Crime Fiction Studies Style Guide1

Preparation of Manuscripts Manuscripts submitted to Crime Fiction Studies should not have been previously published, or be under consideration elsewhere. They should be no longer than 7500 words, including all text, and must include a cover page with:

1. A title 2. The full name, applicable institutional affiliation, and email address of the author, and a short (no more than 100 words) biographical note. The email address provided will be used of correspondence during editing, and as a public contact address following publication. 3. An abstract of no more than 200 words 4. 5–7 keywords

Please note that the 7500 word limit includes the title, author information, the biography, the abstract, and the keywords. This means the manuscript itself should be no longer than 7500 words, including all references.

Important general points • File format: .doc or .docx • Language: English, UK spelling (e.g. ‘-ise’ and ‘-our’ endings) • Punctuation: UK style (punctuation outside closing quotation marks unless the quotation starts with a capital or is a complete sentence – please note that punctuation follows parenthetical references as usual) • Font: Time New Roman; 12-point; double-spaced; only one space after full stops • Indent first sentence of each paragraph, excluding the initial paragraph of the article and subsections • Notes should be kept to a minimum, and should appear at the end of the text (endnotes not footnotes) before the ‘Works Cited’ section in a separate sections title ‘Notes’ – please delete the endnote separator • Single quotation marks throughout, with double quotation marks for an inner quotation • References: MLA 8: author-page (and/or short-title if necessary) + list of works cited (see MLA 8 Referencing below for more information) • Permissions: it is your responsibility to gain permission to reproduce copyright text and images, and to pay any permission costs; all permissions must be cleared before publication • Images: send images (ideally small JPEGs) in a separate attachment; indicate placement in text by inserting the following marker, suitably numbered: . If the article is accepted for publication, higher-quality images will be required • Submissions should be sent to [email protected]. Please include a little information about yourself and your submission in the body of the email • Copyright: if your article is accepted, you will be required to sign a Copyright/IPR Assignation form before publication

Abbreviations and contractions • Full points should be used in abbreviations (i.e. / e.g. / Esq. / etc. / Co. / no. / ibid. / et al.). However, that it is preferable in text to say for example’ rather than ‘e.g.,’ ‘that is’ instead of ‘i.e.,’ ‘and so on’ instead of ‘etc., and ‘namely’ instead of ‘viz.’

1 Thanks for assistance in creating and compiling this style guide are due to Ellie Yip. • No full points should be used in upper-case abbreviations such as ‘US’ or ‘UK’ but please note that people’s initials are spaced and followed by a full point (P. D. James) • Abbreviated units of measurement do not have full points and do not take a final ‘s’ in the plural. • Use two-letter abbreviations for US states in references and bibliography (i.e. Cambridge, MA not Cambridge Mass.) • Contractions ending with the same letter as the original word do not take a full stop, for example Mr (not Mr.) / Ltd / 1st eds /edn /vols /cwt/ Dr/ Mrs and so on.

Acts of Parliament The title of the Act should have no comma between it and the year. Please use a lower-case ‘t’ for ‘the’ before the name of the Act, e.g.: the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Capitalisation • Please keep capitals to a minimum. • Use full caps for acronyms, e.g. NATO, USA, TV. • Use a capital for ‘Chapter’ for internal cross references. • Use small caps only for bc, ad, ce (common era) and bce (before the common era). • Use to distinguish specific from general, for example ‘He is a professor at Edinburgh University ...’ but ‘He is Professor of literature at ...’. • Always capitalise initials of key words in English-language titles of books (titles are italicised)

Captions If there are any tables, figures, maps or other illustrations, a list of consistent and clear captions should be supplied. They usually take the form of: Figure x.x [space here] The title of the figure, taking initial capital for the first word and any proper nouns. (Source: Details to be given.)

Dates Please use the following forms: • Monday, 9 November 1996 (that is, date as Arabic numeral, followed by month’s full name, followed by full year in figures – not ’96) • 1930s (not 1930’s) • in the twentieth century (but twentieth-century literature) • 1899–1901, 1900–1, 1900–10, 1910–18, 1923–4, 1989–91

The letters bc should follow the date, and the letters ad should precede the date. There is no need for ad from the year 500 onwards (unless in the context of the article you feel that it is important). Examples: 43 bc, ad 499, 632. If the date is approximate [indicated by ‘c.’], ad and bc both follow the date, e.g. ‘c. 353 ad’. (Please note that there is a space between c. and the number, followed by another space before ad or bc.)

Definite article Normally use lower-case ‘t’ before names of associations, companies and other bodies but, for newspapers and periodicals, follow the use of ‘the’ in the title. Use the following: the Daily Telegraph, the Daily Express, The Times, The Guardian, The Independent, The Scotsman, The Economist.

Drama references ‘Act III, scene ii, line 297’ should be written as ‘III, ii, 297’.

Ellipsis Show ellipses by three evenly spaced dots on the same line, preceded by a character space and followed by a character space or by a closing quotation mark (or a closing parenthesis). Avoid following ellipses with a full stop or a comma. See also Quotations.

Emphasis Emphasis should be achieved by the phrasing and grammar. It should not be necessary to use italics or bold to show emphasis.

En and Em rules • Unspaced en rules are used between dates (14–17 July) and wherever the dash can be interpreted as ‘to’. • Spaced en rules are used for parenthetical dashes (asides in the text – authorial remarks and the like – are an example) • We do not use Em rules

Headings and Sub-headings • The hierarchy used should be as simple as possible and there should not be more than 3 levels of heading.

Hyphenation Hyphenation should be kept to a minimum. It is normally used adjectivally, e.g. ‘nineteenth- century building’ but ‘a building of the nineteenth century’.

Illustrations If an author wishes to illustrate something using a photograph, image, drawing, diagram or chart, please send low-resolution images (small JPEGs) in a separate attachment; indicate placement in text by inserting the following marker, suitably numbered: . If the article is accepted for publication, high-quality images will be required: For photographs, please scan at a minimum of 300 dpi and save as a TIFF or jpeg. For line illustrations (i.e. maps, graphs etc), please scan at a minimum of 1200 dpi and save as a TIFF or jpeg. The final size of the scan should be approximately 250 x 200 mm. Please note that areas of detail that appear in very dark areas of a photograph are particularly difficult to reproduce successfully, especially if there is a strong light contrast in the image. Please do not embed images/tables in Word/Excel documents.

Italics • Italics should be used for foreign words except when part of a foreign-language quotation or when the word has been assimilated into the English language. • Italics should also be used for titles of newspapers, journals, plays, books, films, works of art, names of ships, but not for the names of institutions or associations. • Please italicise only what is necessary – surrounding punctuation should not be italicised.

Legal issues Err on the side of caution if there is any danger of text being interpreted as libellous. Personal criticism of living individuals should not be made without very careful consideration of the possible legal consequences.

Notes • End note indicators should be sequential superscript numerals, without parentheses, outside any punctuation. Note numbers should never be set in tables, and notes to headings should be avoided. At the end of the article, please make the heading ‘Notes’ and then set out the notes in the following format: 1. First note etc etc etc etc… 2. Second note etc… 10. Tenth note.

Numbers • Ranges of numbers: please omit any digits that are not necessary to understanding (but any number in the ’teens should show both digits). Some examples: 3–6, 15–17, 23–4, 37–43, 44–101, 100–9, 105–6, 111–13, 115–17, 123–4, 137–43, 144–244 • Spell out numbers up to but not including 100 • Use commas for thousands: 6,000 & 100,000 not 6 000 &100 000

Quotation marks • Please use single quotation marks throughout, with double quotes for an inner quote: ‘xxxx “yyyy” xxxxx.’ • Displayed quotations (see Quotations) have no quotation marks: any quotes within a displayed quote will have single quotation marks. • Please use curly quotation marks only (‘and’).

Quotations • Quotations of more than 40 words should be displayed. Please indent them 1.25 cm with a line space above and below. • Introductory ellipses should be avoided but concluding ellipses are acceptable. • Original spellings should be used. Add [sic] if necessary. • Capitalising quotations: Please capitalise quotations on an ad hoc basis according to sense. If a quotation starts a new sentence, then use a capital. If it continues as part of a sentence, use lower case. • The positioning of the source details should be at the end of a sentence, or immediately after the quote if ambiguity would result from this.

MLA 8 Referencing Crime Fiction Studies follows the Modern Language Association’s referencing conventions. Please see the MLA Handbook, Eighth Edition (ISBN: 9781603292627) for complete information, but some general guidelines and examples are included here. MLA 8 is an author-page number system that uses abbreviated in-text references and complete concluding publication information in a ‘Works Cited’ section. Please note that

• The short reference (author or, to avoid any ambiguity, author and short title of a book or article and page number if available) should be given in parentheses in the main text. Where subsequent references are unambiguous, a page/line number in parenthesis will suffice. • The works cited list is arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name, or, if there is no author, by the first word in the title. Ignore, but do not omit, 'The', 'An' or 'A' at the beginning of titles. • After the first line each entry is indented 1.25 cm. • Double-space the entire list, both between and within entries. • Do not include dates of access for online material.

Examples of MLA 8 referencing

1. Books

1.1 References to a book:

Ascari, Maurizio. A Counter-History of Crime Fiction: Supernatural, Gothic, Sensational. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

Short citation in text: (Ascari 40-5) OR if this seems ambiguous: (Counter-History 40-5) or (Ascari, Counter-History 40-5).

1.2 References to the editions of a book

Knight, Stephen. Crime Fiction since 1800: Detection, Death, Diversity. 2nd ed., Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

Short citation in text: (Knight 43)

1.3 References to an edited book

Nestingen, Andrew and Paula Arvas , editors. Scandinavian Crime Fiction. U of Wales P, 2011.

Short citation in text: (Nestingen and Arvas 67)

1.4 References to a book with three or more authors

Beverly, William, et al. Ten Year Stretch: Celebrating a Decade of Crime Fiction at Crime Fest. Poisoned Pen P in association with No Exit P, 2018.

Short citation in text: (Beverly et al. 34)

1.5 References to a book in translation or with illustrations

Varenne, Antonin. Bed of Nails. Translated by Sian Reynolds, Quercus, 2014.

Short citation in text: (Varenne 24)

Christie, Agatha. Murder on the Orient Express. Illustrated by Andrew Davidson, Folio Society, 2014.

Short citation in text: (Christie 60)

1.6 References to chapters and works in anthologies with an author

Sandberg, Eric. ‘Introduction: The Character of Crime.’100 Greatest Literary Detectives Rowman & Littlefield, 2018, pp. xi-xvii.

Short citation in text: (Sandberg xii)

1.7 Reference to an eBook

Piccato, Pablo. A History of Infamy: Crime, Truth, and Justice in Mexico. U of California P, 2017. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1mtz4vf.

If you wish to add the original publication date of a book, it should follow the main title, and be followed by a full stop.

2. Encyclopaedia and Dictionaries

2.1 Reference to an online encyclopaedia or dictionary entry, with an author

Boyd, Colin. ‘Alias Grace.’ The Canadian Encyclopedia, 7 Feb. 2006, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alias-grace.

Short citation in text: (Boyd)

2.2 Reference to an online encyclopaedia or dictionary entry, without an author

‘Femme fatale.’ Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2018, Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/femme%20fatale?utm_campaign=sd&utm_medium=serp &utm_source=jsonld. Assessed 8 Dec. 2018.

Short citation in text: (‘Femme fatale’)

2.3 Reference to a print encyclopaedia or dictionary entry, with an author

Ashley, Michael. ‘Murder.’ The Mammoth Encyclopedia of Modern Crime Fiction, edited by Michael Ashley, 2002, pp. 200.

Short citation in text: (Ashley 200)

2.4 Reference to a print encyclopaedia or dictionary entry, without an author

‘Killer.’ Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 12th ed., 2011, pp. 158.

Short citation in text: (‘Killer’ 158)

3. Articles

3.1 Reference to a Printed Journal Article

Anderson, Jean. ‘Strategies for Strangeness: Crime Fiction, Translation and the Mediation of ‘National’ Cultures.’ The Translator, vol. 22, no. 2, 2016, pp. 221-31.

Short citation in text: (Anderson 221)

3.2 Reference to a Journal Article with a DOI number

Abdel-Monem, Tarik. ‘The Cambridge Companion to American Crime Fiction by Catherine Ross Nickerson (review).’ American Studies, vol. 51 no. 3, 2010, pp. 221-22. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/ams.2010.0149.

Short citation in text: (Abdel-Monem 221)

3.3 Reference to a Journal Article without a DOI number

Abdel-Monem, Tarik. ‘The Cambridge Companion to American Crime Fiction by Catherine Ross Nickerson (review).’ American Studies, vol. 51 no. 3, 2010, pp. 221-22. Project MUSE, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/504277.

Short citation in text: (Abdel-Monem 221)

3.4 Reference to a Magazine Article from the Internet

DeathBecomesHer. ‘Last Lullaby.’ Crime Fiction Lover, 12 Dec 2018, crimefictionlover.com/2018/12/last-lullaby/.

Short citation in text: (DeathBecomesHer)

3.5 Reference to a Printed Magazine Article

McCann, Sean. ‘Constructing Race Williams: The Klan and the Making of Hard-Boiled Crime Fiction.’ American Quarterly, vol. 49, no. 4, 1997, pp. 677–716.

Short citation in text: (McCann 677)

3.6 Reference to a Newspaper Article from a Library Database

Nguyen, Viet T. ‘Your Writing Tools Aren’t Mine.’ New York Times Book Review, 30 Apr. 2017, p. 13. ProQuest, search-proquest- com.ezproxy.cityu.edu.hk/docview/1896341367?accountid=10134.

Short citation in text: (Nguyen 13)

3.7 Reference to a Newspaper Article from the Internet

Forshaw, Barry. ‘The best recent thrillers – review roundup.’ The Guardian, 6 Dec. 2018, www.theguardian.com/books/2018/dec/06/best-thrillers-karin-fossum-tami- hoag-robert-thorogood-anthony-quinn-rebecca-griffiths.

Short citation in text: (Forshaw)

4. Websites

4.1 Reference to a Website with an Author

Wright, Kristina. ‘Sue Grafton’s “Z Is for Zero” Will Remain an Unwritten Mystery.’ Bookbub, 18 Jan. 2018, www.bookbub.com/blog/2018/01/18/sue-grafton-z-is-for- zero-mystery-book.

Short citation in text: (Wright)

4.2 Reference to a Website without an Author

‘A Conversation with Sue Grafton.’ Sue Grafton Emma Tribute, 1996, www.suegrafton.com/interview-1996.php.

Short citation in text: (‘A Conversation with Sue Grafton’)

5. Government Documents

5.1 Reference to a Document where the Author is also the Publisher

Crime in England and Wales: Year ending March 2018. Office for National Statistics, 2018,file:///Users/yipyeeman/Downloads/Crime%20in%20England%20and%20W ales%20year%20ending%20March%202018.pdf.

Short citation in text: (Crime in England and Wales 72)

5.2 Reference to a Government Document with Authors

Brand, Sam and Richard Price. ‘The economic and social costs of crime.’ Home Office Research Study 217, 2000, webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218140137/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.u k/rds/pdfs/hors217.pdf.

Short citation in text: (Brand and Price 67)

6. Audio Visual Materials: References to Films, DVDs, and Videos

6.1 To cite a film:

Infernal Affairs. Directed by Andrew Lau and Alan Mak. Performance by Andy Lau and Tony Leung, Media Asia Films and Basic Pictures, 2002.

Short citation in text: (Internal Affairs)

6.2 To emphasize the performance of a director:

Villeneuve, Denis, director. Prisoners. Elcon Entertainment and 8:38 Productions Madhouse Entertainment, 2013.

Short citation in text: (Villeneuve)

6.3 Streaming Video from a Website, You Tube etc.

Strand Bookstore. ‘Building a Mystery: Four Writers on Crafting Crime Fiction.’ YouTube, 28 Apr. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Rk2c353o3I.

Short citation in text: (Strand Bookstore)

7. Sound Recordings

7.1 Reference to a CD

Hollywood Session Band. Crime Movie Soundtracks – Gangster Films. Ameritz Music Ltd., 2014.

Short citation in text: (Hollywood Session Band)

7.2 Reference to Song on a CD

Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. ‘The Mercy Seat.’ Tender Prey. Mute Records, 1988.

Short citation in text: (Nick Cave)

7.3 Reference to a Photograph on the Web

Tighe, Michael. ‘Photographing Fallen Angels.’ William Horberg: Photographing Fallen Angels, 5 May. 2010, williamhorberg.typepad.com/william_horberg/2010/05/from-the-files.html.

Short citation in text: (Tighe)

7.4 Reference to a Podcast

Gilbert, Harriett and Henning Mankell. ‘Henning Mankell – Faceless Killers.’ World Book Club, BBC World Service, 4 July 2011, www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00hj6sk.

Short citation in text: (Gilbert and Mankell)

8. Other Sources

8.1 Reference to Personal Interviews

McDermid, Val. Personal Interview. 13 Dec. 2018.

Short citation in text: (McDermid)

8.2 Reference to an Email

Robin, Eileen. ‘Re: Matsumoto Seicho’s Mystery Novels.’ Received by Jane Moore. 23 July 2015.

Short citation in text: (Robin)

8.3 Reference to a Tweet

@MargaretAtwood. ‘Fascinating panel w. Matt Rees www.mattrees.net & Kamal Abdel- Malek re: why no Arabic Christie-style crime fiction.’ Twitter, 11 Mar. 2011, 8:07 p.m., https://twitter.com/MargaretAtwood/status/46422071399555072.

Short citation in text: (@MargaretAtwood)