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Université De Montréal Semantics of the Gendered Body in the IOC's

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Université de Montréal Semantics of the Gendered Body in the IOC’s Medical Commission between 1967 and 1972 Par Émilie Filion-Donato Département de sociologie, Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de maître ès sciences en sociologie Septembre, 2019 © Émilie Filion-Donato, 2019 Université de Montréal Unité académique : Département de sociologie, Faculté des arts et des sciences Ce mémoire intitulé Semantics of the Gendered Body at the IOC’s Medical Commission between 1967 and 1972 Présenté par Émilie Filion-Donato A été évalué(e) par un jury composé des personnes suivantes Céline Lafontaine Président-rapporteur Christopher McAll Directeur de recherche Petra Lucht Codirectrice Baptiste Gaudry Membre du jury Résumé Ce mémoire porte sur les tests de féminité dans le sport de haut niveau. Plus particulièrement, les tests qui ont été menés par le Comité Olympique International (COI). Cette étude débute avec un survol historique des classifications du corps en sciences biomédicales et en sciences sociales, ainsi que de la place des femmes dans le sport et des tests de féminités. Ensuite, à travers une analyse de contenu des procès-verbauX, correspondances, et études présentées à la Commission Médicale du COI entre 1967 et 1972, cette recherche relève siX catégories de discours sur le corps. Les résultats de cette analyse se déploient en deuX temps : d’abord les discours à propos du corps et les différences de seXe et ensuite le rapport entre le corps et les membres de la Commission Médicale. Les trois discours relevés par rapport au corps sont : « la nature polymorphe du corps», « le corps comme dimorphique », et « le corps anormal ». Les discours par rapport à la relation entre corps et la commission médicale sont : « le corps comme objet scientifique », « le corps comme catégorie abstraite », et « le corps comme objet de préoccupation éthique ». Mots-clés : tests de féminité, CIO, Olympisme, sportives, genre, seXe, corps, epistémologie féministe, analyse de contenu. Abstract This thesis focuses on gender testing in high level sport. More specifically, those conducted by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). I begin with a historical conteXtualisation of the various classifications of the body biomedical and social sciences have put forward. Then, through a content analysis of the minutes, correspondences, and studies read by the Medical Commission between 1967 and 1972, I highlight siX categories of discourse on the body. These are divided into two types of categories: first the ways in which the body and seX differences are talked about; then, the relationship between the body and the members of the Medical Commission. The three types of discourses relating to the body are: “the polymorphic nature of the body", "the body as dimorphic", and "the abnormal body". Discourses on the relationship between the abnormal body are : "the body as scientific object", “the body as abstract category”, and "the body as an object of ethical concern ". Keywords : gender-testing, IOC, sport, gender, seX, body, women athletes, Olympics, feminist epistemology, content analysis. Table of Content Résumé .................................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 7 Table of Content ...................................................................................................................... 9 Tables List .............................................................................................................................. 13 List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... 15 Abbreviation List .................................................................................................................... 17 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 21 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 1 – Sexual Dimorphism or Bicategorization? ............................................................. 25 Isomorphism and Incommensurability ............................................................................................ 26 Incommensurability in the Biomedical Sciences: Dimorphism ......................................................... 31 Experimental Embryologists and Endocrinology ............................................................................................... 32 Genetics or the Hereditary Approaches ............................................................................................................ 34 Bicategorization: The Relationship between Sex and Gender .......................................................... 40 Sensitizing Concepts ........................................................................................................................ 44 Chapter 2– Herstory of Sport and History of the tests ............................................................. 45 Herstory of Sport ............................................................................................................................. 49 1900-1939 .......................................................................................................................................................... 49 1945-1969 .......................................................................................................................................................... 53 1970-2019 .......................................................................................................................................................... 55 History of the tests .......................................................................................................................... 57 1936-1967, Anatomical tests ............................................................................................................................. 57 1967-1980 Chromosomal tests .......................................................................................................................... 59 1990- 2009, Resistance and Hiatus .................................................................................................................... 62 2009-2019, Testosterone ................................................................................................................................... 63 Sensitizing Concepts ........................................................................................................................ 66 Chapter 3 – Epistemological Posture and Theoretical Framework .......................................... 67 Changing the Subject ......................................................................................................................................... 72 Spontaneous Feminist Empiricists ................................................................................................................ 72 Standpoint Theory ........................................................................................................................................ 73 Multiplying the SubJect ...................................................................................................................................... 79 Decentering the SubJect .................................................................................................................................... 81 Postmodernist Accounts of Difference ......................................................................................................... 82 New Materialism ........................................................................................................................................... 84 Psychodynamism of Individuation ................................................................................................................ 88 Sensitizing concepts ........................................................................................................................ 96 Chapter 4 –Research Strategy and Description of Content ...................................................... 99 Research Strategy .............................................................................................................................................. 99 Research ObJect ................................................................................................................................................. 99 Data Construction .............................................................................................................................................. 99 Content Description ......................................................................................................................................... 100 Meeting Minutes ......................................................................................................................................... 101 Meeting 1, September 26 / 27th, 1967 (Lausanne) ......................................................................................... 101 Meeting 2, December 20th, 1967 (Lausanne) .................................................................................................
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