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Frutas Y Verduras Biológicas Tropicales Frutas y verduras biológicas tropicales Información sobre Mercado, Certificación y Producción para Productores y Compañías Comercializadoras Internacionales Naciones Unidas Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Comercio y el Desarrollo Frutas y verduras biológicas tropicales Información sobre mercado, certificación y producción para productores y compañías comercializadoras internacionales Naciones Unidas Nueva York y Ginebra, 2003 Nota Los símbolos en los documentos de las Naciones Unidas están compuestos por letras mayúsculas con cifras. La mención de tales símbolos indica la referencia a un documento de las Naciones Unidas. Las designaciones que se utilizan y la presentación del material en esta publicación no implica la manifestación de ninguna opinión sea cual fuere por parte de la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas con respecto a la situación legal de ningún país, territorio, ciudad o área o sus autoridades o con respecto a la delimitación de sus fronteras o límites. El material contenido en esta publicación se puede citar libremente, pero se solicita mencionar la fuente. Una copia de la publicación que contiene la citación o reimpresión se debe enviar a la Secretaría de la UNCTAD a: Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Suiza Derechos reservados © Naciones Unidas, 2003 UNCTAD/DITC/COM/2003/2 Contenido Agradecimientos Prefacios Contenido AGRADECIMIENTOS PREFACIO Parte A: Producción y principios básicos de la agricultura biológica I. Aspectos generales de la agricultura biológica en la región tropical y subtropical 1.1. Filosofía y principios de la agricultura biológica Página 2 1.1.1. Definición y principios 1.1.2. Diferencias con otros sistemas de agricultura 1.1.3. ¿Por qué agricultura biológica? 1.1.4. Desarrollo de la agricultura biológica 1.2. Manejo y nutrición del suelo Página 8 1.2.1. El suelo – un organismo vivo 1.2.2. Cultivo y labranza del suelo 1.2.3. Abonos verdes y cultivos de cobertura 1.2.4. Mulching 1.2.5. Cultivos asociados y rotación de cultivos 1.2.6. Nutrición del suelo y plantas 1.2.7. Reciclado de nutrientes en la granja 1.2.8. Compostaje 1.3. Manejo de plagas y enfermedades Página 23 1.3.1. Salud de las plantas y defensa natural 1.3.2. Medidas preventivas 1.3.3. Métodos de protección de curador de cultivos 1.4. Manejo de malezas Página 28 1.5. Semillas y material de siembra Página 30 1.5.1. Variedades de conservación y propagación dentro de la granja 1.5.2. ¿Qué dice la norma? 1.5.3. www.organicXseeds.com – más de 3500 productos en línea 1.5.4. Técnicas de reproducción de plantas biológicas Contenido iv 1.6. Manejo de hábitats semi-naturales Página 32 1.7. Crianza de ganado Página 34 1.7.1. Mantenimiento de los animales 1.7.2. Alimentación de los animales 1.7.3. Salud de los animales 1.7.4. Los cruces en la crianza biológica de los animales 1.8. Conservación del agua e irrigación Página 39 1.9. Agroforestación Página 41 1.10. Conversión a agricultura biológica Página 45 1.10.1. El proceso de conversión 1.10.2. ¿Listo para la conversión? 1.10.3. Plan de conversión 1.11. El desempeño económico de las granjas biológicas Página 48 1.11.1. Costos y beneficios 1.11.2. Reducción de gastos 1.11.3. Formas de aumentar los beneficios Parte B: Cultivo de frutas y verduras biológicas II. Frutas biológicas 2.1. Cítricos Página 54 2.1.1. Requisitos agroecológicos y selección del sitio 2.1.2. Establecimiento de un huerto biológico de cítricos 2.1.3. Manejo del suelo 2.1.4. Nutrición y fertilización de los árboles 2.1.5. Control de malezas 2.1.6. Manejo del agua e irrigación 2.1.7. Protección contra heladas 2.1.8. Poda 2.1.9. Manejo de plagas y enfermedades 2.1.10. Manejo de la cosecha y de la post-cosecha Contenido v 2.2. Guayaba Página 68 2.2.1. Requisito agroecológico y selección del sitio 2.2.2. Establecimiento de un huerto biológico de guayaba 2.2.3. Manejo del suelo y malezas 2.2.4. Nutrición y fertilización del árbol 2.2.5. Manejo del agua e irrigación 2.2.6. Protección contra heladas 2.2.7. Poda y reducción de la fruta 2.2.8. Manejo de plagas y enfermedades 2.2.9. Manejo de la cosecha y de la post-cosecha 2.3. Lichee Página 75 2.3.1. Requisitos ecológicos 2.3.2. Establecimiento de un huerto biológico de lichee 2.3.3. Manejo del suelo y malezas 2.3.4. Nutrición y fertilización del suelo 2.3.5. Poda 2.3.6. Manejo del agua e irrigación 2.3.7. Manejo de plagas y enfermedades 2.3.8. Manejo de la cosecha y de la post-cosecha 2.4. Palta Página 84 2.4.1. Requisitos agroecológicos y selección del sitio 2.4.2. Establecimiento de un huerto biológico de palta 2.4.3. Manejo del suelo y malezas 2.4.4. Nutrición y fertilización del árbol 2.4.5. Manejo del agua e irrigación 2.4.6. Protección contra heladas 2.4.7. Poda 2.4.8. Manejo de plagas y enfermedades 2.4.9. Manejo de la cosecha y de la post-cosecha 2.5. Coco Página 93 2.5.1. Requisitos ecológicos 2.5.2. Manejo del suelo y malezas 2.5.3. Sistemas de producción de coco biológico 2.5.4. Nutrición del suelo y fertilización biológica 2.5.5. Manejo de plagas y enfermedades 2.5.6. Manejo de la cosecha y de la post-cosecha Contenido vi 2.6. Banana Página 98 2.6.1. Botánica 2.6.2. Variedades y países de origen 2.6.3. Usos y contenidos 2.6.4. Requisitos del sitio 2.6.5. Semillas y plántulas 2.6.6. Métodos de siembra 2.6.7. Estrategias de diversificación 2.6.8. Manejo de nutrientes y fertilización biológica 2.6.9. Métodos biológicos de protección de las plantas 2.6.10. Monitoreo y mantenimiento 2.6.11. Manejo de la cosecha y de la post-cosecha 2.6.12. Especificaciones del producto y normas de calidad 2.7. Mango Página 109 2.7.1. Botánica 2.7.2. Variedades y países de origen 2.7.3. Usos y contenidos 2.7.4. Aspectos del cultivo de la planta 2.7.5. Métodos de siembra 2.7.6. Estrategias de diversificación 2.7.7. Manejo de nutrientes y fertilización biológica 2.7.8. Métodos biológicos de protección de la planta 2.7.9. Cultivo de la fruta y su mantenimiento 2.7.10. Tratamiento de la cosecha y de la post-cosecha 2.7.11. Especificaciones del producto y normas de calidad 2.8. Piña Página 119 2.8.1. Botánica 2.8.2. Variedades y países de origen 2.8.3. Usos y contenidos 2.8.4. Aspectos del cultivo de la planta 2.8.5. Métodos de siembra y sistemas de cultivo 2.8.6. Manejo de nutrientes y fertilización biológica 2.8.7. Métodos biológicos de protección de la planta 2.8.8. Cultivo de la fruta y su mantenimiento 2.8.9. Tratamiento de la cosecha y de la post-cosecha 2.8.10. Especificaciones del producto y normas de calidad Contenido vii 2.9. Dátil Página 128 2.9.1. Botánica 2.9.2. Variedades y países de origen 2.9.3. Usos y contenidos 2.9.4. Aspectos del cultivo de la planta 2.9.5. Métodos de siembra 2.9.6. Estrategias de diversificación 2.9.7. Manejo de nutrientes y fertilización biológica 2.9.8. Métodos biológicos de protección de la planta 2.9.9. Monitoreo y mantenimiento del cultivo 2.9.10. Manejo de la cosecha y de la post-cosecha 2.9.11. Especificaciones del producto y normas de calidad 2.10. Pimienta Página 139 2.10.1. Botánica 2.10.2. Variedades y países de origen 2.10.3. Usos y contenidos 2.10.4. Aspectos del cultivo de la planta 2.10.5. Métodos de siembra 2.10.6. Estrategias de diversificación 2.10.7. Manejo de nutrientes y fertilización biológica 2.10.8. Métodos biológicos de protección de la planta 2.10.9. Monitoreo y mantenimiento del cultivo 2.10.10. Manejo de la cosecha y de la post-cosecha 2.10.11. Especificaciones del producto y normas de calidad 2.11. Diferentes posibles métodos de procesamiento de frutas Página 147 2.11.1. Frutas secas 2.11.2. Mermelada de frutas 2.11.3. Frutas enlatadas 2.11.4. Pulpa de frutas 2.11.5. Empaque para el transporte III. Verduras biológicas 3.1. Frijoles y otros granos leguminosos Página 165 3.1.1. Requisitos ecológicos 3.1.2. Sistema de siembra y manejo del suelo 3.1.3. Manejo de plagas y enfermedades 3.1.4. Manejo de malezas 3.1.5. Manejo de la cosecha y de la post-cosecha Contenido viii 3.2. Tomate Página 170 3.2.1. Requisitos ecológicos 3.2.2. Sistemas de producción de tomate biológico 3.2.3. Nutrición del suelo y fertilización biológica 3.2.4. Irrigación 3.2.5. Manejo de plagas y enfermedades 3.2.6. Manejo de malezas 3.2.7. Manejo de la cosecha y de la post-cosecha 3.3. Col Página 176 3.3.1. Requisitos ecológicos 3.3.2. Sistemas de producción de col biológica 3.3.3. Nutrición del suelo y fertilización biológica 3.3.4. Manejo de plagas y enfermedades 3.3.5. Manejo de cosecha y post-cosecha 3.4.
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