DOCSLIB.ORG

Prof. Dr. Habil. Barbara Kudrycka

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prof. Dr. Habil. Barbara Kudrycka THE ETHICAL CODES OF POLISH PUBLIC OFFICIALS Prof. Dr. habil. Barbara Kudrycka Discussion Papers, No. 8 Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative OPEN SOCIETY INSTITUTE THE ETHICAL CODES OF POLISH PUBLIC OFFICIALS Prof. Dr. habil. Barbara Kudrycka Discussion Papers, No. 8 Published in 1999 by the Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative Open Society Institute Nádor utca 11 1051 Budapest Hungary phone: (36-1) 327-3104 fax: (36-1) 327-3105 e-mail: [email protected] listserve: [email protected] www.osi.hu/lgi ISSN 1417-4855 Distributed by the Network of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration in Central and Eastern Europe Hanulova 5/B 840 02 Bratislava 42 Slovakia phone/fax: (421-7) 785-357 e-mail: [email protected] www.nispa.sk Produced by Arktisz Studio Budapest INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES The development of democratic and effective government at subnational levels remains one of the central tasks of transition in Central and East- ern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The sharing of expertise between countries can contribute significantly to the reform process in the region. Pursuing this goal, the Local Government and Public Service Reform Ini- tiative (LGI) has launched a series of discussion papers, which will be dis- tributed widely throughout Central and Eastern Europe. The series will report the findings of projects supported by LGI and will include papers written by authors who are not LGI grant recipients. LGI offers assistance for the translation of the papers into the national languages of the region. The opinions presented in the papers are those of the authors and do not necessary represent the views of the Local Gov- ernment and Public Service Reform Initiative. Dr. Barbara Kudrycka is Professor of Administrative Law and Public Administration at the University of Bialystok, and Rector of the School of Public Administration, Bialystok, Poland. At Warsaw University she received a Master of Public Administration from the School of Admin- istration and Economy (‘78), a Ph.D. from the School of Law & Pub- lic Administration (‘85) and a Ph.D. habil. in Law and Public Policy from the School of Law & Public Administration (‘95). From 1995 to 1997 she was a NATO Research Fellow, and she is currently a Parlia- mentary Expert with the Office of Research and Expertise. Dr. Kudryc- ka has received scholarships and fellowships in the US and UK, has written extensively on local government and ethics in government and has published three books and over forty studies and special reports. She is a member of Transparency International (Poland) and of the Solidarity Trade Union. Comments can be addressed to the author at: [email protected]. The Ethical Codes of Polish Public Officials In a poorly organized state, the pursuit of private interests by citizens, and particularly by public officials, takes precedence over striving for the common good. In public life, the antithesis of pursuing private interest is the development of the ethics of administration. As the con- verse of corruption in public life, this development concentrates on the individual conduct and legal status of every civil servant, and on the institutional establishment of organizational structures. The growth of the ethics of administration, focused on public issues, is the central point that should stimulate all organizational and functional reform in Central and Eastern Europe. In public life, the antithesis of pursuing private interest is the devel- opment of the ethics of administration. As the converse of corruption in public life, this development concentrates on the individual conduct and legal status of every civil servant, and on the institutional estab- lishment of organizational structures. The ethical image of public officials is a derivative of the ethical image of society itself. Just as the conduct of citizens influences the ethical image of society, the conduct of public officials influences the ethical image of central and local governments. The latter are not mere- ly systems of organizational structures and their formalized links, but living organisms made up of people—with both strengths and weak- nesses—who give a “living” character to these organisms by influenc- ing their dynamics, growth and activity. Under the communist regime, people who held public office in Poland were elected from among Party members and ideological adher- ents. Suitable education, a predisposition towards a given profession and managerial skills were totally irrelevant. The democratic trans- formations that took place in the Republic of Poland altered the appear- ance of public administration and created a new situation for public 1 officials. During the first years of parliamentary democracy, the activ- ity of central and local governments1 was devoted to learning funda- mental democratic skills: the holding of free elections, the development of a party system at the local level and the establishing of direct links between public functionaries and members of the public, as well as between civil servants and politicians. Since 1989, local government in Poland became increasingly stronger, and this process was accompanied by a tremendous growth in the knowledge of civil servants, and in the public’s general aware- ness. The 1998 decentralization reforms had formulated novel chal- lenges addressed to public officials. At the level of the new powiats and voivodeships,2 there emerged a need to involve politicians in the work conducted within representative structures. Furthermore, since Janu- ary 1, 1999, a large group of civil servants has found itself in an unfa- miliar situation: they have become accountable to local politicians. The methods of a system of centralized state administration which empha- sized only regulations, guidelines, instructions and recommendations issued “from above,” have become outdated and irrelevant. Conse- quently, the roles of civil servants must change from being insignificant cogs in a gigantic state machine to that of professionally trained experts who cooperate with and assist politicians in the administration of local issues according to the needs of the community. The new structure of local governments presents new tasks and interdependencies. It also poses new dilemmas with which both politi- cians and civil servants must learn how to deal in order to find their place within the new legislation. Assistance in resolving these issues is provided, not only by the law, but also by an awareness of the ethics of administration. Laws, as set forth in various legislative acts, pro- vide only the general principles of appropriate conduct and assume concrete meaning only through judicial interpretation. The courts, how- ever, only provide those norms with concrete meaning when adjudi- 2 cating upon complaints alleging damages caused by administrative decisions. For this reason, the science of ethics in government may also provide assistance to politicians and civil servants in adapting to diver- gent pressures from various interest groups, superiors, applicants and parliamentarians. Furthermore, for the purposes of public acceptance, the knowledge and effectiveness of government must be reinforced by the trust of cit- izens in their public officials. Society directs increasing attention to the ethical aspects of governance, and civil servants themselves perceive the need for creating a framework which marks the boundaries of the ethical conduct of both politicians and civil servants. As public officials must pay heed to an increasing number of ethical norms governing their activities, it undoubtedly becomes increasingly difficult for them to make decisions. The reasons for this state of affairs are numerous: the temptation of easily obtained private profit and material benefit, the lack of a clear definition of the civil servant’s role, the difficulty often encountered in even recognizing the conflict between private and public interest, etc. The list, of course, could be much longer. A democratic state aims at achieving a correspondence between legal norms and the ethical standards demanded in public life. Those ethi- cal rules which are not accompanied by legal sanctions are guided by the individual intuition of members of society. There is always the pos- sibility, however, of a conflict between legal and ethical norms, as in the case where parliamentarians enjoy immunity from criminal liability, but civic ethics demand that they be punished like other citizens for the commission of criminal acts. For this reason, the goal of those com- mitted to democratic transformation and the elimination of corrupt practices is to reduce the number of discrepancies between legal norms and the ethical standards demanded in public life. The common goal of law and ethics in public life is, after all, the establishing of effective measures which guarantee state rule in the public interest. 3 The aim of ethics in government widely pursued throughout the world is, predominantly, the establishment of workable structural and procedural institutions, which include the development of the adjudi- cation of ethical public issues. In Poland, the new structural institu- tions shaping the ethical infrastructure include: regulations governing the conduct of members of Parliament, as contained in the Code of Deputies’ Ethics; the establishment of a system of government offices— the Head of the Civil Service, for example—which are responsible for developing ethical administrative conduct; the inclusion into the new Constitution of the Polish
Load more

Recommended publications
  • European Parliament: 7Th February 2017 Redistribution of Political Balance
    POLICY PAPER European issues n°420 European Parliament: 7th February 2017 redistribution of political balance Charles de Marcilly François Frigot At the mid-term of the 8th legislature, the European Parliament, in office since the elections of May 2014, is implementing a traditional “distribution” of posts of responsibility. Article 19 of the internal regulation stipulates that the Chairs of the parliamentary committees, the Deputy-Chairs, as well as the questeurs, hold their mandates for a renewable 2 and a-half year period. Moreover, internal elections within the political groups have supported their Chairs, whilst we note that there has been some slight rebalancing in terms of the coordinators’ posts. Although Italian citizens draw specific attention with the two main candidates in the battle for the top post, we should note other appointments if we are to understand the careful balance between nationalities, political groups and individual experience of the European members of Parliament. A TUMULTUOUS PRESIDENTIAL provide collective impetus to potential hesitations on the part of the Member States. In spite of the victory of the European People’s Party (EPP) in the European elections, it supported Martin As a result the election of the new President of Schulz in July 2104 who stood for a second mandate as Parliament was a lively[1] affair: the EPP candidate – President of the Parliament. In all, with the support of the Antonio Tajani – and S&D Gianni Pittella were running Liberals (ADLE), Martin Schulz won 409 votes following neck and neck in the fourth round of the relative an agreement concluded by the “grand coalition” after majority of the votes cast[2].
    [Show full text]
  • European Parliament Mid-Term Election: What Impact on Migration Policy?
    www.epc.eu 16 March 2017 01/12/2009 European Parliament mid-term election: what impact on migration policy? Marco Funk As the dust settles from the European Parliament’s (EP) mid-term election held on 17 January 2017, migration continues to top the EU’s agenda. The election of Antonio Tajani to replace Martin Schulz as president of the EP brought the institution under the leadership of the European People’s Party (EPP) after a power-sharing agreement with the socialist S&D was cancelled and replaced by a last-minute deal with the liberal ALDE group. A closer look at Tajani’s election and associated reshuffle of key internal positions suggests little change in the EP’s course on migration in the short term. However, upcoming developments may significantly change Parliament dynamics in the longer term. New president, different style Antonio Tajani is considered by many to be a less political, less activist president compared to Martin Schulz. The former is also apparently less willing to insist on a prominent role for the EP than the latter. Furthermore, Tajani shares the same conservative political affiliation as the heads of the European Commission and European Council, which makes ideological confrontations with Jean-Claude Juncker and Donald Tusk even less likely than under Schulz, who had few disagreements with either. While Schulz already maintained good relations with Juncker and closely coordinated responses to the large influx of refugees in 2015/2016, Tajani is even better placed to cooperate effectively due to his previous Commission experience and ideological alignment. Despite Tajani’s association with Italy’s populist conservative leader Silvio Berlusconi, he has adopted a more mainstream conservative political identity, which ultimately won him the EPP’s support.
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Schedule
    Conference Schedule Wednesday, April 9, 2003 12.10 – 12.30 Call for participation in new projects; Pre-conference meetings: organizational announcements 15.00 – 19.00 NISPAcee Steering Committee meeting 12.30 – 14.00 Lunch 20.00 – 21.00 Meeting of the representatives of NISPAcee SC and the conference 14.00 – 15.30 Plenary session on the main confer- coordinators ence theme: 16.30 – 19.00 Joint NISPAcee /NASPAA project Advi- Panel discussion: The Role of Educa- sory and Selection Committee meeting tion in Enhancing Capacities to 17.00 – 21.00 Registration of participants Govern 15.30 – 16.00 Coffee break Thursday, April 10, 2003 16.00 – 17.00 Meetings of Working groups: WG I, 7.30 – 9.00 Registration of participants WG III, WG IV, WG V, WG VI, 9.00 – 9.30 Plenary Session WG VII Chair: Barbara Kudrycka, NISPAcee 17.30 Departure for the Parliament Palace, President, Rector of Bialystok School of Str. Izvor, no. 2 – 4, sector 5 PA, Poland (Please, take your passports for enter- Official opening (Greetings and ing the Parliament) Welcome) 18:00 – 19:00 Romanian panel in the Parliament Barbara Kudrycka, NISPAcee Palace President Chair: Lucica Matei, Scientific Secre- Lucica Matei, Scientific Secretary, tary, National School of Political Studies National School of Political Studies and and Public Administration, Romania Public Administration, Romania Valer Dorneanu, President of Cham- Vasile Secares, Rector of the National ber of Deputies School of Political Studies and Public Topic: Legislative Support for Romanian Administration, Romania Public
    [Show full text]
  • Newly Elected Tusk Government to Face Challenges Ahead
    NO. 29 WWW.KRAKOWPOST.COM NOVEMBER 22-NOVEMBER 28, 2007 WEEKLY Newly elected Tusk government to face challenges ahead Migrant center opens in Przemysl A detention center for illegal immigrants has opened in Przemysl aiming to deal with Poland’s surge of illegal aliens after joined the EU 4 Polish women give birth in Germany Pregnant Polish women living near the German border are flocking to German hospitals with free delivery and more choice of childbirth procedures 5 Media: Taser death shocks Canadians Canada shamed over shocking death of Pole who was confront- ed by Vancouver airport police with stun gun 5 Poland’s new Prime Minister Donald Tusk has formed a government and named a cabinet that, he says proudly, consists of technocrats – or subject-matter experts – instead of politicians. Michal Wojtas Jolandta Fedak as the minister of labor and People’s Party only holds 31. That leaves the Tusk passed up Civic Platform members STAFF JOURNALIST Marek Sawicki as minister of agriculture coalition with 240 seats – nine more than the with national political experience such as and rural development. 231 needed for majority rule. Marek Biernacki, Zbigniew Chlebowski Poland’s new Prime Minister Donald Tusk’s government will have a 10-vote The Left and Democrats Alliance, with 53 and Julia Pitera, who were previously part Tusk has formed a government and cabinet majority in the Sejm, Poland’s lower house seats, are also likely to side with the prime of PO’s shadow cabinet. that, he proudly states, consists of techno- of parliament. This suggests that barring minister on multiple issues.
    [Show full text]
  • General Performance of the Polish Presidency
    117 GENERAL PERFORMANCE OF THE POLISH PRESIDENCY Piotr Maciej Kaczyński* The Treaty of Lisbon has made the rotating Council Presidency politically irrelevant. Before December 2009, national leaders controlled the activities of the Council, and the relationship between the Council and the Parliament favoured the Council much more than after December 2009. On the one hand, under the new rules the Council has lost political weight and is now balanced in almost all its activities by the European Parliament. The European Council, on the other hand, has largely taken political clout over from the Council Presidency, as it now has its own permanent president, and there is no special role left for the rotating Presidency. On top of these things, not only have the Council powers regarding other institutions been limited, but also within the Council the rotating Presidency has been limited by the permanent chair of the Foreign Affairs Council and many of the subsidiary working parties and committees. Because of all these limitations, the rotating Presidency is no longer a Union Presidency. If this concept was not yet fully visible before the Polish Presidency of the Council of the European Union in the second semester of 2011, then the Polish experience was very telling. Poland is a larger EU member state; it was committed to the preparations for the Presidency for a number of years and had a dedicated political and administrative leadership. The Polish officials executed the Presidency effectively although they were doing it for the first time. And still, they fell short with political weight. Their leverage over the European Council was similar to every other country’s leverage over the European Council.
    [Show full text]
  • European Parliament Made Simple
    THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT MADE SIMPLE 2014-2019 The European Parliament Made Simple is produced by the American Chamber of Commerce to the European Union (AmCham EU) as a introduction to the workings of the European Parliament for amateurs and experts alike. Production Team Editor and project manager Giovanni Mastrobuono Senior Communications Officer Editorial assistance Alexandrine Gauvin Communications Officer Eli Corso-Phinney Communications Intern The information contained in this publication has been compiled in good faith and is accurate according to the most recent sources available at the time of going to press. Photographs used with the kind permission of the Audiovisual Libraries of the European Commission, Council of the European Union and the European Parliament. First edition, 2014 ISBN: 978-2-9146856-7-2 Printed in Belgium American Chamber of Commerce to the European Union (AmCham EU) Avenue des Arts 53, B-1000 Brussels Telephone: +32 (0)2 513 68 92 Fax: +32 (0)2 513 79 28 [email protected] www.amchameu.eu Foreword Susan Danger Managing Director American Chamber of Commerce to the European Union t is with great pleasure that I present AmCham EU’s newest guide, The European Parliament Made Simple. The Lisbon Treaty, signed in 2009, gave the European Parliament greater power in EU Idecision-making and an increased role in selecting and approving the European Commission. As a result, this year’s European election has a greater democratic influence than ever before. With this in mind, AmCham EU has published The European Parliament Made Simple to explain the Parliament’s expanded powers and roles, for both the Brussels policy community and public affairs professionals in the EU and US.
    [Show full text]
  • Polacy O Pracy Ministrów I Rekonstrukcji Rządu
    Warszawa, listopad 2013 BS/154/2013 POLACY O PRACY MINISTRÓW I REKONSTRUKCJI RZĄDU Znak jakości przyznany CBOS przez Organizację Firm Badania Opinii i Rynku 11 stycznia 2013 roku Fundacja Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej ul. Żurawia 4a, 00-503 Warszawa e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] http://www.cbos.pl (48 22) 629 35 69 W obecnym miesiącu miną dwa lata od zaprzysiężenia drugiego rządu premiera Donalda Tuska. Niemal od początku jego funkcjonowania nie cichną dywagacje na temat ewentualnych zmian personalnych, a od wielu miesięcy w mediach pojawiają się informacje o planach dotyczących poważnej rekonstrukcji. Pewne zmiany zapowiedział sam premier. W październikowym sondażu1 spytaliśmy Polaków o ocenę poszczególnych ministrów i stosunek do ewentualnej rekonstrukcji rządu. OCENA MINISTRÓW Na ranking najlepiej i najgorzej ocenianych ministrów duży wpływ ma stopień rozpoznawalności poszczególnych członków rządu. Mało znani ministrowie2 są rzadko wskazywani zarówno jako dobrzy, jak i źli ministrowie. Najlepiej ocenianym ministrem, dystansującym pozostałych członków rządu, jest minister spraw zagranicznych Radosław Sikorski (33%). Na drugim miejscu znalazł się minister kultury i dziedzictwa narodowego Bogdan Zdrojewski (17%). Niemal co ósmy Polak uważa, że najlepiej swoje obowiązki pełnią premier Donald Tusk (13%) i wicepremier Janusz Piechociński (12%). Piątym z najlepiej ocenianych ministrów jest minister administracji i cyfryzacji Michał Boni (10%). Stosunkowo niewielu Polaków za najlepszego ministra uznało kierującego resortem
    [Show full text]
  • List of Members
    Temporary Committee on the alleged use of European countries by the CIA for the transport and illegal detention of prisoners Members Carlos COELHO Chair Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats Portugal Coligaçao Força Portugal (PPD/PSD.CDS-PP) Baroness Sarah LUDFORD Vice-Chair Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe United Kingdom Liberal Democrat Party Giorgos DIMITRAKOPOULOS Vice-Chair Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats Greece Nea Dimokratia Cem ÖZDEMIR Vice-Chair Group of the Greens/European Free Alliance Germany Bündnis 90/Die Grünen Alexander Nuno PICKART ALVARO Member Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Germany Freie Demokratische Partei - Die Liberalen Monika BEŇOVÁ Member Socialist Group in the European Parliament Slovakia Smer Frieda BREPOELS Member Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats Belgium Christen-Democratisch & Vlaams - Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie Kathalijne Maria BUITENWEG Member Group of the Greens/European Free Alliance Netherlands GroenLinks Giusto CATANIA Member Confederal Group of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left Italy Partito della Rifondazione Comunista - Sinistra Europea Simon COVENEY Member Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats Ireland Fine Gael Party 01/10/2021 1 Camiel EURLINGS Member Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats Netherlands Christen
    [Show full text]
  • Good Afternoon. My Name Is Ron Mcnamara. Welcome to This Briefing of the Helsinki Commission on Developments in Belarus
    Good afternoon. My name is Ron McNamara. Welcome to this briefing of the Helsinki Commission on developments in Belarus. I'm currently serving as the international policy director for the commission. In the format of our briefings, after the presentations are delivered this afternoon, we'll have an opportunity for any questions from the audience. The couple things that we ask is that you identify yourself, any affiliation that you may have, and please try to keep your question fairly succinct and to the point. And if there's a particular panelist that you're interested in having respond, please indicate that as well. Our co-chairman, Congressman Christopher Smith, had hoped to attend this afternoon -- some of you may be aware that he was the author of the Belarus Democracy Act -- but his responsibilities in the House prevent him from participating. Another indication is that within 24 hours a full transcript of today's proceedings will be available on the commission's Web site, which is www.csce.gov. Again, greetings, and, as you know, Belarus will hold presidential elections in a little over six weeks. Just a few days ago, four candidates submitted their 100,000 voter signatures -- a requirement for registration. Authorities interfered in the signature collection process, harassing activists gathering signatures for opposition candidates. The pre-election environment thus far has not been conducive to a free and fair election process, but this comes as no surprise if we look at the conduct of the Belarusian authorities in recent elections, in 2001 and 2004, or for that matter if one reviews the nearly 12-year history of the rule of Aleksander Lukashenko, Europe's last dictator.
    [Show full text]
  • Delegation for Relations with Japan List of Members
    Delegation for relations with Japan List of members Members Petr JEŽEK Chair Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Czech Republic ANO 2011 Romana TOMC Vice-Chair Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) Slovenia Slovenska demokratska stranka Karin KADENBACH Vice-Chair Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament Austria Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs Bruno GOLLNISCH Member Non-attached Members France Front national Beata GOSIEWSKA Member European Conservatives and Reformists Group Poland Prawo i Sprawiedliwość Anja HAZEKAMP Member Confederal Group of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left Netherlands Partij voor de Dieren Ian HUDGHTON Member Group of the Greens/European Free Alliance United Kingdom Scottish National Party Filiz HYUSMENOVA Member Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Bulgaria Movement for Rights and Freedoms 26/08/2016 1 Syed KAMALL Member European Conservatives and Reformists Group United Kingdom Conservative Party Sylvia-Yvonne KAUFMANN Member Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament Germany Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands Dieter-Lebrecht KOCH Member Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) Germany Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands Ádám KÓSA Member Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) Hungary Fidesz-Magyar Polgári Szövetség-Keresztény Demokrata Néppárt Béla KOVÁCS Member Non-attached Members Hungary
    [Show full text]
  • Rediscovering Eastern Europe for Science Diplomacy,” Science & Diplomacy, Vol
    Marek Konarzewski and Grażyna Żebrowska, “Rediscovering Eastern Europe for Science Diplomacy,” Science & Diplomacy, Vol. 1, No. 1 (March 2012). http://www.sciencediplomacy. org/perspective/2012/rediscovering-eastern-europe-for-science-diplomacy. This copy is for non-commercial use only. More articles, perspectives, editorials, and letters can be found at www.sciencediplomacy.org. Science & Diplomacy is published by the Center for Science Diplomacy of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the world’s largest general scientific society. Rediscovering Eastern Europe for Science Diplomacy Marek Konarzewski and Grażyna Żebrowska N June 4, 1989, Poland enjoyed the first partially free parliamentary elections, Owhich paved the way to the fall of Communism in what was then the Eastern Block. The elections were preceded by the Round Table Talks between the opposition and the government, which engaged representatives from two very different political camps. Nevertheless, many of the participants of those historic talks had something important in common—they shared experiences gained through academic exchange programs offered by Western countries, such as the Fulbright Program. Even during the coldest periods of the Cold War, these programs remained a lifeline for the exchange of ideas among young scholars. Although the direct influence of these experiences is hard to gauge, it is quite telling that many of the individuals involved in the profound political changes that swept through Central and Eastern Europe in 1989 and 1990 were alumni of such programs. Twenty years later, Poland and other former countries of the Eastern Block are in a completely different political and economic setting. Poland, along with ten other countries, joined the European Union in 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • The 18Th Nispacee Annual Conference
    The 18th NISPAcee Annual Conference Public Administration in Times of Crisis May 12 – 14, 2010, Warsaw, Poland The conference activities sponsored by: Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative affiliated with the Open Society Institute (LGI/OSI), Budapest, Hungary The National School of Public Administration, Warsaw, Poland The Chancellery of the Prime Minister, Poland Contents Conference Schedule .........................................................................................................................3 Detailed Programme ...........................................................................................................................9 Working Sessions on the Main Conference Theme ...................................................................... 9 General Session ................................................................................................................................... 9 Panels and Forums ............................................................................................................................ 10 Panel on Comparative Health Reforms in CEE .................................................................................10 Panel of NISPAcee Advisory Board of Practitioners .........................................................................11 EAPAA Workshop “Criteria for a Good PhD Programme” ..............................................................11 Study Abroad for Graduate Students ................................................................................................11
    [Show full text]