317 Geography of Environments Tuesday, Thursday 11:00-12:20 Crouse Hinds Room 101

Instructor: Tom Perreault Office: Eggers 529 Telephone: 443-9467 e-mail: [email protected] Office Hrs: Tuesdays 1:00-3:00, or by appointment

Course Overview This course is situated squarely within the society-environment tradition in geography. As such, we will explore the diversity of mountain environments, the geoecological processes that shape them, and the role that people play in using, transforming, and conserving them. Our focus will be on both physical and human systems, and their interaction in mountainous regions. The course is divided into two broad sections, Physical Geography of Mountain Environments and Human Geography of Mountain Environments. During roughly the first half of the course, we will examine physical processes, including plate tectonics and mountain building, volcanism, mountain climate, landforms and geomorphology, and biogeographical processes of mountain environments. During the second half of the course, we will look at the political economy of mountain regions, risks and hazards of mountain environments, mountain resource use practices (including agriculture, mining, forestry, and tourism), environmental degradation, conservation, and in mountain regions. Course readings and lecture material are drawn largely from data and examples from the Rockies, , Himalayas, and European Alps. Students are encouraged to explore their interests in other mountain regions through the final research project.

Course Requirements and Academic Honesty Grading for this course is based on two mid-term exams, a comprehensive final exam, and a final written project (see below). Class time will be spent primarily on lecture, but will include some discussion. Students are expected to keep up with assigned readings, and come to class ready to discuss them. For the final research projects, students are expected to submit original academic work. Plagiarism is not acceptable, and will result in a grade of ‘F’ for the course. The University defines plagiarism as:

"The submission of any work by a student is taken as a guarantee that the thoughts and expressions in it are the student's own except when properly credited to another. Violations of this principle include giving or receiving aid in an exam or where otherwise prohibited, fraud, plagiarism, the falsification or forgery of any record, or any other deceptive act in connection with academic work. Plagiarism is the representation of another's words, ideas, programs, formulae, opinions, or other products of work as one's own, either overtly or by failing to attribute them to their true source" (Section 1.0, Syracuse University Academic Rules and Regulations).

GEO 317 Geography of Mountain Regions 1 It is essential that you understand what plagiarism is, and how to avoid it. Students are responsible for knowing University definitions and rules regarding academic honesty. For more information on plagiarism and academic honesty, please see the University’s website on it, at: http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/maxpages/faculty/merupert/Teaching/plag.htm

Grading Point distribution is as follows:

Exam 1 (September 29) 100 points

Exam 2 (October 27) 100 points

Final Exam (December 15) 150 points

Final Project (Due December 8) 90 points

Presentation 10 points

______

TOTAL 450 points

Required Texts

There will be a course reader, available at the Copy Center in Marshall Square.

Course Schedule

Week / Date Theme Readings___

I. Introduction: Why Study ?

Week 1: August 30 Course Introduction

September 1 Mountains as Dynamic Environments: Bernbaum 1997 The Cultural, Political, and Biophysical Importance of Mountain Regions ______

GEO 317 Geography of Mountain Regions 2 II. Physical Geography of Mountain Regions

Week 2: September 6 Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building “Origin of Mountains” Processes (Price 1981, ch. 3)

September 8 Volcanoes and Volcanism Gerrard 1990

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Week 3: September 13 Mountain Climate and Weather “Mountain Climate” (Price 1981, ch. 4, pp. 57- 87 and 107-125)

September 15 Climate Change in Mountains Price and Barry 1997

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Week 4: September 20 Biogeography of Mountain Regions “Mountain Vegetation” (Price 1981, ch. 8)

September 22 Biogeography (continued) no new readings

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Week 5: September 27 catch-up and review no new readings

September 29 Exam 1

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Week 6: October 4 Geomorphology of Mountain Regions “Landforms and Geomorphic Processes (Price 1981, ch. 6)

October 6 Geomorphology (continued) Fitzsimmons and Veit 2001

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GEO 317 Geography of Mountain Regions 3 III. Human Geography of Mountain Environments I: Political Economy, Hazards, and Conflict in Mountain Regions

Week 7: October 11 Mountains as Marginal Regions

October 13 No Classes (Yom Kippur Holiday)

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Week 8: October 18 Mountain Hazards Hewitt 1997

October 20 Hazards, Risk, and Health Halvorson 2002, 2003

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Week 9: October 25 Geopolitics and Conflict in Steinberg and Taylor 2002 Mountain Regions Kiteme and Gikonyo 2002 Ali 2002 Krishna, et al. 2002 October 27 Exam 2

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IV. Human Geography of Mountain Environments II: Resource Use, Conservation and Development of Mountain Regions

Week 10: November 1 Local Livelihoods I: Agriculture Systems Brush 1988 Tapia 2000 Rerkasem, et al. 2002

November 3 Local Livelihoods II: Irrigation and Kreutzmann 1988 Watershed Management

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GEO 317 Geography of Mountain Regions 4 Week 11: November 8 Local Livelihoods III: Grazing Preston, et al. 2003 and Transhumance Brower 2000 Nautiyal, et al. 2003

November 10 Local Livelihoods IV: Agroforestry Jokisch and Lair 2002 and Forest Management Miehe, et al. 2003 Tucker 2000 ______

Week 12: November 15 Globalizing Mountains I: Mining Fox 1997

November 17 Globalizing Mountains II: Tourism Godde et al. 2000 and Luxury Consumption Nepal 2002 Marín-Yaseli and Martínez 2003 ______

Week 13: November 22 Sustainable Development of Séne and McGuire 1997 Mountain Regions Ives, et al. 1997

November 24 No class – Thanksgiving  ______

Week 14: November 29 Sustainable Development and Young and León 2000 Environmental Conservation

December 1 Environmental Conservation of Byers 2005 Mountain Environments (continued) ______

Week 15: December 6 Student Presentations no new readings

December 8 Student Presentations (continued) no new readings Written projects due in class ______

Final Exam: Thursday, December 15, 2:45-4:45

GEO 317 Geography of Mountain Regions 5 Bibliography

Ali, Aamir 2002. A Siachen peace park: The solution to a half-century of international conflict? Mountain Research and Development, 22(4): 316-319.

Bernbaum, Edwin 1997. The spiritual and cultural significance of mountains. In Bruno Messerli and Jack D. Ives (eds.), Mountains of the World: A Global Priority (pp. 39-60), New York: Parthenon Publishing Group.

Brower, Barbara 2000. Sheep grazing in National Forest wilderness: A new look at an old fight. Mountain Research and Development, 20(2): 126-129.

Brush, Stephen B. 1988. Traditional agricultural strategies in the hill lands of Tropical America. In Nigel J.R. Allan, Gregory W. Knapp, and Christoph Stadl (eds.), Human Impact on Mountains (pp. 116-126), Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.

Byers, Alton 2000. Contemporary change in the Huascarán National Park and buffer zone, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Mountain Research and Development, 20(1): 52-63.

Byers, Alton 2005. Contemporary human impacts on alpine ecosystems in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Khumbu, Nepal. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95(1): 112-140.

Fitzsimmons, Sean J. and Heinz Veit 2001. and geomorphology of the European Alps and the Southern Alps of New Zealand: A Comparison. Mountain Research and Development, 21(4): 340-349.

Fox, David J. 1997. Mining in mountains. In Bruno Messerli and Jack D. Ives (eds.), Mountains of the World: A Global Priority (pp. 171-198), New York: Parthenon Publishing Group.

Gerrard, John 1990. Mountain Environments: An Examination of the Physical Geography of Mountains. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Godde, Pamela M., Martin F. Price, and Freidrich M. Zimmermann 2000. Tourism and development in mountain regions: Moving forward into the new millennium. In Pamela M. Godde, Martin F. Price, and Freidrich M. Zimmermann (eds.), Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions (pp. 1-25), New York: CABI Publishing.

Halvorson, Sarah J. 2002. Environmental health risks and gender in the Karakoram-Himalaya, Northern Pakistan. The Geographical Review, 92(2): 257-281.

Halvorson, Sarah J. 2003. ‘Placing’ health risks in the Karakoram. Mountain Research and Development, 23(3): 271-277.

GEO 317 Geography of Mountain Regions 6 Hewitt, Kenneth 1997. Risks and disasters in mountain lands. In Bruno Messerli and Jack D. Ives (eds.), Mountains of the World: A Global Priority (pp. 371-480), New York: Parthenon Publishing Group.

Ives, Jack D., Bruno Messerli, and Robert E. Rhoades 1997. Agenda for sustainable mountain development. In Bruno Messerli and Jack D. Ives (eds.), Mountains of the World: A Global Priority (pp. 455-466), New York: Parthenon Publishing Group.

Jokisch, Brad D. and Bridget M. Lair 2002. One last stand? Forest change on Ecuador’s eastern cordillera. The Geographical Review, 92(2): 235-256.

Kiteme, Boniface P. and John Gikonyo 2002. Preventing and resolving water use conflicts in the Mount Kenya highland-lowland system through water users’ associations. Mountain Research and Development, 22(4): 332-337.

Kreutzmann Hermann J. 1988. Oases of the Karakorum: Evolution of irrigation and social organization in Hunza, North Pakistan. In Nigel J.R. Allan, Gregory W. Knapp, and Christoph Stadl (eds.), Human Impact on Mountains (pp. 243-254), Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.

Krishna, Akhouri Pramod, Santosh Chhetri, and Kaushal Kumar Singh 2002. Human dimensions of conservation in the Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve: The need for conflict Prevention. Mountain Research and Development, 22(4): 328-331.

Marín-Yaseli, María Laguna and Teodoro Lasanta Martínez 2003. Competing for meadows: A case study on tourism and livestock farming in the Spanish Pyrenees. Mountain Research and Development, 23(2): 169-176.

Miehe, Georg, Sabine Miehe, Katja Koch and Martin Will 2003. Sacred forests in Tibet: Using geographic information systems for forest rehabilitation. Mountain Research and Development, 23(4): 324-328.

Nautiyal, Sunil, et al. 2003. Transhumant pastoralism in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, India: A case study in the buffer zone. Mountain Research and Development, 23(3): 255-262.

Nepal, Sanjay K. 2002. Mountain ecotourism and sustainable development: Ecology, , and ethics. Mountain Research and Development, 22(2): 104-109.

Preston, David et al. 2003. Grazing and environmental change on the Tarija Altiplano, Bolivia. Mountain Research and Development, 23(2): 141-148.

Price, Larry W. 1981. Mountains and Man: A Study of Process and Environment. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Price, Martin F. and Roger G. Barry 1997. Climate change. In Bruno Messerli and Jack D. Ives (eds.), Mountains of the World: A Global Priority (pp. 409-445), New York: Parthenon Publishing Group.

GEO 317 Geography of Mountain Regions 7

Rerkasem, Kanok et al. 2002. Agrodiversity lessons in mountain land management. Mountain Research and Development, 22(1): 4-9.

Séne, El Hadji and Douglas McGuire 1997. Sustainable mountain development: Chapter 13 in action. In Bruno Messerli and Jack D. Ives (eds.), Mountains of the World: A Global Priority (pp. 447- 453), New York: Parthenon Publishing Group.

Steinberg, Michael K. and Matthew Taylor 2002. The impact of political turmoil on maize culture and diversity in highland Guatemala. Mountain Research and Development, 22(4): 344-351.

Tapia, Mario E. 2000. Mountain agrobiodiversity in Peru. Mountain Research and Development, 20(3): 220-225.

Upreti, Bishnu Raj 2004. Resource conflicts and conflict resolution in Nepal. Mountain Research and Development, 24(1): 60-66.

Young, Kenneth R. and Blanca León 2000. Biodiversity conservation in Peru’s eastern montane forests. Mountain Research and Development, 20(3): 208-211.

GEO 317 Geography of Mountain Regions 8