DOCSLIB.ORG

Epidemiologic Status of Scorpion Sting in Qom, Iran 2004-2013

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Epidemiologic Status of Scorpion Sting in Qom, Iran 2004-2013 •Arch Hyg Sci 2017;6(2): 145-151 RESEARCH ARTICLE •Journal Homepage: http://jhygiene.muq.ac.ir Epidemiologic Status of Scorpion Sting in Qom, Iran 2004-2013 Abedin Saghafipoura*, Nahid Jesrib, Mehdi Noroozic, Reza Mostafavid aDepartment of Public Health, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. bResearch Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran cSubstance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. dQom Provincial Health Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. *Correspondence should be addressed to Mr. Abedin Saghafipour, Email: [email protected] A-R-T-I-C-L-EI-N-F-O A-B-S-T-R-A-C-T Article Notes: Background & Aims of the Study: In the tropical regions of Iran, scorpionism is one of the Received: Oct. 10, 2016 important medical and public concerns. Poisoning with scorpion sting is one of the life threatening medical emergencies especially in individuals who are less than 6 years; knowing Received in revised form: about its epidemiologic aspects might lead to exploit appropriate preventive methods. Therefore, Nov. 20, 2016 for this purpose, the epidemiologic status of scorpion sting in Qom province of Iran was studied Accepted: Feb. 22, 2017 during 2004–2013. Available Online: Feb 28, Materials & Methods: This research is a descriptive-cross sectional study which has been done 2017 in all urban and rural areas of Qom province during 2004-2013 and all cases that referred to the one hospital, were assessed, examined, treated, followed and finally a questionnaire which is including demographic, epidemiologic and clinical data was completed for the patients. Data Keywords: were analyzed by SPSS 17. Chi square and Fisher’s exact test were used for the evaluation of the Scorpion sting hypothesis. Epidemiology Results: Totally, 395 cases of scorpion sting who were referred during the studied period. Most Qom of them had 10–24 years. Most of them were male (60.25%). The most cases occurred during Iran spring and summer. The stings mainly occurred at night between 22 p.m. and 4 a.m. Hands and foots were the most common organs of scorpion sting. 18.7 % of envenomed cases were due to black scorpion. 74.4 % of cases were from rural and 25.6 % from urban regions. 77.2% of the sufferers, sleep outdoor and on the floor. In 20.5% of cases, were surrounded by timber, dust and building materials. All cases have been received treatment and healed. Conclusions: Based on findings, scorpion sting is considered a public health concerns in Qom province. So, it seems the programs of health education on personal protection to prevent possible damages with scorpions, especially students to be necessary. Also, the villager's should use the proper bed to sleep outdoor before wearing clothes or shoes and before entering the bed Downloaded from jhygiene.muq.ac.ir at 23:08 IRST on Friday December 14th 2018 to ensure there are no scorpions. People should refuse to keep away timber, dust from residential environments for a long time. Please cite this article as: Saghafipour A, Jesri N, Noroozi M, Mostafavi R. Epidemiologic Status of Scorpion Sting in Qom, Iran 2004-2013. Arch Hyg Sci 2017;6(2):145-151. scorpions accidentally. Scorpions hide inside Background clothes or shoes incidentally and sting individuals when putting them on (1). Scorpions are dangerous arthropods subsisting Scorpionism (being stung by scorpions) is one from late Silurian period (i.e about 330 million of the most important health problems in years ago). Scorpions are carnivorous and feed developing countries in tropical and subtropical on insects, worms, arthropods, lizards or even regions that causes extensive side effects from small rodents. They are nocturnal and leave severe local dermal reactions to neurological, their hideouts with darkening of air searching cardiovascular, respiratory disorders and in for food and prey. Humans are stung by some cases death. Today, Scorpionism is an ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Archives of Hygiene Sciences Volume 6, Number 2, Spring 2017 © 2017 Publisher: Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved. 145 Saghafipour A, et al. / Arch Hyg Sci 2017;6(2): 145-151 •Epidemiologic Status of Scorpion Sting ... important health problem in some areas of dangerous scorpion species. The highest rate of world including countries which are located in scorpionismin of Iran especially in Khuzestan southern parts of Africa and Middle East such province is caused by this species (11-14). For as Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Morocco, many years, Iran’s researchers such as Dr. Sudan, South Africa and Mexico, Brazil, Farzanpey and colleagues had directed Argentina, Venezuela, Guyana, Trinidad in numerous studies as in thesis and research South America (2,3,4). Based on statistical projects to identify scorpion species of different data, about 1.2 billion people live in areas regions in Iran in which faunistic studies of having liability to be afflicted by scorpion sting scorpions in Iilam, Sari, Yazd, Shiraz, some and 1.2 million people are suffered by parts of Persian gulf islands and many other envenomation caused by scorpion venoms that regions could be mentioned (14-18). So far, causes mortality at a rate of 0.27% of stung Odonthobuthus doriae and Androctonus cases annually (5). This health problem causes crassicauda species have been reported from relatively high economic expanses and various Qom province (19). Scorpionism is happened in psycho-mental disorders in societies (4). many regions of Iran. More than 100,000 Scorpionism is occurred in many countries as in individuals are subjected to envenomation Morocco and Brazil, about 40,000 and 7,000 caused by scorpion sting annually in which annual cases of scorpion sting are reported, only about 36,000 cases are reported by respectively. From the total number of 40,000 medical sciences universities that more than annual cases of scorpion sting in Tunisia, about 75% of them are children. Among them, 1000 individuals are admitted in hospitals between 7 to 60 cases of scorpionism events because of clinical manifestations of which 100 lead to mortality (20). In addition to Khuzestan individuals are died (6,7,8). Until now, province with highest rate of scorpionism, some approximately 1500 scorpion species have been other cases have been reported from other identified spreading throughout the world with provinces including Hormozgan, Sistan and more prevalence of occurrences in tropical and Baluchestan, Fars, Ilam, Bushehr, Kerman, subtropical regions. About 50 species of Kohkiluyeh and buyerahmad, Kermanshah, scorpions need special health and medical Isfahan, Khorasan, Western Azarbayjan, importance (4). The situation of scorpionism Kurdestan, Tehran, Qom, Eastern Azarbayjan, varies in different regions and countries in Ardebil, Markazi, Gilan, Lorestan, Semnan, terms of life style, socio-economical status, Mazandaran and Golestan (11). Central and Downloaded from jhygiene.muq.ac.ir at 23:08 IRST on Friday December 14th 2018 residency, the way of offering health care southern regions of Iran have special services and scorpion species of each importance compared with other regions in geographical area (9). Iran is rich of arthropods terms of scorpion and snake sting because of especially scorpions because of weather and socio-economical, geographical and cultural climate factors (10). 44 scorpion species of 23 status. People in tropical rural areas, for genus have been identified and characterized in instance, sleep outdoor in summers making Iran; all of them belonging to two Buthidae and possible the occurrence of scorpionism. Scorpionidae families with 6 species of health Because of relatively high prevalence of importance including Mesobuthus eupeus, scorpionism in rural and urban areas of Qom Hemiscorpius lepturus, Buthotus (Hottentotta) province and absence of a comprehensive study saulcyi, Odonthobuthus doriae, Androctonus in this regard, applicable solutions in order to crassicauda and Buthotus (Hottentotta) schach. prevent this major health issue could be These species are the most prevalent scorpions provided for health service programmers via causing scorpionism in Iran in which Buthotus knowing about epidemiological status, (Hottentotta) schach is determined as the most ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ Archives of Hygiene Sciences Volume 6, Number 2, Spring 2017 © 2017 Publisher: Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved. 146 •Epidemiologic Status of Scorpion Sting ... Saghafipour A, et al. / Arch Hyg Sci 2017;6(2): 145-151 prevalence, high-risk age groups and other analyzed by computer. Relative frequency table indicators which are related to scorpionism. and consensus table were used to describe classified variables. Chi-square test and Fischer Aims of the study: exact test were used for analytical part of study. Obtained p-values which were less than 0.05 Materials & Methods considered as a significance level. All This study is a descriptive cross-sectional one mentioned statistical analyses were performed with case studies which were obtained from by SPSS v.17. scorpion-stung people profiles in urban and Results rural areas of Qom province
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effects of Brazilian Scorpion Venoms on the Central Nervous System
    Nencioni et al. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases (2018) 24:3 DOI 10.1186/s40409-018-0139-x REVIEW Open Access Effects of Brazilian scorpion venoms on the central nervous system Ana Leonor Abrahão Nencioni1* , Emidio Beraldo Neto1,2, Lucas Alves de Freitas1,2 and Valquiria Abrão Coronado Dorce1 Abstract In Brazil, the scorpion species responsible for most severe incidents belong to the Tityus genus and, among this group, T. serrulatus, T. bahiensis, T. stigmurus and T. obscurus are the most dangerous ones. Other species such as T. metuendus, T. silvestres, T. brazilae, T. confluens, T. costatus, T. fasciolatus and T. neglectus are also found in the country, but the incidence and severity of accidents caused by them are lower. The main effects caused by scorpion venoms – such as myocardial damage, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema and shock – are mainly due to the release of mediators from the autonomic nervous system. On the other hand, some evidence show the participation of the central nervous system and inflammatory response in the process. The participation of the central nervous system in envenoming has always been questioned. Some authors claim that the central effects would be a consequence of peripheral stimulation and would be the result, not the cause, of the envenoming process. Because, they say, at least in adult individuals, the venom would be unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. In contrast, there is some evidence showing the direct participation of the central nervous system in the envenoming process. This review summarizes the major findings on the effects of Brazilian scorpion venoms on the central nervous system, both clinically and experimentally.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Group on Dry Ports Dry Ports in Iran
    Ministry of Roads Working Group on Dry Ports & Urban Development First Meeting Bangkok, 25 – 26 November 2015 Dry Ports in Iran: an essential need to facilitate regional transit and trade among Land locked countries Teymour Bashirgonbadi Deputy Director General, Intl. Office Ministry of Roads and Urban Development I. R. Iran: signatory (7 November 2013) Situation of Ratification: Under the procedure and progress of ratification. Hopefully in 2016 become a party to the agreement. Participant Signature Approval(AA), Acceptance(A), Accession(a), Ratification Armenia 7 Nov 2013 Bangladesh 25 Sep 2014 Cambodia 7 Nov 2013 China 7 Nov 2013 Indonesia 7 Nov 2013 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 7 Nov 2013 under process and procedures of adoption in Parliament Lao People's Democratic Republic 7 Nov 2013 Mongolia 7 Nov 2013 Myanmar 7 Nov 2013 Nepal 7 Nov 2013 Republic of Korea 7 Nov 2013 22 Apr 2014 Russian Federation 7 Nov 2013 Sri Lanka 16 May 2014 Tajikistan 7 Nov 2013 20 Nov 2015 AA Thailand 7 Nov 2013 7 Nov 2013 Turkey 15 Dec 2014 Viet Nam 7 Nov 2013 29 Oct 2014 AA Imam Khomeini International Airport, Tehran Province Motahari Rail Station, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi Province Salafchegan Special Economic Zone, Qom Province Sirjan Special Economic Zone, Kerman Province [Arvand Free Industrial Zone, Khozestan Province] [Sahlan Special Economic Zone, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan Province ] [Sarakhs Special Economic Zone, Khorasan Razavi Province ] [Shahid Dastgheyb International Airport, Shiraz, Fars Province] [Zahedan Logistics Centre, Sistan and Bakluchestan Province ] Iran’s dry ports location in map Caspian Sea 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Religious Tourism Development Strategies in Qom Province: Using and Comparing QSPM and Best Worst Methods
    International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Volume 8 Issue 8 Article 4 2020 Religious Tourism Development Strategies in Qom Province: Using and Comparing QSPM and Best Worst Methods Hooshang Asheghi-Oskooee University of Qom, [email protected] Marzieh Ramezanzadeh University of Qom, [email protected] Mohammad Hasan Maleki University of Qom, Iran, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp Part of the Strategic Management Policy Commons, and the Tourism and Travel Commons Recommended Citation Asheghi-Oskooee, Hooshang; Ramezanzadeh, Marzieh; and Maleki, Mohammad Hasan (2020) "Religious Tourism Development Strategies in Qom Province: Using and Comparing QSPM and Best Worst Methods," International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage: Vol. 8: Iss. 8, Article 4. doi:https://doi.org/10.21427/1k11-m644 Available at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss8/4 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. © International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage ISSN : 2009-7379 Available at: http://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/ Volume 8(viii) 2020 Religious Tourism Development Strategies in Qom Province: Using and Comparing QSPM and Best Worst Methods Hooshang Asheghi-Oskooee University of Qom, Iran [email protected] Marzieh Ramezanzadeh University of Qom, Iran [email protected] Mohammad Hasan Maleki University of Qom, Iran [email protected] After Mashhad county, Qom province has the most valuable religious, cultural, historical and natural potential as the second Iranian pilgrimage centre. This study was conducted to formulate strategies for the development of religious tourism in Qom province using the most influential view of the strategy-formation process named design school.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluoride Concentration of Drinking-Water of Qom, Iran
    Iranian Journal of Health Sciences 2016; 4(1): 37-44 http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir Original Article Fluoride Concentration of Drinking-Water of Qom, Iran Ahmad Reza Yari 1 *Shahram Nazari 1 Amir Hossein Mahvi 2 Gharib Majidi 1, Soudabeh Alizadeh Matboo 3 Mehdi Fazlzadeh 3 1- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran 2- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran *[email protected] (Received: 4 Jul 2015; Revised: 22 Oct 2015; Accepted: 27 Dec 2015) Abstract Background and Purpose: Fluoride is a natural element essential for human nutrition due to its benefits for dental enamel. It is well-documented that standard amounts of fluoride in drinking- water can decrease the rate of dental caries. This study was conducted with the aim of measuring fluoride concentration of drinking-water supplies and urban distribution system in Qom, Iran. Materials and Methods: Results were subsequently compared against national and international standards. All sources of drinking-water of rural and urban areas were examined. To measure fluoride, the standard SPADNS method and a DR/4000s spectrophotometer were used . Results: Results showed that the mean of fluoride concentration in rural areas, mainly supplied with groundwater sources, was 0.41 mg/L, that of the urban distribution system 0.82 mg/L, that of Ali-Abad station 0.11 mg/L, and that of the private water desalination system 0.24 mg/L.
    [Show full text]
  • (COVID- 19) in Iran
    The epidemiological trends of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Iran: February 19 to March 22, 2020 Dr. Farzan Madadizadeh Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Reyhane Sedkar ( [email protected] ) Department of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Research Article Keywords: Respiratory illness, Coronavirus disease 2019, Primary health care, Epidemiology Posted Date: May 18th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-29367/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/17 Abstract Background The Coronavirus has crossed the geographical borders of various countries without any restrictions. This study was performed to identify the epidemiological trends of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Iran during February 19 to March 22, 2020. Methods This cross sectional study was carried out in 31 provinces by using the daily number of newly infected cases which was announced by the Iranian health authorities from February 19 to March 22, 2020, we explore the trend of outbreak of coronavirus disease in all provinces of Iran and determine some inuential factors such as population size, area, population density, distance from original epicenter, altitude, and human development index (HDI) for each province on its spread by Spearman correlation coecient. K-means cluster analysis (KMCA) also categorized the provinces into 10 separate groups based on CF and ACF of the infected cases at the end of the study period. (ACF). Results There were 21,638 infected, 7,913 recovered and 2,299 death cases with COVID-19 in Iran during the study period.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Antivenom Effects Between Pediatric and Adult Patients Presented to Emergency Department with Scorpion Stings
    Available online at www.medicinescience.org Medicine Science International ORIGINAL ARTICLE Medical Journal Medicine Science 2020;9(1):109-13 Comparison of antivenom effects between pediatric and adult patients presented to emergency department with scorpion stings Ertugrul Altinbilek1, Kaan Yusufoglu1, Abdullah Algin2, Sahin Colak3 1 University of Health Sciences Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey 2University of Health Sciences Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey 3University of Health Sciences Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey Received 15 August 2019; Accepted 23 September 2019 Available online 24.02.2020 with doi: 10.5455/medscience.2019.08.9148 Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the use of antivenom, and admission to ICU, scorpinism between adult and pediatric patients. This study included 99 patients who were admitted to the emergency department with scorpion sting within 1 year. Patients’ demographics including age and gender, and clinical findings such as ionized Ca values, body region of sting contact and complications were recorded from the patient files and hospital records. In addition, regarding management of patients with scorpionism the use of antivenoms, admission to intensive care unit and complications developed by the patients were also recorded. Patients were divided into two groups according to age as the pediatric group including patients aged ≤ 18 years (Group 1) old and the adult group consisting of patients aged> 18 years old (Group 2). Antivenom administration was performed in 12 patients (12.2%). Antivenom was administered in 38% (n=8) of the patients in Group 1 and 5.13% (n=4) of the patients in Group 2.
    [Show full text]
  • A Global Accounting of Medically Significant Scorpions
    Toxicon 151 (2018) 137–155 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Toxicon journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon A global accounting of medically significant scorpions: Epidemiology, major toxins, and comparative resources in harmless counterparts T ∗ Micaiah J. Ward , Schyler A. Ellsworth1, Gunnar S. Nystrom1 Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Scorpions are an ancient and diverse venomous lineage, with over 2200 currently recognized species. Only a Scorpion small fraction of scorpion species are considered harmful to humans, but the often life-threatening symptoms Venom caused by a single sting are significant enough to recognize scorpionism as a global health problem. The con- Scorpionism tinued discovery and classification of new species has led to a steady increase in the number of both harmful and Scorpion envenomation harmless scorpion species. The purpose of this review is to update the global record of medically significant Scorpion distribution scorpion species, assigning each to a recognized sting class based on reported symptoms, and provide the major toxin classes identified in their venoms. We also aim to shed light on the harmless species that, although not a threat to human health, should still be considered medically relevant for their potential in therapeutic devel- opment. Included in our review is discussion of the many contributing factors that may cause error in epide- miological estimations and in the determination of medically significant scorpion species, and we provide suggestions for future scorpion research that will aid in overcoming these errors. 1. Introduction toxins (Possani et al., 1999; de la Vega and Possani, 2004; de la Vega et al., 2010; Quintero-Hernández et al., 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA India Evacuates Its Citizens from Iran OE Watch Commentary: When COVID-19 Hit Iran, Qom Quickly Became Its Initial Epicenter
    MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA India Evacuates its Citizens from Iran OE Watch Commentary: When COVID-19 hit Iran, Qom quickly became its initial epicenter. Close to Tehran, Qom is the site of pilgrimage to the Shrine of Fatima Masumeh, the second most sacred site inside Iran for Shi’ite Muslims after the tomb of Imam Reza in Mashhad. Beyond pilgrimage, however, Qom is a center for study, second only to Najaf in Iraq. Thousands of foreigners study in its religious seminaries. The excerpted article from the Mehr News Agency, an outlet owned by the Islamic Ideology Dissemination Organization, details a meeting between India’s ambassador to Iran and the governor of Qom as the two governments sought to evacuate the 1,200 Indian pilgrims and students stranded in Qom during Nowruz and after the coronavirus lockdown. In early March, Indian Foreign Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar Indian pilgrims in Tehran demand evacuation against the backdrop of the Coronavirus pandemic. reported 6,000 Indian nationals were in Iran, including 1,100 Source: Idat.ir, https://idat.ir/upload/attach/573/20200312-1840070.jpeg from Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Maharshtra, 300 students from Jammu and Kashmir, and 1,000 fishermen from Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat. The article highlights the many special measures that authorities in Qom took for the safety of Indian citizens and notes that the Indian Ambassador “praised the management of the province in hosting and treating Indian citizens...” India and Iran have always maintained close cultural links. Persian is an Indo-European language and was for centuries the lingua franca across the Indian subcontinent; it was the official language of the Mughal Empire until 1835, when the British Empire imposed English in its stead.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibi's Big Mistake: Fall of Fake Regime?
    WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 8 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 43rd year No.13941 Wednesday MAY 12, 2021 Ordibehesht 22, 1400 Ramadan 29, 1442 Iran: Tehran-Riyadh Daei, Hejazi the best Blood donation dialogue conducted by Iranian players of up 27% during Felicitation special envoys Page 2 century: IFFHS Page 3 Qadr nights Page 7 on Eid-al Fitr Iran rejects Pentagon’s claim, denounces U.S. ‘unprofessional’ behavior in Hormuz Bibi’s big mistake: Fall TEHRAN - The Islamic Revolutionary committing “provocative, gratuitous and Guards Corps Navy has reacted to a claim unprofessional behaviors such as flying heli- by the Pentagon that the IRGC speed- copters, firing flares and aimless shooting.” boats unprofessionally came close to an The statement said the IRGC boats See page 3 American vessel. maintained a legal distance from the The IRGC Navy said in a statement on American vessels in accordance with of fake regime? Tuesday that IRGC boats did not act unpro- international maritime regulations and fessionally and while they were conducting warned them against “dangerous and a regular and conventional operation, they unprofessional behavior.” encountered seven American Navy vessels Continued on page 3 Iranian COVID-19 Electricity projects worth over $320m vaccine enters large- put into operation TEHRAN – Iranian Energy Minister projects, as well as installing new PV sys- Reza Ardakanian inaugurated major tems for nomadic households. scale production phase electricity projects worth 13.45 trillion The national electricity network’s rials (about $320.2 million) across the new dispatching center which has been country on Tuesday, in the sixth week of completed with 11.44 trillion rials (about the ministry’s A-B-Iran program in the $272.3 million) of investment is using current Iranian calendar year (started on world’s latest technologies in Energy March 21).
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Ananteris (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Panama
    A new species of Ananteris (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Panama Roberto J. Miranda & Luis F. de Armas February 2020 — No. 297 Euscorpius Occasional Publications in Scorpiology EDITOR: Victor Fet, Marshall University, ‘[email protected]’ ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Michael E. Soleglad, ‘[email protected]’ Euscorpius is the first research publication completely devoted to scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Euscorpius takes advantage of the rapidly evolving medium of quick online publication, at the same time maintaining high research standards for the burgeoning field of scorpion science (scorpiology).Euscorpius is an expedient and viable medium for the publication of serious papers in scorpiology, including (but not limited to): systematics, evolution, ecology, biogeography, and general biology of scorpions. Review papers, descriptions of new taxa, faunistic surveys, lists of museum collections, and book reviews are welcome. Derivatio Nominis The name Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 refers to the most common genus of scorpions in the Mediterranean region and southern Europe (family Euscorpiidae). Euscorpius is located at: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/ Archive of issues 1-270 see also at: http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/Euscorpius (Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755-2510, USA) ICZN COMPLIANCE OF ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS: Electronic (“e-only”) publications are fully compliant with ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) (i.e. for the purposes of new names and new nomenclatural acts) when properly archived and registered. All Euscorpius issues starting from No. 156 (2013) are archived in two electronic archives: • Biotaxa, http://biotaxa.org/Euscorpius (ICZN-approved and ZooBank-enabled) • Marshall Digital Scholar, http://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/. (This website also archives all Euscorpius issues previously published on CD-ROMs.) Between 2000 and 2013, ICZN did not accept online texts as “published work” (Article 9.8).
    [Show full text]
  • Blood-Soaked Secrets Why Iran's 1988 Prison
    BLOOD-SOAKED SECRETS WHY IRAN’S 1988 PRISON MASSACRES ARE ONGOING CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2017 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Cover photo: Collage of some of the victims of the mass prisoner killings of 1988 in Iran. (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. © Amnesty International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: MDE 13/9421/2018 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS GLOSSARY 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 METHODOLOGY 18 2.1 FRAMEWORK AND SCOPE 18 2.2 RESEARCH METHODS 18 2.2.1 TESTIMONIES 20 2.2.2 DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE 22 2.2.3 AUDIOVISUAL EVIDENCE 23 2.2.4 COMMUNICATION WITH IRANIAN AUTHORITIES 24 2.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 25 BACKGROUND 26 3.1 PRE-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 26 3.2 POST-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 27 3.3 IRAN-IRAQ WAR 33 3.4 POLITICAL OPPOSITION GROUPS 33 3.4.1 PEOPLE’S MOJAHEDIN ORGANIZATION OF IRAN 33 3.4.2 FADAIYAN 34 3.4.3 TUDEH PARTY 35 3.4.4 KURDISH DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF IRAN 35 3.4.5 KOMALA 35 3.4.6 OTHER GROUPS 36 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Mehdi Mumipour C.V
    Mehdi mumipur Assistant Professor College: Faculty of Marine Natural Resources Executive Activities Dr. Mehdi Mumipour C.V. (November 2018) Educational Background: High School Diploma: Empirical Sciences, Bekhradian High school - Behbahan, 1996 Bachelor of Science (BS): Geology, Shiraz University- Shiraz, Iran, 2002 Master of Science (MSc): Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS)- University of Tabriz –Tabriz, Iran, 2004 Ph.D.: Physical Geography – Geomorphology, University of Tabriz –Tabriz, Iran,2012 Master's thesis: Comparison of Two Soil Erosion Models (MPSIAC and RUSLE) Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS, Case Study of Ojan-Chay Sub-basin Ph.D. thesis: Analysis of the role of active tectonics in evolution of drainage networks - Case study of Dinarkooh area Full Knowlegde of remote sensing and GIS softwares: ArcGIS 10.4 and ENVI 5.1 Research records: Execution of 4 Academic Research Projects: "Extracting Geomorphometric Parameters from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) - A Case Study of Khayiz Region, Behbahan" "Study of Coastal Water Quality Using Satellite Images" "Investigation of Changes in Soil Salinity and its Relationship to dust storm using satellite images in the Abadan and Khorramshahr districts" “Comparison of ASTER and Landsat 8 OLI satellite images for detection of Carbonate and Clay minerals- case study of Anaran Anticline” Collaboration in 5 Academic Research Projects: "Estimating soil erosion using satellite images and GIS in the Abshirin Basin" "Preparation of a geological map using satellite ETM+ Landsat images and Geographic Information System (GIS)- Behbahan Case Study" "Simulation and Analysis of Relationships Between Rainfall-Runoff and Flood of Karun River Using HEC-RAS HEC-HMS Integrated Model and Remote Sensing" "Study of gardens of East Azarbaijan province using remote sensing technology" "Establishment of digital database of green space of Municipality of Tabriz region 8".
    [Show full text]