DOCSLIB.ORG

SLMA Guidelines and Information on Vaccines Editors Dr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

SLMA GUIDELINES & INFORMATION ON VACCINES SIXTH EDITION SRI LANKA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION COLOMBO 2017 Joint Editors Dr. Lucian Jayasuriya MBBS, DTPH, FCMA, FCV, FCGP Privileges of Board Certification in Medical Administration (PGIM) Hony. Senior Fellow of the PGIM (Col.) former Additional Secretary, Ministry of Health former Medical Director GlaxoSmithKline Moratuwa Dr. Omala Wimalaratne MBBS, Dip. Med. Micro, MD Senior Consultant Virologist & Vaccinologist Former, Head, Department of Rabies & Vaccines Medical Research Institute Colombo Prof. Jennifer Perera MBBS, MD, Dip. Med. Edu Senior Professor of Microbiology University of Colombo Dr. Geethani Galagoda MBBS, Dip Med Micro, MD ConsultantVirologist Head of Laboratories Lanka Hospitals Diagnostics Lanka Hospitals PLC Colombo Core Review Group The Editors Dr. Dennis Aloysius, Senior Family Physician, Ratmalana Dr. Naomal Gunaratne, Senior Consultant Paediatrician, Colombo Dr. Dulmini Kumarasinghe, Consultant Virologist, Medical Research Institute, Colombo Dr. Darshanie Mallikarachchi, Consultant Venereologist, District General Hospital Ratnapura Prof. Sanath Lamabadusuriya, Emeritus Professor of Paediatrics, University of Colombo Dr. Kanthi Nanayakkara, Consultant Virologist and Vaccinologist, Medical Research, Institute, Colombo Dr. Rajiva de Silva, Consultant Immunologist, Medical Research Institute, Colombo ISBN 978-955-9386-41-4 First Edition 2001 SLMA Guidelines on Non-EPI Vaccines Editors Dr. Lucian Jayasuriya & Dr. Anura Weerasinghe Second Edition 2004 SLMA Guidelines on Vaccines Editors Dr. Lucian Jayasuriya, Dr. Anura Weerasinghe, Dr. Omala Wimalaratne Third Edition 2008 SLMA Guidelines on Vaccines and Information on Vaccines Editors Dr. Omala Wimalaratne, Prof. Anura Weerasinghe, Dr. Lucian Jayasuriya First Print 2008 - 5000 copies Second Print 2009 – 3,500 copies Fourth Edition 2011 SLMA Guidelines and Information on Vaccines Editors Dr. Omala Wimalaratne, Prof. Anura Weerasinghe, Prof. Jennifer Perera, Dr. Lucian Jayasuriya First Print 2011 – 4000 copies Second Print 2012 – 5000 copies Third Print 2013-3000 copies Fifth Edition 2014 SLMA Guidelines and Information on Vaccines Editors Dr. Lucian Jayasuriya, Dr. Omala Wimalaratne, Prof. Jennifer Perera, Prof. Anura Weerasinghe First Print – 2000 copies 2014 Second Print – 5000 copies 2015 Third Print – 2000 copies 2016 iii CONTRIBUTORS Dr. Ananda Amerasinghe, MD Senior Consultant Epidemiologist Dr. Ranjith Batuwantudawe, MBBS, MSc, MD Consultant Community Physician, Ministry of Health Dr. Enoka Corea, MBBS, Dip. Med. Micro, MD Senior Lecturer in Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo. Dr. Maxie Fernandopulle, MBBS, MRCP Senior Consultant Paediatrician, Colombo Prof. Rohini Fernandopulle, MBBS, PhD Clinical Pharmacologist, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana Dr. Geethani Galagoda, MBBS, Dip.Med.Micro, MD Head of Laboratories, Lanka Hospitals Diagnostics, Lanka Hospitals PLC, Colombo Dr. Deepa Gamage, MBBS, MSc, MD Consultant Epidemiologist, Ministry of Health Dr. Naomal Gunaratne, MBBS, FRCP, FCCP, DCH, FSLCP Senior Consultant Paediatrician, Colombo Dr. Jude Jayamaha, MBBS, Dip. Med. Micro, MD Consultant Virologist, National Influenza Centre, Medical Research Institute, Colombo Dr. Dulmini Kumarasinghe, MBBS, Dip.Med.Micro, MD Consultant Virologist, Medical Research Institute, Colombo Prof. Sanath Lamabadusuriya, MBE, MBBS, PhD, DSc, FRCP(Eng.), FRCP(Edin.), FRCP(Glasg.), FRCPCH(UK), FCCP, FSLCP, FSLCGP, DCH Emeritus Professor of Paediatrics, University of Colombo Prof. Neelika Malavige, MBBS, MRCP, DPhil, FRCP(Lond.), FRCPath Professor and Immunologist, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardenapura iv Dr. Darshanie Mallikarachchi, MBBS, Dip. Ven. MD Consultant Venereologist, District General Hospital, Ratnapura Dr. Kanthi Nanayakkara, MBBS, Dip.Med. Micro, MD Consultant Virologist and Vaccinologist, Medical Research Institute, Colombo Prof. Jennifer Perera, MBBS, MD, Dip. Med. Ed Senior Professor of Microbiology, University of Colombo Dr. Paba Palihawadana, MBBS, MSc, MD Chief Epidemiologist, Ministry of Health Dr. Risintha Premaratne, MBBS, MPH, MSc, MD Consultant Community Physician Dr. Rajiva de Silva, MBBS, Dip. Med. Micro, MD Consultant Immunologist, Medical Research Institute, Colombo Dr. Prasanna Siriwardena, MBBS, MD(Fam.Med.), MRCGP(Int.), DFM, DCH Consultant Family Physician, Piliyandala Prof. Shalini Sri Ranganathan, MBBS,MD,DCH, MRCP, PhD, Dip.Med.Tox. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Colombo Dr. Hasitha Tissera, MBBS, MSc, MD Consultant Epidemiologist, National Coordinator for Dengue Prevention and Control. Ministry of Health Dr. Pushpa Ranjan Wijesinghe, MD, MPH, MSc, MD Consultant Epidemiologist Dr. Omala Wimalaratne, MBBS, Dip. Med. Micro, MD Senior Consultant Virologist and Vaccinologist, Colombo v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface x Introduction xii Abbreviations xvi Precautions before vaccination xxiii Chapter 1 Immunological basis of vaccination 1 Dr. Rajiva de Silva Chapter 2 BCG 11 Prof. Jennifer Perera Chapter 3 Cholera vaccine 17 Dr. Risintha Premaratne Dr. Dulmini Kumarasinghe Chapter 4 Dengue vaccine 22 Dr. Hasitha Tissera Chapter 5 Dipththeria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine 28 Dr. Ananda Amarasinghe Chapter 6 Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine 38 Dr. Ranjan Wijesinghe Dr. Ranjith Batuwantudawe Chapter 7 Hepatitis A vaccine 44 Dr. Geethani Galagoda Chapter 8 Hepatitis B vaccine 49 Prof. Jennifer Perera Chapter 9 Human papillomavirus vaccine 57 Dr. Deepa Gamage Chapter 10 Influenza vaccine 62 Dr. Jude Jayamaha Chapter 11 Japanese encephalitis vaccine 67 Dr. Omala Wimalaratne vii Chapter 12 Measles mumps and rubella vaccine 74 Dr. Prasanna Siriwardena Chapter 13 Meningococcal vacccine 83 Prof. Jennifer Perera Chapter 14 Pneumococcal vaccine 89 Prof. Sanath Lamabadusuriya Chapter 15 Poliomyelitis vaccine 96 Dr. Paba Palihawadana Dr. Deepa Gamage Chapter 16 Rabies vaccine 101 Dr. Omala Wimalaratne Chapter 17 Rotavirus vaccine 113 Dr. Geethani Galagoda Chapter 18 Tetanus vaccine 118 Dr. Kanthi Nanayakkara Chapter 19 Typhoid vaccine 125 Dr. Enoka Corea Chapter 20 Varicella vaccine 130 Prof. Neelika Malavige Chapter 21 Yellow fever vaccine 136 Dr. Dulmini Kumarasinghe Chapter 22 Immunization of HIV infected persons 143 Dr. Darshanie Mallikarachchi Chapter 23 Immunization for the elderly 158 Dr. Kanthi Nanayakkara Chapter 24 Immunization of transplant recipients 162 Dr. Rajiva de Silva Dr. Kanthi Nanayakkara Chapter 25 Passive immunization 176 Prof. Neelika Malavige Chapter 26 Adverse events following immunization 182 Dr. Ananda Amarasinghe viii Chapter 27 Management of anaphylaxis 187 Prof. Rohini Fernandopulle Prof. Shalini Sri Ranganathan Dr. Rajiva de Silva Chapter 28 Immunization for international travel 203 Prof. Jennifer Perera Chapter 29 Immunization in special clinical circumstances 211 Dr. Naomal Gunaratne Chapter 30 Storage and transport of vaccines 220 Prof. Jennifer Perera Chapter 31 General information on vaccines 233 Dr. Kanthi Nanayakkara Chapter 32 Frequently asked questions 240 Dr. Prasanna Siriwardena ANNEXES Annex I National Immunization Programme of Sri Lanka Annex II Vaccines outside National Immunization Programme of Sri Lanka Annex III Recommendations for route and site of immunization Annex IV Notification form for adverse events following immunization Annex V Anaphylaxis event record ix PREFACE It is my pleasure and privilege to write this preface for the 6th edition of ‘Guidelines and Information on Vaccines’. I express my sincere appreciation to SLMA’s Expert Committee on Communicable Diseases for this valuable output. Their sustained commitment to update our profession with a user-friendly compilation of time appropriate information on current immunization needs of our citizens is highly commendable. This practical guide has enjoyed a very high rating by local practitioners over sixteen successive years, indeed a very remarkable achievement for an entirely volunteer group of medical professionals. I thank Past President Dr. Lucian Jayasuriya for his unstinting commitment and coordination in ensuring this project to have such a successful continuity. I have observed with humility the diligent announcements and regular reminders of the numerous meetings of the highly capable editorial team. My heartfelt gratitude is extended to each and every author for his or her valuable time, excellent contribution and for maintaining the high standards. Sri Lanka has enjoyed the unique achievement of maintaining a continuum of a near universal coverage, at grass root level, of its national immunization programme. It is noteworthy that the national policy on immunization (NPI) aims at prioritizing vaccine preventable diseases. The past six decades have witnessed the successful implementation of the NPI, particularly in the fields of maternal and child health. More recently, the rapidly changing population dynamics, advances in immunology and temporal trends in the epidemiology of communicable diseases have led to the need for the development of newer vaccines. Hence the busy practitioner requires a parallel update on the long list of vaccines with their scientific basis and cost effectiveness. The Sri Lanka Medical Association is proud to have given the required leadership for this distinct need in developing and updating a comprehensive handbook on vaccines for the Sri Lankan medical profession. The inclusion of SLMA as the lead professional body with x many members of its Expert Committee on Communicable
Recommended publications
  • Milk Kulfi Recipe / Paal Ice / Homemade Kulfi Recipe

    Milk Kulfi Recipe / Paal Ice / Homemade Kulfi Recipe

    Jigarthanda Popsicle Recipe / Madurai Jil Jil Jigarthanda Kulfi Jigarthanda is a popular milk based energy drink sold in many restaurants and road side shops in south India. Jigar means “liver /heart /mind” Thanda means “cooling”. Jigarthanda Popsicle is prepared with almond tree gum (Badam Pisin), nannari syrup, milk and sugar. I already posted the authentic madurai Jigarthanda recipe in my blog. This is my favourite drink and I will never miss this drink when ever I go to Madurai. Coming to the jigarthanda popsicle recipe, here I used vanilla extract in place of nannari syrup and I used condensed milk in place of ice cream. I have no idea whether this jigardhanda popsicle available in shops, this is my own creative recipe by following the jigarthanda recipe. The idea of making this popsicle was in my mind for long time, at last I tried it last week. Woo-ooh, it was so rich, creamy and yummy. Here in US, summer has started it’s getting hot so this madurai jil jil jigarthada kulfi helps me to cool the body instantly. I bet the kids will love this for sure. Hope you will give this a try and let me know how it turned out. Also try my other popsicle recipes. 1. Homemade Kulfi 2. Pineapple Popsicle How to make Jigarthanda Popsicle Recipe Jigarthanda Popsicle Save Print Prep time 8 hours Cook time 30 mins Total time 8 hours 30 mins A creamy and yummy Jigarthanda popsicle is a milk based popsicle made with badam pisin, vanilla extract, milk and sugar.
  • Emergencies in Paediatrics and Neonatology Published and Forthcoming Titles in the Emergencies in … Series

    Emergencies in Paediatrics and Neonatology Published and Forthcoming Titles in the Emergencies in … Series

    OXFORD MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS Emergencies in Paediatrics and Neonatology Published and forthcoming titles in the Emergencies in … series: Emergencies in Adult Nursing Edited by Philip Downing Emergencies in Anaesthesia Edited by Keith Allman, Andrew McIndoe, and Iain H. Wilson Emergencies in Cardiology Edited by Saul G. Myerson, Robin P. Choudhury, and Andrew Mitchell Emergencies in Children’s and Young People’s Nursing Edited by E.A. Glasper, Gill McEwing, and Jim Richardson Emergencies in Clinical Surgery Edited by Chris Callaghan, Chris Watson and Andrew Bradley Emergencies in Critical Care, 2e Edited by Martin Beed, Richard Sherman, and Ravi Mahajan Emergencies in Gastroenterology and Hepatology Marcus Harbord and Daniel Marks Emergencies in Mental Health Nursing Edited by Patrick Callaghan Emergencies in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Edited by S. Arulkumaran Emergencies in Oncology Edited by Martin Scott-Brown, Roy A.J. Spence, and Patrick G. Johnston Emergencies in Paediatrics and Neonatology, 2e Edited by Stuart Crisp and Jo Rainbow Emergencies in Palliative and Supportive Care Edited by David Currow and Katherine Clark Emergencies in Primary Care Chantal Simon, Karen O’Reilly, John Buckmaster, and Robin Proctor Emergencies in Psychiatry, 2e Basant Puri and Ian Treasaden Emergencies in Radiology Edited by Richard Graham and Ferdia Gallagher Emergencies in Respiratory Medicine Edited by Robert Parker, Catherine Thomas, and Lesley Bennett Emergencies in Sports Medicine Edited by Julian Redhead and Jonathan Gordon Head, Neck and Dental
  • PATH: Vaccine Vial Monitor

    PATH: Vaccine Vial Monitor

    Home | Blog | Press room | Publications | Jobs | Contact us Se arch Who we are What we do Where we work For our colleagues Health technologies : Vaccine technologies : Vaccine vial mo nit o r World's smartest sticker For ten years vaccine vial monitors have VACCINE VIAL MO NITO R flagged spoiled vaccine World's smartest sticker Update: Vaccine vial monitors will be used with the new At a glance Menafrivac™ vaccine being introduced in sub-Saharan Africa. This vaccine is the first developed specifically for Africa, and it will protect millions against deadly meningitis. RELATED PATH RESOURCES Read more about this important global health milestone. HealthTech Program This three-minute video tells the story of the vaccine vial One Life at a Time Imagine the challenge of getting the extremely heat-sensitive monitor in Kenya. polio vaccine from a high-tech pharmaceutical company in Fact sheet on vaccine vial Belgium to a remote village in Ghana. The vaccine leaves by monitors truck, is flown to Africa, and then is carried across dirt roads by truck or bicycle to eventually Technology Updates series reach a refrigerator in a rural clinic that has sporadic electricity. The journey may take days or of fact sheets weeks, during which the vaccine is constantly at risk of being spoiled. Too often these vital Historical profile of vaccine vaccines are damaged but still used, or they’re tossed out because health workers have to vial monitors assume they have gone bad. Framework for product introduction PATH found a technology originally used by the food industry to save perishable products and Product introduction case worked with its owners to adapt it so that it could be used to address the “cold chain” study: vaccine vial monitor problem.
  • A Group Photograph with Beba the Cow, Happening on December 7, 2003, Zagreb

    A Group Photograph with Beba the Cow, Happening on December 7, 2003, Zagreb

    A Group Photograph with Beba the Cow, happening on December 7, 2003, Zagreb. CHEESE AND CREAM An Initiative to Protect the Milkmaids of Zagreb (Since 2002) A Project by Kristina Leko in collaboration with BLOK Actions, Events, Research, Archives, Website, Exhibition, Roundtable, Campaign www.sirivrhnje.org (also www.cheeseandcream.org) While working on the project On Milk and People, I became familiar with many issues important to farming families. I learned a lot on issues related to agricultural policy, the dairy industry, and economical restructuring. I became deeply aware of social changes that would result from the process of accommodating the European Union regulations in Croatia and, respectively, in my hometown of Zagreb. As I understood that one of the consequences would be the disappearance of the milkmaids in the Zagreb open markets, I decided to start an initiative that would help the milkmaids of Zagreb survive, as they are a paradigmatic part of Croatian social reality. Is it possible to join the European leveling of economic standards in a way that preserves important elements of local cultural identity? In 2002, in collaboration with the not-for-profit organization BLOK, we began our initiative aiming to protect the milkmaids of Zagreb as a cultural heritage. Since the summer of 2002 we organized several happenings, undertook research on the condition of the milkmaids, presented their situation in an exhibition and launched a small media campaign. In order to test and affect the public opinion a website was created. In order to influence the administrative and political decision making, ten officials from different institutions were invited and participated in a round table entitled «Could Zagreb Milkmaids possibly join the EU?».
  • Dairy Culture: Industry, Nature and Liminality in the Eighteenth- Century English Ornamental Dairy

    Dairy Culture: Industry, Nature and Liminality in the Eighteenth- Century English Ornamental Dairy

    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2008-02-01 Dairy Culture: Industry, Nature and Liminality in the Eighteenth- Century English Ornamental Dairy Ashlee Whitaker Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Art Practice Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Whitaker, Ashlee, "Dairy Culture: Industry, Nature and Liminality in the Eighteenth-Century English Ornamental Dairy" (2008). Theses and Dissertations. 1327. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1327 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. DAIRY CULTURE: INDUSTRY, NATURE AND LIMINALITY IN THE EIGHTEENTH- CENTURY ENGLISH ORNAMENTAL DAIRY by Ashlee Whitaker A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Visual Arts Brigham Young University April 2008 Copyright © 2008 Ashlee Whitaker All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT DAIRY CULTURE: INDUSTRY, NATURE AND LIMINALITY IN THE EIGHTEENTH- CENTURY ENGLISH ORNAMENTAL DAIRY Ashlee Whitaker Department of Visual Arts Master of Arts The vogue for installing dairies, often termed “fancy” or “polite” dairies, within the gardens of wealthy English estates arose during the latter half of the eighteenth century. These polite dairies were functional spaces in which aristocratic women engaged, to varying degrees, in bucolic tasks of skimming milk, churning and molding butter, and preparing crèmes. As dairy work became a mode of genteel activity, dairies were constructed and renovated in the stylish architectural modes of the day and expanded to serve as spaces of leisure and recreation.
  • Lieutenant General D L Kobbekaduwa

    Lieutenant General D L Kobbekaduwa

    LIEUTENANT GENERAL D L KOBBEKADUWA RWP RSP VSV USP rcds psc ANNUAL MEMORIAL LECTURE SERIES 2017 INSSSL ANNUAL MEMORIAL LECTURE SERIES 2017 LT GEN D L KOBBEKADUWA RWP RSP VSV USP rcds psc Institute of National Security Studies Sri Lanka ANNUAL MEMORIAL LECTURE SERIES 2017 EDITED BY INSTITUTE OF NATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES SRI LANKA This publication includes speech by General G H De Silva (Rtd) RWP VSV USP at the Annual Memorial Lecture Series 2017; LT GEN D L KOBBEKADUWA RWP RSP VSV USP rcds psc, presented on 8th December 2017. The views expressed herein do not represent a consensus of views amongst the worldwide membership of the Institute as a whole. First published in August 2019 by the Institute of National Security Studies Sri Lanka (INSSSL). © 2019 Institute of National Security Studies Sri Lanka (INSSSL) You are free to use any materials in this paper for publication in newspaper, online networks, newsletters, radio/TV discussions, academic papers or for other means, so long as full credit is given to both the author(s) and the Institute of National Security Studies Sri Lanka (INSSSL). If any materials are being used, please inform the Institute by emailing [email protected] with details of when and where the publication was used. ISBN 978-955-7311-04-3 Institute of National Security Studies Sri Lanka (INSSL), 8th Floor, “Suhurupaya”, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka. Contact no: +94112879087 Fax: +94112879087 Email: [email protected] Web: www.insssl.lk Institute of National Security Studies Sri Lanka ABOUT US The Institute of National Security Studies (INSSSL) is the national security think tank of Sri Lanka under the Ministry of Defence, established to understand the security environment and to work with the government to craft evidence-based policy options and strategies for debate and discussion to ensure national security.
  • View Article

    View Article

    tical C eu are OPEN ACCESS Freely available online ac & m H r e a a h l t P h f S o y l s a t n e r Journal of m u s o J ISSN: 2376-0419 Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems Review Article Vaccine Vial Monitor Based Vaccine Management: An Albania Experience Umit Kartoglu1*, Erida Nelaj2, Iria Preza2, Silva Bino3 1Extensio et Progressio, 1a chemin du Pre-d’Orsat, 1245 Collonge-Bellerive, Switzerland; 2National Immunization Programme, Department of Epidemiology and Infectious Disease Control, Institute of Public Health, Alexander Moisiu Str. 80, Tirana, Albania; 3Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology and Infectious Disease Control, Institute of Public Health, Alexander Moisiu Str. 80, Tirana, Albania ABSTRACT Vaccine vial monitor (VVM) stands out amongst all the temperature monitoring devices and tools, as the only one that has shaped the course of vaccine management practices as well as the vaccine cold chain. Some critical vaccine management approaches that are practiced today, such as multi-dose vial policy, and controlled temperature chain have only been made possible with the help of VVM, and others such as rotating stocks and dispatches have been made more effective. Using the Albania immunization programme as a case, this paper reviews the vaccine management practices from the VVM perspective. Keywords: Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM), Vaccine management, Multi-dose vial policy; Controlled temperature chain INTRODUCTION and tools, as the only one that has shaped the course of vaccine management practices as well as the vaccine cold chain. Some Vaccines are biological medicinal products that are time and critical approaches we have today in vaccine management, such as temperature-sensitive and must be stored and transported at multi-dose vial policy, controlled temperature chain have only been controlled temperatures [1,2].
  • Diffusion of Milk As a New Food To

    Diffusion of Milk As a New Food To

    DIFFUSIONO FMIL KA SA NE WFOO DT OTROPICA LREGIONS : THEEXAMPL EO FINDONESIA ,1880-1942 . Promotoren:Dr .J.G.A.J .Hautvast ,hoogleraa r ind e leerva nd e Voeding end eVoedselbereiding . Dr.A.M .va nde rWoude ,hoogleraa r ind eAgrarisch e Geschiedenis. ^J/O^IOV v| 0^^ ADELP .DE NHARTO G DIFFUSIONO FMIL KA SA NEWFOO DT OTROPICA LRESIGNS : THEEXAMPL EO F INDONESIA, 1880-1942 PROEFSCHRIFT TERVERKRIJGIN GVA ND EGRAA DVA N DOCTOR IND ELANDBOUWWETENSCHAPPEN , OPGEZA GVA ND ERECTO RMAGNIFICUS , DR.C.C .OOSTERLEE , INHE TOPENBAA R TEVERDEDIGE N OPDINSDA G 9SEPTEMBE R 1986 DESNAMIDDAG S TEVIE RUU R IND EAUL A VAND ELANDBOUWUNIVERSITEI TT EWAGENINGE N 1-• • I * <° -' r V BIBL10THEEK DKR 1AHDBOITWHOGFSCHOOL 1FAGENINGEN ^ /vjNu'l^v,!oH$ STELLINGEN 1. Geziend ebeter ehoudbaarhei dva n zuremel konde r tropischeomstandighede n ishe t jammer dat zuremel k alsonderdee lva nd e gezondheidszorg nda e onafhankelijkheid van Indonesie geennavolgin gmee rheef tgevonden . Dit proefschrift. 2. Bijhe tgeve nva nee noordee l overd eplaat sva n zuivel inontwikkelings - landenword t inNederlan d onvoldoende aandacht geschonken aanhe t feitda t men temake nheef tme tmelkgebruikend ee nniet-melkgebruikend evolken . 3. "Deheersend e omstandigheden inDa re sSalaa m (eni nmeni gsta di n andere ontwikkelingslanden)make nd e combinatieva nwer ke n moederschap totee nva n zwoegen.Dez e combinatie isnauwelijk s mogelijk zonderee ntoevluch t teneme nto tee nniet-op-moedermel k gebaseerde zuigelingenvoeding.Mel kva nd e koei s inonvoldoend e mateaanwezi ge nmoeder smake ngebrui k vanwel kmelkproduc tda t ookmaa rbeschikbaa r is.He thelp tnie tdez eoplossinge ndi edoo r de omstandigheden zijnopgeleg dva nd ehan d tewijze nal sieman d vanhe tprojec t suggereerde.E rzij n zeer reeele tegenstrijdigheden ind edoelstellinge nva nWesters eactiviste ne n de behoeftenva nDerd eWereldvrouwe ndi eme td ehard e realiteiten vanhe t levenworde ngeconfronteerd .
  • Milk Spoilage: Methods and Practices of Detecting Milk Quality

    Milk Spoilage: Methods and Practices of Detecting Milk Quality

    Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2013, 4, 113-123 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/fns.2013.47A014 Published Online July 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/fns) Milk Spoilage: Methods and Practices of Detecting Milk Quality Michael Lu, Yvonne Shiau, Jacklyn Wong, Raishay Lin, Hannah Kravis, Thomas Blackmon, Tanya Pakzad, Tiffany Jen, Amy Cheng, Jonathan Chang, Erin Ong, Nima Sarfaraz, Nam Sun Wang* Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, USA. Email: *[email protected] Received March 28th, 2013; revised April 28th, 2013; accepted May 5th, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Michael Lu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Milk spoilage is an indefinite term and difficult to measure with accuracy. This uncertainty can cause suffering for both milk manufacturers and consumers. Consumers who have been misled by ambiguous expiration dates on milk cartons waste resources by disposing of unspoiled milk or experience discomfort from drinking spoiled milk. Consumers are often unwilling to purchase products close to their inaccurate expiration dates. This consumer behavior has a negative financial impact on milk producers. Inaccurate milk spoilage detection methods also force milk producers to use overly conservative expiration dates in an effort to avoid the legal and economic consequences of consumers experiencing ill- ness from drinking spoiled milk. Over the last decade, new methods have been researched with the purpose of develop- ing more accurate and efficient means of detecting milk spoilage. These methods include indicators based on pH bacte- ria counts and gas-sensor arrays.
  • RECOMMENDATION for an EMERGENCY USE LISTING of COVID-19 Mrna VACCINE (NUCLEOSIDE MODIFIED) SUBMITTED by Pfizer Europe MA EEIG ______

    RECOMMENDATION for an EMERGENCY USE LISTING of COVID-19 Mrna VACCINE (NUCLEOSIDE MODIFIED) SUBMITTED by Pfizer Europe MA EEIG ______

    _____________________________________________________________________________ RECOMMENDATION FOR AN EMERGENCY USE LISTING OF COVID-19 mRNA VACCINE (NUCLEOSIDE MODIFIED) SUBMITTED BY Pfizer Europe MA EEIG _____________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Novel COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (Nucleoside Modified) - Comirnaty® was submitted to the World Health Organization (WHO) for evaluation under the Emergency Use Listing (EUL) procedure by Pfizer Europe MA EEIG. This is a vaccine for preventing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in individuals aged 16 years and older. Novel COVID-19 mRNA vaccine contains a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) with instructions for producing a protein from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Novel COVID-19 mRNA vaccine does not contain the virus itself and cannot cause COVID-19. The use of Novel COVID-19 mRNA vaccine under an emergency situation has been also endorsed by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States of America and Health Canada and other regulatory authorities (including Bahrain, Israel, Kuwait, Mexico, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and the United Kingdom). This report was prepared by the product evaluation group (PEG) and discussed by the technical advisory group for EUL (TAG-EUL). 1 Introduction 1.1 Background The current COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented in the 21st century and the global response draws on the lessons learned from other disease outbreaks over the past several decades. On
  • Vaccine Vial Monitor

    Vaccine Vial Monitor

    WHO/EPI/LHIS/96.04 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH DISTR.: GENERAL VACCINE VIAL MONITOR Training Guidelines For a detailed list of contents, see Contents page To navigate using bookmarks, click on "display bookmarks" icon above EXPANDED PROGRAMME ON IMMUNIZATION GLOBAL PROGRAMME FOR VACCINES AND IMMUNIZATION World Health Organization Geneva 1996 The Expanded Programme on Immunization thanks the following donors whose financial support has made the production of this document possible: UNICEF Federation of World Health Foundations The Governments of Australia China Denmark Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Republic of Korea United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Ordering code: WHO/EPI/LHIS/96.04 Printed: April 1996 This document revises and replaces WHO/EPI/LHTM/94.02 Copies may be requested from: World Health Organization Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization Expanded Programme on Immunization -- Cold Chain CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland Telephone: +22 791 4373/4421 • Fax: +22 791 4193/4192 • E-mail: [email protected] GPV Catalogue available on the Internet at: http://www.who.ch/programmes/gpv/gEnglish/avail/gpvcatalog/catlog1.htm © World Health Organization 1996 This document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization (WHO), and all rights are reserved by the Organization. The document may, however be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part or in whole, but not for sale nor for use in conjunction with commercial pur- poses. 2 Vaccine Vial Monitor: Training Guidelines CONTENTS NOTE TO TRAINERS .................................................................................4 1. About the vaccine vial monitor ..................................................................... 4 2. About the lesson .............................................................................................. 4 LESSON PLAN .............................................................................................6 Part 1. Introduction to vaccine vial monitors .........................................................
  • Summary of Price Comparison for September Week 3 from 01 Until 30 Sep 2020

    Summary of Price Comparison for September Week 3 from 01 Until 30 Sep 2020

    Summary of Price Comparison for September week 3 from 01 until 30 Sep 2020 CHOP YICK FATT LIT CHING ENTERPRISE NO. DESCRIPTIONS CHOP TEO SENG (GANA) SUPA SAVE (SERIA, KB) (SERIA, KB) COMPANY (KB) 1 Butter / Margarine / Ghee (Mentega / Marjerin / Ghee) PLANTA; Margarine - 480 g $ 3.60 $ - $ - $ 3.50 ANCHOR –Pure New Zealand Butter; tin - 454 g $ - $ - $ - $ 6.80 LEILA – Minyak Sapi Tulin / Pure Ghee from Finest Dairy Cow’s Milk (Singapore); tin - 400 g $ - $ - $ - $ 7.35 Q.B.B – Pure Ghee / Minyak Sapi Tulen – Mentega Jernihan (Memasak, Membakar, BBQ) : Malaysia; tin - 400 g $ - $ - $ - $ 8.40 WINDMILL – Ghee Blend (Malaysia); tin - 400 g $ - $ - $ - $ 4.95 GOLDEN CHURN - Pure Cremery Butter; tin - 340 g $ - $ - $ - $ 6.95 2 Canned Preserved Food (Makanan dalam tin) REX; Chicken Curry - 160 g $ - $ 1.50 $ - $ - AYAM BRAND; Sardine In Tomato Sauce Tall - 230 g $ - $ 2.40 $ 2.30 $ 2.40 AYAM BRAND; Sardine In Tomato Sauce Oval - 215 g $ - $ 2.60 $ 2.50 $ 2.55 SMILING FISH; Fried Baby Clam with Chili - 40 g $ 1.30 $ 1.30 $ 1.30 $ 1.25 KARA; Natural Coconut Extract - 200 ml $ - $ 1.00 $ 1.20 $ 1.00 AYAM BRAND; Coconut Milk Blue Packet - 200 ml $ - $ 1.10 $ 1.10 $ 1.10 AYAM BRAND; Coconut Milk Blue Tin - 270 ml $ - $ 1.90 $ 2.00 $ 1.90 CHAKOAH; Coconut Milk Gata - 400 ml $ 1.70 $ 1.90 $ - $ 1.50 BABU KITCHEN; Coconut Milk Indo - 400 ml $ - $ - $ - $ 1.45 IMPERIAL; Corned Beef - 340 g $ - $ - $ - $ 5.50 REX; Cuttle Fish - 425 g $ - $ 5.10 $ 4.50 $ 4.95 SMILING FISH; Crispy Baby Clam - 30 g $ - $ 1.30 $ - $ 1.20 YEO'S; Chicken Curry - 280 g $