giant among camellia lovers” Jean-Francois Tremblay
As he sits in his chair in his old office at than 40 years, says that Chang is “an amazing Sun Yat-Sen University, Dr. Chang Hung person.” Ye says that Chang not only made Ta exudes the energy and intelligence that himself a world authority on camellias, powered his ground-breaking research but he became the botany department head work. At 93, Chang moves slowly and is after the Cultural Revolution when he was hard of hearing. But he retains the ability to in his 60s, in 1977. He retired at the age of produce an abundance of radiant smiles. 89. In his 70s, Chang climbed to an altitude exceeding 5,000 m while conducting field Chang most notably contributed to the research in the Himalayas, Ye recalls. world’s understanding of camellias with his book “Camellias,” published in English in Following his retirement in 2003, Chang has 1984. Translated by Bruce Bartholomew, been coming to the university every day to the monograph was the most significant one pursue private research, Ye says. He stopped to appear since J. Robert Sealy published visiting only last November after injuring his “A Revision of the Genus Camellia” in himself in a fall. 1958. Chang remembers that one of the most What makes Chang’s achievement really amazing events of his life was to visit outstanding is that he conducted most of his Jinshajiang in Sichuan province in 1980. research during the Cultural Revolution, a “I arrived there, and there were camellias time when academic pursuits in China were everywhere,” he says with his eyes lighting discouraged. up. Ye Chuang Xing, a professor in the Chang embarked on his camellias studies department of biology at Sun Yat-sen in 1960. He says the main reason was to University who has known Chang for more confirm through rigorous research his gut 11 feeling that researchers worldwide were subgenera and the relationships among underestimating the diversity of the camellia species. Chang says that when he met Sealy genus. During the Cultural Revolution that in England in 1980, the two largely agreed started in 1966, he was sent for some time with Chang’s classification. Chang did not to the countryside to experience life as a elaborate on what he meant by that. peasant. Most universities were closed for There is apparently much that the world several years and intellectuals were viewed outside China still hasn’t learned about with suspicion. “One had to study in secret,” Chang’s lifetime of research. Ye recently Ye says. donated to the International Camellia Nonetheless, Chang managed to study Society a copy of Chang’s Collected Works, camellia specimens in Guangzhou and a 750-page book published in 1995. He says throughout China during visits he made that most of what is in that book has only to Beijing, Kunming in Yunnan, Guilin in ever been published in Chinese. Guangxi, Chengdu in Sichuan, and Guiyang Asked what kept him going during the in Guizhou provinces, among his many madness of the Cultural Revolution, Chang research destinations. He says that he did points to a poem published in one of his most of his research on dead specimens. books. Roughly translated it says: With the government and universities not supporting his research, he mostly Although I traveled many places, collaborated with his wife. Professor Hu I remained the same. Hsen-hsu in Beijing also helped him, Ye says, but it was not a close collaboration. I would not bow to wealth or power. The end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976 I never cared what people think of me, changed Chang’s life. He was quickly history will tell my story. recognized as an eminent academic and I just put my heart in the trees and grasses. started receiving adequate funding for his research. In 1979 he finished the research Ye puts it another way. He says that Chang for his camellia monograph. The book was is someone who wanted to spend most of his published in 1981 in Chinese. time studying beautiful things.
Whereas the Sealy’s 1958 monograph Jean-François Tremblay, based in Hong identified 82 species and 24 possible ones, Kong, covers Asian business for the U.S. Chang raised the total to nearly 200. The magazine Chemical and Engineering News. book introduced camellia enthusiasts not When he is not writing about chemicals, living in Asia to 92 species they hadn’t he enjoys outdoors activities, particularly known until then. Chang’s publication in running and swimming. This is his 1998 of a revision of his 1981 monograph introduction to camellias. actually added more species to his previous work. (“Too many”, he said to me with a We are grateful to Pat Short for asking wry smile when I met him in Nanning during Professor Ye Chuang-xing to arrange for the First Symposium on Yellow Camellias in her colleague, Jean-Francois Tremblay January1994) Ed. to conduct this fascinating and important There is some debate among camellia interview, and to Professor Ye for his major enthusiasts on the boundaries of camellias contribution to it. Ed. 12 NEW ZEALAND’S GOLDEN YEAR Jennifer Trehane (Extracted from the 2007 editions of the “ New Zealand Camellia Bulletin”, researched and compiled by Vonnie Cave, its current editor and an ICS Director).
New Zealand Camellia Society Badge A cake, baked to celebrate the Society’s Golden Anniversary in 2007 The celebrations of the founding of the New Ralph Peer, the well travelled American Zealand Camellia Society fifty years ago music publisher, tireless letter writer, mark a landmark in the history of the second (he maintained an office to deal with largest National Camellia Society in the his camellia correspondence), and great world, second only in size of membership camellia enthusiast, from Park Hill, to the American Camellia Society. Some Hollywood, is credited by Tom Durrant of its members have made contributions with being the inspiration behind much of to the camellia world, which have been this. His letters conveyed very vividly his of considerable significance world-wide. enormous enthusiasm, his readiness to assist It therefore seems fitting to share some of in any way possible and his great knowledge the important events in its history with ICS of the subject. He felt that New Zealand was members around the globe. ripe for some organised camellia activity and in June 1957, the Royal New Zealand ------Institute of Horticulture sponsored a special Following years in the doldrums a great meeting in the Hamilton Art Gallery to surge in interest in camellias started after the talk about camellias and the possibility of end, in 1945, of World War 2. It began in the some sort of specialist activity. The South United States and the American Camellia Auckland Camellia Society was formed. Society was formed in that year. 40 people immediately signed up and paid a subscription of ten shillings. The This attracted the attention of gardeners in first Camellia Bulletin, of five duplicated other countries, including New Zealand, foolscap sheets was produced by Tom where only about 20 camellia varieties were Durrant, and sent out in July 1957. available in the nursery catalogues at that time. The New Zealand Camellia Society’s The response from the gardening public was founding father, Col.Tom Durrant, recorded incredible and came from a much wider area that the Society was formed as a result of the than expected. Membership increased to American lead. 175 by March, 1958, 280 in July and 400 by 13 September when the first general meeting of the 19th century, which have been lost was held in Hamilton, a large town south without trace in other parts of the world, of Auckland, North Island, in conjunction has led to greatly increased interest in with the Hamilton Horticultural Society. our historical plantings.” In addition he The title of the society was changed to ‘New commented on the way camellias flourished Zealand Camellia Society’ and the annual without attention, and the size to which they subscription was fixed at ten shillings. grow. He urged members to seek to establish Camellia Society branches in the many areas Tom Durrant was elected president and where they would flourish and which were editor. still “virtually untouched”. The November 1958 issue of the Bulletin 1961. July membership was just over 1,000. became Issue Number One, Volume One By November it was 1,100. This must have of the New Zealand Camellia Society. 400 been helped by the attendance at the National copies of 24 pages, were published. Three Camellia Show held on 25th and 26th August Bulletins have been produced annually ever in Wanganui. This was a major event with since. Tom Durrant remained editor of the 4,000 people visiting it on the first day, with Bulletin for the next 17 years. hundreds of children being allowed entry 1959. Membership reached 500. A special free of charge. In addition to the competitive general meeting was called to adopt a classes, features included a huge map of constitution and incorporate the Society. New Zealand made entirely of red camellia blooms, a decorative pond of floating The first National Show was held in camellia heads in every imaginable shade of Hamilton, in conjunction with the Hamilton pink, flanked by huge troughs of blossom, Horticultural Society’s annual show, where and other camellia arrangements, plus a large a whole range of plants was exhibited. The electrically operated clock in the main hall, camellias stole the show. made entirely of camellia 1960. Membership reached blooms and rolled foliage. 810. The first New Zealand Considerable excitement Camellia Society Show, was caused by the arrival of exclusively for camellias, 50 blooms from Australia, was held at Hawera in accompanied by judges Keith August. “Horticultural Brushfield and Tom Savige. history has been made today” said President, Tom Durrant The New Zealand Camellia in his opening speech. He also Register was set up and pointed out the “appalling seven New Zealand bred identity and nomenclature cultivars were reported in muddles among the older the November Bulletin. camellia varieties”, and All were hybrids between C. reported “the intriguing saluenensis and C. reticulata suggestion of Mr Edward and raised by Dr B.Doak of Metcalf, of California last Auckland :- ‘Barbara Clark’, ‘Phyl Doak’, the first NZ ‘Bettie Durrant’, ‘Brian’, year, that there might be re- raised cultivar to be registered discovered in New Zealand featured on the March 1965 ‘Dr Lesley’, ‘Fair Lass’, some of the old camellias Bulletin Cover ‘Otara Rose’, ‘Phyl Doak’. 14 1962. Tom Durrant retired from the question that the champion bloom would Presidency but continued as editor of the hold its own anywhere. Mr Jury is one of Bulletin. He and his wife, Bettie Durrant the best breeders in the world”. were made Honorary Life Members, the 1963. Membership 1220, with 62 of them first in the Society. from South Island. Subscriptions up to 15 shillings. First colour cover for the Bulletin.
Tom and Bettie Durrant Nine new camellias were registered, five of them from Les Jury, including ‘Anticipation’, ‘Elegant Beauty’ and ‘Grand Jury’. David Feathers and Milo Rowell were the first American visitors to the National Show at Hamilton. The champion bloom at this show was bred by Les Jury, “an un-named hybrid seedling- as such, a triumph for New The first cover using colour appeared in 1963 Zealand camellia breeders”. This was later The first International Camellia Journal registered as ‘Debbie’ (C.saluenensis x C.j. appeared in this year It was reported japonica ‘Debutante’), in 1965. in this journal, as a footnote to an article on “Camellia names and the International Codes”, by J.S.L. Gilmour, that the International Camellia Society was appointed International Registration Authority for Camellia in Brussels in 1962. This was reported in the Bulletin, with the comment that that this might bring some changes to the registration procedure in New Zealand. “At present members may continue to make applications to the NZ Camellia Society as before. All registrations granted will be provisional and subject to the final approval of the International Authority. All members are reminded of the importance of obtaining official approval C.x williamsii ‘Debbie’ of proposed name BEFORE using them in Milo Rowell commented that there was “no published descriptions or for distribution”. 15 The 1963 NZCS show was held in Auckland. same, (March), Bulletin With competitors from all over North Island, 1970. Camellia registrations now number a total of 5,000 blooms were exhibited, 1000 51; four from B.J.Rayner were included. of them in the 88 competitive classes and Concern was expressed about the rising the rest in special displays around the walls. costs of production of the Bulletin. “There 1964. Membership up to 1,400. may have to be reduction in colour pictures”. Subscriptions rose to $3. 1965. Tom Durrant received his first consignment of reticulata camellias from 1971. A pamphlet on ‘Culture and Kunming. Propagation’ was published and proved popular, priced at 25 cents. In the same year a large advertisement appeared in the Bulletin, for a chartered In the same year Council discussed the Friendship aircraft to take members and their subject of Awards of Garden Merit for camellias from Hamilton to Christchurch camellia varieties that had proved worthy. for the National Show the following year. It Lists published included varieties with the was to be held for the first time on the South criteria that :- Island. 1. They were good garden plants when grown under average conditions. 1966. Entry forms for the National Show in Christchurch included a total ban on the 2. They should flower freely and reliably use of giberellic acid in any form or by any and not be subject to undue weather method of application. The amount of foliage damage. to be exhibited with each bloom was also 3. They should be sufficiently well specified. There were1,200 camellias in the distributed to enable reports to be competitive classes, entered by exhibitors obtained over a wide geographical area. from all over New Zealand, most of whom 4. They should be reasonably easy to had travelled from North Island, and another obtain. 2,500 blooms were included in displays. It is interesting to see the varieties included:- Thousands of bushes were available for sale by commercial growers from North Island, C. reticulata:- Buddha, Captain Rawes, including 2,500 plants from one Taranaki Confucius, Sungtzelin (Pagoda), Tataohung nursery. Visits to local gardens became an (Crimson Robe), Tzepao (Purple Gown), important part of the Convention. William Hertrich. (1971 spelling of Chinese names) 1967. Membership reached 1,647, regist- rations of new camellias were up to 38, with C. japonica:- Berenice Boddy, Bokuhan the inclusion of six new reticulata hybrids (Tinsie), Carter’s Sunburst, Coronation, from Jack Clark. Leslie Riggall, (later an Dixie Knight, Dr Tinsley, Grand Sultan, ICS director for South Africa), visited. Guest of Honour, Guilio Nuccio, K.Sawada, Lady Clare, Laurie Bray, Moshio (Flame), 1969. This was an eventful year. Council Onetia Holland, R.L.Wheeler, Tiffany. decided to set up a register of accredited judges as a result of frequent requests for C. sasanqua:- Bettie Patricia, Crimson their services. A list was published and a King, Exquisite, Mine-no-yuke(Moonlight), code of “General Rules and Procedures for Plantation Pink, Showa-no-sakae, Sparkling Judging Camellia Flowers” appeared in the Burgundy. 16 C. hybrids:- Barbara Clark, Debbie, 1980. Julius and Bonnie Nuccio, from the Donation, E.G.Waterhouse, Elegant Beauty, famous Nuccio’s Nursery, visited from Elsie Jury, Fair Lass, Leonard Messel, Phyl California. Doak, Water Lily. 1981. Membership exceeded 2000 for the In the same year, Yvonne Cave (Vonnie) first time, (1944 New Zealand members and first contributed pictures for inclusion in the 169 from overseas). Bulletin, albeit black and white ones. Tom 1982. The Society’s Silver Jubilee year. Durrant’s cover picture of Elegans Supreme Relationships, particularly with Australian is the only one in colour. and American camellia enthusiasts were 1972. Tom Durrant received the Royal strengthened . Horticultural Society’s Veitch Memorial 19 branches, spread throughout New Gold Medal. Zealand, were active in 1982. 1973. The list of New Zealand raised 1988 camellias listed in the New Zealand register In membership peaked at 3,000 with 1993 stands at 79. 21 branches. In membership fell slightly but was still a respectable 2692. 1974. Membership is 1,784. The New Zealand Register now includes 93 names. Tom Durrant ended his 17 years as the Pat Macdonald, ICS President (1998-2002), Bulletin Editor. organised the first tour to an ICS Congress, in the Channel Islands, in 1981 and, 1975. Membership 1537. Tom Durrant was following the success of this, to Sacramento made the first patron of the Society. A list of in 1983. New Zealand members were among 49 accredited judges was published, with 9 the ICS party which travelled to Kunming in Associates. 111 New Zealand bred camellias China in 1984 for a symbolic planting, with appeared in the register, 14 from Les Jury, Pat Macdonald planting a New Zealand who was awarded First Class Certificates raised camellia. by the Royal Horticultural Society for williamsii hybrids ‘Anticipation’ and ‘Elsie New Zealand ICS members continue to be Jury’. regular contributors and visitors to ICS 1978. A New Zealand Camellia Society congresses all over the world. badge was introduced. 1979. The National Show coincided with the ICS Congress in Rotorua and was the biggest ever held in New Zealand. Held at Whakatane, it attracted between four and five thousand visitors. Over 300 NZCS members attended the annual ICS Directors pictured at their 1979 Congress in Rotorua. Peter Levick convention. (far left) and Lou Fetterman (top centre) are still actively involved. 17 Camellia registrations:- Dr Brian Doak introduced ‘Barbara Clark’, ‘Brian’ and ‘Phyl Doak’ in 1961 By 1984, 218 New Zealand bred camellias had been registered. Les Jury introduced Anticipation, Elegant Beauty and Elsie Jury in 1962, Debbie in During the 1990’s this figure rose, to 365 in 1965, Ballet Queen, Daintiness and Senorita 1995. in 1974, Mona Jury and Rendezvous Camellia hybridisers. As the number of in 1975, Anticipation Variegated and registrations testify, NZCS members have Jubilation in 1978, plus many more contributed significantly to the introduction introduced since his death, in 1982, of new camellia varieties, many of which including ‘Les Jury’ named in his honour. are popular round the world today. Such have been their numbers and the success of so many of their introductions so significant that there is insufficient space to do them justice here. A future article will be needed.
C.x williamsii ‘Anticipation’ C.x williamsii ‘Ballet Queen’
C.x williamsii‘Jury’s Yellow’ C.x williamsii ‘Les Jury’ 18 Felix Jury, Les Jury’s cousin, is best known Felix’ son, Mark, continues the family for ‘Water Lily’(1966). tradition.
C. x williamsii ‘Jury’s Pearl’ Felix Jury Ben Rayner introduced ‘Wynne Rayner’, named for his wife, in 1966. Jack Clark’s reticulata hybrid, ‘Lisa Gael’ was released in 1967. Les Berg contributed ‘Modern Art’, (1975). Nurseryman, Os Blumhardt, produced many interesting hybrids including miniature flowered hybrids ‘Gay Baby’ and ‘Tiny Star’, in 1978, Fairy Wand,(1981) and reticulata hybrids Blissful Dawn,(1981) and ‘Red Crystal’ (1984). His deep red non- reticulata hybrid, ‘Night Rider’was also introduced in 1984. Jim Finlay’s scented hybrids include Scentuous, (1981), High Fragrance (1986) and Superscent (1998). Neville Haydon has been and continues to be an imaginative and successful hybridiser, producing many popular camellias, including ‘Baby Bear’ (1976), ‘Sunsong’ C.x williamsii ‘Water Lily’ (1979), Takanini (1989), Transpink (2004). 19 Publications Books by New Zealand Camellia Society members:- ‘The Camellia Story’. Tom Durrant. 1982. A classic camellia book, now out of print. ‘Gardening With Camellias’. Jim Rolfe. 1992.With many of the colour illustrations by Vonnie Cave, this was probably the first well-illustrated book to give emphasis to camellia cultivation. It was up-dated in 2003 and issued in soft-back.
C.x williamsii ‘Night Rider’ Vonnie Cave’s photographs also enhance ‘Camellias, the Gardener’s Encyclopedia’ and many more publications including International Camellia Journals over the years.
Research A committee was initially set up in 1984 to investigate the possibility of supporting camellia research in New Zealand and in the January/March Bulletin it was reported that the first Camellia Memorial Scholarship of $1,000 should be available in 1986. Trustees were appointed; President,(Mrs P.A.Nelson), Chairman (Col. T. Durrant), and Dr. R. Bieleski, (scientist). Camellia Memorial Trust (inc) was formed “to further scientific study of the genus Camellia”. Initially the Trust sponsored research on fungal diseases, pigmentation of flowers, chemical de-budding for export and ant pests. With the arrival in New Zealand of Camellia flower blight, Ciborinia camelliae, in 1993, the Trust has focussed on helping to support the research carried out by New Zealand’s team of world-leading scientists at Massey University into this.
Os Blumhardt with a sheet of stamps The camellia world owes much to members featuring some rather pale ‘Night Rider’ of The New Zealand Camellia Society. 20 CAMELLIA PILGRIMAGE TO GALICIA Shigeo Matsumoto
The Japan Camellia Society (JCS) had planned a camellia tour to Galicia, Spain, to visit some pazos, (small palaces), seeking for old camellias growing there. The long cherished dream came true at last in early March, 2007. Although it was a relatively small party of only 11 persons, it was the Trunk Spreading of ‘Methuselah’ first official JCS mission to Galicia. It was once reported that Dr. Takashi Thanks to very friendly cooperation by la Tsuyama of Japan had identified it as Sociadad Espanola de la Camelia (SEC) and ‘Oranda-kô’. But the flowers we saw were of Estación de Fitopatológica “Do Areeiro”, anemone form, medium in size and of a pale the members were privileged to enjoy a pink color. It can never be ‘Oranda-kô’ but wonderful camellia pilgrimage in Galicia. a japonica cultivar originated somewhere in Ever since the foundation of SEC in 2003, Europe. JCS and SEC have enjoyed friendship with each other by exchanging articles Dr. Hubert Owens of University of Georgia, and information frequently for respective U.S.A., designated it as ‘the Methuselah of Journals. the camellia race’ and said that it must be more than 200 years old. It was reported that Visiting Some Old Camellias in Pazos the camellia was planted in 1860. It may This time we visited 10 pazos in all. The first be concluded that it was already nearly 50 was Pazo de Castrelos in Vigo where the years old at that time. garden is composed of three wide ground levels. In the middle one there is an amazingly huge camellia surrounded by labyrinths of green hedges. According to litera- ture, it has a tree height of 8.5m, a crown of 15m and the over-all root circumference of 3.8m. The tree is divided into 5 trunks at ground level. Amazing ‘Methuselah’ Camellia of Paso de Castrelos 21 The next pazo we visited was Torres Agrelo meetings and artistic shows. in the center of Ria de Vigo. As soon as we entered the gate, we were very excited to Regarding the camellias growing in the find a huge ‘Hagoromo’ tree growing just gardens of the castle; a detailed account to the right. This was the only Japanese was given by Dr. Carmen Salinero Corral Edo camellia we encountered in all Galicia et al in an article in the 2003 ICS Journal. . The tree trunk measuring 137cm divided I had wanted to see those camellias with my into four branches at the height of 50cm own eyes. above the ground. Finding this enormous ‘Hagoromo’ was just the beginning of our In the garden there were 19 original great expedition of visiting astonishingly japonicas when the Castle was transferred huge camellias in this pazo. In the next level to the Government of Pontevedra in 1982. there was an old camellia named ‘Baron de There are now growing more than 500 Soutelinho’ with the trunk circumference camellias of more than 160 varieties and 8 measuring 149cm. This tree is listed in species introduced from many nurseries in the Galician Monumental Tree Catalogue the world. as well as another specimen named ‘Kellingtonia’. (This name appears in Among many old camellia specimens, the the Register as a synonym for Camellia tree that stands out is no doubt a multi- japonica’Gigantea’)Ed. Those trees were trunked one with 18 trunks from the ground. planted in the latter half of the 19th century, It may be nonsense to mention that the the tree ages therefore being only about 150 overall circumference of the trunks at the years. There was also a multi-trunked giant ground level is more than 5m. The next with red flowers. The total circumference largest camellia is a single-trunked one of of about 20 trunks was more than 4.5m. 1.5m in circumference with pink single flowers. All of those old japonicas are said In one corner of the pazo there is a big group, to be the oldest camellias in Spain planted consisting of camellias, the ‘Hagoromo before the middle of the 19th century. of Torres Agrelo’ making a single, huge canopy. It is clear that those camellias were At present the Estación Fitopatológica ‘Do originally planted all at once by the owner, Areeiro’ (its staff being almost common to in a flower garden with winding paths to that of SEC), belongs to the Government appreciate each of these favorites. of Pontevedra, is now endeavoring extensively to identify the camellias Soutomaior Castle is located on the hill growing in the garden of the Castle slope looking down the river Verdugo, the by means of using agromorphological origin of Ria Vigo, in a drive of about 20 features and molecular markers. minutes from the center of Pontevedra. The building of the castle dates back Pazo de Oca, being known also as ‘Galician to the 12th century, during the reign of Versailles’, is the most visited baroque park Alfonso VII, when the Iberian Peninsula in Galicia. It is built on the slope consisting was still occupied by the Arabs. The castle of several ground levels with many ponds, was transformed in the 19th century to the falls, waterways and a large watermill house exterior and the interior we can see at the that seemed to have once been in use. present. The rooms in the castle are used for 22 the deteriorated trunk could be effective in recovering its vigor. A camellia group called ‘8+1’ could be easily seen just in the front yard as we went through the main gate of Pazo de Mariñán. I must confess that I had never understood the meaning of ‘8+1’ before I saw it with my own eyes! Reality is that 8 camellias In front of Soutomaior Castle together with Galician camellia friends were planted around a perimeter of 8.35m As soon as we entered the gate we found in an equal distance and one camellia was a camellia called ‘Camellia Bicolor’ (now planted alone at the center, making a huge, being called ‘Camellia Quad Color’), single canopy. All of those plants are species which is a multi-trunked japonica with C.japonica, of which there are very few in more than 10 trunks, the crown of about Galicia. The individual circumferences of 10m and the height of 8m by the eye. This those camellias range from 70 to 100cm, tree is designated as one of the Galician the tree ages being seemingly less than Monumental Camellias. 100 years. The whole appearance of the camellias looks like a small forest. The The C.reticulata ‘Captain Rawes’ growing unique idea of the arrangement is excellent next to the chapel is just breathtaking. It from the standpoint of ornamental value. is considered to be the largest specimen in Europe with the crown of 9.4m, the height Visiting the Pontevedra Camellia Show of 13m and the trunk circumference of The International Camellia Show in 1.51m. The main trunk is branched to two Pontevedra was held on March 3 (Sat) to at the height of about 2m above the ground. 4 (Sun). The history of the Show is Of course, it is designated as a Monumental relatively old and this was the 43rd one . The Camellia. venue was a dignified, old auditorium of Pontevedra City, where the camellias were A great regret is that one of the trunks is brought in by individual exhibitors during losing its vigor, the bark being heavily Saturday morning. The displayed camellia peeled off and the leaves belonging to it groups were judged in order to recommend turned yellow. We were surprised to see the them for various awards, and the Show was deteriorated trunk was being fixed with large opened to the public at seven o’clock in the bolts and nuts to the other one. Mikio Akashi evening. was commenting that in Japan the two trunks could be fixed with wooden material Prior to our making the tour to Galicia, and ropes, and that applying root-grafts to Mikio and I had been asked by SEC to be 23 the judges of the Show. It was our honor to be the judges, but we were somewhat confused before we somehow got the knack of how the judging was to be done. The judging proceeded carefully, taking a lot of time and having a break at lunch time in order to make recommendations for various awards including Golden Prize, SEC Award, ‘Camellia Bicolor’ of Pazo de Oca Excellent Artistic Impression, Excellent White japonica, Excellent Red japonica, Excellent Species, etc. Mikio and I were relieved to know that our sensibility was not so different from that of the Galician camellia experts. By the way, how are the flowers displayed in Galicia? It is almost the same as in the United States and Oceania, (New Zealand and Australia as far as camellias are concerned.)Ed., but their flowers are usually stuck directly into sponges or living turf without using water-filled containers. An independent table is assigned to each exhibitor and they compete with each other by displaying flowers in various, elaborate designs. Their displays are much more gorgeous and brilliant than ours in Japan. It was somewhat strange to us that they seemed to be indifferent ‘Captain Rawes’ of Pazo de Oca to the varieties of camellias. In 24 yard of the Auditorium, and many handicrafts and drawings related to camellias made by the school children were displayed inside the tents, attracting a lot of visitors. Making a Presentation on Higo Camellias at the Show Venue Before leaving for Galicia, I had been asked by SEC to make a presentation at the Show venue on something about Japanese camellias. Of course, I agreed to accept their request. It was the least I could do to repay their superb favor by taking care of us throughout the tour in Galicia. The theme I chose was Two trunks of ‘Captain Rawes’ fixed together with a summary about the Higo camellias. bolts and nuts fact, on the tables there were no mentions of cultivar names at all. We were impressed by the number of people, including school children, participating in the show. Some tents were especially installed in the front
One Corner of International Camellia Show in Pontevedra
I sent SEC beforehand a CD containing many photos related to Higos with descriptions in English, and they converted it beautifully to another one with bilingual descriptions in English and Spanish as well. At first I spoke in my broken English Camellia ‘8 + 1’ of Pazo de Mariñán explaining the history, 25
“Judges Mikio Akashi and Shigeo Matsumoto with Daniel Kintos of Spain”
Making a Courtesy Visit to Estación de Fitopatológica “Do Areeiro” The Institute of Phytopathology. “Do Golden Prize Winner, Mr. Jaime Escofet Comas, Areeiro”, is the place where the headquarters and his Display of SEC is placed and also where the President, Dr. Carmen Salinero Corral, and characteristics, bonsai, etc. of Higo other staff work. Carmen’s husband, Dr. camellias using a lot of slides, and then a Pedro Mansilla Vazques, is a biologist who professional interpreter, Mrs. Maribel del also works there. Pozo Triviño, interpreted what I explained The Institute was established by the into Spanish with her beautiful, persuasive Government of Pontevedra in 1980 in order tone. I imagine that the audience must be to investigate the control techniques of surprised to know that the exotic Higos were diseases and pests in agriculture, identifying the flowers cherished by samurai in Higo and classifying pathogens, diagnosing plant th Province since the 18 century. diseases, advising farmers how to treat those By the way, I was taught by Maribel that diseases, making soil analysis, etc. ‘Higo’ meant ‘a fig’ in Spanish. I was In 1984 studies on camellias were pleased and relieved to know that it was intensively started with the aim of creating related to a plant. a comprehensive collection as a reference After finishing the slide speech, Mr. Herbert for growers and enthusiasts. At first, they Short, the editor of the International Camellia were old plants from Soutomaior Castle, Do Journal, congratulated me on the success of Areeiro and the gardens of the Provincial my speech. We met him and his wife, Mrs. Pat Palace. And then a lot of new specimens Short, at the Vigo Airport on our arrival and from nurseries in Galicia, Europe, New we shared the tour for two days afterwards. Zealand, U.S.A. and Asian countries were I was happy to know that even my broken intro-duced. English was comprehensible somehow We were kindly welcomed to the Institute to the professional experts of English. by Carmen, her husband and other staff. 26 We were guided to every laboratory such is one of the three famous sacred places as the room where identifying studies on of Catholicism in the world as well as old camellias were being practiced by Jerusalem and Rome. It is said that 5 million computer color comparison of camellia pilgrims visit there every year. All the old petals. A system of DNA analysis was urban district and the pilgrimage roads under construction. It will supply powerful connected there were designated as World measures for identifying old camellias in Heritage Sites. Galicia that still remain unidentified. The spires of the Obradoiro Gate, the main We were guided to nurseries where a lot of gate of the Cathedral, could be observed camellias were being raised. They say that from a distance as we approached the town some 500 plants of eight species are now of Santiago. The stone-paved winding rúas growing in the Institute. of the old town with quaint baroque and neo-classic buildings on both sides were crowded with many pilgrims and visitors. We were guided into the Cathedral. The so1emn, beautiful interior with numerous old decorations and sculptures was beyond my ability of expression. There was the statue of Santiago in the main altar and we were guided up to the back of the statue. It was impressive to me that the stone steps leading there were worn by Making a presentation on Higo camellias the shoes of countless pilgrims visited there. Then we gathered in a reception room where My Impressions and feelings we were served tea and coffee. We had a on Galician Camellias wonderful time talking about the magnificent 1) I was very surprised that in Galicia so camellias we saw in the Institute and other many camellias were growing and that they places, and we exchanged souvenirs. were beloved by the people much more than Visiting The Cathedral I had imagined. Not only in pazos but also of Santiago de Compostela in the public gardens some camellias as well The construction of the town of Santiago as citrus trees are usually planted. Also there de Compostela (‘Compostela’ means ‘the are a lot of camellias in the parks and in the field of stars’) was started in 813 when the streets. tomb of the Apostle Saint James (‘Santiago’ 2) Old camellias in pazos are really in Spanish) the Greater was discovered. It impressive. They are growing very well. 27 Agrelo. We were very excited to see the ‘Hagoromo’ tree because we had never expected to encounter the Japanese cultivar in Galicia. We have never seen such a huge ‘Hagoromo’ with a trunk circumference of 1.5m, even in Japan. It would be interesting to find the route of its introduction to Galicia. 6) The only reticulata we could see was a ‘Captain Rawes’ in Pazo de Oca. We were also struck with the size of the tree. In front of Estación de Fitopatológica “Do Areeiro” Since ‘Captain Rawes’ was first introduced to Europe in 1820 The growth rate of them is seemingly more than 2 or three times that of those growing in Japan. We realized how suitable and fitting the climate and the soil conditions in Galicia are for the growth of camellias. 3) The old camellias in pazos are said to have been planted from the early part to the middle of the 19th century so their ages are less than 200 years, but their trunk Viewing the Cathedral of Santiago de Conpostela in the distance circumferences are usually more than 1.5m. It is inconceivable in by the East Indian skipper, Captain Rawes, Japan. the age of the tree in Pazo de Oca must be around 180 years, even if the owner of the 4) Most of the varieties of Galician camellias pazo at that time acquired the plant soon seem to have originated in Europe. The after the introduction. This is also the living identifying studies are being extensively proof of the marvellous growth rate of the continued and the origins will be clearer camellias in Galicia. in the near future. We were able to find the wild-form japonica species only in two 7) Most of the old camellias in Galicia places. are multi-trunked. There are two cases in forming multi-trunked trees. In one, single- 5) The only Edo camellia from Japan we trunked trees have many branches growing discovered was a ‘Hagoromo’ in Torres from the trunk, close to the ground. In the 28 other, plural plants of the same variety are Acknowledgements planted very close together. It seems that Galician people are fond of thickly grown Our camellia pilgrimage to Galicia was trees and when we visited Rio Tollo Nursery successful, thanks to the hearty cooperation in Tomiño, Pontevedra, we saw that they of the President, Dr. Carmen Salinero were raising two saplings in one pot. Corral, and her staff of the Spanish Camellia Society. 8) In Galicia most of the camellias are growing under the full sun as tall trees, unlike in Japan where many camellias are They kindly prepared the well-planned grown as bushes in the half-shade or as itinerary for us and negotiated with the local ground cover under tall deciduous trees or travel agency and the places we were to visit. coniferous trees like pines. They warmly invited us to many receptions, and even provided transportation facilities. 9) Infection by flower blight can also be We are very grateful to them for their superb seen in Galicia, but not so conspicuous for hospitality and the friendship given to us the present. In fact, we saw little damage to during our stay in Galicia. the displayed flowers at the show. Anyway, Muchas Gracias. it is desirable to devote efforts to eradicating the disease from as soon as possible.
10) Camellia shows in Galicia have a long Shigeo Matsumoto is a Director of the history. It is very impressive that many people ICS for Japan, and a regular contributor including even school children participate to the International Camellia Journal and in the Show. The ways of displaying the journals of many national camellia flowers are very artistic and gorgeous. It is societies. interesting that Galician enthusiasts don’t always compare the relative merits of the flowers of the same varieties, but the over- all artistic expressions as whole groups. For further information about Galician 11) The old camellias in the Galician pazos camellias see p96 in the 2005 edition of are surely worthwhile to be visited by the the International Camellia Journal where camellia enthusiasts of the world. We would Carmen Salinero’s lecture for the Locarno be very happy if many people would go on Congress is reported, as well as in the 2003 pilgrimage to them, tracing the same route Journal referred to above. along which we have been privileged to make our own in this opportunity. 29 THE ICS MEETING IN THE AZORES 1ST–7TH MARCH 2007 An Overall picture President Greg Davis gives an overall picture of a memorable week. their plans for increasing tourism to the islands. We were busy for seven days. With a comfortable bus for transportation and two knowledgeable and cheerful guides to tell us where we were, we saw countless camellia gardens, an excellent Camellia Show, their three major lakes, a tea plantation, greenhouse pineapple production and nearly all of São Miguel Island. The Azoreans grow camellias better than you will believe. Many were planted in large, professionally landscaped gardens in the 1800s. They have records of gardens with 500 to 600 camellia varieties planted President Greg Davis and Director (Portugal), in the 1850s and most seem to be alive and Clara Gil de Seabra healthy today. Many gardens have lengthy The “Camelias Antigas” meeting on Sao camellia alleys; large camellia plants are Miguel on March 1-7, 2007 was a joy for planted on both sides of a broad pathway all who were in attendance. Enough words with the camellia plants meeting overhead. of praise cannot be given to express our The paths are covered with a soft green appreciation for the excellent organization moss, and with a sprinkling of red and white and planning done by Joao Forjas Sampaio, camellia petals they are a sight to behold. Mrs. Margarida Oliveira Rodrigues, the They have many tall camellia hedges for Mayor and the Mayor’s Office of Povoação, wind protection. They also use low Camellia Mrs. Jorge Seabra, Joaquim Bensaude, the sinensis hedges to outline flower beds. I am Village of Furnas,and the host of Azoreans ashamed to admit that I grow camellias in who worked so hard to make this event so Houston after seeing the Azores’ camellias. successful. All accommodations were excellent, the First they published two-first class booklets food outstanding. The Farewell Dinner- for the meeting in both Portuguese and Dance was a great occasion. All of the Island English -- one a complete schedule of all politicians and local camellia growers were events, and the second a complete book present. We tried to tell them how much we on “Camelias Antigas” which has about 60 enjoyed the Camellia week. The locals were color pictures of local antique camellias and all good dancers and they soon found our reprints of all the presentations made during agile French ladies who put on quite a show the meeting. The Azoreans are serious about for the older generation. All were exhausted using their wonderful camellias to help in after this outstanding week of camellias. 30 Seven days of enjoyment David Molloy
David Molloy fills in the details.
The Azores is a group of nine islands in the ancient Britons, but for the Flemish textile Atlantic Ocean. São Miguel, the largest, industry), to wine, to oranges. The last, in the is 900 miles off the coast of mainland 19th century was the richest period leading Portugal. Their volcanic origin is obvious to the creation of many beautiful, exotic, from the four enormous craters at the ends gardens filled with plants from all over the of São Miguel, the three large lakes in Sete world, including many camellias. Although Cidades, Fogo and Furnas, and many boiling the earliest ones may have come from Japan, thermal springs (caldeiras), not to mention later varieties came mainly from Northern the rich volcanic soil. Portugal, Belgium and England. By 1859 500 varieties were recorded in a garden in Ponta Delgada, the capital of São Miguel. Today, commercial crops have largely disappeared and the fields have reverted to pasture for the dairy industry, which, with tourism, supports the current economy.
How fortunate were we, a band of 48 ICS members from 11 countries, who attended the 2nd International Meeting of Old Camellias in São Miguel, Azores. On 1st March 2007 we assembled from Australia, Belgium, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Portugal, South Africa, Switzerland, UK and USA in our two hotels at Furnas towards the Eastern end of the island. A few of us were minus our luggage, but it caught up with us within the next two days. Mention must be made of the Hotel Terra Nostra which is a classic example of Art Deco architecture dating from the 1920’s. Walking amongst the thermal springs near Furnas The following morning we started on our Inhabited since the mid 15th century São programme, which had been prepared for Miguel was originally covered with laurel us by Dra. Isabel Soares de Albergaria, who forest (Laurus silva), now cleared by also provided the excellent descriptions of successive generations. The island has been the gardens we were to visit. The first item through many economic cycles as demand was a tour of Terra Nostra Park, led by the has varied from wheat to woad (not for owner, Dr Joaquim Bensaúde. 31
Camellias tower over a path in the ICS visitors admire an old camellia in the rain Terra Nostra Park in the Jose do Canto Woodland Garden
The garden of 12.5 hectares, dates from In the afternoon we visited the nearby José 1785 when it was laid out by Thomas do Canto Woodland Garden. Hickling, an American businessman. Like The weather was deteriorating and a thick all gardens it has had its ups and downs, mist hid the lake. Within the impressive but has progressed well in recent years woodland the light was too poor for and is flourishing exceedingly under its photographs of the great range of trees present owner who has carried out extensive growing there together with Camellias, planting, especially of Camellias. Old forms, Rhododendrons and fern trees. We were largely unnamed, are planted throughout the however able to appreciate the problem estate, but more recent additions, mostly caused by Hedychium gardneranum. This named, are concentrated in a new Camellia introduced plant escaped from cultivation Garden where we saw a fine spiral form and has now invaded large areas of the ‘Cup of Beauty’. New from New Zealand countryside. Flowering was over, but was ‘Grape Soda’. Others to catch the eye perhaps the handsome yellow flowers were ‘Mark Alan’, ‘Nuccio’s Pearl’, ‘Black provide some compensation for the Magic’, ‘White Nun’ and the fine Portuguese nuisance caused. In the evening we enjoyed varieties ‘Augusto Leal de Gouveia Pinto’ a welcoming dinner, in the course of which and ‘Dona Herzilia de Freitas Magalhaes’. our President, Greg Davis, presented an ICS Overall the garden is notable for its lapel pin to Dr Joaquim Bensaúde. beautiful serpentine lake and its specimen trees, culminating in a magnificent avenue The following day we attended the “Very Old of massive Gingko biloba. Camellias Exhibition” opened by the Mayor of Povoação, which was held conveniently We were invited to lunch by the Regional in a former casino opposite our hotel. The Secretary for the Environment and Sea. exhibition was laid out in an imaginative Unfortunately she was called away at short way based on a Japanese minimalist concept. notice so her representative read her address A black wooden framework, some 2 metres to us. The number of current environmental high, was divided into compartments each and conservation initiatives in the Azores of which contained a camellia variety. In is quite remarkable, and we were left in no addition there were some spectacular flower doubt that the flora is in good hands. arrangements. 32 and C. reticulata ‘Captain Rawes’. The final remarkable exhibit was a slice of wood from a camellia tree, fully 76 cms (30”) in diameter. In the afternoon we walked though the nearby Beatriz do Canto and Pico Parks. A water wheel whirled round at the entrance to the former and a beautiful lake graced the latter, clear evidence that there is no shortage of water on São Miguel. Both parks contained some fine unnamed camellias but were notable for their trees including Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island Pine) and Platanus x hispanica (London Plane) Both of which grow magnificently throughout the island. We saw an outstanding example of camellia propagation Azorean style. Hardwood cuttings are pushed into the rich volcanic soil and left to root! Hormone rooting compounds are not normally used. In the evening we travelled to Povoação where we witnessed a camellia planting by the Mayor of Lucca, Italy, which through a similar interest in old camellias, has close links with Povoação. We then entered the Town Hall where the Mayor of Povoação made a presentation to each national delegation, before we proceeded to dinner nearby.
Two interesting flower arrangements in the Japanese style The exhibition was designed by Beatriz Forjaz Sampaio, who was kept busy signing the illustrated book of the exhibition, that was available for sale. It is perhaps invidious to single out any particular cultivar for mention from the dazzling collection, however there were eye-catching examples of Camellia japonica varieties:- ‘Black Magic’, ‘Dona Presentation at the Very Old Camellias Herzilia de Freitas Magalhães’, ‘Bella Exhibition by the Mayor of Povoação to ICS Romana’, ‘Augusto Leal de Gouveia Pinto’ President Greg Davis 33 On the following day, Sunday, we departed on tour to Ponta Delgada. Our first stop was at the Chá Porto Formoso Tea Plantation on the North coast. In the 19th century there were 14 tea plantations on the island, currently reduced to two, presumably due to international competition. 30 years ago the picking was done manually, but now it is done mechanically. We were shown the whole process of production and given the opportunity to sample and buy the product, which comes in the form of Orange Pekoe, Mist swirling around the lakes of Sete Cicades Pekoe and Broken Leaf. Judging by the quantities bought we were impressed by the had clearly been used to cultivate a small flavour. field being planted with potatoes by the hands of three men. After lunch at the opulent Batalha Golf Club, one of several on the island, we Within the garden there were two points of visited the Pinhal da Paz Arboretum. great interest. The first was a camellia tunnel, This 49 hectare park was created in the hundreds of metres long, planted about 1940’s and 50’s and is now owned by the 1930 and arching right over the green moss Azores Regional Government which is path. The second was a giant Metrozidro bringing it up to a high standard. We saw (Metrocideros) tree (from North Island, New several named and unnamed camellias and Zealand and known there as Pohutukawa) our guide, João Forjaz Sampaio, armed with its masses of thick, trailing, aerial roots. with a very long handled “pick & hold” After a magnificent lunch in a restaurant instrument, kindly picked blooms from on in Mosteiros we walked to the shore and high and brought them down for us to study enjoyed the view of the waves crashing on and photograph. Amongst the trees Pinus the rugged coast. Afterwards we travelled pinaster, Cryptomeria japonica and Acacias to the Arruda Pineapple Plantation, which predominated. Also of interest were some is planted entirely under glass. Handsome indigenous species preserved within the pineapples were growing but we found it park such as Ilex perado ssp. azorica and difficult to understand, given the World price Laurus azorica. of pineapples, how their production under The next day our coach took us ever upwards glass could be financially viable. However, to a viewpoint above Sete Cidades from where, in a howling gale, we had spectacular views of the Blue and Green Lakes. The countryside we passed through was in prime condition, the roads good, and any viewpoint attractively planted with well- maintained shrubs. Descending to Sete Cidades we visited the Pitoresco Garden. Just outside the garden it was interesting to see an old wooden horse-drawn plough that 34 we were told that they were subsidised A final treat awaited us. This was the farewell by the government, perhaps as a tourist dinner, held in a beautiful old building used attraction, we thought. only for weddings and official dinners. The top table was filled with local dignitaries Our final day began with a visit to the and ICS officers. In the course of his speech António Borges Park in Ponta Delgada. of thanks our President presented ICS lapel There we saw many interesting trees and pins to the Mayor of Povoação (Mr Francisco shrubs, including a 170 year old Ficus Álvares) and his assistant for Tourism and elastica and the Paper Tree, Melaleuca, with the Environment (Mrs Fátima Vieira), Mr its paper like peeling bark. From there we João Forjaz Sampaio (the manager of the travelled a short distance to the President’s whole meeting), Mrs Margarida Oliveira Palace. At first we thought “lucky Rodrigues (President of the Association of President” living in this magnificent neo- Furnas Lake Proprietors & Residents), and classical building dating from the golden the Mayor of Lucca. John Fildew, a UK years of São Miguel, but we were told that Director, received an enthusiastic response it was only a work place and the President to his appeal for everyone present to attend lived elsewhere. The garden was equally the Camellia Congress in England in 2008. spectacular. “Anything you can do, I can do Much of the remaining night was danced better,” might have been the motto of past away to the music of an excellent band. Presidents. We saw a massive Metrozidro, (Metrosideros), a vast Cycas revoluta and a Bougainvillea so huge it was unbelievable. So ended a memorable event in the history We returned to our coach down a vivid of the ICS, and its members departed Azalea and Camellia Walk in full bloom. the Azores full of new knowledge of the wonderful flora and the steps that are being taken to conserve and enhance it by an enlightened government and people. Most of all they will have taken back to the four corners of the earth memories of the warmth and hospitality of everyone they met during this magic week.
David Molloy and his wife Moira are active members of the ICS in the UK and as The beautiful Sago Palm (Cycas revoluta) of attendees at Congresses and other overseas Sant’Ana. events. They live in South Devon. 35 RECYCLING Jennifer Trehane We are all encouraged to re-use ordinary household items and materials during our daily life. Camellia propagators around the world are no exception. We are a thrifty bunch of people. 1. Paper bags enclose individual flowers (b) Whole sheets are used to shade bigger during controlled fertilisation. They graft unions.(Gao Jiyin). keep unwanted insect pollinators from interference with their efforts.
3. Polythene bags are also useful. (a) To provide 100% humidity around 2. Newspaper is widely used. grafts. (Gao Jiyin) (a) It may provide individual shade “hats” over grafts in China. (Picture provided by Gao Jiyin) 36 (b) To enclose cuttings for the same 5. A clothes peg comes in handy for holding reason. a scion securely to its stock plant at Andrew Raper’s Rhodo Glen Nursery near Melbourne. Australia.
4. A cut-down polystyrene cup, pressed firmly into the sand, provides a shady, air-tight ring around a low graft, while an opaque plastic cup provides the upper seal and just the right amount of shade in Hulyn Smith’s yard in Georgia, USA. 6. An unmistably old mug is often used to mix small amounts of hormone liquid to dip cuttings into before inserting in the propagating bench, but make sure it is not a usable one; these liquids are not good for the digestion. 37 7. Zealous Health and Safety officials might 9. Even eyebrow tweezers are sometimes have a problem with this grafting tool. useful when preparing a bloom for (Gao Jiyin) the Show bench. (The cup of tea is for refreshment only).
10. Is this kitchen knife really meant for recycling into the potting shed, or ----- ?
8. ------perhaps this razor may be more acceptable. (Gao Jiyin).
11. We have all used crocks from broken terra cotta pots, but polystyrene chips are just as good.
Screwdrivers, saws, small hammers and other carpentry tools are frequently used by propagators while grafting. 38 THE BOTANICAL GARDEN OF PORTO AND ITS CAMELLIAS Carmen Salinero, Pilar Vela, María González, Joana Andresen (history), and Francisco Caldas.
The first Botanical Garden of Porto, situated the Roseiral and Jardim das Jotas, designed near the mouth of the river Douro in northern by Jane, who frequently visited his nursery Portugal, (latitude 41°N) was created in and Horto Loureiro’s, besides ordering every 1866 in the enclosure of the extinct convent year the most recent plants from England of the Carmelites. In 1903 it was transferred and Holland (Andresen et al., 2001). to the Jardim do Carmo, but only for a short The camellias that form the huge hedges period. The plants were then transplanted around the formal gardens were planted to a section of Horto das Virtudes (nursery between 1897 and 1899 by Alfredo Moreira owned by the successors of Jose Marques da Silva (a former pupil of Marques Loureiro) with many species and labels Loureiro), according to his grandson missing. It was a great loss and the students (Moreira, 1962). However, some of these of the Botanical Institute did not have a cultivars must have come from the Loureiro place to observe and study plants, resorting and Jacinto de Matos nurseries, because to plates and printed material (Andresen et Moreira da Silva nursery was opened in al, 2001). 1895, and probably did not have so many This situation went on until 1937, when varieties on sale. Camellia japonica ‘D. the heirs of D. Jane Andresen decided to Jane Andresen’ (a sport of ‘D. Balthazar sell the Quinta do Campo Alegre which, de Mello’, itself a sport of ‘Bonomiana’) “with its magnificent gardens, parks and was created by him and dedicated to his greenhouse … was an excellent start for a friend Jane (Andresen & Marques, 2001). Botanical Garden”, according to the words The age of the camellias in the garden is of Prof. Américo Pires de Lima, former reflected by the poet and writer Sophia de Director of the Botanical Institute (Pires, Mello Breyner Andresen, granddaughter of 1949). Negotiations with the Portuguese Dona Jane Andresen, in her tale, “O Rapaz government were very slow and finally de Bronze”(The Bronze Boy) inspired in in 1949 the Quinta was bought by the University of Porto, due mostly to his efforts, and the Botanical Garden opened in 1952 (Andresen, 2003). By that time the Quinta was in a state of great degradation, although excellent foundations were still laid out for what was going to be the future Botanical Garden of Porto. The previous owners, John Henry Andresen and his wife Jane cherished and loved gardens, and when they acquired the Quinta in 1895, they immediately started to modify the existing garden and to design a 5. Camellia hedges. Roseiral (left), new one. Jacinto de Matos probably created Jardim das plantas annuais (right). 39 her childhood around the 30’s: “Once upon and the changes in the several paths of the a time there was a wonderful garden full of arboretum. In the 60’s the building of the huge trees- lime trees, birch trees, oak trees, new highway shortens dramatically the area magnolia trees and plane trees. There were of the garden. After the 1974 Revolution, a rose gardens, box gardens and orchards. period of degradation follows, and in 1983 And very long paths amid walls of trimmed camellias and covered with the shadow of the trees” (Andresen, 1971). If she refers to camellia hedges as walls they should be quite high at that time!
‘Federichi’ the Garden is closed to the public. In 1986, the Botanical Garden joins the Project for the Recovery of the Historical Gardens ‘Angelina Vieira’ (supported by the Government with the collaboration of the Portuguese Association Professor Américo Pires de Lima sent for of Landscape Architects) with no success Karl Franz Koepp from Germany in 1954 (Andresen, 2003). In the Institute there are to make a general plan of the garden, based also some plans of the camellia gardens made on the conservation and adjustment of the by Alexandre Pereira, the head gardener in existing gardens, plus the creation of new gardens, for the implementation of the project for the new Botanical Garden. Koepp left in 1968, but the work in the garden went on, namely the construction of the big pond
‘Jubile’ 1986, including a list with the identification of some cultivars. This identification was done with the help of Horto Moreira da ‘Dona Jane Andreson’ Silva. In the book “Les Camélias” by Jean 40 Laborey, Robert Gimson mentions the Porto, thus contributing to the improvement plantation of the camellias at Quinta do of the Garden. Campo Alegre by Alfredo Moreira da Silva, and says that many were labelled (Gimson, 1986). He makes a list of 26 cultivars, including 5 of Portuguese origin. This book was published in 1986, so Robert Gimson must have visited Porto not long before that time, and nowadays we can still see some of those old labels. In 2001, the University of Porto created a committee for the recovery of the Botanical garden together with the municipality of ‘L’Avvenire’ Porto, and a maintenance plan was set up to stop degradation. The Garden opened to Materials and methods the public in that year (Andresen, 2003). The identification of old cultivars was based The aim of the present study is to locate and both on the plans and the camellia list made identify the old camellia cultivars forming by Alexandre Pereira and now kept at the the hedges of the Botanical Institute in Jardim Botânico do Porto.
Jardim dos Jotas 41 Most camellias are planted in 5 formal gardens forming regular hedges: Jardim dos Jotas, Roseiral, Jardim das Plantas Anuais (also called Jardim do Peixe), where the oldest specimens are planted, and can be also found in Jardim dos Lagos (Jardim do Xisto), and Jardim do Chafariz (Jardim do Rapaz de Bronze). 4 areas with camellias were also designated Lado Direito (right side of the house), Lado Esquerdo (left side of the house), Sebe em frente das Estufas (hedge in front of the greenhouse) and Sebe ‘Miss Minnie Merritt’ ao lado das Estufas (hedge besides the greenhouse) (figure 1). and catalogues edited by Chandler & Booth (1831), Baumann (1835), Berlèse We initiated a search for descriptions, (1837,1841), Verschaffelt (1848-60), photographs, and drawings of the cultivars Marques Loureiro (1865-1897), Moreira listed in these plans, in old facsimiles, da Silva (1985), Urquhart (1956), Savige
Figure 1. General plan of the Jardim Botanico de Porto. 42 (1993), Corneo and Remotti (2000), and The camellias that didn’t match with the Hillebrand (2003). description, were compared to cultivars with a similar orthographic name or The Botanic Garden was visited once a week morphologically similar. from February to April in 2006, observing these plants and taking photographs of their Results flowers, leaves and flower buds. Samples of The original plans list 565 camellia plants plant material were collected, dividing the forming part of the hedges. At present, plant in three sections and each section in 4 there are 545 plants, although they were parts, collecting in each part an open flower, not planted at the same time. Some were and the second leaf from the branch apex of planted to replace dead plants, and others last year’s growth (12 flowers and 12 leaves). are outside the planting line of the original Plant material was subsequently taken to hedge, but growing parallel to it. Maybe the laboratory to perform a morphobotanic they were naturally produced from seeds analysis. released by the specimens planted nearby, For the morphobotanic analysis, a protocol or were planted to fill empty spaces between with 25 descriptors specific for C. japonica plants. was used. This protocol was obtained from There are also 5 specimens of C. japonica those proposed for C. sinensis by IPGRI and 5 of C. sasanqua, not listed in the (1997), C. japonica by Corneo (2000) and original plans, and planted outside the area Salinero & Vela (2004); and those analysed covered by the hedges. by Luna and Ochotorena (2004) for Theaceae family. In the 80’s, 138 plants, belonging to 39 cultivars of C. japonica and 1 of C. reticulata were identified. In the present work, 76 of these specimens of 27 cultivars were confirmed; identifying 14 new C. japonica cultivars. Table 1 shows a list of identified cultivars with the number of specimens. Some specimens were growing in a place different from the indicated in the original plan. Some of these plants may have died, and were subsequently replaced by others; or some of their labels could have been moved. Regarding the country of origin of ‘Pilida’ the cultivars: 14 were Portuguese, 9 Italian, 6 Chinese, and the rest Belgian, English, From the data obtained using the Australian, American and Spanish. descriptors, and the photographs taken, technical datasheets were then elaborated With the data obtained, new plans with the for each specimen. This information was current location of the plants were elaborated. subsequently compared to drawings and The plant number included in the original descriptions of the references quoted above, plans was maintained; indicating with a observing the specimen again in the field, to green cross the missing plants; with a small avoid possible mistakes. orange circle those plants that despite being 43 Plant Cultivar name Origin Location Flower colour number Plantas Anuais 2
Alba Plena China Roseiral 1 white
Jotas 1
Plantas Anuais 1 Anemona Alba Portugal white Chafariz 2
Angelina Vieira Portugal Roseiral 1 pink violet
Lado Esquerdo 2 rose stripped with Arcozelo Portugal Chafariz 1 carmin and violet-rose
Plantas Anuais 1 Augusto Leal de Gouveia pink-lavander, Portugal Chafariz 1 Pinto white margin Frente das Estufas 1
Bella d’Etruria Italy Roseiral 1 rose carmine
Captain Rawes China Frente das Estufas 1 rose carmine
Roseiral 1 Clodia Italy pink reddish Jotas 1
Roseiral 1
Collettii Italy or Belgium Jotas 1 red with white spots
Lado das Estufas 2
Contessa Calini Italy Roseiral 1 white Dom Pedro V, rei de white splashed and Portugal Roseiral 2 Portugal stripped with rose-pink
Dona Herzilia de Freitas Plantas Anuais 1 Portugal pink- violet Magalhaes Lado Esquerdo 1
Dona Jane Andresen Portugal Plantas Anuais 1 deep pink
Dr. Tinsley USA Chafariz 1 white with pink blush
Elegans England Jotas 4 rose pink reddish, Federici Italy Plantas Anuais 1 veined bright rose Jotas 1 Gigantea England red with white spots Frente das Estufas 1
Plantas Anuais 2
Grand Sultan Italy Jotas 2 vivid red
Lado Dereito 1
Hagoromo China Plantas Anuais 1 pale pink pale pink with white Impératrice Eugènie Belgium Jotas 2 margins Plantas Anuais 1 pale pink
Incarnata China Roseiral 2
Jotas 1 44 Plant Cultivar name Origin Location Flower colour number Roseiral 1 white lightly tinged Jubilee England Jotas 2 with pink
Roseiral 1 pink veined with L’Avvenire Italy Lado Esquerdo 2 deeper pink
Roseiral 2 white with dashes of Lavinia Maggi Italy Jotas 1 dark carmine
Leeana Superba Belgium Plantas Anuais 2 brilliant pink
Magnolia Rubra Portugal Roseiral 1 red rose-red with Masayoshi China Plantas Anuais 1 white stripes soft salmon pink with Miss Minnie Merritt Belgium Roseiral 1 fine stripes crimson to deep Pillida Australia Lado Dereito 1 purple red Plantas Anuais 4
Jotas 2 white with pink Pompone China Lado Dereito 1 stripes, or pink Lado Esquerdo 1
Lado das Estufas 1 Pomponia Alba Pure white with rays Portugal Jotas 1 Monstruosa of pink Jotas 1 Pomponia Lutea Portugal yellowish white Lado Esquerdo 1
Roseiral 1 flesh coloured with Pomponia Portuensis Portugal Lado das Estufas 1 pink stripes Frente das Estufas 2
Paeonia Rubra Portuensis Portugal Lado Dereito 1 vivid crimson
Reine des Beautes Belgium Plantas Anuais 1 soft pink
Sangre de Pichón Spain Roseiral 1 dark red
Plantas Anuais 1
Roseiral 2 Sophia Belgium pink with white variegation Jotas 2
Lado das Estufas 1 vivid rose sriped Villar d’Allen Portugal Lado das Estufas 1 with white Vittorio Emanuelle II Italy Plantas Anuais 1 dark red blush pink, streaked Virginia Franco Italy Plantas Anuais 1 with pink and carmine
Table 1. List of identified cultivars with information on cultivar name, origin, location. Also the number of cultivars in every area and flower colour. 45 Figure 2. Location of identified cultivars in the areas Jardim dos Jotas, Roseiral, Jardims das Plantas Auais, Roseiral,and jardim das Plantas Anuais. Plantas das jardim Roseiral,and Auais, Plantas das Jardims Roseiral, Jotas, dos Jardim areas the in cultivars identified of Location 2. Figure 46 dry, stand still; and marking those that did References not follow the plantation line of the hedge. Live plants are represented by a flower of Andresen, S. 1971. O Rapaz de Bronze, Ed. the corresponding colour, slightly smaller Minotauro, pp. 9. than the flower of the identified cultivars. The camellias found in Jardim dos Jotas, Andresen T. & Antunes C. 2001. Projecto Roseiral, Jardim das Plantas Anuais are de Recuperação do Jardim Botânico da represented in the figure 2. Universidade do Porto- estudos prévios- Due to the large number of plants and História, pp. 19-39. cultivars forming these hedges, and their different blooming periods, this study needs Andresen T. & Marques T. 2001. Jardins to be completed, to identify and locate the Históricos do Porto. Ed. Irapa, Lisboa, remainder of the cultivars growing in the pp. 73-76. Jardim Botânico de Porto. Andresen T. 2003. Jardim Botânico da Universidade do Porto. Conservação e valorização. Revista Jardins, July, pp 14-17.
Berlèse L. 1837. Monographie du genre Camellia et traité complet sur sa culture, sa descrition et sa classification. L. Bouchard- Huzard, Paris (France).
Berlèse L. 1841. Iconographie du genre Camellia ou description et figures des camellias les plus beaux et les plus rares; ‘Sangre de Pichon’ peints d’après nature par J.J. Jung. Paris (France).
Joana Andresen, a descendant of Jane Chandler A. & Booth W.B. 1831. Andresen (history). Illustrations and descriptions of the plants which compose the natural order Camelliae, Pilar Vela, Dr. Carmen Salinero and María and of the varieties of Camellia japonica, González are researchers at the Estación cultivated in the gardens of Great Britain. Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro. They are currently C. Baynes, London. working on a project for the identification of old camellia cultivars growing in Galicia Corneo A. and Remotti D. 2000. Camelia (NW Spain) and Northern Portugal. dell’Ottocento nel Verbano. Regione Prof. Francisco Barreto Caldas was Piemonte. Italy. director of Jardim Botânico de Porto until August 2006. Hillebrand P. & Bertolazzi G. 2003. Antiche This work was funded by Xunta de Galicia Camelie del Lago Maggiore. Alberti Libraio (grant PGIDIT06RAG26103PR). Editore. Milan (Italy). 47 IPGRI. 1997. Descriptores para el té Salinero C. & Vela P. 2004. La camelia en la (Camellia sinensis). Instituto Internacional Diputación de Pontevedra. Ed. Diputación de Recursos Filogenéticos. Roma (Italy). Provincial de Pontevedra. Pontevedra (Spain). Gimson R. 1986. Histoire des camélias au Portugal et en Espagne in Les camélias by Savige T. 1993. The Internacional Camellia Jean Laborey. Ed. Flammarion. Paris. pp. Register, vols. 1 & 2. International Camellia 71-77. Society. Australia.
Lima A. Pires de. 1949. O Jardim Botânico Silva A. Moreira da. 1962. Historical Facts da Facultade de Ciencias. Porto. of the Camelias of Porto, International Camellia Journal nº1. pp.28. Loureiro J. Marques (1865-1889). Catálogo do Establecimiento de Horticultura de José Silva A. Moreira da 1985. Catálogo de Marques Loureiro. Porto (Portugal). Alfredo Moreira da Silva & Filhos, Lda. Loureiro J. Marques, da Costa J. Monteiro Porto (Portugal). (1892,1895, 1897). Catálogo Geral de Plantas e Sementes. Real Companhia Urquhart 1956. The Camellia. Leslie Hortícolo-Agrícola Portuense. Porto Urquhart Press. (Portugal) Nº 27, 29, 31. Verschaffelt, A. 1848-1860. Nouvelle Luna I. and Ochotorena, H. 2004. Iconographie des camellias, contenant les Phylogenetic relationships of the genera of figures et la description des fleurs des plus Theaceae based on morphology. Cladistics rares, des plus nouvelles et des plus belles 20:223-270. variétés de ce genre. Gand. Bélgium.
Camellia hedges meet overhead to form a shady tunnel 48 SECOND NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON YELLOW CAMELLIAS IN VIETNAM Pat Short
The Second National Symposium on became aware of the endangered status Yellow Camellias in Vietnam has been of many of the species. The Vietnamese held at Tamdao National Park, January 22- government has funded the project, making 25, 2007, five years after the first national available a garden for planting in the grounds symposium. of the Tamdao National Park headquarters. In addition, ICS had contributed a grant The second symposium was marked by through the Otomo Research Fund. unseasonally cold weather, which chilled the delegates gathered at Tamdao National Although the garden is in its infancy, Park, in the mountains 80 km northwest visitors could still see the shape it will of Hanoi. The weather had held back the take, as more and more of the many season of the various camellia species in species camellias to be found in Vietnam the park, resulting in a scarcity of blooms. are planted out. As ICS Vice-President Wherever we traveled, however, we found Waldemar Max Hansen told the delegates a warm welcome that shone through the as he introduced the first session of the January chill. symposium, “One of the most important developments is that our colleagues have Happily, the symposium benefited from begun the species garden. This is an a thaw in the political relations between important first step in conserving these rare Vietnam and China. Five years ago, no camellias.” Planted or planned, to date, are Chinese delegates attended the symposium. C.crassiphylla, C.cucphuongensis, C.flava, This year, Vietnam’s northern neighbor C.hamyenensis, C.gilberti, C.euphlebia, sent a large contingent of delegates. They C.limoni, C.hakodae, C.phanii, C.hirsuta, helped swell the registration at this year’s C.murauchi, and C.amplexicaulis. symposium to just over 120 delegates, representing 10 different countries in The symposium itself was held in the addition to our hosts. administrative buildings of the national park, 10 km down the mountain from the town For all of us, there were some common of Tamdao. The town, “Tamdao” means aims. We wanted to learn more about the “Three Islands”, alluding to the park’s three many species of yellow camellias that grow in the subtropical forests that extend through northern Vietnam into southern China. We wanted to learn more about the beautiful C.amplexicaulis, grown by many nurseries in northern Vietnam and sold throughout the streets and markets of the region during the Tet lunar New Year festival. And we wanted to see the progress of the Vietnam Species Garden that was suggested at the first symposium, as delegates then Tamdao; the three “islands” 49 mountain peaks, that are frequently seen Tran Ninh, a professor of botany at rising up through a mist layer, like three Hanoi University of Sciences, headed the islands rising from the sea. It was built committee that organized the symposium. at the turn of the 19th century by French Other committee members represented administrators and government officials the Basic Research Programme in Natural seeking a refuge from the summer heat of Science, under the auspices of the Ministry Hanoi. of Science, Technology and Environment, Nearly 20 papers were scheduled at the and Tamdao National Park. symposium. Some were poster papers, others were presented by speakers from Vietnam, China, Australia, Japan, and Spain. There was also a particularly impressive display of blooms and plant material from some of the rare yellow camellias, which helped make up for the scarcity of blooms in the wild. Le Nguyet Hai Ninh set the scene for the delegates, introducing the various species of camellia growing wild in Tamdao National Park and their distribution patterns in the different parts of the park. Her paper begins on p.59. As researchers fan out into the forests of the national park, they are finding more and Pic 3. Shuho Kirino more new species of camellia. Several new How the new Vietnamese camellias fit into camellias were described at the symposium the classification schemes is subject to by Naotoshi Hakoda and Shuho Kirino of much research at present. As more species the Japan Camellia Society, and Tran Ninh are discovered, researchers are developing of Hanoi University of Sciences. See page ever-better techniques to help them reach 54 for a full report. taxonomic conclusions, which in turn can help give important clues as to the evolutionary source of the genus Camellia. For example, observation of pollen morphology is an effective methodology in research into plant classification and evolution, because morphology is not easily affected by environmental factors. Such morphology was the subject of two presentations, one from a team led by Ni Sui, a professor in the Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology at Ningbo University, in China, and the other by the team of Tran Dinh Nghia and Le Hguyet Hai Ninh, from Professor Tran Ninh the Hanoi University of Sciences. 50 According to Ni, the sculptural Ninh. “Now we are worried,” he said: “The characteristics of the exine -- the outer forest is being destroyed to make roads and layer of a pollen grain -- are a valuable farms. That’s why today I have a proposal tool to help distinguish species within a to the authorities of Tamdao National Park: genus such as camellia, particularly in Please encourage preservation in the park, working out taxonomic classifications. to prevent destruction of yellow camellias. I These characteristics also give pointers as love the yellow camellias very much -- this to which species are relatively primitive desire of mine is my greeting to you today.” and which more fully evolved, and on the Kirino’s paper described work that has impact on camellia differentiation caused by been undertaken in Japan on hybridization geography. of C.japonica and some of the more exotic Morphology also occupied Bui Mai Huong species of Vietnam and China. This work of the Hanoi University of Sciences, in work began after C.nitidissima was imported with C.thanxaensa and C.petelotii. DNA from China in 1979, and C.amplexicaulis sequencing led to the conclusion that these and C.flava from Vietnam in 1994. Since two camellias are relatively closely related then, he said, many new hybrids have been to Camellia sinensis. That conclusion created successfully in Japan. has further implications: these two rare camellias -- C.thanxaensa and C.petelotti -- He described the families of resulting C.japonica could be of interest as tea plants. If they are hybrids with : commercially attractive tea plants, they are 1) Hybrids with C.nitidissima: to date, of economic interest, and people will invest more than 35 hybrids have been published. in their propagation. That will have the The color of new hybrids changes from light pleasing side-effect of rescuing these two yellow to yellow, but no cultivar has resulted species from their threatened status. with the special color of C.nitidissima. If All is not yellow camellias in Vietnam, of hybrids are crossed with a cultivar that has course. Vu Quy Chien and Nguyen Van a lot of petals, he said, double flowers will Mui presented some tantalizing indications be produced easily; leaf shape and cold- of the genetic relationships between four resistance properties are similar to their of the country’s red camellias, found in parents. different areas of the country. Among their 2) Hybrids with C.flava: “In 2002, we conclusions, after DNA testing using RADP- published one hybrid,” said Kirino. Its PCR techniques, was that there is a close flowers are double, light yellow, and up to 8 genetic relationship between C.yokdonensis cm (3 1/4 in) in diameter. Because C.flava and C.amplexicaulis. C.rubriflora is closer only recently has been cultivated in Japan, to amplexicaulis than to yokdonensis. And most of hybrids haven’t flowered yet, he C.piquetiana shows the least similarity to noted. the others in the tests. 3) Hybrids with C.amplexicaulis: many Conservation was also on the mind of hybrids have been created from these two Japanese delegate Shuho Kirino, current species, according to Kirino, but all feature president of the Japan Camellia Society. flowers quite similar in size and shape to Kirino, who has studied camellias for more amplexicaulis. However, they tend to be than 50 years, has done extensive research resistant to cold, and can be grown outdoors in the Tamdao region with Hakoda and Tran 51 along the sea coasts in Japan’s snowy site of scenic seas punctuated by dramatic regions. “In general, these hybrids grow limestone karst outcroppings. well, have stout branches, and are easily ------cultivated,” Kirino said. He also presented some general conclusions The Vietnamese Symposium as seen based on his hybridization efforts with the by a Chinese delegate Vietnamese and Chinese camellias. Vice-chairman of the Chinese Camellia * C.amplexicaulis x C.flava hybrids have Society, You Muxian, was a delegate to the leaves similar to those of C.japonica, and, Vietnamese symposium and he sent along unlike the C.amplexicaulis parent, are very this report. hardy. The F1 hybrids have no fragrance, he said. * F1 hybrids of C.amplexicaulis retain the flower shape of that parent. Some are very cold-hardy, and can be grown in northern Japan where the snow can reach 1 m (3 ft.). He has not yet been able to determine if this cold-hardiness carries on in F1-hybrid offspring. * If the aim is to get yellow flowers from F1 hybrids, it is better to use white-flowered You Muxian C.japonica in the breeding. My wife and my daughter also accompanied “In Japan, we have many F1 hybrids between me on this trip. A group of 18 from the C.japonica x C.amplexicaulis,” said Kirino. Chinese camellia community joined the “We have produced hybrids between yellow meeting, with most of them paying their camellias for some time, but the job of own way to go. There were top-notch breeding is very difficult. Maybe everybody camellia academic scholars including Dr. Ye here can cooperate in the breeding so Chuang-xing of Zhongshan (Sun YatSen) someday we can get good yellow camellia University, in Guangdong Province, Dr. cultivars.” And one last suggestion: Use Chang Wen-xuan, Biological Science C.japonica as the seed parent and the other Department of Shanghai Fudan University, species as pollen parent. “If you do the Dr. Yang Shi-xiong and Dr. Wang Zhong- reverse, you won’t get any seed formation,” lang of Kunming Botanical Institute, and he cautioned. Professor Gao Jiyin of the Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, of Fuyang. The symposium was followed by two excursions. A scientific excursion took some I made a presentation at the symposium on delegates to Cucphuong National Park, 230 behalf of the Chinese Camellia Society. I was km southwest of Hanoi, to trek into the glad to see Mr. and Mrs. Short of England, forests to see C.cucphuongensis and C.flava and greet many old camellia friends from growing in the wild. The other excursion Germany, Italy, Spain, and Japan. traveled 200 km southeast of Hanoi to visit We were thrilled to see over 10 new yellow Halong Bay, a UNESCO World Heritage camellia species, especially large-flowered 52 yellow camellia and thick leaf yellow French researchers investigated tea camellia. We also observed lots of four- production of Vietnam in 1885, very soon season blooming C.amplexicaulis plants on after French colonial rule began in 1884. the hill. My wife and I went about 10 miles Their investigation focused on areas along into the wild habitat to locate the wild yellow the Lo and Da rivers, in the country’s camellia plants. It was a great joy in our life- northern provinces, explained Dr. Nguyen time to have this trip. My daughter was very Van Ngoc, Deputy Director of the Institute. lucky to receive a few scions of large yellow The “Shan tea” regions in Vietnam are over camellia from one of the Japanese delegates. 700-800 meters (2,300-2,625 ft) high, and in There were three academic representation some places, even over 1,000 m (3,280 ft). made by Chinese delegates. After all, both Rainfall tops 200 mm (8 in) per year, and China and Vietnam share the habitat of there are wide fluctuations in temperature yellow camellias. We are also learning from from day to night and between the seasons. our Vietnamese friends about managing In 1918, the Phu Ho Tea Research Farm -- yellow camellias, and we shall set forth to forerunner to the research institute -- was develop better breeding methods. planted out with different cultivars. During 1994-96, institute and regional agricultural Pat Short is a past Vice President development teams began selecting tea of the ICS and current Manager plants in the upland regions of Vietnam for of the ICS Web-site. trials, with an initial planting. The second She and her husband, Herb live in London. phase of planting took place in 2001- 2003. In total, says Van Ngoc, a total of VIETNAM BOOSTS 3.5 hectares (8.6 acres) of tea plants was RESEARCH AND planted, propagated from cuttings and tissue DEVELOPMENT IN TEA cultivation. Pat Short
As part of the Second National Symposium on Vietnam camellias, there was a field trip to the Phu Ho Northern Mountain Agriculture & Forestry Sciences Institute, some 80 km from Tamdao. The research institute is conducting trials of a wide variety of C.sinensis var. sinensis and C.sinensis var. assamica to optimize tea production. Its goal is to select good C. sinensis var sinensis (left) cultivars for growing in the rapidly Ten year old C. sinensis var assamica (right). expanding tea plantations of Vietnam. The country has become, over the past decade, Focus of the institute is “Shan tea” -- one of the major producers of coffee, and C.sinensis var. assamica clones that thrive in it is now a national strategy to become a Vietnam. According to Van Ngoc, some 151 similar force in tea. varieties of tea, both domestic and imported, have been collected, evaluated and used. 53 That number includes 23 cultivars of the result that new tea varieties now account C.sinensis var. assamica that are found in the for more than 40% of the total tea planting very high elevations. Some of the cultivars area in the country. are C.sinensis var. sinensis, some are var. assamica. Van Ngoc says that according to the institute’s research, both varieties can be used to produce green tea, although C.sinensis var. sinensis is somewhat better for this. On the other hand, “shan tea” -- assamica -- is better for black tea, he says: broadleafed clones have a higher tannin content than the smaller-leaved sinensis, making them better suited for fermentation of black tea. Young C. sinensis plants at the Institute.
The upland conditions yield a tea with a high natural sugar content, said Van Ngoc, helping to impart what he calls “a specific taste -- tasting deliciously buttery.” Moreover, he points out that the people in upland areas don’t use fertilizer, so the tea can be marketed into countries with a large organic-foods demand. Productivity through improved clones will help these A tea plantation in Vietnam. farmers: Currently, organic agricultural methods yield only 4-5 crops a year, he The institute has created and selected three conceded, a sizeable penalty compared to national-level tea varieties that are popularly the 12-15 crops per year from chemically planted. Another 12 new varieties with high supported tea plantations. yield and quality have been recognized temporarily by the Vietnam Ministry of One of the tasks of the institute is to ensure Agriculture and Rural Development for that Shan tea contributes to the region’s regionalized pilot production. economic and social development, through The institute’s work includes optimizing and profitable cultivation and upland tourism transferring technology to farmers for rapid development, in particular. “We need propagation of tea cuttings. Van Ngoc said to form a connection between the tea that the institute provides anywhere from 30 production region with its native Shan tea million to 50 million rooted cuttings of new gene source conservation and cultivation tea varieties to production each year, with technique, and the organic Shan tea market,” Van Ngoc said. 54 NEW SPECIES OF GENUS CAMELLIA IN VIETNAM
Naotoshi Hakoda and Shuho Kirino, of the Japan Camellia Society, and Tran Ninh, of the Department of Botany, at Hanoi University of Science.
Genus Camellia; Subgenus Thea; Section Chrysantha. Small tree, 4-5 m high, young branches light-brown to grayish-brown, glabrous. Leaves stalked; blade thick and coriaceous, oblong or oblong-ovate, 13-21cm long and 6-10 cm wide, acute apex, cuneate or broad- cuneate at the base, deep green and shining above, light green below, glabrous on both sides, lateral veins 8-10 pairs, sunken above, protruding below, margins serrulate; Naotoshi Hakoda presenting his paper. petioles 10-20 mm long, glabrous. ( below a golden bust of Ho Chi Minh) Flowers deep yellow, 4-6 cm in diameter, “We have researched on genus Camellia in terminal or axillary, solitary or sometimes Vietnam jointly with Prof. Dr. Tran Ninh geminate, pedicels 10-15 mm long, since 1994. During this period, many new glabrous, petals 16-18, pubescent on both species have been discovered and some sides. Androecium numerous stamens, species have been rediscovered after about filaments 15-23 mm long, pubescent at the 100 years,” said Hakoda and Kirino in the base, outer filaments united about 10-15 mm introduction to their presentation. Their from the base and forms a short cup, united paper covered species that have been with petals 5-8 mm at the base. Gynoecium discovered since the first symposium was glabrous, ovaries 3 loculi, styles 3, 22-25 held at Tamdao in January 2002. mm long, free to the base. Seed capsule globose, 5.5-6 cm in diameter. Camellia phanii Hakoda et Ninh, sp.nov. Distribution: Thai Nguyen Province, in a thicket along a small mountain stream, altitude 60-95 m, flowers in late December to January. This species resembles C.petelotii (Merr.) Sealy that grows in Tamdao, altitude about 1,100 m, but differs in having short hairs on both sides of petals and more numerous stamens, over 400 (C.petelotii has about 290 stamens). Holotypus: Vietnam, evergreen forest, at altitudes of 200 m, near stream, TN 04-02- C. phanii 05 (HNU) 55 Species name commemorated Mr. Phan Kieu Seed capsule 2.5-4.2 cm in diameter, Duong, Vietnamese camellia enthusiast who pericarp 2-3 mm thick. lives in France. Holotypus: Vietnam, evergreen forest, at Camellia hirsuta Hakoda & Ninh, sp.nov. altitudes of 200 m, near stream,TN 04-02- 07 (HNU) This species resembles C.pubipetala Y. Wan et S. Z. Huarig that was discovered in South China, for having hirsute leaves and flowers, but differs in having hairy stamens and glabrous styles. C. pubipetala has glabrous stamens, hairy styles and different shaped leaves. This species was discovered by the author as only one plant in the thicket in December 2003, though more individuals were confirmed in the next investigation. C. hirsuta
Genus Camellia; Subgenus Thea; Section Camellia thanxaensa Hakoda et Kirino, Chrysantha. sp.nov. Small tree, 5-6 m high, young branches green, densely greyish-white hirsute. Leaves shortly stalked; blade rather coriaceous, oblong or narrow oblong, 18-20 cm long and 5-7 cm wide, acuminate apex, caudate or round at the base, green or yellowish- green and shining above, light green with scattered brown cork-warts below, lateral veins 10-12 pairs, sunken above, protruding below and villose especially along the conspicuously raised midrib and veins, margins serrulate; petioles 5-7 mm long, C. thanxaensa densely grayish-white hirsute. Genus Camellia; Subgenus Thea; Section Flowers slightly greenish-yellow, 4-5 cm in Chrysantha. diameter, terminal; pedicels 4-6 mm long, bracts 5-6, sepals 5, petals 6. Androecium; Small tree, 4-5 m high, young branches about 250 stamens, filaments 2-2.5 mm brown, glabrous. Leaves stalked; blade long, outer filaments united 10-13 mm thick and coriaceous, oblong or oblong- from the base and forms a short cup, which elliptic, 17-21 cm long, and 8-9.5 cm wide, is hairy and united with petals 5-10 mm at acute apex, cuneate or broad-cuneate at the the base, anthers dull brown. Gynoecium; base, deep green and shining above, light ovaries 3, densely villose, styles 3, 2-2.5 green with scattered brown cork-warts mm long, free to the base, glabrous. below, glabrous both sides, lateral veins 56 9-10 pairs, sunken above, protruding below, Camellia yokdonensis Dung et Hakoda, margins serrulate; petioles 10-20 mm long, nov.sp. glabrous.
C. yokdonensis C. thanxaensa habitat Genus Camellia; Subgenus Camellia; Flowers deep-yellow, flower size vary from Section Camellia. 3.5 to 5 cm in diameter, terminal on young Small tree, 3-5 m high, young branches shoots; pedicels 7-8 mm long, bracts 6-7, brownish-gray, pubescent. old branches sepals 5, petals 12-14. Androecium 307- greyish-brown, glabrous. Leaves shortly 420 stamens, filaments 20-25 mm long, stalked; blade fairly thick and coriaceous, glabrous, outer filaments united about 15 oblong, 15-20 cm long and 5.5-6 cm wide, mm from the base and forms a light-yellow acute apex, cuneate or fairly obtuse at short cup, united with petals 5-8 mm at the the base, deep green and shining above, base. Gynoecium glabrous, ovaries 3 loculi, glabrous, light green with scattered brown styles 3, 12-20 mm long, free to the base. cork-warts below, glabrous, lateral veins 7-8 pairs, sunken above, protruding below, Fruits and seeds not seen. - margins serrulate; petioles 6-10 mm long, pubescent. Holotypus: Vietnam, southwest-facing slope of a mountain encircled by limestone karst, Flowers sub-sessile, orange-red, 3-4.3 cm TN 05-1-25 (HNU) in diameter, terminal on young shoots, perules 6-8, petals 7-10. Androecium about This species closely resembles C.nitidissima 170 stamens, filaments about 20 mm, outer C. W. Chi except in having larger leaves filaments united 5-7 mm from the base and and more numerous 300-420 stamens united with petals at the base. Gynoecium (C.nitidissima usually has less than 200 ovaries 3, styles 3, 10-13 mm long, trifid at stamens). the apex for 5-6 mm, yellow, glabrous. 57 One of the named persons, Dung, who discovered this species, is the director of Yok Don National Park, This is only one species of Section Camellia that have been discovered in Vietnam. Therefore, we think this is one of the most valuable species to solve the origin of Section Camellia.
REFERENCES 1. Gao, J. Y. et al. ed. 2005. Collected Species of the Genus Camellia: an Illustrated Outline. Chekiang Sci. Tech. Press, Hangzhou. 2. Chang, H. T. 1981. A Taxonomy of the Genus Camellia. Act. Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni. 3. Hakoda, N. and S. Kirino. 1998. Species of genus Camellia in Vietnam. Jour. Jap. Camellia Soc. Tsubaki 37: 22-30. 4. Ho, P. H. 1999. Cay co Viet Nam. 1: 424- 432, Nha Xuat Ban Tre, Ho Chi Minh.
C. yokdonensis in its forest habitat 5. Ming, T. L. ed. 2000. Monograph of the Genus Camellia. Yunnan Sci. Tech. Press, Kunming. Fruits and seeds not seen. 6. Ninh, T. and N. Hakoda. 1998. Three Camellia Holotypus: Vietnam, Yok Don National New Species of the Genus from 30 Park, Dak Lak province, Central Vietnam, Viet Nam. ICJ :76-78. in evergreen forest of east-facing slope of a 7. Sealy, J. R., 1958. A Revision of the mountain, altitude 290-370 m, TN - 05-01- Genus Camellia. The Royal Horticultural 20 (HNU). Society., London. 58 CAMELLIA MEGASEPALA Fruits and seeds not seen. Tran Ninh Habitat: in limestone valley of evergreen Hanoi University of Science forest.
While conducting field research on the Distribution: VQG Ba Be (Bac Can diversity of the genus Camellia in the Ba Be province); Na Hang (Tuyen Quang National Park, the first author has collected province). This is an endemic species of specimens. On basis of careful research, Vietnam. they are named Camellia megasepala. This species was collected by the senior author at the Na Hang National Park in 1993 and REFERENCES named Camellia megasepala by Chang 1. Chang, H.T. 1981. A Taxonomy of the Hung Ta and Tran Ninh. However these Genus Camellia. Act. Sci. Nat. Univ. specimens had no petals and stamens. Sunyatseni. Furthermore, the colour of the flower was 2. Chang, H.T. 1991. A revision of the not recorded. Therefore, we would like to Section Chrysantha of Camellia. Acta describe this species in detail. Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni, 30 (3): 63-65. Camellia megasepala Chang et Tran Ninh 3. Chang, H.T. 1998. New species of See International Camellia Journal 1998: Camellia. International Camellia 81-83. Journal 30: 80-81. Tree, 5-7 m high, young branches stout, 4. Hakoda, N. & Ninh, T. 2001. Camellia densely hairy. Leaves stalked; blades flava. Curtis Botanical Magazine 18: obovate or elliptic, 20-27.5 cm long and 190-193. 9.5-11.5 cm wide, caudate 1-2.5 cm long at 5. Sealy, J.R. 1958. A revision of the the apex, base cordate, lateral veins 11-13 genus Camellia. The Royal Horticulture pairs, lower surface with numerous dark- Society. London. punctate and densely hairy, midribs strongly raised below, margins densely and sharply 6. Ninh, T. & Hakoda, N. 1998. Three denticulate, sometime undulate; petioles 6-8 new species of the genus Camellia mm long, hairy. from Vietnam. International Camellia Journal. 30: 76-79. Flowers yellow, 10-11 cm in diameter, terminal; pedicels stout, bractioles 6-8, 7. Ninh, T. & Hakoda, N. 1998. Camellia sepals 5 (7-8), petals 11 united together petelotii: a species of yellow camellia and to androecium for 4-6 mm long at the from Vietnam. Ibid. 30: 81-83. base, pubescent on both sides. Androecium 8. Ninh, T. 1998. Camellia rosmannii: a numerous stamens, 3.5-4 cm long, outer new species of yellow camellia from filaments united for 1.5-1.8 cm long at the Vietnam. Ibid. 30: 72-75. base forming a tube, inner filaments free, pubescent. Gynoecium hairy, ovaries 3 9. Ninh, T. 2003. Results of the study on loculi, styles 3, about 3.7 cm long, free to yellow camellias of Vietnam. Ibid. 35: the base. 73-75. 59 THE WILD SPECIES OF About climate, Tamdao mountains belongs CAMELLIA IN THE TAMDAO to tropical monsoon area. The average NATIONAL PARK temperature of the coldest month/January in Tamdao, at 900 m altitude is 9.3°C and A Study by:- the warmest month is June with 26°C, while Le Nguyet Hai Ninh, the annual average temperature is 18°C. Hanoi University of Science In comparison with the adjacent lowland Do Dinh Tien, Tam Dao National Park areas, the temperature of Tamdao mountains is rather cool. The temperature gradient is in average 0.6°C per 100 m altitude, in all reasons. Precipitation in Tamdao varies according to seasons, but mainly concentrated in the summer. Moreover, the cool, dry wind and moist, warm one blowing alternately over the year also affect the temperature, rainfall and certainly the vegetation of Tamdao. The natural conditions of Tamdao are Le Nguyet Hai Ninh with her botanical suitable for species of flowering plants in drawings. general and species of Camellia genus in particular. At Tamdao mountains, 12 species Located in the northeast region, Tamdao is of Camellia are collected. The following is one of the famous places of Vietnam. Tamdao their brief description: mountains lie between 105° 30’-105° 47’ E and 21° 20’- 21° 32’ N, extending from 1.Camellia amplexicaulis (Pitard) Cohen the northwest to the southeast. The range is -Stuart. A shrub about 3m high; young more than 60Km in length but only 20Km branches stout, glabrous. Leaves stalked; wide and their topography is very complex. blades thickly leathery, oblong or elliptic, Mountain chains are deeply dissected by 17-26 cm long, 6-9.3 cm wide, base cordate narrow valleys, with steep slopes between and amplexicaul, apex obtuse, upper surface 25-30° and many small streams, waterfalls deep green, shining, lower surface with and rapids. Their highest peak, Myyen, midrib and lateral veins prominent, 10- reaches to 1591 meters above the sea 13 pairs, glabrous; petioles 5-7 mm long, level, and the other main peaks, Rungring, glabrous. Tamdao, Kyphu are between 1,300-1,400 m Flower red, solitary or 2-3 in each group, in height. sometime up to 5; pedicel 11-13 mm long, The Tamdao mountains have a complex glabrous. Bracteoles 6-7, sepals 5, inner geological foundation which was constituted surface pubescent. Petals 8-15, about 3-4 after a long period of time. The studies taking cm long. Androecium about 3 cm long, place here showed that Tamdao mountains outer filaments united for ½ their length, are composed by the acid-eruptive inner filements free, pubescent at the base. formation of the Triassic age, of tufa, rolit, Gynoecium about 3 cm long, glabrous, and crystallino daxito rocks. Some places of ovaries 3 loculi; style 3, free. northern Tamdao mountains are built up by Capsule 4-5 cm in diameter, 3-locular. muscovit granite of Cretaceous age. Pericarp glabrous. 60 densely pubescent, ovaries 3 loculi, style 3, united almost all of their length. Capsule ellipsoid, apiculate, about 1.5 cm long, 0.8-1 cm in diameter, 1-locular, 1-seeded. Pericarp 1.5-2 mm thick, pubescent. Seeds deep brown, smooth. This species grows commonly in evergreen forest at altitudes of 800-1,100 m, flowers in July to October. Dist.: Vinh Phuc Province and many other areas in Viet Nam. 3. Camellia crassiphylla Ninh et Hakoda Small tree, 3-5 m high; young branches brown, glabrous. Leaves stalked; blades thickly coriaceous, broad-elliptic or elliptic, 17.3-25.1 cm long and 9.1-13.0 C. amplexicaulis. cm wide, apex obtuse, base rounded or slightly caudate, upper surface deep green This species grows in evergreen forest at and shining, lower surface light green, altitudes of 300-500m, flowers in November dark - punctate, (covered with small,dark to January. dots. Ed.), glabrous, lateral veins 8-9 pairs, Dist.: Vinh Phuc Province and many other sunken above, protruding below, margins areas in Viet Nam. shallowly denticulate; petioles 17-20 mm long, glabrous. Flowers yellow, 4-4.3 cm in 2. Camellia caudata Wallich diameter, terminal or axillary; pedicels 3-5 A tree about 15m high; young braches light mm long, bracteoles 2-3, sepals 5, petals brown, pubescent, older branches glabrous. 9-10, innermost united to androecium for Leaves stalked; blades thinly coriaceous, 1-2 mm at the base . Androecium numerous elliptic or oblong, 6.5-8 cm long, 1.8-3 stamens, 16-17 mm long, glabrous, outer cm wide, apex caudate 0.7-1.5 cm long, filaments united about 5 mm at the base base cuneate, upper surface deep green, and form a short cup. Gynoecium glabrous, pubescent along midrib, lower surface ovaries 3 loculi, styles 3, about 1 cm long, greenish, pubescent mainly at the base, free to the base. margins small denticulate, lateral veins 5-8; Fruits and seeds not seen. petioles 1.5-4 mm, pubescent. This species grows in valleys of evergreen Flower white, terminal, solitary or 2-3 in forest at altitudes of 500-600 m, flowers in each group; pedicels 3-4 mm, pubescent. December and January. Bracteoles 4, sepals 5, petals 5, outer Dist.: Vinh Phuc Province. Endemic to Viet surface pubescent. Androecium about 1.5 Nam. cm long, outer filaments united about 7 mm at the base, inner filaments free, densely 4. Camellia furfuracea (Merr.) Cohen-Stuart pubescent. Gynoecium about 1.5 cm long, Small tree, 2-3m high; young branches 61 brownish or grey, glabrous. Leaves stalked; Gynoecium. Ovaries glabrous with 3 loculi, blades coriaceous, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, styles 3, free to the base. 11.5-16.5 cm long, 4-6.5 cm wide, apex Fruits and seeds not seen. acuminate or caudate 1-1.5 cm long, base This species grows in secondary forests. crineate, deep green and shining, above, light green below, glabrous, lateral veins Dist.: Quang Ninh, Phu Tho, Vinh Phuc 6-8, margins denticulate; petioles 5-9 mm, Province. glabrous. 6. Camellia hakodae Ninh Flower white, about 5-5.5 cm in diameter, solitary, terminal or auxiliary; pedicel 2-2.5 mm, glabrous, bracteoles and sepals pubescent, petals 7-10, about 2 cm long. Androecium 1.5 cm long, outer filaments united for 5-6 mm at the base, glabrous. Gynoecium pubescent, ovaries 3 loculi, styles 3, free, about 1.5 cm long. Capsule sub-globose, 3-3.5 cm in diameter, 3-locular. Pericarp 1.5-3 mm thick, furfuraceous. Seeds dark brown and smooth, about 1.7-2.2 cm long. This species grows in wet valley at altitudes of 800 m, flowers in October to December. C. hakodae displayed at the Symposium. Dist.: Vinh Phuc Province and many other A tree, about 3-4 m high; young branches areas in Viet Nam. light brown, glabrous. Leaves stalked; 5. Camellia gilbertii (A. Chev.) Sealy blades thickly coriaceous, elliptic or oblong, 23.5-29 cm long, 9-11.5 cm wide, apex Shrub or small tree, young branches dark- acuminate, base cuneate or rounded, upper brown/purple with tips pubescent at the surface deep green, shining, lower surface ends, older branches smooth and pale brown. light green with numerous brown punctuate, Leaves smooth 3-4.8 cm wide, apex obtuse glabrous, lateral veins 12-16 pairs, sunken or caudate 0.5-1.8 cm long, base cuneate above, protruding below, margins serrulate; or narrow-cuneate and not serrate, shining petioles 8-15mm, glabrous. above, glabrous on both sides, lateral Flowers yellow, 6-8 cm in diameter, veins 6-7 pairs, midribs sunken above and terminal or auxiliary; pedicels 1-1.2 cm protruding below, nerves obscure; petioles long, bracteoles 5-6, sepals 5, broadly 3-8 mm long, glabrous. lunate or suborbicular, inner surface densely Flowers white, about 1 cm in diameter, pubescent, margins cifitate, petals 16-17, terminal or axillary, solitary or 2-3 in each suborbicular to elliptic, 2-5.3cm long, 2.3- group; pedicels 8-10 mm long, bracteoles 3.5 cm wide, pubescent inside and sparser 2-3, sepals 5, petals 5-6. Androecium 4 mm to glabrous on innermost. Androecium 4-4.5 long, united for almost all of their length and cm long, outer filaments united 1/3-1/2 of united to petals for 2 mm long at the base, their length, inner filaments free, pubescent. glabrous. Gynoecium glabrous, ovaries, 4-5 loculi, 62 styles 4 or 5, 3.2-3.5 cm long, free to the Capsule depressed globose, about 5 cm in base, glabrous. diameter. Seeds 1-2 cm long, hairy. Capsule globose, 5-6 cm in diameter, about This species grows in evergreen forest at 4 cm high, 3-locular with 3 or 4 seeds in altitudes of 1000-1150 m, flowers from each loculus, pericarp 4.5-6.5 mm thick. Novemver to January. Seeds 2.2 cm long, glabrous. 9. Camellia pubicosta Merrill This species grows in the valley of evergreen forest at altitudes of 400-500 m. A tree about 4-7 m high; young branches pubescent. Leaves stalked; blades 7. Camellia kissi Wallich coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, 9-15 cm long, 3.5-4.5 cm wide, apex caudate 0.7-1.7 A tree 6-8 m high; young branches pubescent. cm, base cuneate, upper surface pubescent Leaves stalked; blades coriaceous, obovate, on midrib at the base, pubescent denser 5-11.5 cm long, 1.5-6.5 cm wide, apex on midrib of lower surface, lateral veins caudate 0.5-1 cm long, base cuneate, young 8-13, margins serrulate or widely undulate leaves pubescent below and on midrib denticulate; petioles 5-7 mm, pubescent. above, older leaves sparsely pubescent or glabrous, lateral veins 5-8 pairs, margins Flowers white, axillary, solitary or 2-4 in serrulate; petioles 5-7 mm long, pubescent each group, 1-2 cm in diameter; pedicels 5-8 or glabrous. Flowers white, small; petals mm, glabrous, bracteoles 3-4. Sepals 5, with free; stamens fused at the base; ovaries hairs on the margins, petals 6-7. Androecium pubescent; styles 3 - parted. about 1 cm, glabrous, outer filaments slightly united at the base. Gynoecium pubescent, This species grows in evergreen forest at ovaries 3 or 4 loculi, styles 3 or 4, slightly altitudes of 500 m. united at the base, uppermost glabrous. 8. Camellia petelotii (Merr.) Sealy Fruits and seeds not seen. Shrub or small tree, about 3 m high; young This species grows in evergreen forest at branches glabrous. Leaves stalked; blades altitudes of 500-l000 m, flowers in October coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, 13.5-17 cm to December. long and 5-6 cm wide, apex acuminate, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, deep green 10.Camellia rubriflora Ninh et Hakoda above, light green, dark-punctate below, Small tree, 3-5 m high; young branches glabrous on both sides, lateral veins 10- pubescent, older branches smooth when 12 pairs, sunken above, protruding below, bark deciduous. Leaves stalked; blades margins sharply denticulate; petioles 1.3-2 coriaceous, elliptic, 6-13.5 cm long and 2.5- cm long, glabrous. 5.5 cm wide, apex acuminate, base oblong- Flowers yellow, solitary at the ends of young cuneate or broadly cuneate, upper surface branches, about 4.7 cm in diameter; pedicels deep green, shining, glabrous, lower surface 1-1.2 cm long, bracteoles 10, sepals 5, petals light green, sparsely pubescent along midrib, 14 Androecium 2.3 cm long, outer filaments lateral veins 10-12 pairs, margins serrulate; united for 1.3 cm at the base, pubescent. petioles 0.8-1.3 cm long, pubescent. Gynoecium glabrous, ovaries 3 loculi, styles Flowers red, terminal, solitary, about 5 cm in 3, free to the base. diameter; pedicels 3-5mm long, bracteoles 63 and sepals 9-10, dark red, glabrous, petals altitude of 900-1,100 m, flowers in October 12, innermost united to androecium at the to January. base. Androecium 3.2-4 cm long, outer Dist.: Vinh Phuc Province and high filaments united for ½ their length at the mountainous of Vietnam. base, inner filaments free, pubescent below. Gynoecium glabrous, ovaries 3 loculi, styles 12.Camellia tamdaoensis Hakoda et Ninh 3, 3-3.2 cm long, free to the base. Shrub or small tree, 2-4 m high, young Fruits and seeds not seen. branches pubescent, older branches This species grows in evergreen forest at glabrous, bark deciduous. Leaves stalked; altitudes of 500-600 m, flowers in November blades oblong-elliptic or broad-elliptic, to January, 14-15.5 cm long and 5-7 cm wide, apex acuminate, base cuneate or nearly rounded, 11. Camellia sinensis var. assamica (Mast.) deep green and shining above, glabrous, Kitamura reddish-green with numerous dark-punctate A tree about 7-10 m; young branches below, lateral veins 7-9 pairs, sunken pubescent. Leaves stalked; blades above, protruding below, margins sharply coriaceous, elliptic, oblong-elliptic or denticulate and obscure towards the base; broad-elliptic, 12-16.5 long, 4.5-7.5 cm petioles 7-9 mm long, glabrous. wide, apex acuminate, base cuneate, upper Flowers yellow, 3.5-4 cm in diameter, surface glabrous, lower surface pubescent terminal or axillary; pedicels 5-7 mm long, at the base and on midrib, lateral veins 10- petals 11-12, pubescent on both sides, 13 pairs, margins serrulate; petioles 5-7 mm united to androecium for 1-5 mm at the long, pubescent. base. Androecium 1.5-1.7 mm long, inner Flowers white, terminal or axillary, solitary filaments free, densely hairy at the base. or 1-2 in each group; pedicels 2-15 mm, Gynoecium glabrous, ovaries 3 or 4 loculi, glabrous, bracteoles 2-3, sepals 5-6, petals styles 3 or 4, about 2.2 cm long, free to the 7-8, slightly connate at the base. Androecium base. 8-10 mm long, outer filaments united for 1-2 Fruits and seeds not seen. mm at the base. Ovaries densely pubescent, This species grows in wet valleys in 3 loculi, styles 3-cleft, about 6-7 mm long, evergreen forest at altitudes of 300-500 m. pubescent at the lower part. and flowers in November. This species grows in evergreen forest at 64 MOLECULAR INVESTIGATION AND ASSESSMENT OF C. azalea C. F. WEI 1986 (SYN. C. changii YE 1985) AS POTENTIAL BREEDING MATERIAL George Orel, A.D.Marchant and A.S.Curry
Note. The dispute with regards to the within this group may be high, however, it correct nomenclature for this highly may be absent in regard to other Camellia decorative Camellia species is continuing. species. The members of the second group The position of C. changii Ye (1985), which contained C. azalea (CAM 279) (syn. C. azalea Wei (1986)), section and the thirteen other taxa used, including Camellia (L.) Dyer (1874), as listed in Gordonia yunnanensis, appeared to be current taxonomic literature (Chang and closely allied to each other, thus indicating a Bartholomew 1984, Gao et al 2005), is heightened potential for crossbreeding. The not entirely clear, and consequently, the rest of the Theaceae genera, i.e. Schima sp., current specific ephithet ‘changii’ may Gordonia sp., Tutcheria sp. and Eurya sp. not be correct (Pers. comm. Missouri formed the basal group. The nuclear DNA Botanical Garden). data did not confirm the monophylly of the genus Camellia. The molecular based data Abstract. The interspecific, intraspecific seemingly abolished the old generic and and intrageneric relationships of seventeen specific borders within the family Theaceae, accessions of C. azalea C. F. Wei (syn. and suggested a re-assessment of generic Camellia changii Ye), sixteen additional and specific sub-divisions within the family. Camellia species and five other taxa representing five Theaceae genera were Preamble investigated and compared, utilising The geographically disjunct distribution of PCR and ISSR molecular methods. The Theaceae encompasses areas of southern cpDNA sequences placed C. azalea firmly and eastern Asia and North, Central and within the genus Camellia (sensu Chang), South America.(Sealy 1958, Chang Hung indicating a high degree of interspecific Ta and Bartholomew 1984, Krussmann compatibility. The ISSR data indicated 1985, Gao et al 2005) The distribution of discernable intraspecific variability within the genus Camellia is mostly confined to the selected C. azalea group and a robust southern China (80% of all species), and dissimilarity for C. azalea designated CAM south-eastern Asia, which also includes 279 to the rest of the C. azalea accessions. the north-western parts of the Indonesian The nuclear DNA data separated the 38 Archipelago and the Philippines (Sealy examined taxa into three distinct groups. 1958, Krussmann 1985) With the inclusion The first group, composed of sixteen C. of Japan and parts of Korea, this is a large, azalea accessions and four other Camellia geographically and geologically diverse, species, namely C. dongnaiensis, C. sp. (of region with varied climatic and edaphic C. vidalii provenance), C. piquetiana and C. conditions. cucphuongensis appeared to be genetically dissimilar to the rest of the investigated The classificatory systems currently used accessions, and possibly not of the genus for the genus Camellia do not reflect its Camellia. The intraspecific breeding potential geographical distribution and are at best 65 controversial (Gao et al 2005, Orel and grown cuttings and mature grafted plants. Marchant 2006) There are at least three The leaf size ratios were calculated from competing taxonomic systems currently the comparisons of leaf length to leaf width. in use. The existing systemic anomalies The C. azalea morphological measurements within the genus are numerous and in some data and provenance details of the additional cases they appear to be irreconcilable. This Theaceae genera and Camellia species used untenable situation is partially caused by the are presented in Tables 1. and 1.a. The inherent ambiguity of the morphological additional sixteen Camellia species and characters on which the current taxonomic the five Theaceae taxa used in this work systems are based, as well as the paucity were collected by G. Orel, unless indicated of live materials available for study and otherwise. research. DNA extraction and purification. Genomic Identification of genetic markers generated DNA was extracted from fresh leaves, using via DNA sequencing and fingerprinting a method similar to that of Dellaporta et methods has provided a great wealth of al. 1983, (as described by Wilkie 1997), scientific information. Molecular assessment followed by purification using diatomaceous of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) via PCR earth binding, adapted from the technique (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and of nuclear described by Gilmore et al (1993). DNA via the Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) provides data that is useful to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and botanists and taxonomists, as it eliminates sequencing of chloroplast DNA. A region ambiguities generated by the analysis of of chloroplast DNA comprising the tRNA morphological data. The goal of this work leucine (UAA) gene (trnL), the intron it was to infer the degree of intraspecific contains, the tRNA phenylalanine (GAA) phylogenetic relatedness between C. azalea gene (trnF), and the intergenic spacer accessions, to assess their relationships with between trnL (5’ exon) and trnF, was selected Camellia species and with selected amplified by polymerase chain reaction Theaceae genera, using molecular data (PCR) (Mullis and Faloona 1987), using the only. However, the background of existing primers A50272 and B49317 of Taberlet et morphological information was used for al (1991). reference purposes only. The reaction mixture contained 5 (L of Materials and Methods 10x PCR buffer (BIOTAQ 10xNH4 Buffer [no Mg2＋) from BIOLINE Co.), 5 (L of Notes on the accessions used (Tables 1. ‘4dNTPs’ (2.5mM each of dATP, dCTP, and 1.a.). Some 75 samples (including the dGTP and dTTP, from Promega Co.), 5 (L seventeen accessions used in this work) of C. of 25 mM MgCl2, 1 (L of each of the two azalea were collected in situ on Honghuatan primers at a concentration of 20 (M, 33 (L river, Heweishan, Efengzhang Nature H2O and 0.5 (L Taq Polymerase (BIOTAQ Preserve, Yangchun City, Guangdong, P.R. from BIOLINE Co., 5 units/(L), for a total China, which is the only known natural site volume of 50 (L. Reactions were performed of the only known population of this species. in a HYBAID OMN-E thermocycler, All materials were collected by G. Orel and using the following program: 5 min at 94° R. Cherry. The data included in Table 1. C; 30 cycles of 30 sec at 94° C; 30 sec at was obtained from leaf measurements of 60° C and 1 min at 72° C. PCR products 66 were purified using the CONCERT PCR Genetic distances. Pairwise genetic Purification Kit (GibcoBRL Co.), and sent distances (not shown) were calculated on to SUPAMAC (Sydney University and the basis of the proportion of fragments,
Prince Alfred Molecular Analysis Centre, using formula 1-2Nxy / (Nx+ Ny), where Nxy Sydney Australia), for sequencing with the is the number of bands shared by specimens same primers as used in PCR, using the x and y, and Nx is the number of bands from ABI ‘Prism’ fluorescent dye－ terminator specimen x (based on Upholt 1977; as cited system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, by Avise 1994). California). Results Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) DNA fingerprinting. ISSR-PCR was carried out Taxonomic analysis of the cpDNA of using a protocol based on that described 31 Theaceae accessions (in four genera) by Briard et al. (2001). Each reaction based on the evaluation of the presence mixture contained 2.5 µL of 10x PCR buffer of nucleotide insertions and deletions (Promega #M190G), 2 µL of ‘4dNTPs’ (as indicated the position of C. azalea firmly within the genus Camellia (sensu Chang). above), 2.5 µL of 25 mM MgCl2, 3.75 µL In this analysis only one accession of of the primer (AG)8T2 and (AG)8TC at a C. azalea was used, namely CAM 276. concentration of 20 µM, 15 µL H2O, and 0.5 µL Taq Polymerase (Promega, 5 units/ Figure 1. (Orel, Marchant and Gao 2005) µL), and 2 µL of each respective DNA showed its close relationship to a number (quantity not estimated), for a total volume of of Camellia species, namely C. sinensis, 25 µL. The PCR was performed in a Corbett C. flava, C. amplexicaulis, C. petelotii, C. Research CP2-03 Thermal Sequencer, using vietnamensis, C. sp. (C. vidalii provenance), the following program: 5 min at 94°C; 35 C. crasiphylla, C. pingguoensis and C. cycles of 30 sec at 94°C; 30 sec at 60°C and amplexicaulis. Figure 1. illustrated the 5 min at 72°C. extreme intraspecific closeness within the genus Camellia, as well as the interspecific Electrophoretic procedures. PCR products and intergeneric closeness of the Theaceae were analysed by electrophoresis through genera used. 2% agarose in TBE electrophoresis buffer (2.75g/L boric acid, 5.4g/L Tris and 10mM The cpDNA dendrogram (Figure 2.) EDTA), 5 V/cm for 2 hours, stained with (Orel, Marchant and Gao 2005) illustrated ethidium bromide, and photographed under the fundamental difference between the UV illumination. molecular data based depiction of the taxonomic relationships in Theaceae and 48 clearly defined DNA bands were the currently accepted morphology based recognised. Molecular sizes of identified taxonomic systems. The molecular based bands were estimated by comparison with data did not appear to corroborate the Boehringer Mannheim 100bp ladder DNA old generic and specific borders within marker. A binary number data matrix was Theaceae, and suggested a re-assessment constructed in which the absence of a band of current generic and specific sub-division was denoted 0 and the presence 1. The within the family. matrix was analysed using PAUP version 4.0b10 for Macintosh software package The nuclear DNA (ISSR) data indicated a (Swofford 2000) and MacClade (Maddison degree of genetic variability within the C. and Maddison 1992). azalea accessions and a dissimilarity for 67 Notes from cuttings sparse coarse and sparse sparse foliage from cutting from cuttings tall and narrow dense foliage sparse foliage dense foliage no new growth dense foliage leathery foliage sparse C. azalea ( changii ) selections, all measurements in cm. 184 3.50* lanceolate * AB not in evidence 3.14 3.43 sparse* oblong5 oblanceolate 7 wide petals, 14cm 5 narrow petals, 12cm vase shaped, dense vase shaped 2.88 short internodes obovate11 5 narrow petals, 12cm large, upright 2.11 obovate, emarginate 7 wide petals 12cm narrow, upright Morphological characteristics of 17 C. changii C. changii 184aC. changii 184c 3.00*C. changii 3.14*C. changii lanceolate*C. changii C lanceolate*C. changii 2C. changii 3 3.33 not in evidenceC. changii 4 2.11 not in evidenceC. changii 3.00 sparse* C. changii 6 elliptic 2.50 sparse* C. changii 7 obovate 7 wide petals, 9cm C. changii 8 lanceolate 5 wide petals, 10cm oblanceolate 3.16C. changii 9 partly open 6 wide petals, 10cm 6 wide petals, 11cm open, tall 3.40C. changii 10 narrow, upright 3.33 tall, open C. changii 10a lanceolate 3.14C. changii lanceolate 3.33 6 wide petals, 8cm 3.50 lanceolate 5 wide petals, 12cm elliptic upright, branching tight 6 narrow petals, 12cm lanceolate sparse branching tall, high branching habit lanceolate glaucuose leaves 5 wide petals, 10cm 5 narrow petals, 11cm the tallest plant tall, untidy vase shaped not in evidence upright, open ID Taxon Leaf size ratio** Leaf shape Flowers Habit Table 1. CAM 276 CAM 277 CAM 278 CAM 279 CAM 280 CAM 281 CAM 282 CAM 283 CAM 284 CAM 285 CAM 286 CAM 287 CAM 288 CAM 289 CAM 290 CAM 291 CAM 292 *** Morphology not entirely distinct, plants grown from cuttings Leaf size ratios: leaf length : leaf width 68 Notes plant in cultivation plant in cultivation ex Paradise Plants* collector Mr. Andre Luc ex Paradise Plants* ex Paradise Plants* from C. azalea site from commercial source from commercial source
Page 7 of 19 Sun Valley collection, G. Orel Tam Dao, Viet Nam Tam Dao, Viet Nam Tam Dao, Viet Nam Dong Nai River, Viet Nam Tam Dao, Viet NamDa Lat Plateau, Viet Nam Tam Dao, Viet Nam Sichuan, P.R. China eastern Cambodia from commercial source Commercial tea plantation Sun Valley collection, G. Orel Guangxi, P.R. China Yunnan, P.R. China Da Lat Plateau, Viet Nam Honghuatan River, P.R. China Sichuan, P.R. China Guizhou, P.R. China Da Lat Plateau, Viet Nam Tam Dao, Viet Nam
Rosmann Chen et Ninh ‘Alba’ (Pitard) Cohen Stuart Orel Chang (Pierre) Sealy Li ex Chang ‘Red Willow’ (Merr.) Sealy Camellia rosmannii C. amplexicaulis C. piquetiana C. petelotii C. cucphuongensis Ninh et C. dongnaiensis C. ptilosperma Liang C. sp. C. sinensis ‘Yabukita’ C. sasanqua C. tunghinensis C. japonica ‘Tsar ’ Tutcheria sp. Schima sp. Gordonia sp. Eurya sp. Gordonia yunnanensis Benth. et Hooker C. luteoflora C. sp Guangdong, P.R. China Material supplied by Mr. Robert Cherry, Paradise Plants, Kulnur a, NSW, Australia
• Table 1.a. Provenance details and notes on 18 taxa used in this study IDCAM 024 CAM 151 TaxonCAM 135 C. amplexicaulis CAM 030 CAM 008 CAM 020 CAM 133 Provenance CAM 023 CAM 042 C. vietnamensis Huang ex Hu CAM 113 CAM 090 CAM 028 CAM 055 CAM 029 CAM 121 CAM 122 CAM124 CAM 053 CAM 130 CAM 049 CAM 027 69 C. azalea accession designated CAM 279. flower for at least 9 to 10 months ofthe The most parsimonious cladogram for C. year (Pers observation G. Orel 2005, Pers. azalea (Figure 3.) showed the examined comm.. Prof. Gao Jiyin, October 2007). taxa in three distinct groups. The basal It could be argued, that the Honghuatan group was composed of four Theaceae river population of C. azalea is the result genera, namely Schima sp. (CAM 122), of a long evolutionary process (of adaptive Gordonia sp. (CAM 124), Tutcheria sp. radiation, with its source in the tropics of (CAM 121) and Eurya sp. (CAM 053). south Asia, perhaps between the equator and The second group contained sixteen C. 100N), the same process which contributed azalea accessions and C. cucphuongensis, to the creation of Camellia species currently C. piquetiana, C. dongnaiensis and C. sp. extant, where the proposed tropical origins (C. vidalii provenance). The third group of green plants, some aspects of fossil contained only one C. azalea accession, evidence and the effects of Himalayan namely CAM 279, the remainder of the 12 orogenic processes on the topography and selected Camellia species and Gordonia climatic conditions of South East Asia and yunnanensis. The anomalous placement of Southern China must be taken into account Gordonia yunnanensis within this group (Mayr 1982, Xiao and Parks 2003, Zhu and was in agreement with previously completed Roos 2004, Orel and Marchant 2007). cpDNA studies, i.e. that of Orel, Marchant and Gao (2005). The extent of the observed morphological polymorphism exhibited by individual C. In the nuclear DNA results (as in the azalea plants on the Honghuatan river was cpDNA results), no correlation between the remarkable, and much more in evidence phenotypic characteristics of the examined than was the morphological polymorphism taxa and their genetic make up was found. observed in populations of other Camellia The molecular based data was inconsistent species in Viet Nam or China. The high with the generic and specific borders within degree of polymorphism was thus amply Theaceae, and suggested a re-assessment of reflected in the descriptions of C. azalea generic and specific sub-divisions within the accessions presented in Table 1. family. The authors of this work would like Discussion to propose that the morphological polymorphism found in C. azalea is the The small population of some 1,118 C. result of the currently proceeding process azalea plants (Pers. comm.. Prof. Gao Jiyin, of sympatric speciation (Tootil 1984), October 2007) found on the Honghuatan where two or more populations that could river in southern China is the only known interbreed do not do so, because of various population of this species in existence. differences, e.g. differences in flowering The current persistence of C. azalea in this time, or the type of pollinators. Through niche geographical location is of interest, as this process these populations may, through this site may be characterised as low land, natural selection, become so distinct that maritime and tropical, with interminable they may be regarded as separate species occurrences of seasonal inundations of plant (Mayr 1982, Tootil 1984). Thus in view of root systems during the wet season of the the repeatedly confirmed presence of serial year. The prevailing climatic conditions flowering, the idea of sympatric speciation enable the individual C. azalea plants to may be extrapolated onto C. azalea. Put in 70 Figure 1.
Relationships amongst Theacea genera and species as indicated by cpDNA sequences
C. piquetiana C. sp. (white flowers) Schima sp.
C. rubriflora (two accessions, different appearance, different localities) C. euphlebia (two accessions, different appearance, different localities) C. rosmannii
C. nitidissima C. nitidissima var microcarpa var nitidissima
Tutcheria sp. C. sinensis, C. flava, C. amplexicaulis, C. peteloti (three accessions of different flower C. vietnamensis colours), C. vietnamensis (11 petals), C. sp. (from (7 petals) G. yunnanensis same provinenance as C. vidalii), C. crassiphylla, C. pingguoensis, C. amplexicaulis B, C. azalea C. cucphongensis
G. axilaris
G. sp. (found C. sp. near C. azalea) (Ha Long Bay)
C. sp. (was designated as C. sp. C. rosmanii) (found near C. sp. ‘A’ C. nitidissima)
C. subintegra
C. japonica ‘Czar’, C. japonica (GenBank AF396226)
Thick dark bars – deletions of 5 or 6bp relative to C. sinensis; thin dark bars – 1bp deletions; openThick barsdark –bars insertions – deletions of 5of or5 or 6bp 6bp relative relative to to C. C. sinensis;sinensis; thin crossing dark linesbars – – 1bp single base substitutions;deletions; open stars bars - –homoplasies insertions of 5 or 6bp relative to C. sinensis; crossing lines – single base substitutions; stars - homoplasies 71 simple terms, the C. azalea individuals that The cpDNA sequences placed C. azalea flower in January crossbreed within their (CAM 276) firmly within the genus little group and theoretically do not breed Camellia (sensu Chang), indicating a high with any other C. azalea plants. Those that degree of interspecific compatibility and flower in February also crossbreed within therefore a possibility of crossbreeding their group, but not with other groups that between the Camellia species tested. The may flower during different periods of the cpDNA sequences of Camellia species year, e.g. the January flowering plants. This used in this work were almost identical process of continuous flowering over a long and the interpretation of the presented data period of time may lead to separation of the is based entirely on nucleotide insertions population into a number of groups that do and deletions (indels) and thus may be not interbreed, which may be the current considered to be rather limited, although status, eventually resulting in the creation of quite useful. new Camellia species that exhibit sizeable differences in their morphology. Similar The nuclear DNA ISSR data indicated cases of this type of speciation may be cited, discernable intraspecific variability within e.g. the genus Pinus (Mirov 1967, Perry the selected C. azalea group and a robust 1991) and also in Eucalyptus (Boland et al dissimilarity for C. azalea designated CAM 1984). 279 to the rest of the C. azalea accessions.
Figure 2. Relationships amongst Theacea genera and species as indicated by ISSR fingerprint.
Schima sp.
C nitidissima var. microcarpa C nitidissima var nitidissima C piquetiana Gordonia axillaris
Gordonia sp. Gordonia yunnanenis C petelotti C. subintegra
C. azalea Tutcheria sp.
0.05 changes C. rosmannii 72 Figure 3.
17 Oct 2007 tree 1 of 3183, Schima (C122) outgroup
C287 C289 C288 C282 C286 C290 C276 C283 C285 C284 C027 C133 C291 C278 C281 C292 C030 C020 C280 C277 C049 C023 C151 C135 C042 C113 C090 C028 C055 C279 C008 C130 C029 C042 C053 C121 C124 C122 5 changes 73 The nuclear DNA data separated the 38 The presented paper is only the first examined taxa into three distinct groups. in a planned series on C. azalea and a The first group composed of sixteen C. greater amount of molecular data must azalea accessions and four other Camellia be collected before firm and decisive species, namely C. dongnaiensis, C. sp. conclusions may be drawn. (of C. vidalii provenance), C. piquetiana Note. The C. azalea site on the Honghuatan and C. cucphuongensis appeared to be river is almost pristine, but vulnerable. It genetically sufficiently dissimilar to the rest needs to be rigorously protected and any of the investigated Camellia accessions, and attempts at ‘site management’ need to be possibly not of the genus Camellia. The vigorously resisted. The C. azalea site is intraspecific breeding potential within this ‘a genetic experiment in progress’ and its group may be of a high degree, however, it importance cannot be underestimated. may be absent in regard to other Camellia species. The members of the second group, ______which contained C. azalea (CAM 279) and the rest of the thirteen taxa, including Gordonia yunnanensis, appeared to be Literature cited closely allied to each other, thus indicating a Avise CJ 1993. Molecular markers-natural high crossbreeding potential. The rest of the history and evolution. New York: Chapman Theaceae genera, i.e. Schima sp., Gordonia and Hall. sp., Tutcheria sp. and Eurya sp. formed the Boland DJ, Brooker MIH, Chippendale basal group. GM, Hall N, Hyland BPM, Johnston RD, The nuclear DNA data did not confirm the Kleinig DA and Turner JD 1984. Forest monophylly of the C. azalea accessions. Trees of Australia. Melbourne: Nelson- The placement of C. cucphuongensis CSIRO. CAM 020 (section Chrysantha, Chang), Chang HT and Bartolomew B 1984. C. piquetiana CAM 030 (section Piquetia, Camellias. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. (Pierre) Sealy), C. dongnaiensis CAM 133 (section Piquetia, (Pierre) Sealy) and the Dellaporta SL, Woods J and Hicks JB 1983. unidentifiedC . sp. CAM 027 in Fig. 3., may A plant DNA minipreparation: version call into question either the monophylly 2, Plant Mol. Rep.: 1: 19-21. of the genus Camellia or the accuracy of Gao J, Parks CR and Du Y 2005. Collected current taxonomic divisions within the species of the genus Camellia: An illustrated genus. The nuclear DNA results (similar outline. Zhejiang Science and Technology to cpDNA results), did not find correlation Press, P.R. China. between the phenotypic characteristics Gilmore S, Weston PH and Thomson of the taxa examined and their genetic JA 1993. A simple, rapid, inexpensive and make up. The molecular based data widely applicable technique for purifying also suggested that a re-assessment of plant DNA. Australian Systematic Botany generic and specific borders within the 6: 139-148. family Theaceae may be appropriate. In the light of these findings a thorough re- Krussmann G 1985. Manual of cultivated evaluation of current thinking should be trees and shrubs. Portland, Oregon: Timber undertaken. Press. 74 Maddison WP and Maddison DR 1992. Perry JP 1991. The Pines of Mexico and Analysis of phylogeny and character Central America. Portland, Oregon: Timber evolution, MacClade, Version 3. Sinauer Press. Associates Inc., Sunderland, Ma., USA. Sealy JR 1958. A revision of the genus Mayr E 1982. The growth of biological Camellia. London: The Royal Horticultural thought: diversity, evolution and inheritance. Society. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Swofford DI 2000. PAUP 4.0 Phylogenetic Mirov NT 1967. The genus Pinus. New Analysis using parsimony and other York: The Ronald Press Company. methods. Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, USA. Mullis KB and Faloona FA 1987. Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via polymerase Taberlet PL, Geilly J, Patou G and catalysed chain reaction. Methods in Bouvert J 1991. Universal primers for Enzymology 155: 335-350. amplification of three non coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Molecular Biology Orel G, Marchant AD and Gao Jiyin 2005. 17: 1105-1109. Collected Papers. An investigation into intergeneric and interspecific relationships Tootill E 1984. Dictionary of Botany. in Theaceae using cpDNA sequences and London: Penguin Books. nd ISSR genetic markers. 2 International Upholt WB 1977. Estimation of DNA Symposium on Camellia nitidissima, sequence divergence from comparison of Guanxi, China. restriction endonuclease digests in: Nucleic Acid Research 4: 1257-1265. Orel G and Marchant AD 2006. Investigation into the evolutionary origins Wilkie S 1997. Isolation of total of Theaceae and genus Camellia. Book of genomic DNA. Plant Molecular Biology - Proceedings. ICS Melbourne 2006 Biennial A Laboratory Manual. International Congress 13th-20th August 2006. Xiao T and Parks CR 2003. Molecular analysis of the genus Camellia. International Orel G and Marchant AD 2007. Collected Camellia Journal 35: 57-68. Papers. Investigation into the evolutionary origins of genus Camellia. Proceedings of Zhu H and Roos MC 2004. The tropical the Second National Symposium on yellow flora of southern China and its affinity to Camelias of Viet Nam. Tam Dao, January Indo-Malesian flora. Telopea 10(2): 639- 25th 2007. 648. 75 Dedication The authors of this work would like to express their sincere gratitude to the ICS Otomo Fund for their generous financial support and for the Funds’ commitment to international Camellia research. We would also like to express our thanks to Professor Gao Jiyin from the Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, P.R. China and to Mr. Robert Cherry, the proprietor of Paradise Plants, Kulnura, NSW, Australia, for their goodwill and generosity which enabled us to collect the key plant materials needed for this work.
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Requests for reprints of the material in this work should be addressed to: George Orel. [email protected]
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George Orel and A.D.Marchant are both at the National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney. NSW 2000, Australia.
A.S.Curry is at the Western Sydney Institute, Technical and Further Education NSW, Richmond College. Locked Bag 7, Richmond, NSW 2753. Australia. 76 CAMELLIA PICTURES IN “BOTANICAL MAGAZINE” (18th-19th century) Shinichiro Kishikawa, Japan
It is well known that “Botanical Magazine,” first published in England in 1787 by William Curtis (1746-1799), has presented more than 10,000 pictures of foreign plants almost continuously for over 220 years. In 1788, its second volume introduced a colored picture of Rose Camellia (first appearance of colored Rose Camellia in periodicals); this is a vintage picture in the camellia history. Rose Camellia is considered to be related to three major ancient camellias in Europe (see Fig. 1). W. Botting Hemsley’s “A New and Complete Index to the Botanical Magazine” (shown to the right) published in 1906 contains 13 pictures of camellia japonica/ sasanqua and some tea pictures introduced in Botanical Magazine from the 18th to 19th centuries. See the table above. 77 I have collected 10 of the 13 pictures. Snowdrop-flowered variety was mentioned These are shown below with pictures of as a 12th variety, which never seems to have a tea flower and a plantation. It must be appeared in literature. fascinating for those interested in pictures of antique camellias with their variety ‘Anemoniflora’, brought from China to Kew names discovered. Most of the pictures in 1806, was described as follows: “among were drawn by the first half of the 19th the most beautiful, singular and rare. Being century; rare appearances of camellia of late introduction, we do not know of its pictures in publications around the end of having flowered anywhere till last spring. the 19th century seem to indicate a decline Our drawing was taken at Mr Griffin’s, of camellia boom. South Lambeth, in March, and we heard of it in some other collections about the same Shown above is the cover page of Hemsley’s time.” “A New and Complete Index to the Botanical Magazine.” Camellia J. myrtifolia (Fig.3) My collection below is arranged in (Plate No. 1670, Vol. 40 in 1813) chronological order starting from No. 2 (see the table).
Camellia J. anemoniflora (Fig.2) (Plate No. 1654, Vol. 40 in 1813)
Red formal double flower; imported from China to Kew in 1808 and also mentioned This was the first camellia included in in “Hortus Kewensis” It was said to be the Botanical Magazine since the Single scented. Red (Plate No.42, Vol.2, 1788). To bring readers up to date, the 11 varieties included in William T.Aiton’s “Hortus Kewensis” Volume 1V (1812) were named, including ‘Anemoniflora’. In addition, a mysterious 78 Camellia axillaris (Fig.4) Introduced as C. sasanqua in 1816; later (Plate No. 2047, Vol. 46 in 1819) found out to be C. maliflora (species).
Camellia J. Chandleri (Fig.6) (Plate No. 2571, Vol. 52 in 1825)
This is now known to be Gordonia axillaris imported from China. C. Maliflora (C. sasanqua) (Fig.5) (Plate No. 2080, Vol. 46 in 1816) In W. Botting Hemsley’s “A New and Complete Index to the Botanical magazine” this appears to be listed as C.j.myrtifolia, but from the illustration and description it must be ‘Chandleri’. The description says; “raised from seeds in this country-impregnating the pistillum of the anemony-flowered variety with the pollen of the striped red [‘Variegata’], by Messrs. Chandler and Buckingham at their nursery, Vauxhall”. 79 Camellia J. Dianthifolia (Fig.7) Pictures of single flowers are rare except for (Plate No. 2577, Vol.52 in 1825) Redouté. The description says: “supposed to be the produce of seed from the striped camellia [‘Variegata’] and raised by Mr Rollinson of Tooting”.
Camellia reticulata (Captain Rawes) (Fig.9) (Plate No. 2784, Vol. 54 in 1827)
In Hemsley’s Index this also appears to be listed as C.j.myrtifolia, but according to the description it is Knight’s new carnation warrath (warratah) and considered to be ‘Dianthifolia’. Camellia flore simpliti albo (‘Alba simplex’) (Fig.8) The description says: “Drawn by Miss Curtis in the spring of 1827 from the plant (Plate No. 2745, Vol. 54 in 1827) imported by Captain Rawes, in the collection of Thomas Carey Palmer, Esq. of Bromley, Kent. Not having had the opportunity of seeing the plant, I accept Mr Lindley’s suggestion of its being a new species.” 80 Sasanqua v. anemoniflora Tea (Fig.11) C. oleifera ‘Jaune’ (Fig.10) (Plate No. 3148, Vol. 59 in 1832) (Plate No. 5152, Vol. 85 in 1859)
Detailed descriptions are found on several The description says: “This is one of the many pages. William Jackson Hooker, Professor interesting plants which our Gardens owe to of Botany at the University of Glasgow, said Mr Fortune’s successful voyages to China. that Bohea (black tea) and Viridis (green That active traveler considered it to be a tea) were two different species. He wrote variety of the Warratah Camellia Group; but “Indeed a general opinion now prevails that Mr Seemann, with more justice, considers it they are mere varieties; a general opinion, to be a variety of C.sasanqua. Seemann said however, in which I do not coincide”. It was that hitherto the Warratah form had been later decided that Hooker was incorrect. known only to occur in C.japonica; and the yellow colour is certainly quite a new feature in this genus, deserving the greatest attention of Horticulturists” The yellow centers of the anemone-form blooms in the illustration certainly remind me of ‘Jaune’, which it was named, and also found to be C.oleifera. 81 Tea cultivation (tea plantation, Fig.12) Camellia flava (Fig.13) (Vol. 59 in 1832)
Abou Tea, detailed descriptions are available on several pages.
In the 21st century Botanical Magazine introduced a camellia picture by Yoko Kakuta (ICS, JCS and Kobe Camellia Camellia Society member), the first appearance of a camellia picture drawn by a Japanese artist. Camellia flava is the subject. (Plate No. 426, Part 4 of Vol. 18 in November 2004). Ms. Kakuta has received a number of awards including the one from The Royal Horticultural Society (p36-37 International Camellia Journal, 2003). 82 BOOK REVIEWS also provides valuable information about propagation in general and hybridization “Beyond the Camellia Belt” in particular. All the usual themes are by William L. Ackerman also tackled:- history, culture, care, multiplication, disease, predatory insects, Review by Max Hill and so on. We are all familiar with the name of William It is clear that the author, as an accomplished Ackerman, famous in the microcosm of the scientist, has complete mastery of the camellia. Every book about the camellia subjects he covers. Everything is precise, refers to the work of Dr. Ackerman and his clear and thoroughly documented. many publications are regarded with great respect in the world of the camellia. Dr. Ackerman has been able to show in no uncertain terms that his camellias A geneticist by training, he wrote a thesis on could withstand heavy frosts. Isn’t it the camellia, and has devoted the whole of extraordinary? Not all that long ago the his career to studying this shrub. camellia was considered to be a greenhouse He is the uncontested specialist in frost- plant! resistant camellias: camellias that are William Ackerman has opened up new resistant to below -20° C originate from his prospects for our favourite shrub. This hybridizations with C.oleifera. book will introduce the reader to a wide variety of new camellias which have been able to combine beauty with resistance to frost. In addition, it also sheds new light on our knowledge of the genus. It is an essential purchase for anyone who wants to devote time and effort to propagation and hybridization. Lots of photos and references support this book, which is an essential requirement for amateurs and professionals alike.
Max Hill, an ICS director in France, recently retired from the Université de Paris Sud, where he was a professor in the Department of Plant Ecophysiology.
His latest book concentrates on the “Beyond the Camellia Belt” (Ball fascinating story of these camellias. It Publishing, 335, N. River Street. P.O.Box 9. Batavia, IL 60510., USA). 2007. 271 pages, 185 colour photograph. ISBN 978-1- 883052-52-2 83 “Camellias: The Gardener’s Tooby, would have appreciated some more Encyclopedia” information on the origin of the recent by Jennifer Trehane camellia named after him. The hundreds of photographs are excellent, Review by David Molloy crystal clear, and a real aid to plant identification when combined with the precise plant description accompanying them. Photographers will be interested to know that, apart from the grafting photographs and one or two others, all the photographs were taken with conventional cameras. No-one need say now that propagating camellias is beyond them. The chapter on propagation has a clear description of 10 different methods, accompanied by brilliant photographs. The information and photographs on grafting have come from China and are fascinating. Much of it will be new to many readers. In all, this handsome book with 380 pages packed with information is invaluable to all camellia lovers, from beginners to professionals. It is so handsome in fact, One of the Oxford Dictionary definitions of that, perish the thought, it could also rate as “encyclopedia”is a book giving information a coffee table book. on many aspects of one subject. This volume certainly fits that definition. Indeed, it is so comprehensive that it is hard to imagine one needing another book on camellias until new research and the introduction of new “Camellias: The Gardener’s Encyclopedia”. varieties make this one dated. The book gives an interesting account of (Timber Press, Inc. The Haseltine Building, camellias from earliest times to the present. 133 S.W.Second Avenue, Suite 450. It also frequently gives details of the origins Portland. Oregon 97204-3527. USA). of particular varieties. Those of us who 2007. 380 pages. 800 colour photographs. knew that great camellia man, the late John ISBN-13: 978-0-88192-848-8 RRP £35. 84 Obituary Deceased in 2007 • Japan Mr Hisanao Nishimura
• New Zealand Mrs Pat Nelson
• United Kingdom Mr Harry Caplan (Dec 2006) Mrs Jo Earle Lady Falmouth Mrs “Bunty” Kitson Mrs Audrey Knight Miss Cicely Perring Miss E. Mellentin Mr Thomas Methven Miss Cicely Perring was a UK Region Director from 1977 – 1985 and a Vice President from 1986 – 1991. She will be • United States most remembered for her skill in organising Ms Clair Gothard the 1985 International Congress in Brighton, England (1985 Journal p.10-16). The hotel Mr Dan Nathan that was used found, after the congress, Mr Howard Oliver that it had overcharged and Cicely argued successfully, throughout considerable Mrs Alton Parker debate within the ICS, that the refund be Mr Maurice Vervalle used as “seed” money to help fund the publication of the “International Camellia Register”, which was then being compiled.
She filled her large garden at Pett, near Hastings, with many fine camellias and was particularly proud of a showpiece ‘Leonard Messel’, towering 30 feet over visitors.
Cicely died, peacefully on 26th September 2007. Herb Short. 85 NEWS FROM THE Over 50 exhibitors benched more than1800 blooms in the 143 classes at the Show which REGIONS was held in the Ex-Servicemens’ Club. The ~ sloping tables this year were accompanied by some round tables which produced a AUSTRALIA most pleasing effect. The National Trophies Every year the ten regional societies affiliated were awarded as follows: with our National Society, Camellias The Dr Don Aspinall Award for the Best Australia, meet together for their Annual Australian Raised Non-Reticulata Bloom Congress, consisting of a National Camellia went to the ‘Paul Jones Supreme’ grown by Show, the annual Council Meeting and lots Denise & Barry Di Salvia of Narrandera, of conversation, as camellia growers from NSW. This bloom was also the Show various parts of Australia catch up with the Champion and Champion Semi-Double, last 12 months and explore the area together. winning a total of 4 trophies. This year Congress was hosted by the Hume Camellia Society which is centred on Albury, New South Wales. They meet on Sundays in members’ gardens or homes, some members occasionally travelling up to 350 km each way. To share the workload, the Congress was held at Narrandera, a town of about 5000 people near the western edge of their region, with the Narrandera Garden Club staging the National Show. This was the first time that a small, inland, rural The Albury-Wodonga Award for the Best community had hosted a camellia congress, Australian Raised Reticulata Bloom was but it proved to be very successful, with won by Wandin Sebire grown by Wagga visits to their lavender farm, didgeridoo and Wagga Botanic Gardens, NSW. The Barry Robbins Memorial Award for the Best Cut or Spray or Single Bloom of a Multi-clustered Miniature Cultivar went to a cut of ‘Dave’s Weeper’ grown by Ross & Jane Hayter from Yackandandah, Victoria. The New Zealand Camellia Award for the Best Bloom of a New Zealand Raised Cultivar was won by ‘Nicky Crisp’ grown by Colin Baird from Nunawading, Victoria. boomerang production by aborigines, The American Camellia Award for the Best koalas in the wild, Clydesdale horses and, Bloom of an American Raised Cultivar would of course, camellias at the Wagga Wagga have gone to ‘Betty Sheffield Supreme’ had Gardens as well as those at Narrandera. the grower, Norma Schulz of Jindera, NSW, been a member of Camellias Australia. 86 Norma’s ‘Betty Sheffield Supremes’ did win BENELUX the local trophy for the Best Three Informal Double Japonicas and since then she has Last January two of us, nurseryman Guy become a member of the Hume Camellia Van Rysseghem and I, attended the very Society. interesting ‘Yellow Camellia Symposium’ at Tam-Dao in North-Vietnam. It was a The Westfield Camellia Award for the Best fantastic but too short experience. Bloom of an Overseas Raised Cultivar, other than America or New Zealand was In early March eight Benelux members won by ‘Hagoromo’ grown by Denise & attended the Camellia event on the Island Barry Di Salvia, Narrandera. of San Miguel organised by our Azorian friends. What fantastic gardens and The local award for Best Formal Double in exuberant camellias! We discovered some the Show was won by ‘Red Red Rose’ grown historical Belgian camellias imported by by Jenny Donohoe from Helensburgh, NSW. the locals during the 19th century. It is At the meeting of the National Council it was interesting to mention that some of these decided to convert the large Slide Library old varieties have been renamed and were into digital format, and the huge task is well labelled with Portuguese names. One must under way. The definitions used at National keep in mind that at the very beginning of the Shows were also discussed and hopefully colonisation (15th century) the Azores were simplified. This discussion was initiated called ‘the Flemish Islands’. Descendants because many miniatures are now growing of these Flemish immigrants are still much larger than originally anticipated. For present on the islands and had their names show purposes we now officially recognise changed (translated) into Portugese. It’s the forms Single, Semi-double, Irregular great to know that Mr. Sampaio, organiser Semi-double (where petaloids interrupt of the event, is collaborating with Dott. the cluster of stamens), Informal Double Catollica from Tuscany (Italy) to identify (formerly Peony), Elegans Form (formerly these magnificent historical camellias still Anemone). For size, the steps are now present on the Azores. I’m sure that they uniform with the maxima being 70 mm will discover real gems. for Miniature, 90 mm for Small, 110 mm for Medium, 130 mm for Large. Some of The 5th of March was the day we started our shows already also have classes for our visits to the unique gardens in Northern miniatures up to 50 mm, as well as for cuts Portugal and nearby Galicia in Spain. Twenty and sprays. It is hoped that these changes Benelux members coming from the Azores, will be adopted at all our Affiliates’ camellia Belgium, Britanny and the Netherlands, shows and make it easier for exhibitors, so rendezvoused at the Porto airport. During encouraging more growers to participate in two days we visited the wonderful gardens these shows. and camellia collections of some of our Portuguese ICS members, such as the Quinta Our next National Congress will be in de Avaledo, the Quinta San Ignacio, Villar Sydney at the end of August, 2008 and plans d’Allen, the public gardens of Serralves and are already well in hand. last but not least the fantastic Casa do Casal. Barry Di Salvia In Galicia we visited the Castle and the Parc of Soutomaior, the Pazo Quinones de Leon, the Research Centre at Pontevedra, the 87 gardens of the Pazo San Lorenzo, Pazo de Andy Simons, (International Registrar for Santa Cruz de Rivadulla, Pazo Cibran, Pazo Europe), who was in the island to judge the de Lourizan, Finca de la Saleta the former ICS show as well as the camellia classes Robert Gimson garden, Pazo de Rubians and of the local horticultural society show, the impressive gardens of Pazo de Oca. We gave an excellent talk concerning his work attended also a beautiful camellia exhibition on registering new cultivars and made a at Lerez. Needless to say that we also paid a very useful contribution to the general visit to the Cathedral of Compostella. gardeners’ question time. The weather was very unkind to entries for the show but Mrs No words can express our gratitude to our Mayda Reynolds won the best in show with Portuguese and Galician friends nor our a ‘Lovelight’ - an exceptional bloom for the admiration. We were flabbergasted by their conditions. The experiment in adding classes kindness and by their superb gardens. for multiple blooms is proving popular. On the 7th. of April we had our regional The new plant pathologist (Jersey), will be meeting at Hoevelaken near Amersfoort giving a talk on issues relating to the health (NL). During the morning our brand new of camellias to encourage good practice ICS Director Wytze Hoekstra gave a well amongst members. appreciated lecture concerning the trip to the Azores and the excursions to Northern Maxine Fergusson Portugal and Galicia and in the afternoon we visited the beautiful garden and camellia FRANCE collection ‘Op de Haar’ belonging to the The French region membership continues to family Ramsbotham. expand and has a presence at all the main Marc de Coninck camellia shows. The next big event is at the castle at Courson. CHANNEL ISLANDS COURSON The previously established sasanqua JOURNEES competition, normally held in November, was expanded to include other early D’INFORMATION SUR flowering camellias at the coffee morning LE CAMELLIA held at Celia Skinner’s lovely home in November 2006. It gives us a chance to see varieties that miss out on the spring show and, again, attendees voted for the best blooms before Mayda Reynolds commented on that choice. Ann & Ian MacMichael kindly hosted a visit to their garden in April and the day smiled
on us, as well as there being many blooms still to enjoy. We also had the pleasure of a Samedi 15 et Dimanche 16 visit to the Government House garden at a Mars 2008 de 10h à 18h time of year when it is not normally open to Découverte des plus beaux cultivars visitors, meaning that its camellias are not Baptême du camellia ‘Domaine de Courson’ usually seen. Visite d’un jardin dédié aux camellias 88 GERMANY Taranto (old varieties) all (except Villa Anelli) at less than 0,5 km from the show. Unexpected weather conditions were experienced in the spring of 2007. It was Pieve di Compito (Lucca) date to be decided unseasonably warm and sunny in many http://www.camelielucchesia.it A large parts of Germany and visits had to be and international show well known to ICS cancelled because the camellia flowers had members thanks to the 2005 pre-congress gone before their time. tour. The Camellietum, inaugurated in To enjoy the beginning of the sasanqua 2005 by Greg Davis and coordinated by season, ICS members joined the meeting of A. Lippi and G. Cattolica, totals now over the German Camellia Society (DKG) at the 200 old Tuscan and Italian varieties and Selbach nursery in Bergisch-Gladbach near it is still growing. Excellent organization Cologne,(as most of them are members of with international conferences and visits to both societies). the old villas and camellia gardens around Lucca. A marvellous picture show was given by Dr. Hermann Schöntag, ICS director of Velletri (Rome) Date to be decided www. Germany since February 2007. comune.velletri.rm.it Velletri has recently Some ICS-members will visit the island laid down a Camellietum. The mild of Madeira next February and were happy climate, similar to California, encourages to get an impression of the camellias tender varieties to thrive. The show is growing in the famous Blandy’s Garden. very interesting to buy varieties at a very A lecture with compassion and knowledge reasonable price. of the garden and its plants impressed the audience, and the beautiful photos were also Research enjoyed by those who will not take part in Giampiero Bertolazzi & Piero Hillebrand the journey. are continuing their research on old Italian A meeting is planned for December at Peter varieties, started with “Antique Camellias Fischer’s nursery in Wingst and a visit to the of Lago Maggiore”, published in 2003. The Royal Glasshouses in Brussels is planned new research, thanks to computerized tools, for April 2008. includes a full description of each variety Karin Jacobs-Gebauer with original photos, illustrations from Berlese and Verschaffelt, and will cover ITALY 450-500 old varieties. Additionally, it will include the biography of key authorities Major Spring Camellias shows such as Antonio Sevesi. The new book Verbania (Lago Maggiore) Date to be should be published by next year. decided www.camelieinmostra.it A very The research team of Torino University has important show especially for the visits published a survey, funded by Canton Ticino to the wonderful camellia collections of (CH) and the Region of Piemonte (Italy), on Villa San Remigio (a fascinating but little the Nineteenth Century Camellias on Lago knownVictorian garden with large and Maggiore. For information elena.accati@ beautiful “Incarnata” and “Vergine di Colle unito.it Beato”), Isola Madre, Villa Rusconi (old Italian varieties), Villa Anelli and Villa Gianmario Motta 89 SPAIN Every year the enthusiasm and the number of events created around the camellia flower are increasing in our region The camellia Exhibitions which so far were held in north western Spain, an area with adequate conditions for camellia culture, were this year moved to the centre of Spain.
Thus, during 24th and 25th March 2007, the Casa América celebrated what was the first Most visitors, some of whom waited long Camellia Exhibition in the capital of Spain. hours to enter the Show, expressed the The flowers presented were collected by 30 wish to come to Galicia to see camellias in camellia growers (enthusiasts, nurseryman..) their natural environment, especially these from Galicia (NW Spain) the day before growing in the gardens of our Galician the exhibit and transported in cold storage manor houses. trucks for six hours during the night. On the Show day growers flew from Galicia to Many members of the ICS and other Madrid early in the morning to be in time camellia societies from around the world to arrange the flowers before the opening. had the opportunity to visit some of our historical gardens with camellias during last February and March. They were 45 members of the International Camellia Society from the region of Germany, 11 members of the Japanese Camellia Society and 20 belonging to the ICS region of Benelux and France. They expressed their enthusiasm about the beauty and size of the old specimens growing in these gardens. They also attended some of the camellia exhibitions and appreciated the quality and The thousands of visitors that attended the variety of the blooms presented. exhibition were amazed by the variety and beauty of the flowers presented. Some of Maria González them had never seen a camellia before, since the environmental conditions of Madrid (dry weather and extreme climate) are not suitable for camellia culture, and asked growers peculiar questions, such as: are they made of plastic? Do you need to paste petals one by one? Are they natural? 90 USA - CALIFORNIA bloomers” show hosted by the Pacific Society will follow two weeks later. Fall has come to Southern California after what seemed like a very hot summer. Fall is David MacLaren, Curator of the Asian the season for college football, the baseball Garden at The Huntington, was the speaker World Series and a growing awareness at the October meeting of the Southern among camellia enthusiasts that the camellia California Camellia Society and shared shows are just around the corner. It’s also with the group some of the history, pictures the time that the Santa Ana winds blow and of their new project under construction, wildfires sometimes rage. We were very and the excitement as January 23, 2008, happy to learn that our camellia friends in the anticipated opening date of the new the San Diego area were spared. garden approaches. Upon completion the twelve-acre garden will be the largest Each of the societies in our Southern Classic Chinese garden outside of China. In California Camellia Council—Camellia November, Wen Wang Curator of Camellias Society of Kern County (Bakersfield), at Descanso Gardens will tell us about San Diego Camellia Society, Orange programs and visions for Descanso, the site County Camellia Society, Pacific Camellia for the Symposium and four of the camellia Society, Pomona Valley Camellia Society shows. and Southern California Camellia Society, begin monthly meetings this month that will Southern California Camellia Society has a continue through May of next year. new website developed by Kristina Hooper, one of our newer, younger enthusiastic The Judges and Exhibitors Symposium, members. We are delighted with what she sponsored by the Council, will be held has done. She also developed the site for the first Saturday in January, 2008, and be Orange County Camellia Society. followed by camellia shows hosted by the six societies for the next eight weeks. A “late Bobbie Belcher 91 RÉSUMÉ DU CONTENU DU JOURNAL 2007 (page 5) Message du Président Greg Davis. Il invite tous les membres ICS à participer au Congrès 2008 qui se tiendra au Royaume- Uni et fait part des événements importants organisés en 2007; d’abord le Symposium sur le Camellia Jaune au Vietnam, ensuite la seconde réunion annuelle du Groupe Chinois d’Hybridation planifiée pour 2008 y compris le Sixième Show National Chinois qui aura lieu à Dali City, suivi par la désignation d’un nouveau parc de Camellia à Chuxiong où se tiendra le Congrès ICS en 2012. Il fait part de la Réunion Internationale des Açores 2007 (voir p.29). Il commente le travail réalisé par les Professeurs Motta et Wang sur le développement et l’accessibilité du Registre International du Camellia par le biais d’Internet. L’évolution et les dons, dont un don anonyme de £1,680, enregistrés au Fonds de Recherche Otomo. Des bourses ont été accordées au Dr. George Orel (Australie) lui permettant d’étudier le C. changii (C. azalea) et à l’Université de Kyushu (Japon) pour l’étude concernant l’A.D.N.. Les membres ICS, sont encouragés à proposer des projets de recherche dans leurs régions. Les Japonais planifient la proposition, en tant que Jardin d’Excellence, du Jardin de Camellia de Goto City durant le Congrès 2010. Les membres ICS sont priés de proposer, au titre de Jardin d’Excellence du Camellia, les jardins dans leur région qui pourraient entrer en ligne de compte. “J’ai le grand plaisir et l’honneur de vous servir en tant que Président pour la période 2007-2009. Nous continuons à relever les chalenges et les opportunités pour résoudre les problèmes, mais tout compte fait, il s’agit d’une expérience amusante. Nous espérons que le nombre de membres continuera à augmenter et ainsi nous pourrons introduire d’avantage d’amis dans le monde de la culture du camellia”. Greg Davis. Evènements, Personnes et Lieux. (page 8) Congrès International du Camellia en Angleterre du 2 au 5 avril 2008. Le programme des événements est établi et les membres ICS ont encore la possibilité de s’inscrire. Les détails sont disponibles auprès d’Eyas Ltd ou chez les Membership Representatives (voir Journal ICS 2006). (page 10) Le Professeur Chang Hung-Ta. Un profil de ce botaniste Chinois extraordinaire qui, en 1960, commença ses études du Camellia car il jugeait que leur diversité était grandement sous-estimée. Même durant la Révolution Culturelle il parvenait à étudier dans différentes parties de la Chine, en utilisant, essentiellement, du matériel mort d’herbarium. En 1976, à la fin de la Révolution Culturelle, il fut finalement reconnu en tant qu’éminent académicien. Il termina sa recherche sur la monographie du Camellia en 1979. Son livre, dans lequel il totalisa le nombre d’espèces à près de 200 comparés aux 82 espèces de Sealy, fut publié en Chinois en 1981. Sa révision en 1998 augmenta encore davantage le nombre d’espèces. Il rencontra Sealy en 1980 et, à cette occasion, ils se mettaient largement d’accord sur le classement du Professeur Chang. Le Professeur Ye Chang-Xing à qui nous devons cette interview, déclare que le Professeur Chang «veut passer plus de temps à l’étude de choses merveilleuses». 92 (page 12) The New Zealand Camellia Society: le Jubilé d’Or. Cinquante années d’actions et de progrès. Un calendrier d’activités à été choisi par Vonnie Cave, rédacteur de l’édition 2007 du bulletin de la Société Neo-Zélandaise du Camellia. L’article démontre combien les Néo-Zélandais ont été impliqués dans le développement et la promotion du Camellia et ce au profit de tous les amateurs de Camellia à travers le monde. (page 20) Un Pèlerinage Camellia vers la Galice. Un rapport de Shigeo Matsumoto concernant la visite à cette région du nord-ouest de l’Espagne, par des membres de la Société Japonaise du Camellia, sous la conduite de Shigeo Matsumoto et organisée par Carmen Salinero Corral, Directrice ICS pour l’Espagne, et ses collègues de la Société Espagnole du Camellia. Ils visitèrent plusieurs pazos (petits palais) et leurs parcs et furent frappés par le grand nombre de Camellia poussant vigoureusement grâce aux conditions climatiques et au sol de la région, y compris par plusieurs très grands Camellia ayant atteint une taille impressionnante obtenue en moins de temps qu’il aurait été nécessaire au Japon. Ils notèrent que beaucoup de ces plantes avaient plusieurs troncs portant de multiples branches basses ou qu’elles étaient plantées seules mais très proches les unes des autres afin de former une grande voûte. Ils visitèrent également un Camellia Show et furent très agréablement surpris par le grand nombre de personnes y participant, y compris des enfants, par la qualité artistique et par la beauté de l’exposition. (page 29) La Réunion ICS aux Açores. Greg Davis nous donne ses impressions concernant le voyage et David Malloy décrit les visites, le paysage spectaculaire, l’arrivée des Camellia au 19ème Siècle avec 500 variétés enregistrées en 1859 de même que l’introduction d’autres plantes remarquables.
Culture et Recherche. (page 35) Recyclage Un regard amusant sur certains matériaux ménagers utilisés par nos enthousiastes du Camellia. (page 38) Le Jardin Botanique de Porto et ses Camellia. Carmen Salinero et d’autres personnes sont à la recherche de l’histoire de ce Jardin et ses Camellia. Elle présente les résultats obtenus en 2006 quant à l’identification des variétés historiques. (page 48) Le Deuxième Symposium National sur le Camellia Jaune du Vietnam Pat Short expose les grandes lignes du Symposium et ses buts, de même que certains des 20 discours dont celui de Shuko Kirino de la Société Japonaise du Camellia en faveur de la préservation du Parc Tam Dao afin d’éviter la destruction et la disparition des espèces de Camellia s’y trouvant. L’exposé de Kirino concernant son travail sur l’hybridation utilisant certaines de ces espèces, est également souligné. (page 52) Le Vietnam renforce la Recherche et le Développement du Thé. Pat Short décrit une des visites d’études organisées pour les délégations afin de se rendre compte de la recherche faite dans la quête, l’évaluation et la sélection des cultivars du Camellia sinensis, leur culture plus efficace, de même qu’une plus grande identification de l’industrie du thé Vietnamien. 93 (page 54) Les Nouvelles Espèces de Camellia au Vietnam. Un rapport important et détaillé concernant les espèces découvertes récemment par une équipe de botanistes Japonais et Vietnamiens. (page 59) Les Camellia espèces au Parc National de Tam Dao. Le Nguyet Hai Ninh et Do Dihn Tien nous donnent les descriptions des espèces sauvages trouvées dans le Parc National de Tam Dao. (page 64) Les résultats de la recherche effectuée par le Docteur George Orel sur le Camellia changii (syn. C. azalea) financés par le Fonds ICS Otomo. 94 INHALTSÜBERSICHT
Mitteilungen vom Präsidenten Greg Davis. Er ermuntert alle ICS-Mitglieder am Kongress 2008 in England teilzunehmen und berichtet über wichtige internationale Ereignisse von 2007. Als erstes vom Symposium über gelbe Kamelien in Vietnam dann über das zweite Jahrestreffen der Chinesischen Gruppe für Hybridforschung an Kamelien (Chinese Camellia Hybridization Group) und deren Pläne für 2008 zusammen mit der 6.Chinesischen Nationalen Kamelienausstellung in Dali und der Eröffnung eines neuen Kamelienparks in Chuxiong, dem Ort des ICS-Kongresses 2012. Er erwähnt das Internationale Treffen 2007 auf den Azoren (Bericht S.) und schildert die Bemühungen der Professoren Motta und Wang um den zukünftigen Internet-Zugang für das Internationale Kamelienregister. Der Otomo-Forschungsfond wächst,über Spenden, inklusive einer anonymen von 1680 GBP wird berichtet, den Spendern gedankt.2006 wurden Mittel an Dr.George Orel (Australien) für Untersuchungen an C.changii (C.azalea) und an die Universität Kyoto (Japan) zur Fortsetzung der Forschungen an Kamelien-DNS vergeben. ICS-Mitglieder werden aufgefordert, Erfolg versprechende Forschungsprojekte in ihrer Region mitzuteilen. Die Japaner planen die Nominierung ihres Kamelienparks in Goto zum Garden of Excellence anlässlich ihres ICS-Kongresses 2010. Die ICS-Mitglieder mögen Gärten ihrer Region zur Prüfung ihrer Eignung als Garden of Excellence benennen. “Auch weiterhin genieße ich die Ehre, als Ihr Präsident für den Zeitraum 2007-2009 wirken zu können. Wir haben weiterhin Herausforderungen zu meistern aber auch Möglichkeiten zur Lösung von Problemen - aber alles in allem macht es Spaß. Wir hoffen, unsere Mitgliedschaft wächst weiter, und wir können so noch mehr Freunde für den weltweiten Umgang mit Kamelien gewinnen.” Gregory Davis Ereignisse, Menschen, Örtlichkeiten Internationaler Kamelienkongress in England 2.-5. April 2008. Das Programm steht, ICS-Mitgliedern sei versichert, es ist für eine Anmeldung nicht zu spät. Einzelheiten über Eyas Ltd oder Ihren Membership Representative. Professor Chang Hung-Ta. Portrait dieses herausragenden chinesischen Botanikers, der 1960 mit seinen Studien begann, weil er die bestehende Systematik der Kamelien für unvollkommen hielt. Selbst während der Kulturrevolution gelang es ihm, in vielen Teilen Chinas zu forschen, meistens an getrockneten Herbariumexemplaren. Nach der Kulturrevolution wurde er endgültig als bedeutender Wissenschaftler anerkannt. Er beendete seine Kamelienmonographie 1979 mit annährend 200 Spezies im Gegensatz zu Sealy mit 82; sie wurde 1981 auf Chinesisch herausgegeben. Eine revidierte und erweiterte Fassung erschien 1998. 1980 traf er Sealy, im Großen und Ganzen war man sich über Chang´s Systematik einig. Professor Ye Chuang-xing, der die Zusammenkunft beider arrangiert hatte, berichtete,Chang wünschte sich, “...die meiste Zeit seines Lebens mit dem Studium schöner Dinge zu verbringen.” 95 Goldenes Jubiläum der Neuseeländischen Kameliengesellschaft. 50 Jahre Aktivität und Wachstum. Eine Zusammenfassung von Ereignissen,ausgewählt aus den in 2007 erschienen Heften des New Zealand Camellia Bulletin und zusammengestellt von der Herausgeberin Vonni Cave. Der Beitrag zeigt die Bedeutung der Neuseeländer für die Züchtung und Weiterentwicklung von Kamelien zum Nutzen von Kamelienfreunden in aller Welt. Kamelienwallfahrt nach Galizien. Ein Bericht von Shigeo Matsumoto über eine Reise der Japanischen Kameliengesellschaft in diese spanische Nord-Westregion. Geleitet von Shigeo Matsumoto, wurde sie organisiert von der spanischen ICS-Direktorin Carmen Salinero Corral und Mitgliedern der spanischen Kameliengesellschaft. Man besuchte mehrere Gärten berühmter Villenanlagen, war beeindruckt von der Vielzahl der Kamelien, die unter den Klima- und Bodenbedingungen der Region üppig gediehen, wie auch von vielen sehr großen Kamelien, die ihre Wuchshöhe in kürzerer Zeit erreicht hatten, als in Japan für möglich gehalten. Man vermerkte viele “mehrstämmige” Einzelpflanzen mit sehr tief vom Stamm abgehenden Ästen oder Exemplare, die einzeln, aber sehr dicht zusammengepflanzt als Schattenspender dienten. Man nahm an einer Kamelienausstellung teil, war beeindruckt von der Besucherzahl mit vielen Kindern und begeistert von den künstlerischen und bewunderungswürdigen Ausstellungsarrangements. Ihnen fiel auch auf, dass Besonderheiten von Blüten gleicher Arten nicht bewertet werden. ICS-Treffen auf den Azoren. Greg Davis vermittelt einen Gesamteindruck der Reise, David Molloy schildert die Besuchstouren, gibt einen Eindruck der wildbewegenden Landschaft wieder und berichtet von der Ankunft der Kamelien im 19.Jahrhundert, 1859 waren 500 Sorten dokumentiert. Züchtung und Forschung Recycling.Vergnüglicher Überblick über einige von Kamelienenenthusiasten verwendete Haushaltsmaterialien. Der Botanische Garten von Porto und seine Kamelien.Carmen Salinero und weitere Kamelienfreunde erforschen die Geschichte alter Gärten und deren Kamelien.Sie stellen die Ergebnisse ihres Forschungsprogrammes 2006 über die Identifizierung historischer Sorten vor. Zweites nationales Symposium über gelbe Kamelien in Vietnam. Pat Short referiert vom Symposium,seinen Zielen und von einigen der 20 dort gehaltenen Vorträge sowie von einem Appell von Shuho Kirino von der Japanischen Kameliengesellschaft, den Tamdao Nationalpark unter Schutz zu stellen,um die Ausrottung seiner Wildkamelien zu verhindern. Auf Kirono´s Vortrag bezüglich seiner Hybridisierungsarbeiten, für die er einige dieser Wildarten einsetzt, wird ebenfalls abgehoben. Vietnam verstärkt Erforschung und Entwicklung von Tee. Pat Short schildert einen nur Mitgliedern vorbehaltenen Ausflug, bei dem man sich über die aktuelle Forschung bezüglich Ernte, Bewertung und Auswahl von C.sinensis - Sorten für einen effizienteren Anbau und eine individuellere Vietnam spezifischere Tee-Produktion informieren konnte. Neue Kamelienspezies in Vietnam. Sehr wichtiger detaillierter Bericht eines japanisch- vietnamesischen Botaniker-Teams über neueste Funde. Wildarten im Tamdao National Park.Le Nguyet Hai Ninh and Do Dinh Tien stellen Kamelienwildarten aus diesem Park vor. 96 2007 年《国际山茶杂志》内容简介
（5页）戴维斯主席致词。 他鼓励所有国际茶花协会的会员参加在英国举办的 2008年大会，并介绍了2007年发生的主要国际事件。首先是在越南举办的黄色 茶花研讨会，其次是中国茶花育种小组2008年的计划，包括在云南大理举办的 第六届中国茶花展，2012年国际茶花大会的举办地楚雄将举行一个新茶花公园 的奠基仪式。
他还论及了在亚述尔群岛举行的2007年国际会议（见 29 页的报道）。他评价 了莫塔教授和王仲朗教授为将来在互联网进行国际茶花登录所取得的进展。记 录了Otomo研究基金的成长和捐赠，并感谢所有的捐款人，包括一位捐了1580 英镑的匿名人士。2006年基金资助了澳大利亚的乔治·奥罗博士进行杜鹃红山 茶的研究和日本九州大学继续进行DNA分子研究。他还鼓励国际茶花协会的会 员提名他们所在区域有希望的研究项目。
日本计划在2010年大会期间提名五岛市茶花公园成为优秀茶花公园。鼓励国际 茶花协会的会员提名他们所在区域的公园成为优秀茶花公园。
“我很荣幸在2007-2009任期继续担任国际茶花协会主席。我们还面临着许多挑 战和机遇，许多问题有待解决，但总而言之，这是个有趣的体验。我们希望我 们的会员继续增加，我们还可以介绍更多的朋友参与世界范围的茶花栽培。” 格雷戈里·戴维斯
活动、人员及地点
（8页）第8届国际茶花大会将于2008年4月2-5日在英国举办的。大会的日程安 排已经制定，国际茶花协会的会员现在去注册还不太迟。详细情况请向Eyas Ltd.或者向各地的会员代表处咨询。（参见2006年会刊）
（10页）张宏达教授是一位中国著名的植物学家，1960年就开始了茶花的研 究，因为他觉得茶花的多样性研究还很不够。即使在文化大革命期间，他还设 法在中国的许多地方对馆藏干标本进行了研究。文化大革命结束的1976年，他 终于成为一位出色的学者，1979年完成了他的茶花专著，1981年出版了中文 版，记载的种类从西里的82种增加到近200种。1998年的英文修订版增加了更多 的种类。1980年他曾与西里先生相会，他们基本同意张宏达的分类。叶创兴教 授安排了对张先生的专访，并说张教授“希望把毕生绝大部分的时间从事美丽 花木的研究”。 （12页）新西兰茶花协会五十周年庆典。记载了该协会50年来的活动与进展， 这是从2007年《新西兰茶花会刊》上范尼·柯夫收集整理的事件月历中精选出 来的。文章表明新西兰在发展和促进茶花事业方面，为全世界茶花爱好者做出 了多么大的贡献。 97 （20页）加利西亚茶花观礼。 这是松本先生报道的日本茶花协会的会员对西 班牙西北地区的访问。这项活动由松本先生领队，由国际茶花协会西班牙理事 Carmen Salinero Corra女士和她的西班牙茶花协会的同事组织安排。他们参观了 小皇宫的几处花园。由于适宜的气候和土壤，该地区大量的茶花生长都极其茂 盛，很多茶花以日本难以想象的时间就能长成大树，这些给他们留下了深刻的 印象。他们还注意到好些“多枝”茶花树在树干基部就生长了很多枝干，或者 单株种植但逐渐生长在一起而形成一个大树冠。他们参加了茶花展，看到了那 么多人包括孩童都乐于参与，还欣喜而惊奇地看到充满艺术的美丽展品。他们 也注意到对相同的茶花品种并未评判其开花的优缺点。
国际茶花协会亚述尔群岛会议。格雷戈里·戴维斯主席发表了对整个旅程的感 言，大卫·莫洛伊先生详述了这次访问，给大家留下了极其生动的印象，十九 世纪就引入了茶花，到1859年已有500个记录品种和其他著名的植物。
栽培与研究 （35页）回收利用。轻松一下看看茶花爱好者的一些家居用品之循环利用。
（38页）波尔图的植物园与其茶花。卡门·萨林罗女士等人研究了植物园的历 史与园中茶花，报道了他们2006年在鉴别历史品种方面的研究成果。
（48页）第二届越南黄色茶花学术研讨会。帕特·肖特女士总结了本次研讨 会，报道了会议之目的，并介绍了20篇论文中的一些内容。日本茶花协会的桐 野秋丰先生倡议保护好Tamdao国家公园以防止野生茶花资源的破坏。还概要地 介绍了桐野先生利用这些野生种开展的杂交育种工作。
（52页）越南增强茶叶的研究与开发。帕特·肖特女士介绍了为代表团组织的 一次实地考察越南茶产业的情况，为培育个体更为一致、栽培更高效的茶叶品 种，正开展的一些采集、评价、选育方面的研究工作。
（54页）越南的山茶新种。这是一篇重要的详细报道，由日本和越南的植物学 家团队完成，发表了最近发现的一些新种。
（59页）Tamdao国家公园的野生种。Le Nguyet Hai Ninh和 Do Dinh Tien报道了 在Tamdao国家公园发现的野生茶花种类。
（64页）杜鹃红山茶的研究结果。由国际茶花协会Otomo基金资助乔治·奥罗 博士完成。 98 ＩＣＳ２００７年誌内容の要約 グレッグ・デービス会長のメッセージ （5頁）
会長は全ての会員にイギリスに於ける2008年の大会に参加を促している。2007 年の主要な国際的活動であった、ベトナムに於ける第１回黄色椿シンポジューム について報告し、中国椿交配グループの2008年の計画、大里市で開かれる予定の 第６回中国椿展、2012年のＩＣＳ大会の開催地の楚雄市に於ける新椿公園の開所 式について述べている。
会長はアゾレスに於ける2007年国際会議を挙げている（29頁に報告）。又、モ ッタ教授と王教授の国際椿登録簿を将来インターネットで入手出来るようにする 開発について述べている。
大伴椿研究基金の成長と寄付が記録され、1680ポンドの匿名の寄付を含む、寄 付者に感謝している。2006年の助成金はオーストラリアのジョージ・オレル博士 のＣ．チャンギー（アザレア椿）の研究、九州大学のDNA研究の継続にたして贈 呈された。ICS会員はその地域の有望な研究プロジェクトを次期の助成の対象と して推薦するよう促されている。
日本では、2010年の大会に於いて五島市の椿園を国際椿優秀庭園に推薦すべく 進めている。ICS会員は当該の地域に於ける庭園を国際椿優秀庭園に推薦するよ うに求められている。
「私は2007年～2009年の期間の会長として奉仕する光栄を続けて受けます。い ろいろの問題を解決するチャレンジと機会があり続けると思いますが、それは楽 しい経験でもあります。私共は会員が増え続けることを望み、多くの友人等に世 界的な椿文化を紹介したいものです。」グレッグ・デービス
行事、人物、及び場所
回国際椿大会が2008年４月２～５日にイギリスで開催。エベントの概要プログ ラムが発表されたが、今からでも参加申し込みは遅くない。詳細はイーヤス社か 各事務局長から入手出来る（2006年誌参照）。 （8頁） 張宏達教授 この卓越した中国の植物学者の横顔。教授は椿の多様性が少なく 推定されていることを感じ、1960年に研究を始めた。文化革命の間にも中国の多 くの場所で、殆どは腊葉資料で研究を何とか続けた。文化革命の終焉の後の1976 年に教授は卓越した学者として認められ、1979年に椿論文のための研究を終了 し、シーリーからの82種を含む、全部で200に近い原種の中国語の本を1981年に 出版した。1998年の改訂版にはもっと多くの原種が追加した。教授は1980年にシ ーリーに会い、彼らは張の分類法に大方合意した。その会合を取り決めたイエ・ チュアンシン教授は「張教授は彼の殆どの時間を美しいものを研究することに使 いたいと希望した」と言っている。 （10頁）
ニュージーランド椿協会の創立50周年記念 50年間の活動と歩み。ヴォニー・ ケーブ女史により編集された、2007年のＮＺ椿協会会誌から編集者が選出した行 事のカレンダー。如何に多くのニュー―ランド人達が世界の椿愛好者のために椿 99 を作出し普及してきたかを各記事は述べている。 （12頁） ガリシアへの椿巡礼の旅 松本重雄による、日本ツバキ協会会員のスペイン北 西部への椿の旅行記。ICS理事でスペイン椿協会会長のカルメン・サリネロ・コ ラル女史及びスタッフで企画された。彼らは有名なパソ（小さな宮殿）の庭園を 幾つか訪問し、多くの椿が土地の土壌・気候に適合に良く繁茂して、日本に於け るよりも短時間に遥かに大きく成長しているのに深く印象付けられた。その多く は生え際で多くの枝分かれをしたり、また複数の木を寄せ植えした、多幹の椿で あることに気付いた。彼らは椿展を見たが、学童を含む、多くの人々が参加して いること、展示品が芸術的で綺麗であるのに感心した。彼らは品種毎の花の競技 がないことに気付いた。 （20頁）
アゾレスでのICS会合 グレッグ・デービス会長はツアーの全般的な印象を述 べている。デビッド・モロイ氏は訪問先の劇的な光景、19世紀の椿の導入が1859 年には500品種の記録がること、その他の注目すべき植物のことを記している。 （頁）
栽培及び研究 リサイクル 椿愛好家による家事材料についての面白い観察。 （35頁） ポルトの植物園とその椿 カルメン・サリネロ女史と彼女のスタッフが庭園の 歴史とその椿について研究し、歴史的椿の同定研究の2006年のプログラムの結果 について発表する。 （38頁） 第２回黄色椿ベトナム国内会議 パット・ショート女史が同会議、その目的及 び20の講演項目について述べる。日本ツバキ協会の桐野秋豊氏の、野生椿の破壊 を防ぐためのタムダオ国立公園の保護の請願も含まれている。桐野氏のここの野 生原種を使用した交配の研究の発表についても概観する。 （48頁） ベトナム茶の研究・開発を促進 パット・ショート女史が、ベトナムの茶産業 の為のもっと効果的な栽培ともっと独自性を出す為に、茶品種の収集、評価及び 選択について研究が行われているのを見学する、会員向けに組織された現地視察 の旅を紹介する。（52頁）
ベトナムの椿新種 最近発見された原種について、日本とベトナムの植物学者 チームによる重要で詳細な報告。（54頁） タムダオ国立公園の野生原種 ル・ヌエット・ハイ・ニンとド・ディン・ティ エンがタムダオ国立公園で発見された野生椿原種について述べる。 （59頁） アザレア椿 ジョージ・オレル博士が大伴椿研究基金で助成されたアザレア椿 （C.チャンギイ）の研究について述べる。 （64頁） 100 By-Laws of the International Camellia Society, Inc. 31st March, 1995, amended August 2006
ARTICLE I - MEMBERS, MEMBERSHIP AND FEES A. There shall be the following classes of members of the Society: 1. REGULAR MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the purposes of the Society and who make an annual contribution to the Society, such contribution to be determined by the Directors from time to time. 2. LIFE MEMBERS. Persons who desire to contribute a sum equal to at least twenty times the current annual subscription, in lieu of any annual contributions. 3. HONORARY MEMBERS. The Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, may bestow this title on any person who has furthered the purposes of this Society in some outstanding manner. Such Honorary Member shall be relieved of any requirement to make any monetary contribution to the Society. B. RIGHTS OF MEMBERS. 1.Each member of the Society shall be entitled to cast one vote for the election of Directors in the manner hereinafter prescribed. 2.Each member shall be entitled to attend and participate in any annual or other meeting of the membership as may be called by the Directors.
ARTICLE II - DIRECTORS A. NUMBER. 1.Apart from the duly elected Officers who shall be Ex-Officio Members of the Board, having the same powers, voting rights and responsibilities as other members of the Board, members residing in each specified region shall elect their own Director or Directors in accord with the following numbers: America 3 Italy 1 Australia 3 Japan & Other Asia Regions 2 Africa 1 New Zealand 2 Benelux 2 Portugal 1 Channel Islands 2 Spain 1 China 2 Switzerland 1 France 2 United Kingdom 3 Germany/Austria 2 2.The number of the Board of Directors may be increased or decreased within the limits of the Charter by majority vote of the Board of Directors.
B. TERM. 1.The term of office of a member of the Board shall be three years or thereafter until a successor has been elected. 2.If any member of the Board dies, resigns or for other reasons ceases to be a Director, the vacancy shall be filled for the unexpired portion of the term on a motion to the Board by the 101 President, who shall consult with the surviving Director(s) and Membership Representative of that region or in their absence with membership of that region before making such nomination. C. POWER OF THE BOARD. 1.The Board of Directors shall regulate and supervise the management and operation of the Society. It shall attend to and manage all of the affairs of the Society, shall make such arrangements for carrying on the business of the Society as it deems best, and in addition to the powers by these By-Laws expressly conferred upon the Board, it may exercise all of the powers of the Corporate Society and do all such lawful acts and things as are not by statute or by the Charter or by these By-Laws required to be exercised or done by the members. 2.A majority vote of the Board of Directors shall constitute a decision of the Board. 3.Because of the International aspect of the Society, it is contemplated that practically all of the affairs of the Society shall be conducted by mail. Board of Directors meetings and decisions necessarily will have to be conducted by mail and the Board is hereby expressly authorized to promulgate such rules of procedure for presentation of policy and voting thereon as it deems expedient. D. ABSENCE FOR A MEETING OF DIRECTORS - IN PERSON. When a meeting of the Board of Directors is called, a Director who cannot attend may nominate a proxy from his country or region to act in his stead. The Secretary must be advised in writing by the Director concerned prior to the commencement of the meeting. Acceptance shall be on the vote of those Directors present, with immediate effect.
ARTICLE III - PLACES OF BUSINESS, MEETINGS OF MEMBERS A. The Society may have as many places of business and in such locations as its Board of Directors deems required. B. It is not expected that it will be possible for members from every part of the world to gather at an annual meeting. But there may be periodical regional meetings of the Society. The time and place of such regional meetings to be fixed and notified to the President, the Secretary, and to all members resident in the region by the Regional Director or Directors.
ARTICLE IV - OFFICERS A. The Officers of the Society shall be a Patron, a President, three Vice-Presidents, an Editor, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and a Membership Representative from each region. From time to time the Board may create such other offices as it may deem necessary. B. The President and Vice-Presidents of the Society shall be members of the Society and nominated by any member and elected by the Board of Directors every three years. Vacancies may be filled or new offices created and filled at any meeting of the Board. Each Officer shall hold office until his successor shall have been duly elected and shall have qualified. A President or Vice-President may not hold office for more than two successive periods of three years, except for having filled a vacancy in the office for a preceding period of less than three years. C. The Secretary, Treasurer, Editor, and Officers other than the President and Vice-Presidents shall be appointed by the Board of Directors, and shall serve for such length of time as the Board of Directors determines. D. A Membership Representative shall be appointed on a motion to the Board by the Director(s) of the region concerned or in the absence of such Director(s) by the President after consultation with the membership of that region. 102 E. The duties of the Officers shall be such as usually attach to such offices, and in addition thereto, such further duties as may be designated or delegated to them from time to time by the Board. The duties of a Membership Representative shall be to co-ordinate the activities of members in the region, to provide a link between the Board of Directors and the members. Membership Representatives shall be circulated with all papers sent to Directors and shall be invited to Directors’ meetings but shall not be entitled to vote. The Board of Directors shall be authorized to prescribe the amount of compensation for any officer or employee of the Society.
ARTICLE V - COMMITTEES The Board of Directors may delegate such of its powers as deemed required to Officers of the Society or to any Committee it may see fit to create.
ARTICLE VI The Board shall promulgate such rules as may be deemed proper to permit this Society to affiliate with other Horticultural Societies, or other Societies to affiliate with this Society.
ARTICLE VII - CONTRACTS, CHEQUES, DEPOSITS AND FUNDS A. CONTRACTS. The Board of Directors may authorize any Officer or Officers, agent or agents of the Corporate Society, to enter into any contract or execute and deliver any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporate Society and such authority may be general or confined to specific instances. B. CHEQUES, DRAFTS ETC. All cheques, drafts and other orders for payment of money, notes, or other evidences of indebtedness issued in the name of the Corporate Society, shall be signed by such Officer or Officers, agent or agents of the Corporate Society and in such manner as shall from time to time be determined by resolution of the Board of Directors. C. DEPOSITS. All funds of the Corporate Society shall be deposited to the credit of the Corporate Society in such banks, trust companies or other depositories as the Board of Directors may select. D. GIFTS. The Board of Directors may accept on behalf of the Corporate Society any contribution, gift, bequest or devise for the general purpose or for any special purpose of the Corporate Society.
ARTICLE VIII - BOOKS AND RECORDS The Corporate Society shall keep correct and complete books and records of accounts and shall also keep minutes of the proceedings of its members and Board of Directors, and shall keep at the registered or principal office a record giving the names and addresses of the members. All books and records of the Corporate Society may be inspected by any member, or his agent, or attorney for any proper purpose at any reasonable time.
ARTICLE IX These By-Laws may be altered, amended or repealed and new By-Laws may be adopted by the members at an annual meeting or by a majority vote of the Board of Directors provided that at least thirty (30) days’ written notice is given to each member of the Board of the intention to alter, amend, or repeal or to adopt the new By-Laws at such meeting. 103 I.C.S. MEMBERSHIP ICS Members’ Subscription Rates current in 2007/2008 and Membership Representatives to whom yearly subscriptions should be paid promptly every January. Calculation of Subscription Rates for Life Membership (in the case of Double Life Membership, the age of the younger of the two members should be used). Less than 50 years of age, 30 times the annual subscription rate Between 50 and 65 years of age, 20 times the annual subscription rate More than 65 years of age, 15 times the annual subscription rate AFRICA (R.60, Double R.70) Keith Kirsten, Keith Kirsten Horticultural International, P.O. Box 1458, Fourways, 2055 Gauteng, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] AUSTRALIA ($19, Double $24) Barry di Salvia, 61 Twynam Street, Narrandera, NSW 2700. E-mail: [email protected] BENELUX (€20, Double €20) Marc De Coninck, Place St. Sebastien 28, B-1420 Braine L’Alleud, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] Assistant Membership Representative for the Netherlands: George Seppen, Bilderdijklaan 54, 1215 BP Hilversum, the Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] CHANNEL ISLANDS (£10.50, Double £13) Maxine Fergusson, Brookvale, La rue du Pont, St. John, Jersey JE3 4FF. E-mail: [email protected] CHINA (RMB 150) Mr. Dayin Tang, The Forestry Bureau of Jinhua Municipal Government, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321017. E-mail: [email protected] FRANCE (€15.50, Double €18.00) Max Hill, 30 Chemin du Bois Chaperon, 91640 Briis- sous-Forges. E-mail: [email protected] GERMANY/AUSTRIA (€15.50, Double €18.00) Mrs. Karin Jacobs-Gebauer, Fuchshohl 80, D-60431 Frankfurt, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] ITALY (€15.50, Double €18) Arch. Mirella Gloria Motta, Via Boccaccio 4, 20123 Milano. E-mail: [email protected] JAPAN & OTHER REGIONS (¥2400, Double ¥3300) Mr. Tetsushi Tsutsumi, 4-29-3 Narita-Higashi, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 166-0015, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] NEW ZEALAND ($24.50, Double $28) Ron Macdonald, Westwyn, 44 Kelland Road, Waipipi, 3 R D Waiuku PORTUGAL (€15.50, Double €18) Senhora Maria Augusta d’Alpuim, Estrada Exterior da Circunvalaçao, 14262-BI, C - 4º, Dtº - 4450 Malosinhos. E-mail: [email protected] SPAIN (€15.50, Double €18) Javier Botas Piñón, Cabanelas s/n. Porto, 15622 Cabañas, La Coruña. E-mail: [email protected] SWITZERLAND (CHF 27, Double CHF 33) Signora Claudia Respini, Via Verbano 24, CH-6648 Minusio. E-mail: [email protected] UNITED KINGDOM (£15.00, Double £17.50; includes supplement for UK Region services) Keith Sprague, 329 London Road, St. Albans, Herts. AL1 1DZ UNITED STATES ($17, Double $20) Morris I Waller, 417 Elkins Lake, Huntsville, TX 77430. E-mail: [email protected] 104 2007 I.C.S. Membership
LIFE LIFE ANNUAL ANNUAL TOTAL Single Double Single Double Australia 9 1 56 34 135 Austria 2 2 Benelux 1) 52 57 166 Channel Islands 2) 15 8 61 22 136 China 11 173 184 Czech Republic 1 2 Denmark 2 2 France 3) 51 29 109 Germany** 4) 1 88 57 203 Ireland 1 1 Italy 1 29 19 68 Japan 4 2 77 1 87 Korea 1 1 2 New Zealand 3 38 21 83 Norway 1 1 Panama 1 1 Portugal* 61 47 155 Slovenia 1 1 South Africa** 5) 9 2 3 2 20 Spain 1 32 3 39 Swaziland 1 2 Switzerland 6) 1 19 15 50 United Kingdom 7) 7 4 175 76 342 United States 8) 4 2 93 78 257 Vietnam 4 4 Zimbabwe 1 1 3 TOTAL 68 21 1021 462 2055
*) no update 2007 **) no update 2006 + 2007 1) Excludes members registered from Czech Republic (2); Germany (2) 2) Excludes members registered from Denmark (1); UK (1) 3) Excludes members registered from Belgium (1); Vietnam (3) 4) Excludes members registered from Austria (2); Slovenia (1); France (2) 5) Excludes members registered from Panama (1); Swaziland (2); Zimbabwe (3) 6) Excludes member registered from Italy (1) 7) Excludes members registered from Italy (1); Ireland (1); Norway (1); China (1); Channel Island (1) 8) Excludes members registered from Denmark (1); Korea (2); Switzerland (1) 105 Membership Changes 2007 (November 2007)
AUSTRALIA VAN CAUWENBERGHE, Mr & Mme New Members Baudouin, Jozef Deneyerstraat 47, 1652 Alsemberg BASKETT, Mr & Mrs G, Unit 2, 4 ELLA Grove, CHELSEA, VIC 3196 Total New Members =6; Double =3 ELLIS, Mr A, Frog Hill, 50 Broadway NETHERLANDS Road, BICKLEY, WA 6076 van NIEUWENHOVEN, Mr L.T.H., GLIDDON, Mr D, 1 Henry Street, Nieuwe Westdijk 2, 3204 LC Spijkenisse RICHMOND, TAS 7025 Total New Members =1; Single = 1 MOYES, Ms M, 3 Walpole Place, WAHROONGA, NSW 2076 CHANNEL ISLANDS NEUSCHWANGER, Mr J, 2 Harvey Street, New Members DAPTO, NSW 2530 RIDGWAY, Lt.Gen. A.P., C.B., C.B.E. & PRAZAC, Mr P L, 11 Tamar Street, Mrs V.E., Government House, St. Saviour, MARRICKVILLE, NSW 2204 JE2 7GH WIELD, Mrs L, 52 Links Road, ARDROSS, Total New Members =2; Double = 1 WA 6153 CHINA Total New Members =8; Single = 6; Double = 1 New Members BAI, Yungang, Hongmiao Office, Changes Yongchang Street, Longyang, Baoshan, HAYTER, Dr & Mrs R, The Brink, 1 Church Yunnan 678000 Crescent, Wingham, NSW 2429 CAO, Yunhui, Mayor of Dongfeng Town LEE, Mr & Mrs., PO Box 7179, Mt Austin, Government, Chuxiong, Yunnan 675000 NSW 2650 CHEN, Huguo, Courtyard of Yongxing MARKS, Dr A S D, 2/797 Malvern Road, Hotel (Yongxing Construction Group TOORAK, VIC 3142 Corp.), 58 Fengsheng Road, Development MITCHELL, Mr N R, PO Box 67, EXETER, Zone, Chuxiong, Yunnan 675000 NSW 2579 CHEN, Huiqin, 51 Longquan Road, SPICER, Mrs B, 136/207 Forest Way, Longyang District, Baoshan, Yunnan 678000 BELROSE, NSW 2085 CHEN, Qing, Gardening Workstation, Xingfu Road, Xiaguan, Dali, Yunnan 671000 CHEN, Sizhe, Courtyard of Yongxing Hotel BENELUX (Yongxing Construction Group Company), New Members 58 Fengsheng Road, Development Zone, BELGIUM Chuxiong, Yunnan 675000 BOSSICARD-TOUSSAINT, Mr & Mme A. DONG, Guojia, Xia Village Committee, Rue des Quatre Vents 87, 6700 Arlon Yongchang Street, Longyang, Baoshan, VOSSEN, Mr & Mevr Marcel, Domein Yunnan 678000 Groenenberg, Konijnenstraat 172, 1602 DONG, Yuxiu, Economic Development Vlezenbeek Zone, Dali, Yunnan 671000 106 DU, Jinli, Du’s Village Committee, Xinjie, LIU, Bo, Longjiang Park, Chuxiong, Longyang, Baoshan, Yunnan 678000 Yunnan 675000 DU, Yunxian, Dali Municipal Government, LIU, Guoqiang, Yunnan Yuanyi Landscape Yunnan 671000 Architecture Engineering CO. Ltd., Floor DUAN, Jiezhu, Gardening Workstation, 13, Qinghua Zhongke Building, Economic Xingfu Road, Xiaguan, Dali, Yunnan Development Zone, Dali, Yunnan 671000 671000 LIU, Huajun, 78 Renmin Road, Dali, DUAN, Shiju, Hongmiao Office, Yongchang Yunnan 671003 Street, Longyang, Baoshan, Yunnan 678000 LIU, Hualong, 37 Zhuangdian Village, DUAN, Xiwei, 38 Jiulongmingju, Baoshan, Chuxiong, Yunnan 675000 Yunnan 678000 LIU, Xiuwei, 07 Yunpu, Camellia Street, Ancient Town of the Yi People, Chuxiong, GAO, Zhengqiang, 336 Wencai Quarters, Yunnan 675000 Tengyue, Tengchong, Yunnan, 679100 LUO, Yue’e, City Administrative Bureau of GUO, Feng, Administrative Division of Chuxiong Municipal Government, Yunnan Zijin Mountain Reserve, Chuxiong, Yunnan 675000 675000 MA, Peiyao, Yongjian Credit Cooperative, HE, Guangping, Apartment 101, Building Weishan, Dali, Yunnan 672401 18 of Xiangshehuadu (Fragnant mansions), Jinshayuan (Golden Sand Quarters), MA, Shiwu, 66 Upper Yingwei Village, Chuxiong, Yunnan 675000 Yongjian, Weishan, Dali, Yunnan 672401 HE, Wei, Dali College, Yunnan 671000 MA, Zhongqi, 7 Upper Yingwei Village, Yongjian, Weishan, Dali, Yunnan 672401 HU, Congyun, 2-1-1102, Zhichengjiayuan, West Station, Kunming, Yunnan 675000 MING, Lizhong, 350 Wencai Quarters, Tengyue, Tengchong, Yunnan, 679100 HU, Siwang, Administrative Office of Zixi Mountain Landscape, Chuxiong, Yunnan PU, Jincai, Transportation Bureau of Tengchong Govenment, Yunnan 679100 675000 QIN, Baoguo, 16 Huangjia Lane, JIANG, Gangyue, Building 59, Yongchang, Longyang, Baoshan, Yunnan Jinxiujiayuan, Chuxiong, Yunnan 675000 678000 JIN, Fenglong, Lower Zhangjia Village, SHEN, Hongpeng, Apartment 101, Building Zhuma, Wucheng, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321021 21, Erjingsi, Shisiye, Chuxiong, Yunnan LI, Fenyong, Yunnan Yuanyi Landscape 675000 Architecture Engineering CO. Ltd., Floor SU, Guosuo, 267 Zhongcheng Street, 13, Qinghua Zhongke Building, Economic Xiaguan, Dali, Yunnan 671000 Development Zone, Dali, Yunnan 671000 TANG, Xuehui, Apartment 501, Unit 1, LI, Qian, 10 Ju Lane, Longyang, Baoshan, Fuxingyuan, Xueqiao Street, Chuxiong, Yunnan 678000 Yunnan 675000 LI, Qiuyun, Camellia Research and WAN, Xingliang, New Countryside, Propagation Base, Damenqian, Gongluduan, Hanzhuang, Longyang, Baoshan, Yunnan Jianshui County, Yunnan 654300 678000 LI, Si, Team 1, Shangyun Farm, Lanchang WANG, Li, Tourism Bureau of Chuxiong County, Simao, Yunnan 665000 Municipal Government, Yunnan 675000 107 WANG, Shuang, Kunming Institute of ZHANG, Danfeng, Hangzhou Botanical Botany, 610 Longquan Road, 650204, Garden, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013 Kunming, Yunnan ZHANG, Jianqing, Zhang‘s Garden, WANG, Shuang, Kunming Institute of Guanyintang, Dali, Yunnan 671003 Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ZHANG, Maoyun, Gardening Workstation, Kunming, Yunnan 650204 Xingfu Road, Xiaguan, Dali, Yunnan WANG, Wenguang, 366 Longquan Lane, 671000 Zongcheng Street, Xiaguan, Dali, Yunnan ZHANG, Tao, 90 Wenhuayuan, Yongchang, 671000 Longyang, Baoshan, Yunnan 678000 WANG, Yongquan. Forestry Bureau ZHANG, Zhifeng, City Administrative of Chuxiong Municipal Government, Bureau of Dali Municipal Government, Chuxiong, Yunnan 675000 Yunnan 671000 WANG, Zehua, City Administrative Bureau ZHANG, Zuhui, Dali College, Yunnan of Dali Municipal Government, Yunnan 671000 671000 ZHAO, Lin, 31 Xinghua Quarters, WU, Chongchen, Meteorological Bureau of Longyang, Baoshan, Yunnan 678000 Chuxiong Municipal Government, Yunnan ZHU, Jiwei, Yongjian Credit Cooperative, 675000 Weishan, Dali, Yunnan 672401 XIANG, Zhisong, Hangzhou Botanical ZOU, Ping, Oriental Creativity Culture Garden, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013 Advertising Co., Chuxiong, Yunnan 675000 YANG, Jingbi, Agricultural Department of Total New Members =67; Single = 67 Longyang District Government, Baoshan, Yunnan 678000 YANG, Jinlong, 88 Orchid Village, Baoshan, Yunnan 678000 Changes YANG, Jun, 174 Bayi Road, Construction CHEN, Ansheng, Baihe (Lily) Landscape Bureau of Chuxiong Municipal Government, Architecture Co. Ltd., Room 401, Unit Yunnan 675000 2, Hejiayuan, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000. YANG, Lixian, Zhang’s Garden, (Tel. 0579-2323007/ 2110622; Mobile: Guanyintang, Dali, Yunnan 671003 13505796828) YANG, Yunzhong, 92 Renshoumen, CHEN, Yingqian, Room 101, NO. 4, Lane Longyang, Baoshan, Yunnan 678000 580, Yongjia Road, Shanghai 200031 (Tel. 021-56553580; Mobile: 13601619148; Fax: YAO, Benxiang, Zhongshan, Chuxiong, 021-54650738) Yunnan 675000 (Tel. 0878-3816201; Mobile: 13312604097) FENG, Yunfa, Room 302, Unit 2, Building 1, Chahua( Camellia) Quarters, 1518 Liyu YU, Wei, Hangzhou Botanical Garden, Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321017 (Tel. 0579- Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013 2347919) ZENG, Jiaxiang, Traffic Police Brigade, ZHANG, Rongting, Landscape Architecture Changning, Yunnan 678100 Administration of Jinhua, Zhejiang ZHANG, Cong, Economic Development 321004. (Tel. 0579-2342108; Mobile: Zone, Dali, Yunnan 671000 13957952200) 108 Changes of Membership to Lifelong de LA PANOUSE; Mme La Vicomtesse; Members Château de Thoiry, 78770 THOIRY Prof. GAO, Jiyin (From 2005 on, Research ABGRALL, Mr François & Mme Annick, 4, Institute of Subtropical Forestry of Chinese impasse Elisée Reclus, 91120 PALAISEAU Academy of Forestry, 73 Daqiao Road, LECLERC, Mr André et Mme Martine, Fuyang, Zhejiang 311400, 95, avenue du Colonel Fabien, 93230 DR. LI, Jiyuan,(From 2007 on) Research ROMAINVILLE Institute of Subtropical Forestry of Chinese Total New Members = 15; Single = 11; Academy of Forestry, 73 Daqiao Road, Double = 2 Fuyang, Zhejiang 311400
FRANCE GERMANY New Members New Members BLEUZEN,, Mme Marie Thérèse, Goarem LEPPING, Volkhard + Karin, Julius-Leber- Kernaveno, 29510 BRIEC St 33, 45472 Mülheim BONNAMY-VINCENS, Mme Martine, 16, LINTHE, Stefan, Siefen 6 A, 51491 Overath rue Jean Ferrandi, 75006 PARIS LÖFFLER, Dr. Dieter & Thekla, GENEVET, Mr Thierry, Labo. Adenauerallee 24, 45894 Gelsenkirchen d‘Ecophysiologie Végétale Bât. 362 Total New Members = 5; Double = 2; Single Université Paris Sud, 91405 ORSAY = 1 CEDEX DINH, Mr Tân Dê, 3 rue des Effraies, 64140 LONS GADAL, Mr Joël, Kerfeunteun, 29800 LA ITALY MARTYRE New Member LAUROZ, Mme Erika, Chemin de Gervais, 38700 SARCENAS BELLORA-GORINI, Mrs Amelia, Via Toriani 35, I 28019, Gargallo (NO), LEHUEDE, Mr Stéphane, Lycée Horticole du Grand-Blottereau, 44300 NANTES Total New Members =1; Single = 1 Pépinières CUEFF, Mr Dominique CUEFF, Kéragadec, 29440 TREFLAQUENAN PEPINIERES LE MEUR, Mme Claire LE MEUR, Kerroncou, 29140 SAINT YVI JAPAN PEPINIERES LE VERGE, Mr François New Members LEVERGE, route de Plouescat, 29400 KAGE, Mr Tetsuro, 894, Tsunemochi, LANDIVISIEAU Ohashi-machi,, Higashi-kurume-shi, ROLLAND, Mme Monique, 10, route de Fukuoka-ken, 839-0833 Locronan, 29180 QUEMENEVEN HASHIMURA, Mr Kimihide, 100, Suimon- SAIAH, Mme Scheherazade, 30, chemin cho,, Nara-shi,, Nara-ken, 630-8208 du Bois Chaperon, 91640 BRIIS-SOUS- Total New Members = 2; Single = 2 FORGES 109 NEW ZEALAND UNITED STATES New Member New Members ELLIOT, Mrs H, Wanganui BRYANT, Ms. Mary L., 504 Francisca Total New Members = 1; Single = 1; Lane, Cary, NC 27511, Changes CROWDER, Charles, 1149 Cockerham Road, Denham Springs, LA 70726, MAY, Mrs R, 10 Serrata Plack, Browis Bay, Auckland FORD, Alice, 2452 Donner, Clovis, CA 93611, FLOCKHART, Mr & Mrs LF, 16 Graham Road, Gisborne HUNTER, Matt & Cheryl, 4501 West Cascade Road, Wilmington, NC 28412, HINDMARSH, Mrs J P, 1 Susan Place, Beetham Village MCGOWAN-RUSSELL, Nancy, 4728 Woodcliff Court, Santa Clara, CA 95405, MOLINA, Vicki, NORWAY VENO, Barbara A., 10529 Felson Street, New Member Bellflower, CA 90706, STOLSVIK, Ms Eli Margrete, Brødregt 23, VINSON, Roger, 1905 East Strong Street, N 4012, Stavanger, Pensacola, FL 32501, Total New Members = 1; Single = 1 Total New Members = 11; Single = 5; Double =3
SWITZERLAND VIETNAM New Member New Member LEU, Dr. Barbara, Zwinglistr. 5, 8260 Stein NINH, Ms Le Nguyet Hai, c/o Tran Ninh, a. Rh. Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany, Total New Members = 1; Single = 1 Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai road, Hanoi, Thanh Xuan District Total New Members = 1; Single = 1 110 Directors and Officers 2007-2009 ~ PATRON Charles Puddle, Cae Derw, Tal-y-cafn, Colwyn Bay. Clwyd. LL28 5RH
PRESIDENT Gregory Davis, 7815 Burgoyne. Houston. Texas 77063-2801, USA e-mail: [email protected]
VICE-PRESIDENTS Lewis Fetterman, P.O. Box 306, Clinton. N.C 28328, USA Waldemar Max Hansen, Grunenbergerstrasse 24, D-73079 Sussen, GERMANY e-mail: [email protected] Dr Chuji Hiruki, 2-11 Fukue-cho, Goto-shi, Nagasaki-ken, 853-0007. JAPAN. e-mail: [email protected] Peter Levick, 73, Roland Avenue, Wahroonga, NSW 2076. AUSTRALIA e-mail: [email protected]
DIRECTORS Africa Keith Kirsten, Keith Kirsten Horticultural International, P.O. Box 1458, Fourways, 2055 Gauteng. South Africa. e-mail: [email protected]
Australia. Winston Fraser, 15 Coventry Place, Wishart. Queensland 4122. e-mail: [email protected]
Dr Ann Marks, 797 malvern Road, Toorak. VIC 3142. e-mail: [email protected]
Nance Swanson, 43, Wellington Road, East Lindfield. NSW 2070
Benelux Marc de Coninck, Place St Sebastian 28, B-1420 Braine L’Alleud. Belgium e-mail: [email protected]
Dr Wyteze Heokstra, Zandstraat 2, 5242 GR, Rosmalen. The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] 111 Channel Islands Dr Ann MacMichael, Les Ruettes, La Ruette, St Lawrence. Jersey. JE3 1HT e-mail: [email protected]
Peter Scott-Graham, Petit Coin, Rue des Vaux de L’Eglise, St Martin. Jersey. JE3 1HT e-mail: [email protected]
China (for 2008-2010) Prof. Kaiyun Guan, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Heilongtan, Kunming. Yunnan 650204. P.R.China. e-mail : [email protected] OR: [email protected]
Dayin Tang, The Forestry Bureau of Jinhua Municipal Government, Jinhua Zhejiang 321017. P.R.China. e-mail: [email protected]
France Roger Salaun, 6 Rue des Cendres, 29520 Chateauneuf-de-Faou.
Max Hill, 30 Chemin du Bois Chaperon, 91640 Briis-sous-Forges. e-mail: [email protected]
Germany/Austria Peter Fischer, Hoden 16, 21789 Wingst. Germany e-mail: [email protected]
Dr Hermann Schontag, Gandersheimer Weg 27, 22459 Hamburg. Germany. e-mail: [email protected]
Italy Prof. Gianmario P. Motta, Via G. Boccaccio 4, 20123 Milano e-mail: [email protected] 112 Japan and other Asia regions Junichiro Amako, 2-5-9-203 Tanihara, Nerima-ku, 177-0032 Tokyo. Japan. e-mail: [email protected]
Shigeo Matsumoto, 1-7-26 Takasu-higashi, Wakamatsu-ku, Kita-Kyushu 808- 0144, Japan. e-mail: [email protected]
New Zealand Vonnie Cave, “Seafield”, RD 24, Wanganui e-mail: [email protected]
Elva Harwood. Pikikiruna, Upper Takaka Road, Takaka 7172 e-mail: [email protected]
Portugal. Clara Gil de Seabra, Pcta. Prof. Egas Moniz, 167-4° Esq. Porto. e-mail: [email protected]
Spain Carmen Salinera Corral, Rio tambre 19, A Caeira, 36005 Pontevedra e-mail: [email protected]
Switzerland Dr Rolf Stockman, Via sott’Ca 1. CH 6926 Montagnola
United Kingdom John Fildew, 12 Church Road, Plympton St Maurice, Plymouth PL7 3NH e-mail: johnfildew@ yahoo.com.au
Eric Taylor, 8 Cresford Road, Fulham. London SW 5 2AN
Jennifer Trehane, Church Cottage, Hampreston, Wimborne, Dorset. BH21 7LX. e-mail: [email protected] 113 USA. Annabel Fetterman. P.O. Box 306, Clinton, N.C. 2838 Arthur Landry. 10522 Ferncliff Avenue, Baton Rouge. LA 70815 e-mail: [email protected] Ronald l.Wolfe, 2019 Old Dominion, Albany. Georgia 31721 e-mail: [email protected]
INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA REGISTRAR Lorraine V.Fraser, P.O. Box 6017, Upper Mount Gravatt, Queensland 4122. Australia. e-mail: [email protected]
International Registrar for Europe Andrew Simons, Wingfield House, 11 Brinsmade Road, Ampthill. Beds. MK45 2PP. UK e-mail: [email protected]
SECRETARY Morris Waller, 417 Elkins Lane, Huntsville. TX 77430. USA e-mail: [email protected]
TREASURER Neville Haydon, 4/6, Ingram Street., Papakura. New Zealand. e-mail: [email protected]
MEMBERSHIP REGISTRAR Ines Kasimir, Stahlbuhlring 96, D-68526 Ladenburg. Germany. e-mail: [email protected]
JOURNAL EDITOR Jennifer Trehane, Church Cottage, Hampreston. Wimborne. Dorset. BH21 7LX. UK e-mail: [email protected]
WEB EDITOR Patricia Short, 41 Galveston Road, London. SW15 2RZ e-mail: [email protected] 114
115
uccio’s urseries
3555 Chaney Trail Altadena, CA.91001 Write for free catalogue Listing Over 600 Camellias And 400 Azaleas We Enjoy Having Visitors - Stop In Closed on Wednesday and Thursday all year; Closed Sundays, June through December Hours - 8.00 to 4.30 (626) 794 - 3383
KAMELIEN KULTUREN
Camellia Nursery And International Camellia Garden of Excellence
Willkommen! Welcome!
P.Fischer Höden 16 21789 Wingst E-mail: [email protected] homepage http://www.kamelie.de Tel: 04778/263 Fax: 04778/274 Tuesday-Closed-All Year December-Closed-on Weekends 116 You are always welcome to Kurume City, the home town of Donckelaeri
This Masayoshi tree, growing in Kusano-machi, Kurume City, for more than three hundred years, is considered to be the mother tree of ‘Donckelaeri’brought into Europe by Philip Franz von Siebold in 1830. Grower of various camellias and ornamental trees AKASHI GREEN 1479-2 Yoshiki, Kusano-machi, Kurume City, 839-0836 Japan TEL 0942-47-0592, FAX 0942-47-3491, Email: [email protected]
TREHANE NURSERY
The Camellia Specialists
Visitors always welcome at our peaceful woodland nursery or online at www.trehanenursery.co.uk Opening hours: Monday - Friday 8:30 - 4:30 (all year) Weekends 10:00 - 4:00 (February to May and October to November)
TREHANE NURSERY Stapehill Road, Wimborne, BH21 7ND email: [email protected] tel/fax: +44 (0)1202 873490
COVER PICTURES Front cover:- Camellia japonica ‘Virginia Carlyon’. 1973. A striking camellia ICS recipient ‘Award of Garden Excellence’ that makes a considerable impact in many Cornish gardens. Its Marwood Hill Gardens flowers are large, freely produced and have a glowing velvety texture. Barnstaple. Unusually for Miss Carlyon the parentage of this cultivar is North Devon. EX31 4EB not known. Her camellia breeding work had started in 1960, England with careful selection of parents, and immaculately researched propagation facilities provided. By 1973 most of the seedling 01271 342528 selections being named were the result of chance pollination. Gillian Carlyon of Tregrehan, near St Austell, Cornwall, (one of the gardens to be visited during [email protected] the 2008 ICS Congress in Cornwall), produced many successful cultivars that make excellent www.marwoodhillgarden.co.uk “landscape” camellias. Enthusiasts claim that four out of five of her seedlings were worthy of Extensive collection of Camellias. selection. Those with less enthusiasm claim that many were of spreading or rather untidy habit, Twenty acres of gardens with three making them unsuitable for the controlled environment of most modern gardens. lakes. A haven for plants from Back cover:- around the world. Pictures and information supplied by George Orel. Plants Sales and Garden Tea Room The four images show stages in the development of Camellia Groups welcome by appointment dongnaiensis Orel, in cultivation in Australia. It is believed to be the first time this species has been successfully cultivated. Scions were collected in January 2004 on Da Lat Plateau, South Viet Nam (See article on p.90 ICS Journal 2006), grafted in Australia and originally thought to be a variety of C. piquetiana until adult foliage developed, when doubts arose. The grafted plants were grown in an unheated glasshouse (Sydney, Australia climate), potted into acidic soil pH6- pH6.5. Pots were kept in relatively high air humidity at all times with warm diurnal temperatures and low illumination. Light from the side was preferred to that from overhead. The plant illustrated flowered the following season, in the autumn, indicating that the scion carried flower buds. When these developed it was clear that the flowers were unique. A new species had been discovered. Unopened flower buds were freely produced on all three grafted plants, which seem able to sustain a large number without effort. Flowers open within 2 weeks from this stage. A light sprinkling of a fertiliser with a high potassium content increased the quality of the flowers. Light pink flowers open at optimum temperatures between 20°C and 30°C, mostly in the autumn. It is believed that a heated glasshouse is needed to produce seed capsules containing viable seeds. New foliage is spectacular and well adapted to its rainforest conditions; soft pendulous leaves to conduct rainwater and drips from the overhead canopy away. Their large size catches the maximum light in the dark under-storey conditions. Adult leaves in the spring. Winter conditions where outside temperatures fell below 5°C caused partial defoliation and browning of leaf margins.
Printed by The Minster Press, 5 Mill Lane, Wimborne, Dorset BH21 1JQ, UK. +44 (0)1202 882277 AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF 2007 INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA JOURNAL 2007 INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL NUMBER ISSN 0159-656X INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA JOURNAL 国际山茶杂志 国際 ツノヾキ会誌 JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL DU CAMELLIA REVISTA INTERNAZIONALE DELLA CAMELIA REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE LA CAMELIA INTERNATIONALE KAMELIENZEITSCHRIFT INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA TIJDSCHRIFT