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Toxicity of Nitromusks in Early Lifestages of South African Clawed Frog (Xenopus Lae6is) and Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)

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Toxicity of Nitromusks in Early Lifestages of South African Clawed Frog (Xenopus Lae6is) and Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Toxicology Letters 111 (1999) 17–25 www.elsevier.com/locate/toxlet Toxicity of nitromusks in early lifestages of South African clawed frog (Xenopus lae6is) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) Ya-Juin Chou, Daniel R. Dietrich * En6ironmental Toxicology, Uni6ersity of Konstanz, Jacob-Burckhardtstr. 25, P.O. Box 5560 X918, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany Received 22 April 1999; received in revised form 15 June 1999; accepted 15 June 1999 Abstract Musk xylene (MX), musk ketone (MK) and musk moskene (MM) are synthetic nitro-containing fragrances. Due to their inherent lipophilicity and environmental persistence, they are frequently detected in environmental samples and especially in aquatic ecosystems. Despite this, the current environmental toxicity database of nitromusks is limited. Although nitromusks have been shown to accumulate in aquatic organisms, little is known about their potential developmental effects in the respective aquatic species. To investigate the developmental toxicity of these compounds to amphibians and fish, early lifestages of xenopus (Xenopus lae6is) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to three nitromusks for 96 h to examine the developmental effects of these compounds in the two species. Nitromusk body concentration measurements were carried out in parallel for correlation with potential developmen- tal effects. No increased mortality, malformation or growth inhibition was observed in either species following 96-h exposure to 400 mg/l MX, MK and MM. However, an approximately 20% reduced viability was observed in xenopus larvae when exposed to 400 mg/l MX, MK and MM for 11 days. Xenopus and zebrafish exposed to 10, 153, 871 and 1637 mg/l 14C-MX for 96 h resulted in whole-body concentrations of 0.790.1, 11.191.1, 38.791.9 and 76.3918.3 mg/g, and 4.390.6, 73.3911.8, 440.0972.7 and 664.0947.7 mg/g wet body weight, respectively. Exposure of xenopus larvae to 400 mg/l MX, MK and MM for 11 days, resulted in whole body concentrations (extrapolated from gas chromatographic determinations) of 470095000, 13009300 and 460094800 mg/g wet weight for MX, MK and MM, respectively. The latter toxicity results, in conjunction with the fact that the concentrations used for the above experiments were between 400- and 10 000-fold higher than those detected in the environment, suggest that environmental concentrations of nitromusks are not hazardous for early lifestages of fish and amphibians. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Nitromusks; Uptake; Toxicity; Early lifestages; Fish; Amphibian 1. Introduction Musk xylene (MX; 1-tert-butyl-3, 5-dimethyl-2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene), musk ketone (MK; 4-acetyl- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +49-7531-883518; fax: +49- 7531-883170. 1-tert-butyl-3, 5-dimethyl-2, 6-dinitrobenzene) E-mail address: [email protected] (D.R. Di- and musk moskene (MM; 4, 6-dinitro-1, 1, 3, 3, etrich) 5-pentamethylindane) are synthetic fragrances 0378-4274/99/$ - see front matter © 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S0378-4274(99)00167-8 18 Y.-J. Chou, D.R. Dietrich / Toxicology Letters 111 (1999) 17–25 found in various products including detergents, tial to study their effects on the development of cosmetics, perfumes, etc. (Sommer, 1993). Due to aquatic organisms. Therefore, in this study, early 6 their lipophilicity (Kow: 4.9 and 4.3 for MX and lifestages of xenopus (Xenopus lae is) and ze- MK, respectively; Tas and van de Plassche, 1996) brafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to nitromusks and planar nitro- containing aromatic structure, to determine developmental endpoints, e.g. mor- between 10 and 80% of nitromusks may either be tality, malformation, and normal growth (length). removed during sewage treatment processes by direct adsorbing to the sludge fraction or trans- formed via nitro reduction to more polar amine 2. Materials and methods metabolites (Rimkus et al., 1999) during the 2.1. Chemicals anaerobic processes in the sewage plant (Tas and van de Plassche, 1996; Rimkus et al., 1998). The MX (CAS c: 81-15-2, MW: 297, water solubil- remaining fraction of nitromusks, in addition to ity: 0.49 mg/l), MK (CAS c: 81-14-1, MW: 294, the more polar amine metabolites, is released via water solubility: 1.9 mg/l) and MM (CAS c: the sewage treatment plant into the environment. 116-66-5, MW: 278, water solubility: 0.046 mg/l) In consequence, nitromusks and their respective were obtained from Givaudan-Roure (Clifton, metabolites have been detected in the aquatic NJ, USA). Quintozene was kindly provided by Dr environment (ng-mg/l) and in various aquatic or- Regina Suter (University Zu¨rich, Switzerland), ganisms (mg-mg/kg lipid; Hahn, 1993; Rimkus 14C-musk xylene (18.2 mCi/mmol, purity\96.7%) and Wolf, 1993; Gatermann et al., 1995; Tas and was a gift from Dr Lehman-McKeeman (Procter van de Plassche, 1996; Rimkus et al., 1999). How- & Gamble, OH, USA). All other chemicals in- ever, the toxicological and/or developmental im- cluding Florisil® (mesh 60–100) were reagent pact of these compounds on aquatic organisms in grade and obtained from Sigma (St Louis, MO, the environment is still not known. Only one USA). toxicokinetic study regarding aquatic organisms has been previously published which indicated 2.2. Amphibian and fish embryos MX to accumulate rapidly in trout (Boleas et al., 6 1996). The LC50s of MX and MK have been 2.2.1. Clawed frog (X. lae is) determined in various organisms (approximate Adult pairs were obtained from the in-house range of 0.4–3.75 mg/l). These values are, how- animal research facility (TFA) at the University of ever, well above the water solubility of the respec- Konstanz. The adults were maintained in syn- tive compounds (0.49 and 1.9 mg/l for MX and thetic FETAX solution (ASTM, 1991) containing MK, respectively; Tas and van de Plassche, 1996) 625 mg NaCl, 96 mg NaHCO3, 30 mg KCl, 15 mg and also decisively exceed the concentrations de- CaCl2, 60 mg CaSO4 ×2H2O and 75 mg MgSO4 tected in the environment (Ford, 1996; Tas and per liter of reagent grade water in a 20-l aquarium van de Plassche, 1996). In contrast, the NOECs at 2492°C and with a 14-h/10-h, light/dark cycle. (endpoints: mortality, swimming behavior and To obtain embryos, 250 and 150 IU of pregnant growth rate) of MX and MK determined in re- mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) were injected spective aquatic organisms are between 0.056 and into the dorsal lymph sac of female and male 0.32 mg/l (Ford, 1996; Schramm et al., 1996; Tas frogs, respectively, followed by an injection of 700 and van de Plassche, 1996), lying therefore within and 600 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin the range of nitromusks water solubility. In view (HCG) to female and male adults, respectively, 48 of this, no acute toxicity is therefore expected h after the first injection. The resulting fertilized from the release of nitromusks into the environ- eggs were collected, dechorioned in 2% w/v cys- ment. However, considering the fact that aquatic teine solution (pH: 8.1), sorted for viability and organisms are chronically exposed to nitromusk staged according to the criteria of Nieuwkoop and compounds in the receiving surface waters of Faber (1975). Embryos between stages 8 and 11 sewage treatment plants, it was considered essen- were selected for experiments. Y.-J. Chou, D.R. Dietrich / Toxicology Letters 111 (1999) 17–25 19 2.2.2. Zebrafish (D. rerio) (96 h and 11 days), media were renewed daily and Mature zebrafish were raised in-house and held the temperature was held at 2492°C with a in charcoal filtered, dechlorinated water in a 20-l 14-h/10-h, light/dark cycle. Upon termination of aquarium at 2891°C with a 14-h/10-h, light/dark the exposure, mortality, malformation and growth cycle. Males and females were isolated to prevent inhibition was recorded. spawning until required. Eggs were collected, Upon the termination of the 11-day experiment, pooled, rinsed, and placed in embryo medium larvae were collected on a nylon mesh in a glass containing 800 mg NaCl, 350 mg NaHCO3,40mg funnel, washed with fresh FETAX solution, KCl, 144 mg CaCl2, 246 mg MgSO4 ×7H2O, 3.6 weighed and stored at −20°C for subsequent mg Na2HPO4 and6mgKH2PO4 per liter of extraction and determination of nitromusk whole reagent grade water at 2492°C until their devel- body concentrations (see below). opment reached the stage of half epiboly (approx. 5 h; Westerfield, 1995). All experiments were car- 2.4.2. Ninety-six-hour 14C-musk xylene uptake ried out with embryos having reached, i.e. sur- experiments passed half-epiboly. 14C-musk xylene stock solutions were prepared in absolute ethanol, subsequently diluted with FE- 2.3. Test concentrations TAX solution giving the final concentrations of the testing media, i.e. 10, 153, 871 and 1637 mg/l. Solutions (400 mg/l) of MX, MK and MM were For each testing concentration, 20 embryos were made by dissolving the respective compounds in exposed in 10 ml test solution in a 6-cm glass FETAX solution (see above) and mixing vigor- petridish. The exposure was static (without media ously overnight. Samples of the solutions were renewal for 96 h) at 2492°C with a 14-h/10-h, taken (100 ml) periodically, added with quin- light/dark cycle. Upon termination of the expo- tozene (extraction recovery control) and extracted sure, embryos were collected, washed with fresh with n-hexane (3×20 ml) in a separatory funnel. FETAX solution and incubated with tissue solu- The organic phase was collected, reduced to a bilizer (BTS-450, Beckmann) in a glass scintilla- final volume of 10 ml using rotary evaporation tion vial at 40°C overnight.
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