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Associations Without Democracy: the West Bank in Comparative Perspective 65 Amaney Jamal

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Associations Without Democracy: the West Bank in Comparative Perspective 65 Amaney Jamal Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Sina Odugbemi and Taeku Lee, Editors Lee, Taeku and Odugbemi Sina Action Public to Inertia From ACCOUNTABILITY THROUGH PUBLIC OPINION FROM INERTIA TO PUBLIC ACTION ACCOUNTABILITY THROUGH PUBLIC OPINION FROM INERTIA TO PUBLIC ACTION SINA ODUGBEMI AND TAEKU LEE Editors © 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 14 13 12 11 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Offi ce of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@world bank.org. ISBN: 978-0-8213-8505-0 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8556-2 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8505-0 Cover photograph: Joseph Luoman; ©iStockphoto.com / luoman Cover design: Critical Stages Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Accountability through public opinion : from inertia to public action / [edited by] Sina Odugbemi, Taeku Lee. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8213-8505-0—ISBN 978-0-8213-8556-2 (electronic) 1. Government accountability. 2. Public services—Public opinion. 3. Organizational effectiveness. 4. Performance—Management. I. Odugbemi, Sina. II. Lee, Taeku. JF1351.A246 2010 320.01—dc22 2010032302 Contents Contributors xi Acknowledgments xxi Abbreviations xxiii Section I Foundations 1 1 Taking Direct Accountability Seriously 3 Sina Odugbemi and Taeku Lee 2 The (Im)Possibility of Mobilizing Public Opinion? 11 Taeku Lee 3 The Public and Its (Alleged) Handiwork 25 Sina Odugbemi Section II Structural Context 35 4 Gaining State Support for Social Accountability 37 Harry Blair 5 The Workings of Accountability: Contexts and Conditions 53 Enrique Peruzzotti 6 Associations without Democracy: The West Bank in Comparative Perspective 65 Amaney Jamal Section III Information and Accountability 83 7 Necessary Conditions for Increasing Accountability 85 Arthur Lupia v vi Contents 8 Information Processing, Public Opinion, and Accountability 95 Charles S. Taber and Everett Young 9 Information, Social Networks, and the Demand for Public Goods: Experimental Evidence from Benin 123 Leonard Wantchekon and Christel Vermeersch Section IV Building Capacity through Media Institutions (Media and Journalism) 137 10 Training Journalists for Accountability in Argentina 139 Laura Zommer 11 Well-Informed Journalists Make Well-Informed Citizens: Coverage of Governance Issues in the Democratic Republic of Congo 151 Mary Myers 12 Communication Technologies for Accountability 159 Anne-Katrin Arnold Section V Deliberation and Accountability 181 13 Minipublics: Designing Institutions for Effective Deliberation and Accountability 183 Archon Fung 14 Deliberation and Institutional Mechanisms for Shaping Public Opinion 203 Baogang He 15 Creating Citizens through Communication Education in the United States 215 William Keith 16 Participatory Constitution Making in Uganda 235 Devra Moehler Section VI Power and Public Opinion (Mobilizing Public Opinion) 255 17 Collective Movements, Activated Opinion, and the Politics of the Extraordinary 257 Taeku Lee Contents vii 18 Public Narrative, Collective Action, and Power 273 Marshall Ganz 19 “Social Accountability” as Public Work 291 Peter Levine 20 Holding Government Accountable through Informal Institutions: Solidary Groups and Public Goods Provision in Rural China 307 Lily Tsai 21 Adult Civic Education and the Development of Democratic Culture: Evidence from Emerging Democracies 319 Steven E. Finkel Section VII Case Studies 331 22 Is Social Participation Democratizing Politics? 333 Vera Schattan P. Coelho 23 Stimulating Activism through Champions of Change 347 Samuel Paul 24 Informed Public Opinion and Offi cial Behavior Change 359 Gopakumar Thampi 25 Overcoming Inertia and Generating Participation: Insights from Participatory Processes in South Africa 377 Imraan Buccus and Janine Hicks 26 Civil Society Representation in São Paulo 389 Adrian Gurza Lavalle 27 Embedding the Right to Information: The Uses of Sector-Specifi c Transparency Regimes 403 Rob Jenkins Section VIII Conclusion 413 28 How Can Citizens Be Helped to Hold Their Governments Accountable? 415 Taeku Lee and Sina Odugbemi Appendix A 427 Appendix B 479 Index 487 viii Contents Figures 1.1. The Missing Link in Direct Accountability 6 2.1. From General Publics to Stakeholders 17 2.2. From Passive Inputs to Direct Decision Making 19 2.3. The Ladder of Participatory Inputs 20 2.4. From Ritual to Co-governance 21 2.5. Civil Society and Authorizing Public Opinion 21 3.1. Social Accountability Building Books 31 3.2. The Open, Inclusive Public Sphere 32 4.1. Spectrum of State Response to Social Accountability Initiatives 38 4.2. Spectrum of State Support for Social Accountability Mechanisms 39 12.1. Exchanges between States and Citizens 161 16.1. Predicted Values of Institutional Trust 240 18.1. Mobilization of Others 274 18.2. From Values to Action 276 18.3. Motivating Action 277 18.4. Elements of a Story 280 18.5. Self, Us, Now 283 19.1. Human Development and Voting 294 19.2. Local Community Action on Issues Such as Poverty and Employment Housing 295 19.3. Spending Time Every Week with People at Sporting, Cultural, or Communal Events 296 24.1. Group: Kisumu Government and Utilities 370 24.2. Institutional Setting for Implementing CRCs 371 28.1. The Process of Public Opinion Formation 418 28.2. Long and Short Routes to Accountability 422 28.3. The Stairway to Mobilization Process 423 28.4. Types of Public 424 28.5. Climbing the Stairway to Mobilization 425 Tables 4.1. Social Accountability Mechanisms and Their Origins 40 6.1. OLS Regression Analysis of the Relationship between Demographic Variables and Levels of Interpersonal Trust among the General Palestinian Population 75 6.2. Degree of Associational Clientelism and Levels of Interpersonal Trust 76 6.3. Measuring Interpersonal Trust, Support for Democratic Institutions, and Civic Engagement 77 Contents ix 6.4. Civic Engagement Indicators and Support for Democratic Institutions 78 9.1. Presidential Candidates and Parties Participating in the Experiment 126 9.2. Estimation of the Treatment Eff ect 128 9.3. Estimation of the Treatment Eff ect: Interaction with Information and Social Network Measures 129 12.1. Convergence/Integration and Divergence/Disintegration 167 13.1. Consequences of Minipublic Design Choices 193 13.2. Institutional Design Features of Three Minipublics 198 13.3. Outcomes in Three Minipublics 199 16.1. 2SLS Estimates Predicting Democratic Attitudes 237 16.2. 2SLS Estimates Predicting Political Knowledge 238 16.3. 2SLS Estimates Predicting Political Capabilities 238 16.4. 2SLS Estimates Predicting Institutional Trust 239 16.5. Ordinary Least Squares Regression Estimates Predicting Institutional Trust 240 16.6. Ordered Probit and Ordinary Least Squares Estimates Predicting Support for the Constitution 242 19.1. Two Models of Social Accountability 300 22.1. Indicators of Inclusion 339 22.2. Indicators of Participation 340 22.3. Indicators of Connections between the Participatory Forum and Other Spaces and Institutions 341 24.1. Strategizing Reforms Based on Citizens’ Feedback 366 24.2. Assessing the Fit of CRCs: Stakeholder Feedback 369 24.3. Communication Strategy for CRCs: A Template 374 24.4. Impact of Strategic Communication on the CRC Processes 374 26.1. Assumed Representation and Representation Activities 394 26.2. Principal Model 395 Contributors Anne-Katrin Arnold is a consultant to the World Bank’s Communication for Gov- ernance and Accountability Program (CommGAP). She is also a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Pennsylvania’s Annenberg School for Communication, where her research focuses on issues of public opinion, the public sphere, and political deci- sion making. Arnold holds an M.Sc. in Communication Research from the Institute for Journalism and Communication Research in Hannover, Germany, and an M.A. in Communication from the University of Pennsylvania, where she started her stud- ies as a Fulbright Scholar. Her publications include articles on public opinion the- ory, social
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