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Colonialism, Cultural Dominance and Cultural Conflict: a Comparative Study of Chinua Achebe and Raja Rao

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Colonialism, Cultural Dominance and Cultural Conflict: a Comparative Study of Chinua Achebe and Raja Rao COLONIALISM, CULTURAL DOMINANCE AND CULTURAL CONFLICT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE AND RAJA RAO THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy IN ENGLISH By MOMTAJUL ISLAM UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Chairperson DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2017 Department of English Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh CHAIRPERSON Phone No. 0091-571-2700920-922 Extension No.: 1426 Residence: (0571) 2720588 Mobile: +91 9837326553 E-mail: [email protected] Certificate This is to certify that the Ph.D. thesis entitled Colonialism, Cultural Dominance and Cultural Conflict: A Comparative Study of Chinua Achebe and Raja Rao submitted by Momtajul Islam for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.) in English is, to the best of my knowledge, an independent and original peace of research work, carried out under my supervision. This research work has not been submitted, in part or full, to any university/institution for any degree. Chairperson ACKNOWLEDGEMENT So long is the process of research that it is not always easy to remember all who help in getting the work see the light of the day. I may forget some to mention here but that in no way suggest that I am less indebted to them for their help and cooperation during the pursuit of my research. To start with, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Seemin Hassan, Chairperson, Department of English, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for her supervision. She has always been there for any kind of cooperation whenever I needed. I would put on record my gratefulness for her being a constant source of inspiration and support. I would like to thank her for her critical insight. Words fail me to thank Prof. Mohammad Asim Siddiqui. His inputs were too valuable to find mention in a few words. He remained a source of encouragement and unending support. It has been an honor for me to get his regular advice and insight on my work. I feel highly indebted to him. It would be a failure on my part not to acknowledge Dr. Aysha Munira. Apart from being a teacher, friend and guide, she remained a pillar of strength for me, making me realize that the pursuit of knowledge is an ongoing process and that it should never end. To acknowledge her and not to mention Dr. Sohail Ahmed would be a little unfair. He, as a friend, provided me with his suggestions whenever I needed any. My sincere respect to my teachers, namely, Prof. Asif Shuja (Rtd), late Prof. Murthy Duraisamy, Prof. Sami Rafiq and Dr. Akbar Joseph who shaped my interest and motivated me to pursue research. I would like to acknowledge the unconditional support of my very dear friend Dr. Taj Mohammad while reading the manuscripts. His promptness in giving his valuable feedback on my writing has helped me make my research work pertinent and lucid. My friend Meraj Ahmed has also been supportive during my research. I would like to pay my sincere thanks to my family members, especially my parents and my brother. It would not have been possible without their prayers and never-ending support. Furthermore, I have always found my brother standing by my side in difficult times. I’m also thankful to Sana Rehman, my sister-in-law, for supporting me whenever I needed her. I would like to recognize the support of my uncle Dr. M. A. Rashid (mama), who has been a ceaseless source of inspiration throughout my life. How can I ever forget to give credit to my wife Sumayya Rehman and our two little daughters, Manal and Madiha, for keeping me in a state of mind, necessary for serious research? Their presence, their patience helped me overcome all anxieties and fears which come with all the good things in life. I would also like to thank those friends, seniors and relatives who have supported me through thick and thin. My friends and colleagues at the English Language Institute (ELI), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, deserve my thanks for their moral support. I would specially like to mention Mr. Stephene Ambrose, Mrs. Shantha Nair, Dr. Ibrar Alam Ansari and Mr. Fayaz Alam Ahmed. They did come up with their ideas and thoughts at different points of time during my research. I am thankful to the staff members of Maulana Azad library, Aligarh Muslim University. I would like to thank Mr. Suhail Ahmed and Mr. Khan Mohammad Parvez (Department of English, AM.U.) for their friendly attitude and consistent cooperation. Lastly, I would like to mention Dr. Madihur Rehman Suhaib (Rtd.) for being a wonderful teacher, guide and supervisor, especially at a time when research was a new field to me, when marching ahead required direction. I express my immense gratitude to him. Momtajul Islam Abstract The thesis entitled, Colonialism, Cultural Dominance and Cultural Conflict: A Comparative Study of Chinua Achebe and Raja Rao, is divided into six chapters, chapter one and chapter six being the introduction and conclusion respectively. As represented in the works of Chinua Achebe and Raja Rao, two celebrated writers in English from Nigeria and India, this study focuses on the subjugation and victimization of common people of Africa and India during the colonial rule. Introduction The thesis is an extensive analysis of colonial and postcolonial works of these two writers. It also attempts to study how socio-cultural issues of Africa and India of colonial and postcolonial periods have been mirrored in these texts. Both the authors have drawn in plenty from the historical happenings of Africa and India in the period of colonization and also from the events when the colonizers left these colonies. However, the novels and short stories which are discussed here, cannot be considered historical in true sense of the word. The unsteady socio-political history of the native countries of Chinua Achebe and Raja Rao had been marked by colonial invasions, power tussles, mass uprisings, armed revolts, cultural dominance of the colonizers and the native elite classes alike during colonialism. Such events had direct impact on the fabric of socio-cultural setups of these colonies, which are echoed efficiently in these novels and short stories. Colonial history stands testimony to the fact that the problems associated with marginalization and oppression of common people have been responsible for the disintegration of indigenous native culture and identity. A brief examination of colonial history of Africa and India exposes that weakening of common people and their culture led to ultimate chaos and degeneration of native cultural identity and society. A brief historical account of foreign annexation of Africa and India, and its far-reaching impact on the native people and culture is given in this chapter after explaining the terms like, ‘colonialism’ and ‘postcolonialism’, and examining their impact on native societies. Advent of colonization derailed the social, cultural, religious and ethnic identities in these colonies. The native societies were self-reliant and self-contained before colonial powers encroached these lands. Their age-old systems of cultural norms, social hierarchies, class divisions and collective 1 relationships ensured smooth operation of the social systems in the colonies. However, they received a blow and were stymied in their evolution and progress with the colonial intrusion. Such a profound experience of social change, identity crisis of individuals, cultural clash and cultural hegemony could not but find a reflection in the works of writers concerned. The research work focusses on their selected works. Chinua Achebe’s Novels: The Colonial Period The title of the second chapter is ‘Chinua Achebe’s Novels: The Colonial Period’ and Achebe’s three novels of colonial period called, Things Fall Apart, Arrow of God and No Longer at Ease are analyzed here. This chapter examines how Achebe identifies colonial invasion in Africa and it also reflects on the cultural hegemony of external rulers in these novels. Things Fall Apart, Arrow of God and No Longer at Ease are set in the colonial era and are read as the representation of colonial rule, cultural conflict and cultural hegemony in Africa. It is evident that cultural dominance of the colonizers is propagated through the means of violence and oppression in native societies. The novel Things Fall Apart is a depiction and narration of the colonial clashes that took place in the nineteenth century when Igbo people of Eastern Nigeria confronted the White Christian missionaries for the first time. This novel is studied to explore what happens when Western colonial powers come to Igbo land in the form of trading organizations and then as White missionaries with the pretext of enlightening the native society and its people. The native ethics of the protagonist Okonkwo and his society constantly struggle to survive when challenged by the Western invasion. But ultimately, the native society fails to sustain. Okonkwo’s suicide symbolically represents self-destructive trends in the culture and society of Igbo people when faced with the cultural domination of the colonizers. The colonial rule completely suppresses the Igbo culture and social traditions and increasingly starts replacing all kinds of native uniqueness and way of life. In Arrow of God the ethnic philosophy and traditions of the native people of Igbo land slowly disappear when the colonial alternatives are imposed by the colonial forces. Ezeulu, the protagonist in Arrow of God, aspires to control both his tribe, and the influence of Western invaders and their culture on his society. But he fails in his attempt. Ezeulu’s tragedy in Arrow of God cannot simply be declared a personal disaster. 2 The tragedy of Obi Okonkwo, the hero of No Longer at Ease, authenticates how colonial hegemony often leads the youth of Africa to eventual disorientation and failure.
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