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- Of EDUCATION C£ CENTER OWN, CONNECTION JP* ?

TERCENTENARY COMMISSION OF THE

STATE OF CONNECTICUT

COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION

IN THE SCHOOLS

The Story of Connecticut to Help Its School Teachers and Pupils Enliven Its History

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50008375*

Loaned by Connecticut public library committee The Story of Connecticut

TO HELP ITS SCHOOL TEACHERS AND PUPILS ENLIVEN ITS HISTORY

The first of two pamphlets prepared by the Committee on Education in the Schools of the Tercentenary Commission of the State of Connecticut. "K

STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION 1933 ^ 7T/>

C. Foreword

EACH day thousands of public school children sing, "Land where my fathers died." Actually, the ancestors of these young Americans died in Scandinavia, or Ireland, or Italy, or Western Europe. This statement, were it in the field of biology, would be open to criticism, but in the larger sense it is entirely correct. All of the children in our state have entered into the splendid inheritance of three hundred years of proud his- tory. In the realm of ideals the lives of Ruth and Poca- hontas have influenced us equally with the lives of Mar- tha Washington and Barbara Frietchie. Many children cannot boast, "I am in the tenth generation of descent from , or in the fourth from Henry Bar- nard," but all can say, "I am in the ninth generation from the Fundamental Orders. The industry that built New Britain and Manchester is a family trait and the patriot- ism of Nathan Hale is a treasured heirloom in our home." This pamphlet is prepared so that the pupils of our schools may understand and enter fully into a rich herit- age. The State Board of Education, and the Commis- sioner of Education, wish to express their appreciation to the committee of school people who, under the authori- zation of the Tercentenary Commission, have prepared this manual. The membership of this committee is as follows: Mr. HOWARD BRADSTREET, Hartford, Miss MABEL B. CASNER, West Haven, Miss GLADYS M. GREENMAN, Greenwich, Mr. KARL D. LEE, Thompson- ville, Rev. AUSTIN F. MUNICH, Bloomfield, and Mr. ROBERT C. DEMING, Secretary, Hartford.

E. W. BUTTERFIELD, Conpnissioner of Education.

Contents Foreword 3 The Indians 7 The Dutch 9 The English 10 The River Towns 10 Shore Settlements 12 The Significance of the . . 17 Transportation 19 Turnpikes ...... 19 Steamboats and Canals 20 Railroads 21 Connecticut in War 23 Civil War 24 World War 24 Connecticut in the Formation of the Union . . 25 Industrial Progress 26 Notable Men and Women 27 Connecticut State Government 29 The State Constitution 29 Our Lawmakers . . . . • • • 31 The Governor ...... 31 Departments of Government 32 Agriculture 32 Education 32 Health 32 Highways 33 Motor Vehicle 33 State Police 34 Connecticut Laws and Institutions .... 34 Who Governs Us ? ...... 34 Courts of Law -35 Public Institutions 35 Connecticut People 38 General Statement ...... 38 Chronological Table of Outstanding Dates in the Early History of Connecticut 41 Projects for Study ...... 45 Towns of Connecticut's First Century ... 46 Bibliography 48

TERCENTENARY COMMISSION OF THE

STATE OF CONNECTICUT

COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION IN THE SCHOOLS

"The Story of Connecticut

HE word "Conne-tic-ut," meaning "by a long tidal river," was used by the Indians to describe the great stream which meant so much to them in their journeys for trade and Twar. The same word was not only retained by the English as the name of the river, but also given by them to the new colony formed by the little plantations along its banks. Along the shores of Long Island Sound another colony began with the founding of New Haven which later in- cluded the towns that grew up in that section. Thus two new colonies developed which in 1643 entered the New Confederation composed of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. The Provi- dence and Rhode Island plantations and the settlements in Maine were not invited to join.

The Indians

ALONG both the and the shores of Long Island Sound lived the native Indians. Like the gangs of modern times each tribe looked after the wel- fare of its members, joined in the affairs of its allies, and had its enemies with whom there was rivalry and war- 7 fare. Before the coming of the white man, the warlike Pequots had entered the Connecticut region and had overcome the river tribes, compelling them to pay tribute to the messengers who came annually to collect it. From the West had come the still more terrible Mohicans (Mo- hegans, Mohawks) to whom also tribute had to be paid. On the west bank of the Connecticut River were the Tunxis, the Saukiogs, and the Wangunks, small and re- lated tribes, while across the stream were the Podunks. In the year 1631, to solve their humiliating problem of subjection, Wahginacut, chief of the Podunks, went to the coast to invite the white men to live as neighbors and friends in the valley of the Connecticut. He told the leaders of Massachusetts and Plymouth about the beauty and wealth of the valley, and urged them to send two men back with him to verify his story. He promised that if the English would settle there, the Indians would give them eighty skins of beaver yearly and supply them with corn. In course of time (1634-35) the English entered the new region, where they bought lands from the river tribes and began to make their homes. Their friendliness towards the river tribes aroused the jealousy and hatred of the Pequots against the English. Between Sassacus, chief of the Pequots, and Uncas, chief of the Mohegans, was a bitter enmity. Uncas was originally a member of the Pequots, but due to personal ambition he had rebelled against the chief and in course of time had organized the Mohegans and made himself the chief. Around the rivalry between these two men and their relations to Miantonomo, chief of the Narragan- setts, the story of the early English turns. In the spring of 1637 the Pequots suddenly appeared at Wethersfield, massacred nine men and women and took 8 away two captives. The war which followed in the Pe- quot country along the Thames River was one of the great early struggles, resulting in the downfall of Sassa- cus and the supremacy of Uncas, who became the undis- puted leader of the Indians in southern New England and who remained loyal to the English until his death in 1682. The Dutch AT Fort Amsterdam in the winter of 1613-14, Adrian Block built a small boat, named the Onrust {Restless), to take the place of his vessel which had burned, and in it he explored the shores of Long Island Sound. He sailed up the "Fresh River," later known as the Connecticut, and reported on his return that it was a good place for trade. William Bradford says that in 1627 the Dutch told the Plymouth people of this region and instructed them in the use of wampum for trade with the Indians. In 1632 the Dutch bought land at Kivit's Hook—now Saybrook— and fastened the state's arms to a tree in token of posses- sion, but the English threw this symbol down and en- graved a fool's face in its place—according to the Dutch story. In 1633, when rumors spread that the English were coming into the region, the Dutch bought from the Pe- quots land which is now included in the city of Hartford, and built a fort and placed two guns in position. Two years later, it is said, the Hooker party bought surrounding land from Sequassen, chief of the Saukiogs, and made their homes near at hand. Much friction de- veloped between the two groups. The Dutch claimed the Connecticut River as their eastern boundary, and it was not until 1650 that the present line was determined at a conference held in Hartford. On April 6, 1654, the Dutch 9 fort was seized by the English without serious opposition and the Dutch abandoned the Connecticut region. The English

THE RIVER TOWNS IN March, 162,7, the English at Plymouth received a let- ter from Fort Amsterdam (Manhattan) signed by Isaac de Rasiere, in which he said that the Dutch had heard of their settlement through the Indians and invited them to engage in trade. The letter was answered, expressing the willingness of the English to do so, and in their inter- course the Dutch told them that the Connecticut River was a fine place for plantation and trade and wished them to make use of it. They let the matter pass, however, until after the visit of Wahginacut in 1631, when they sent several parties, "not without profit," who saw that a trading house there would be a great advantage to re- ceive the trade coming down from the inland. In July, 1633, Edward Winslow, who had already visited the Connecticut Valley in 1632, and William Bradford went from Plymouth to to discuss a joint trading venture and the erection of a trading post on the Connecticut to offset the activities of the Dutch. The presence of the Indians, and the fact that the river was shal- low and closed by ice for several months of the year, were the excuses given by Massachusetts for refusal to join, and the Plymouth delegates returned to begin operations alone. In the fall of 1633 they sent Captain William Holmes to the Connecticut with a boat carrying the framework of a house. He sailed doggedly past the guns of the Dutch fort and erected on the site of Windsor the first English trading post on the river. Its location is now marked by a boulder. In the meantime Boston sent a trading party by water, 10 and about the same time John Oldham with three others went by land to trade in the new region. Oldham re- ported that he had lodged with the Indians, that they had treated him in a most friendly way, and had given him pieces of beaver and samples of hemp. The Connecticut region held a lure for some of the restless towns near Boston, and during 1634-35 parties came by land and water to explore and select sites for settlement. By the fall of 1635, therefore, on land bought from the river tribes at the three Indian villages along the river— Matianuck, Saukiog, and Pyquag—were the begin- nings of the English towns of Dorchester, Newtown, and Watertown, names of which were changed in February, 1637, to Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield. In June, 1636, Winthrop says in his journal, "Mr. Hooker, pastor of the church at Newtown, and the most of his congregation, went to Connecticut. His wife was carried in a horse litter; and they drove one hundred and sixty cattle, and fed of their milk by the way." This group joined those who had arrived the previous year and began life in the new home, called Saukiak or Saukiog by the Indians, Huyshope by the Dutch, christened New- town by the English, and renamed Hartford. When the massacre at Wethersfield occurred in 1637, the three little plantations made a most courageous de- cision by declaring war upon the powerful Pequots and sending out a group of about one hundred men into the headquarters of the Indian country with only Uncas and the trust in God to support them. The capture of the fort at Mystic through the strategy of John Mason, and the battle in the swamp in Fairfield, somewhat later, decided the question whether or not the English might live with safety in the Connecticut Valley. 11 In January, 1639, following ideas of government pre- sented by Thomas Hooker, the three towns adopted the famous Fundamental Orders in which its authors de- clared that the foundation of authority lay in the free consent of the people. Indian and Dutch troubles, and their common inter- ests, brought about the formation of the New England Confederation in 1643, delegates of which met in turn at the chief town of each of the four colonies which com- posed its membership. Its first task was to settle the bit- ter rivalry between Uncas and Miantonomo, chief of the Narragansetts. This was done at Boston in 1643, and the decision resulted in the death of the great chieftain and the supremacy of Uncas. The need was felt for the security of a charter, and , jr., was sent to England where his tact, skill, and personality obtained the charter of 1662 which gave broad powers of self-government and brought about the annexation of New Haven to Connecticut. Both of these colonies had greatly enlarged their jurisdiction by that time, and it was only with great reluctance and through force of difficult circumstances that New Haven at last agreed to the union in 1665, and the term "Con- necticut" covered both colonies.

SHORE SETTLEMENTS ONE of the first settlements in Connecticut was made on the border of the Pequot country at the mouth of the "long tidal river." Late in the fall of 1635 John Win- throp, jr., son of the governor of Massachusetts, sent a ship with carpenters and other workmen to take posses- sion of the land and build a fort at the place where the Connecticut flows into the sound. Winthrop was agent and governor for a group of distinguished who, 12 because of religious and civil unrest in England, contem- plated removal to a refuge in the American wilderness. Prominent among those who proposed to make the change of residence, were Lord Saye and Sele, Lord Brooke, John Pym, and other well-known lords and gentlemen. The new settlement was designed to be a military post. The work of building a fort and erecting buildings for the expected gentlemen refugees, was directed by Lion Gardi- ner, an engineer who had seen service in Holland in the camps of the Prince of Orange. Soon after work on the fort was started, a vessel arrived in the harbor from . The Dutch had planned to take possession of the mouth of the river and build a settlement. The English prevented their landing and forced them to give up their project. In the summer of 1639, Colonel George Fen wick came to the settlement. He was one of the English gentlemen who had planned that, if conditions in England became un- bearable to certain prominent Puritans, the American colony should be a place of safety for them. In honor of Lord Saye and Sele and Lord Brooke, he named the re- gion around the mouth of the Connecticut River, Say- brook. None of Colonel Fenwick's associates ever came to the homes which awaited them in the little set- tlement on the shore. In 1644, two years after the civil war in England had opened, Colonel Fenwick as repre- sentative of the claimants sold the rights of the lords and gentlemen to the Connecticut Colony. When Colonel Fenwick came to New England in 1639, he was accompanied by his wife, the widow of Sir John Boteler. Lady Fenwick lived in her colonial home for six years. When she died (1645), her husband returned to England, was elected to parliament, and was appointed one of the judges for the trial of Charles I but did not J3 serve. Lady Fenwick's tomb may be seen today in the old cemetery at Saybrook Point. This sandstone memo- rial is said to be the first monument erected to a woman in the state. The tomb was placed in the old burying ground in 1870. Originally it stood near the fort on an elevation of ground called "tomb hill." In the year 1675, Major , governor of New York, attempted to occupy Saybrook for the Duke of York, who claimed that his patent gave him the right to lands on the western side of the Connecticut River. Because of the able and resolute defense of the fort by Captain Thomas Bull of Hartford, Andros was unable to enforce the duke's claims. The Dutch knew about the location of New Haven some years before the arrival there of the English set- tlers. Because of the appearance of East and West Rocks, they called the place "Red Mount" (Rodenberg). The natives of the country were the Quinnipiacs. The Puritans who settled New Haven landed in Bos- ton July 26, 1637. They were under the leadership of John Davenport, a nonconformist minister, and The- ophilus Eaton, a wealthy London merchant. The site for the colony was selected by Eaton and a small party, who in the autumn of 1637 explored the northern shore of Long Island Sound. Huts were erected at the present in- tersection of George and Church streets and here a few men spent the following winter. The next spring on the thirtieth of March, John Davenport, Theophilus Eaton, and their party left Boston. In about a fortnight they sailed into the port of New Haven. The eighteenth of April was their first Sabbath in the place. Assembled under a spreading oak, standing near what is now the corner of George and College streets, Mr. Davenport preached to the people about the temptations of the wilderness, using 14 for his text the first verse of the sixth chapter of Matthew. On the fourteenth of November, 1638, Theophilus Eaton, Mr. Davenport, and other English planters, made an agreement with Momauguin, the sachem of the Quinni- piacs, and his counselors. By treaty the Indians gave up their claims to their land in exchange for some tools, utensils, coats of English cloth, and the promise of the English to protect them. The following month another purchase of land was made; this time from Montowese, the great sachem at Mattabesec. It included most of the land within the present boundaries of New Haven, Branford, Wallingford, East Haven, Woodbridge, Beth- any, Meriden, North Branford, Cheshire, Hamden, North Haven, and part of Orange. On June 4, 1639, the free planters of the colony met in a large barn and laid the foundation of their civil gov- ernment. It was agreed by those present that "The Scrip- turs doe holde forth a perfect rule for the direction and government of all men in all ductfies] which they are to performe to God and men as well in the government of famylyes and commonwealths as in matters of the church." Another order to which the planters subscribed their names said that church members only should be free burgesses, and that they only should choose magis- trates and officers from among themselves, to have the power of transacting all public civil affairs of the planta- tion, of making and repealing laws, dividing inherit- ances, deciding differences that might arise; and doing other things of like nature. Milford, New Haven, Guilford, and Branford devel- oped the same form of government as New Haven. In general, these towns, settled from 1639 to 1644, were founded by men of means. Dissatisfied people from Wethersfield were the settlers of Branford, and in part of Milford. Land to the westward of New Haven was pur- chased from the Indians in 1639 and in the winter of 1640-41 a group of people, also from Wethersfield, ac- cepted New Haven's offer to remove there, calling the place at first Rippowams and afterward Stamford. Green- wich, settled in 1640, was at first under the jurisdiction of New Netherland, but in 1656 yielded due subjection "unto the lawful authority and wholesome laws" of New Haven. One means of arousing public interest in the affairs of a town was to give many people something to do in its or- ganization. These offices gave more or less influence and authority and a sense of responsibility, and in the more important positions a small salary, though payment for service to the community was not common in the Con- necticut towns. On October 27, 1643, an enlarged General Court was held in New Haven, to which deputies came from Milford, Guilford, and Stamford. Together with the deputies from New Haven these men prepared a body of fundamental articles for the expanded jurisdiction, extending to what had become the colony of New Haven, the laws which had been laid down for the town of New Haven in 1639. In 1640 New Haven purchased land on Long Island and under its auspices the town of Southold was settled, which entered immediately within the same jurisdiction, and with the town of Branford, founded in 1644, com- pleted the list of those which made up the until its union with Connecticut. The New Haven jurisdiction was in form a federation of towns. After the rule of the Puritan minority in England was over and Charles II was restored to the throne of his father, the younger Winthrop, now living in Connecticut, went to London to obtain a legal title for the colony, for 16 up to this time Connecticut had no certain right to occupy its lands or to exercise its government. Winthrop per- suaded Charles II to grant a charter, April 23,1662, which erected the colony into a lawful corporation and granted a wide stretch of territory, which brought both New Haven and Saybrook under its control. From this time on but one colony existed—the colony of Connecticut, with the boundaries on the south limited by Long Island Sound. In 1701 New Haven was made joint capital of the colony. Assembly meetings alternated between it and Hartford. This arrangement was abandoned in 1873 when Hartford became the sole capital. Some of the most interesting and familiar stories con- nected with the early history of New Haven tell how the colony hid two of the judges who condemned Charles I to death, how one summer day a phantom ship appeared in the harbor, how the keys to the powder house upon the demand of Benedict Arnold were delivered to him, and how the British forces commanded by Major General Tryon attacked the city.

The Significance of the Connecticut Colony

CONNECTICUT and Rhode Island were the only colonies in America possessing and exercising entire self-govern- ment. Between 1700 and 1770 the Board of Trade in England made no fewer than seven efforts to bring them more completely under the crown of England and so to transform them into regular colonies, but the efforts failed. Agriculture was the leading industry of the Con- necticut Colony. Such trade as it had was with Boston,New York, and to some extent with Philadelphia and the South. Its ships went frequently to the West Indies, but on the whole its ocean-going traffic was small. New London, where resided a royal collector, was the seat of customs !7 and later New Haven also, but there were a dozen towns that built ships and sent out sloops and schooners traffick- ing like sea-going peddlers wherever they could find a market. Connecticut produced no staple the surplus of which could be of use to England, and had little com- mercial connection with the mother country. Connecticut had a liberal charter. Racially the colony was occupied almost entirely by men and women of British stock. She had few rich, few poor, few large es- tates and few small ones, and little class feeling, though socially wide differences prevailed. Wealth was evenly distributed and was acquired mainly from farming. The main features of the Fundamental Orders and of laws passed between 1639 and 1662 were embodied in the charter of 1662, which remained in force until the present constitution was adopted in 1818. The leaders had no faith in democracy as it is now understood. Under a popular form there was a system that was aristocratic, paternalistic, and to some extent clerical. Before 1680 three quarters of the adult males voted in town meeting, and perhaps one half for colony officials. For the former, a voter had to have fifty shillings a year, and for the latter a rateable estate of forty shillings a year or a personal estate of forty pounds. Connecticut made three great contributions to colonial history—1. It trained able men, sent out to take part in world affairs. 2. It developed individual initiative as a basis for democracy through opportunities for self-ex- pression in town and proprietor meetings, in church and trainband affairs. 3. It gave a practical example of a self-governing community at peace with itself.1 Its sys- tem of government remained in force thirty-five years after the Revolution. 1 Andrews, Connecticut's Place in Colonial History, pp. 42-48. 18 Transportation TURNPIKES

WHEN Eliphalet Dyer of Windham was obliged to go to Philadelphia to attend the Continental Congress of 1775, he wrote to Silas Deane at Wethersfield, who was also a delegate, "In what manner shall we travel? If I cannot have a conveyance with you in your carriage I know not of any way I can go but by water to York otherwise I must shift for myself the best way I can." It was not until 1792 that regular and frequent stage- coach travel was made possible by the incorporation of turnpike companies. The first turnpike was constructed in the Mohegan country between Norwich and New Lon- don and within thirty years there were more than one hundred such roads throughout the state. They were constructed by stock companies with the power to erect toll gates and to charge fees for all wagons and animals which passed through them. Exception was made for those on their way to worship, funerals, or military duty. The fees differed and ranged from a half cent for a single sheep or swine, to twenty-five cents for a four wheel car- riage or a stage coach with driver and passengers. On the other hand the company was obliged to build bridges, and keep them and the highways in good repair. Milestones dotted the state. Of the six hundred or more originally set along Connecticut roadsides, ap- proximately three hundred remain standing today. These may be classified in three distinct groups, namely: 1. Colonial Stones—set prior to 1775. These are usually rough, poorly spelled, and were placed at the expense of the individual. 1. Intermediate—set from 1776-98. Such milestones are better shaped and smaller. 3. Turnpike Milestones—which comprise the majority of those remaining. These were placed between 1798-1825 at the expense of the turnpike companies. They are uni- form, well cut, and radiate from definite centers. Benjamin Franklin, when as postmaster for the colo- nies he visited New England in 1754, set stakes at inter- vals to designate postal zones. He drove a gig on which he placed a contrivance for checking off the miles. These stakes were not milestones and should not be confused as such. A few random milestones may have been set by individuals at the postal zone limits, thereby giving rise to the habit of calling all "Franklin milestones." The State Highway Department, through its Bureau of Roadside Development, has recently relettered and re- set most of the milestones in this state in cooperation with the George Washington Bicentennial celebration.

STEAMBOATS AND CANALS IN August of 1787, while the Constitutional Convention was in session at Philadelphia, John Fitch gave a dem- onstration on the Delaware River of the first steamboat. Fitch was born in East Windsor, and to him belongs the credit of holding the first patents, issued in 1790, on steam navigation. His boat during that year ran between two and three thousand miles on the Delaware, at seven miles an hour, without serious accident. Other pioneers were working on the problem. Among them was Captain Samuel Morey of Oxford, New Hamp- shire, whose experiments on the upper Connecticut re- sulted in a tiny craft which made a trip from New York to Hartford in 1794, and was the first boat on the Con- necticut propelled by steam. The success of Fulton's Clermont on the Hudson in 1807 began the era of steam navigation. After the delay caused by the War of 1812, steamboat lines were opened 20 between New York and New Haven in 1815, and in the spring of 1817 between Norwich and New York, stopping at New London and New Haven. In May of 1823 the Connecticut River Steamboat Company was incorporated, and in February of the fol- lowing year the Oliver Ellsworth was launched to run be- tween Hartford and New York. When La Fayette visited Hartford in the September of 1824 he made the journey to New York on that steamer. In March, 1827, great ex- citement was caused by the news that the boiler of the Ellsworth had exploded. The story is told that the tidings were brought to Hartford by a postrider who burst into the room where the legislature was in session and shouted, with vowels twisted by his emotion, "The Eliver Ols- worth has biled her buster." In the meantime a canal era throughout the country had begun. The merchants of New Haven saw an oppor- tunity to rival Hartford in securing the valuable up-river trade and built a canal from that city to Northampton, Massachusetts, by way of Farmington. This ambitious project was international in scope, and the line was sur- veyed from New Haven to Montreal in anticipation of an inland waterway to Canada. Ground was broken at Granby on July 4, 1825, and the canal was opened for traffic in 1828. It was found impossible to use steam to propel the boats owing to the damage done the banks by the force of water from the propellers, and thecompany was obliged to give up its effort to compete with the Connecti- cut River route. Traces of the canal still remain as a re- minder of Yankee vision and ambition.

RAILROADS IN 1826, while the directors of the Connecticut River Company were considering a plan to develop trade on the 21 upper river by building canals around the rapids, rumors came from England of successful steam railroads. It was said that Stephenson had attained a speed of six miles an hour with his engine and claimed the possibility of fifteen. This was important news, if true, and a committee was sent to England to investigate. Upon its return it re- ported that there was no fear of successful competition from this source, and thus encouraged, the canal around the falls at Enfield was built and opened in the autumn of 1829. The next year Peter Cooper's steam engine, the Tom Thumb, ran near Baltimore at four miles an hour, and in the August of 1831, the DeWitt Clinton pulled a train of cars between Schenectady and Albany. Interest in steam railroads was aroused throughout the country, and in Connecticut a charter was granted in 1832 for the Bos- ton, Norwich and New London line, which opened for traffic in 1839. The Hartford and New Haven line was chartered in 1833, and work upon it was so hastened that it operated to Meriden in 1838, and to Hartford the next year. Pas- sengers were carried in stages from Hartford to Spring- field until the railroad between the two cities was com- pleted in 1844. In 1848 connection by steam road was made between New York and Boston, and railroads were soon planned to connect all sections of the state. Canals were unable to stand the competition. The Farmington canal ceased to operate in 1848, and railroads opened up the back country where canals could not pene- trate. The decade 1840-50 was a "railroad era." In 1872 the New York, New Haven and Hartford road was incor- porated which took over the railroad interests of the state. With the introduction of the automobile and the de- 22 velopment of the auto truck, another fundamental change was made in transportation. This traffic could penetrate sections where railroads could not be built, and small villages, which had been cut off since stagecoach days, received new life. Meantime new highways have been constructed and roads remade in a way that would appear miraculous to previous generations, and as a result the social life of the state is being transformed.

Connecticut in War

THERE are no great battlefields in Connecticut, but her men took part with honor in the eight wars before the Revolution, and in the five afterward, and her financial resources were often strained in support of sister colonies. Connecticut was known as the "provision state" during the Revolution, and her Governor Trumbull as "Brother Jonathan." Roger Wolcott was second in command at Louisbourg; the Ticonderoga expedition was planned and financed at Hartford and Wethersfield; Israel Putnam, General David Wooster, Nathan Hale, General Na- thaniel Lyon, Commodore Foote, are but a few of the outstanding names on her honor rolls. David Bushnell invented the first submarine, and the name of Cornelius S. Bushnell is identified with the Monitor, while the fac- tories of the state have turned out firearms which have made the names of Colt, Remington, and Winchester known throughout the world. The Purple Heart Badge of Military Service was es- tablished in 1782 by General Washington, but only three men received this distinguished reward for bravery. All of them were from Connecticut—Sergeant Daniel Bissel, Sergeant Daniel Brown, and Sergeant Elijah Churchill. The order is now being revived, and Connecticut men of 23 today are being enrolled alongside those of the Revolu- tionary period. Connecticut lost many men in the wars in which she took part, but their memory and valiant deeds are per- petuated by worthy markers, which as rapidly as sol- diers' graves are located and services proven, are furnished and erected by the state of Connecticut. The erection of these state memorials insures perpetual care of the graves. In the adjutant general's report for the two years ended June 30, 1930, it is stated that 1873 head- stones had been erected for soldiers during the period covered by that report.

CIVIL WAR

FOLLOWING the call for troops in 1861, a Connecticut regiment was the first to enter Washington in complete preparation for war. It had more means of transportation than all the troops there combined, and on the day after its arrival its teams were borrowed by the government. Connecticut gave the first great martyrs in the Civil War. Connecticut regiments opened and closed the Battle of Bull Run. A Connecticut regiment was marshaled in front of the farmhouse at Appomattox when Lee surrendered to a soldier of Connecticut blood. A Connecticut flag first displaced the palmetto upon the soil of South Carolina. A Connecticut flag was the first planted in Mississippi. A Connecticut flag was the first unfurled before New Orleans. WORLD WAR

CONNECTICUT was the first state to take a military cen- sus at the outbreak of the World War. 24 Connecticut was the first to organize and equip a home guard. Connecticut soldiers were among the first to be sent to the battle front in France. Connecticut always oversubscribed her quota of men and money.3

Connecticut in the Formation of the Union CONNECTICUT took part in all the meetings which re- sulted in the formation of the Union. At the Stamp Act Conference in New York in 1765 she was represented by Eliphalet Dyer, William Samuel Johnson, David Row- land; at the First Continental Congress in September, 1774, by Eliphalet Dyer, Silas Deane, Roger Sherman; at the Second Continental Congress, May 10, 1775, by Eliphalet Dyer, Silas Deane, Roger Sherman; signers of the Declaration of Independence were Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott; signersof theArticles of Confederation,March 1,1781, were Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, Oliver Wolcott, Titus Hosmer, Andrew Adams; delegates to the Consti- tutional Convention were William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman, Oliver Ellsworth; signers of the Constitution were William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. Roger Sherman was the only man who signed the three fundamental documents of this nation. In October, 1787, at a meeting of the general assem- bly at New Haven, it was agreed to call a special state convention at Hartford on January third to vote on the new Constitution. The meeting was held in the First Church on that date, and on the ninth of January, 1788,

2 "Connecticut's Activities in the Wars of This Country"—Senate Doc. No. 14, compiled by Irene H. Mix of the State Library, and presented by Hiram Bingham. 25 by a vote of 128 to 40 it was adopted, and Connecticut became the fifth state to enter the Union.

Industrial Progress ONE thing that has characterized Connecticut has been its productivity, in men, material, and inventiveness. In colonial days the more valuable products were iron from Salisbury (which supplied practically all the iron used in Revolutionary cannon, gun barrels, and chains), tin from Berlin (from which beginning came the great system of towns along the Naugatuck River such as Ansonia, Wa- terbury, Naugatuck, Torrington, and elsewhere, such as New Britain and Meriden), and the wooden clock industry of Waterbury and Plymouth (soon to develop into an era of prosperity in brass). Copper too, from which a few colonial coppers and the first United States coppers were minted, was taken from the copper mines of Simsbury (now East Granby), these mines later (1790-1827) serving as the state prison. Nor must we forget the West Indian trade in rum, molasses, and sugar, the China silk trade, or the old fishing and whaling days of New London and Stonington. From such industrial beginnings Connecticut has be- come famous for its brass goods, clocks, typewriters, house fittings, silk and cotton fabrics, and many varieties of iron castings and tools. The inauguration of the silk industry at Mansfield by Aspinwall in 1758 had its out- growth in the great <3Jaeney silk mills at South Manches- ter, and in 1769 Abel Buell of Killingworth established in New Haven the first^type foundry in America and made what is believed to be the earliest type cast in America. In war or peace this state has provided necessary sup- plies in money, metal, and material of all kinds. The in- ventive genius still flourishes, and down to the present 26 time Connecticut still holds first place in the nation for the number of patents issued in proportion to its popula- tion. Marvellous changes have been wrought in civic conditions and in architectural and landscape beauty, owing to its industrial prosperity. By 1880 Connecticut was distinctly an industrial and mechanical state, taking first place among all the states in brass manufacture, hardware, corsets, fur hats, plated and britannia ware, ammunition, cutlery, clocks, needles, and pins. Other products were rubber goods, sewing ma- chines, electrical apparatus and supplies, and paper and wood pulp. The founding of the Connecticut Agricul- tural College at Storrs in 1879 opened a new era in the state's cultivation of the soil. In 1890 the college discov- ered, through experiments at Wesleyan, the ability of leguminous crops to appropriate nitrogen from the air. Hay, poultry, dairy products, apples, peaches, tobacco, and truck garden products are now of great value. This great growth in the state has come about through expert organization, up-to-date and efficient machinery, an un- limited supply of immigrant labor, and a vast amount of invested capital. We might add that the state has had ex- cellent communication by rail and water, a location suit- able for a great export trade, ample water power, and great sources of capital in its insurance and banking in- terests.

Notable Men and Wjmten THE history or a states determined to A large extent by the character and leadership of its population. Connecti- cut reflects the quality of greatness in its notable men and women. Men of keeiyvision, well-balanced minds, and mature judgment have steered its ship of state. Pro- foundly religious in sentiment with moral convictions 27 strong and clear, its theologians have planted an ever- lasting and abiding faith in the Divine Power. The serv- ices of the early leaders in education gave a new impulse to their cause. Is there any field of literature and art which has not felt the influence of some Connecticut person—native born or adopted ? Any attempt to list the names of all the great soldiers and military heroes of the Revolutionary period, the leaders of the Civil War, the honor rolls of wars, would be almost endless. So large a group from so small a state is doubly remarkable. These men loved their state, and with this devotion strongly entrenched in their hearts, they were willing to sacrifice life and wealth whenever the call came. Is it at all surprising that Connecticut can claim its full quota of inventors? Being obliged to look out for himself it was natural for the early industrialist to be in- ventive. Thinking over the names of men classified as inventors, one traces the evolution of many phases of industry. The founders of this state, through patience, faithfulness to principle, and Puritanic beliefs, "builded even better than they knew." Connecticut has reason to be proud of her notable men and women. Their influence is "pleasant to dwell upon." The groups which follow, are not inclusive. They repre- sent a beginning in the study of the people who have shaped the destiny of the commonwealth of Connecti- cut. i FOUNDERS THEOLOGIANS Thomas Hooker Horace Bushnell John Davenport William Tyler John Mason Lyman Beecher Samuel Seabury Theophilus Eaton John Williams John Winthrop, jr. Joseph Twitchell 28 9

STATESMEN EDUCATORS Roger Sherman Timothy Dwight Jonathan Trumbull Henry Barnard Oliver Ellsworth Ezra Stiles Oliver Wolcott Tapping Reeve Gideon Welles Benjamin Silliman William Samuel Johnson Theodore Dwight Woolsey

SOLDIERS AND HEROES CIVIL WAR LEADERS Nathan Hale John Sedgwick Israel Putnam Andrew H. Foote Silas Deane Alfred H. Terry William Ledyard Nathaniel Lyon Roger Wolcott Joseph Hawley Thomas Knowlton Joseph K. F. Mansfield

LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND THE ARTS INVENTORS Harriet Beecher Stowe Eli Whitney Noah Webster John Fitch John Trumbull Davis Bushnell Charles Dudley Warner Charles Goodyear Dudley Buck Eli Terry Samuel Clemens Horace Wells

Connecticut State Government

THE STATE CONSTITUTION OF all the states in the Union Connecticut offers one of the most interesting illustrations that we have of self- government from the beginning of its history. In 1636- 37 the first settlers were under a commission form of government from the Massachusetts General Court, and a central government was established at Hartford, to which the towns sent committees, how selected we do not know, to participate in its councils. This body, thus made up of representatives from the three towns, in 1638 drew 29

\ up a frame of government, prefaced by a plantation cov- enant or agreement, known as the Fundamental Orders, a very remarkable constitutional experiment. In the same year a similar arrangement was entered into by the New Haven Colony. The Connecticut system provided for a popular form of government, based on Hooker's idea that the choice of public magistrates and the privileges of election belonged to the people by God's own allowance, an idea already applied by at Providence in Rhode Island. We do not know how far these ideas were carried out in either case, as no information has come down to us as to how the privileges of election were exercised. Twenty years later Connecticut imposed rather a heavy property qualification on the right to vote; New Haven limited the right to take part in government to church members, as Massachusetts had already done; but Rhode Island was conducting its affairs, as Connecti- cut was doing, on the principle laid down by Williams that the sovereign power of all civil authority is founded in the consent of the people. In 166a the royal charter of Charles II confirmed the system of government which had been in operation since 1639, modified by such laws as had been adopted by the general assembly since that time. Upon the death of Charles II and the accession of his brother James, there came a stormy time in Connecticut's history, when the authorities in England decided to unite all the New Eng- land colonies in one Dominion of New England, under the administration of Sir Edmund Andros, and demanded of Connecticut the surrender of her charter. Andros as- sumed authority over Connecticut from 1687 to 1689 and the colony during those years was but an administrative and judicial part of the enlarged colony or dominion. In 1689, after Andros, as governor of the Dominion, had 3° been driven from his position in Boston, a group of men in the colony declared for the resumption of the charter government and the old system was restored, though not without opposition. After the American Rev- olution, which ended in the independence of the colonies, Connecticut retained the charter and continued to con- duct its affairs as before until the year 1818, when a con- vention was assembled which agreed upon our present constitution. This constitution was ratified by vote of the people and proclaimed the supreme law of the state. There have been thirty-seven amendments to this con- stitution since that time, but it has never been revised.

OUR LAWMAKERS EVERY two years we elect our representatives to the legis- lature at the state capitol to make our laws for us. We have a House of Representatives of 267 members chosen to represent the towns of the state, and a Senate of 35 members chosen to represent the sections of the state. These two bodies meet to make laws and to appropriate money for state expenses and institutions. Who represents your town in the legislature? Who is the senator from your section of the state? We also elect two senators and six congressmen to rep- resent us in the national Congress at Washington. Who are our senators ? Who are our representatives ?

THE GOVERNOR EVERY two years the people of the state elect a governor. He is the supreme executive power of the state. His chief associates are the secretary of state, who keeps all the official records, the state treasurer, who has charge of state moneys, and the attorney general, who is the legal agent for the state. 31 DEPARTMENTS OF GOVERNMENT

THERE are many departments of the state government. Those with which you are most concerned are the de- partments of agriculture, education, health, highways, motor vehicles, and state police. Other departments are bank commission, insurance commission, public utilities commission, fish and game commission, tax commission, department of finance and control, and state park and forest commission.

Agriculture THIS department enforces all laws which refer to the im- provement of agriculture. It also advises farmers and gives information in regard to better methods of farm production.

Who is the county agricultural agent in your county?

Education THIS department enforces school laws, distributes school money to needy districts, trains and certifies qualified teachers, conducts state normal and trade schools, ad- vises school officials, superintendents and teachers, and has general supervision and control of the educational in- terests of the state. Who are the members of the board of education in your town ?

Who is the superintendent of schools in your town ?

Health THIS department has charge of the public health. It works to control disease and to obtain better ways of liv- ing. It also keeps a permanent record of all births, mar- riages, and deaths. Who is the health officer i3n2 your town ? f

Highways THE state highway department is responsible for the construction, maintenance, and beautification of the in- tricate system of roads and bridges in Connecticut. It also marks the boundaries of the rights of way, operates draw- bridges and ferries, removes snow, eliminates traffic haz- ards, erects warning and direction signs, relocates the old milestones, maintains the old shade trees, and plants young nursery grown trees wherever possible. This great undertaking is financed by funds derived from gasoline tax, motor vehicle and bus registrations, fines for the vio- lation of motor vehicle laws, federal aid, and from towns desiring state aid construction. The trend of transporta- tion in recent years has been from private rights of way to public thoroughfares. Because of its geographical loca- tion, Connecticut is host to many thousands of non-state automobiles which are an additional burden to our normal traffic. Despite these factors, Connecticut has met the new conditions and has carried on a successful highway program without adding to the indebtedness of the state.

Motor Vehicle THIS department administers the laws and regulations concerning the registration and operation of motor vehi- cles, for the purpose of maintaining public safety through identification and control of participants in motor vehicle traffic, and to secure revenue for the construction, re- construction and maintenance of public highways. The numerous functions of the department include licensing of vehicles, examining and licensing operators, suspen- sion or revocation of licenses for cause, analysis of motor vehicle accidents, imposition of financial responsibility requirements in certain cases, assessment of the tax on motor fuels, licensing motor vehicle junk dealers, inspec- 33 tion of vehicles as to mechanical equipment and carrying capacity, making traffic surveys, investigation of com- plaints, dissemination of necessary information and the conduct of educational courses for children as well as adults, in highway safety and proper motoring practices.

State Police THE state police department maintains nine barracks, located at strategic points throughout the state, to which the officers are assigned. The state policemen do general patrolling of the highways and have general police au- thority throughout the state. In addition, the department cares for the following: state fire marshal duties, licens- ing and supervision of motion picture theatres, state sealer of weights and measures duties, licensing and su- pervision of billboard advertising, issuing of weapon, ex- plosive, and auctioneer licenses.

Connecticut Laws and Institutions

WHO GOVERNS US?

EVERYONE should read the preamble and the first article of the constitution of Connecticut. In these the people of Connecticut acknowledge "with gratitude the good prov- idence of God in having permitted them to enjoy a free government" and "in order more effectually to define, se- cure, and perpetuate the liberties, rights, and privileges which they have derived from their ancestors" drew up a declaration of rights and a constitution. Connecticut is ruled by the people themselves by laws which they make. There are three units of law in Connecticut; the law of the town, the law of the state, the law of the nation. The New England town meeting is famous because it 34 D

comes nearest to the ideal of government by the people alone, and not by their representatives, but it concerns itself only with purely local affairs. You are a citizen now and must obey the laws of the state. You will be a voter when you are twenty-one years of age, and either directly or through your representa- tives, must help make the laws of the state.

COURTS OF LAW

CONNECTICUT has many courts for securing justice. There are police courts in the cities and villages, courts of common pleas and a superior court in each county, and the supreme court which meets at Hartford, New Haven, Norwich, and Bridgeport. Where is your nearest police court? What other courts have you ? Who are the judges ?

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FOR the welfare of its people Connecticut supports many public institutions. First of all should be named its famous library where information regarding all other state institutions may be obtained. I. The Connecticut State Library at Hartford had its foundation in the collections of books accumulated in the offices of the several state officials from the beginning. It is one of the most useful and beautiful of buildings. In it is a library for both law and legislative reference; a safe de- pository for town, court, and church records; a reference library for departmental reports and for town financial reports; a department of war records of all military ac- tivities; a reference for all agricultural, industrial and military censuses; a depository of all patriotic and his- 35 torical collections and for records and maps of all kinds: in short the state library is the place where every type of information relating to Connecticut's days and ways can be obtained. i. The Connecticut Agricultural College at Mansfield. This is maintained for the education of Connecticut youth in agriculture, mechanic arts, and the liberal arts and sciences. 3. The State Normal Schools at New Britain, New Haven, Willimantic, and Danbury. These are maintained for the purpose of training teachers for the Connecticut schools. 4. The State Trade Schools at Bridgeport, Danbury, Hartford, Meriden, Middletown, New Britain, Putnam, South Manchester, Stamford, Torrington, and Willi- mantic. These schools are maintained for the young men and women of the state who desire special training in the trades. 5. Fitch's Home for the Soldiers at Noroton Heights. This home is maintained for veterans who were honorably discharged from service and who are disabled or ill and in need of support. 6. State Hospitals for the Insane at Middletown and Norwich. These institutions take care of those people whose minds are so weakened that they are irresponsible. 7. State Farm for Inebriates at Norwich. Here those pa- tients are treated who have lost control of themselves be- cause of their craving for liquor. 8. Connecticut State Prison at Wethersfield. In this insti- tution are confined those who have committed crimes which endanger the welfare of the state or its citizens. 9. Connecticut State Prison and FarmforWomen at Nian- tic. Here are confined those women who have committed crimes which have been contrary to public welfare. 36 10. Connecticut Schoolfor Boys at Meriden. This is the school for the care and training of boys who have com- mitted offenses against the laws of the state. It is often called the Reform School. 11. Long Lane Farm at Middletown. This is theinstitu- tion where girls are sent when they have offended the laws of the state. 12. Connecticut Reformatory at Cheshire. This institu- tion holds those boys from sixteen to twenty-five years of age who have committed crimes against society, and who may profit by the training and correction given there. 13. Mansfield State Training School at Mansfield. Here are treated those whose bodies and minds can or may re- spond to special treatment. 14. State Tuberculosis Sanatoria at Hartford, Meriden, Norwich, Shelton, and Niantic. These institutions are for those suffering from tuberculosis, those at Meriden and Niantic for children only. 15. Mystic Oral School for the Deaf at Mystic. This is for the training and education and care of those children who cannot learn in the public schools because of deafness. 16. Fish Hatcheries. Under the care of the fish and game department fish hatcheries are maintained at Burlington, Windsor Locks, Kensington, and Voluntown. Salt water hatcheries in season are at Noank (lobsters), Leesville (shad), and Westport (smelt). 17. Lookout Stations and State Forests. Under the direc- tion of the forest and park department the state main- tains fire-lookout stations on a number of the highest points in the state. It also has many (eighteen) state for- est reservations and (thirty-eight) parks open to the public. Are any of these institutions near your school?

37 Connecticut People GENERAL STATEMENT THE first settlers called this region Connecticut from the Indian name, and this part of the country New England, as it reminded them of the land they then loved. The English people have contributed the great majority of people to Connecticut and many of our towns are named after towns in England. Many years passed without other settlers from England, but from 1840 to 1850 thousands from Ireland, owing to the famine there, came to Connecti- cut. Because of political dissensions in their homeland many Germans came also. From that time to 1890 the immigration tide steadily increased, most of the immi- grants coming from the British Isles, Germany, and France, and from the countries of northwestern Europe. They came seeking happier conditions, prosperity, ad- venture, and freedom from oppression, taxes, and mili- tary service. About 1890 the immigration source changed, and until 1924 most of the immigrants came from south- ern and southeastern Europe, many from Italy and Po- land and Russia entering our large industrial cities in the hope of prosperity and profit. They were attracted to Connecticut by its many industries, by their many friends who had preceded them, by the war-time activi- ties of many factories, and by the fact that Connecticut lies between the two great ports of debarkation at Boston and New York. Since 1921 our immigration has ceased to a great extent owing to the national immigration law, and under the law the immigration source has again re- turned to northwestern Europe. The United States Census of 1930 shows us that there are 1,606,903 people in the state and of these 382,871 are foreign-born, or 23.8%. The mother tongue of these peo- 38 pie shows us the racial group from which those now living here came. i. Italian 87,600.2. English and Celtic 84,400. 3. Polish 42,200. 4. German 32,000. 5. French 28,900. 6. Scandinavian 23,700. 7. Yiddish 22,500. 8. Lithuanian 12,500. 9. Magyar 10,000. 10. Russian 9,800, etc. The great majority of these people settled near an imaginary line drawn from Hartford to New Haven to Stamford. Altogether 65% or 1,039,159 of our population is of for- eign birth or had parents who were born overseas. The Irish people have come chiefly from the Irish Free State with some from Northern Ireland. These liberty loving people came mostly from rural homes, did much of our early heavy labor, and today many are found in our larger cities in professional positions. In New London, Waterbury, and Naugatuck they are the second largest foreign-born group, and also in New Haven county. The Irish are intensely patriotic, and have a genius for friend- ship and humor. The Germans have come to Connecticut since the earli- est times, and in several waves of immigration when times were troublous in Germany. They have scattered over the state and, while the sixth largest nationality in numbers, are not centralized in any one of our cities, al- though 82% of the Germans are in New Haven, Hart- ford, and Fairfield counties. They are almost always well educated, and cheerful, ambitious, thrifty, and orderly. The French born in France constitute a very small group indeed (2,889), but the French-Canadians have come to Connecticut in large numbers to work in our tex- tile mills in New London and Windham counties. In fact in Willimantic and in Windham county they are the pre- dominant nationality. They have been found to be both farmers and artisans, and very adaptable and willing. The Italians are newcomers to Connecticut, coming in 39 numbers only since 1880. They have found profitable work in our many industrial plants and have settled largely in our cities even though coming from rural homes. Recently many have bought homes in the coun- try and are prospering as truck gardeners and farmers. They are the predominating nationality in almost all the cities of the central and western part of the state, and in all counties but New London, Tolland and Windham. While they have never had many opportunities for edu- cation they have great appreciation of art and music. The Polish people are also newcomers and are the pre- dominant foreign-born group in New London and Tol- land counties. They too are accustomed to heavy labor and to rural conditions, but some have become factory employees and city dwellers. While they are very loyal to their own language, literature, and religion, they are very adaptable to new conditions. They are the predomi- nant foreign-born nationality in New Britain, Meriden, Norwich, and Naugatuck. We find the vast majority of all our foreign-born groups in the larger cities, with about 80% of all the Lithuanians in New Haven and Hartford counties, and many Russians in the cities of New Haven and Hartford. The Scandinavians have brought to Connecticut their love of beautiful handmade materials and their skill as artisans. The Hebrews have emphasized the sacredness of the home and the worth of energy and ambition com- bined with intellectual qualities. Every town of the state has more than one tenth of its farmers born in a foreign country. Each of these peoples has come bringing many gifts to enrich our life, and while many problems have been created, with the aid of schools these people are rapidly becoming part of the communities in which they live.

40 What are the predominant nationalities in your town? What are their interests ?

Chronological Table of Outstanding Dates in the Early History of Connecticut 1614. Adrian Block sailed along the shores of Connecti- cut and up the Connecticut River, resulting in trade between the Dutch and the Indians. 1627. The Dutch instructed the English of Plymouth in the use of wampum. 1631. Wahginacut, chief of the Podunks, visited the English inviting them to live in the Connecticut Valley, April 4. 1632. Edward Winslow visited the Connecticut River, as a possible place for trade. 1633. The Dutch erected a fort at the site of Hartford on land purchased from the Pequots, June 6. 1633. Conference at Boston with leaders of Plymouth re- garding the establishment of a trading post on the Connecticut, July 12. 1633. John Oldham with three others went to trade along the Connecticut, September. 1633. The Plymouth "Undertakers", eight men man- aging the trade of the colony for the purpose of paying off the debt to the merchants of England, sent William Holmes to erect a trading post at Windsor in October. 1635. Settlements were made on the Connecticut River. Saybrook fort was erected. 1637. Massacre by the Pequots at Wethersfield in April. 1637. May 1. War declared against the Pequots. 1638. Messrs. Eaton, Davenport, and others arrived at New Haven in April. 41 1639- The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were is- sued at Hartford, January 14. 1639. John Haynes, the first governor, was chosen on the second Thursday in April. 1639. The Fundamental Orders of New Haven Colony agreed upon, June 4. 1640. Lands on Long Island were purchased and settled under the authority of Connecticut. 1643. Confederation of New England Colonies was formed. 1643. War between Uncas and Miantonomo; the latter was taken prisoner and finally executed by Uncas. 1646. Battle between Dutch and Indians near Stamford. 1650. Code of laws adopted for Connecticut. 1650. Peter Stuyvesant came to the Hartford conference to determine the boundary line between the Dutch and English. 1654. The Dutch fort at Hartford was taken and the Dutch lands confiscated. 1655. Governor Eaton compiled a code of laws for New Haven Colony. 1660. Uncas was besieged by the Narragansetts, and re- lieved by Leffingwell. 1662. Charles II granted the charter to Connecticut, April 23. 1665. Union of New Haven and Connecticut Colonies. John Winthrop, jr., was made the first governor under the charter. 1675. Major Edmund Andros demanded the surrender of Saybrook fort, but was repelled by Captain Bull. 1675. Beginning of King Philip's War; Great Swamp Fight near Kingston, R.I. 1687. Sir Edmund Andros assumed government of Con- necticut. j. Governor Treat and others resumed charter gov- ernment of Connecticut. 1693. Colonel Fletcher of New York attempted to take command of the Connecticut militia but was re- pulsed by Captain Wadsworth. 1701. Collegiate School founded by act of governor and company of the colony. 1702. Collegiate School settled at Saybrook by order of the trustees. 1717. Collegiate School established at New Haven, called Yale College the next year. 1727. The great earthquake, October 27. 1740. The manufacture of tinware was begun at Berlin. 1745. Louisbourg was captured. Roger Wolcott was sec- ond in command. 1752. Woodstock, Suffield, Enfield, Somers were received under the jurisdiction of Connecticut. 1755. The Connecticut Gazette of New Haven was printed —the first newspaper in Connecticut. 1763. The settlement of Wyoming was begun. 1764. The Connecticut Cour ant was established as a week- ly newspaper—the oldest paper still published. 1765. Jared Ingersoll was forced to resign as stamp agent. 1775. The Ticonderoga expedition was planned at Hart- ford and Wethersfield. 1780. The "dark day" on May 19. 1781. First Mass was celebrated in Connecticut by Abbe Robin for the French soldiers. 1784. Slavery was abolished in Connecticut. 1784. Middletown, New Haven, Norwich, New London, and Hartford were incorporated as cities. 1787. Connecticut ceded most of her western lands, ex- cept the Western Reserve, to the United States. 1790. Newgate at Granby was made a state prison. 43 1792- Hartford, New Haven, and Union banks were in- corporated. 1792. First turnpike toll road was incorporated, New London to Norwich. 1795. The Connecticut Western Reserve lands were sold for $1,200,000 and the proceeds constituted a School Fund. 1808. The Enfield bridge was built, the first to span the Connecticut. 1814. Era of incorporating manufacturing companies be- gan, chiefly cotton products. 1817. The Hartford Times was established. 1818. The new constitution for the state was ratified. 1825. The Farmington Canal was begun on July 4. 1826. The boundary between Massachusetts and Con- necticut was finally settled. 1826. The state prison at Wethersfield was built. 1828. The canal around Enfield was built. The Farming- ton Canal was opened. 1832. The first railroad was incorporated in Connecticut, the Boston, Norwich and New London. 1833. The Hartford and New Haven railroad was incor- porated. 1844. The consecration of the Rt. Rev. William Tyler as Bishop of Hartford. 1844. The Hartford and Springfield railroad was com- pleted. 1844. Dr. Horace Wells made the discovery of anaesthesia. 1848. Rail cars first passed from New York to New Hav- en, December 29. 1845. The telegraph was introduced. 1852. First Foundation of Sisters of Mercy in Hartford. 1877. Telephone companies began to operate in the state. 1882. Founding of the Knights of Columbus in New Haven. 44 Projects for Study

DETAILED studies, or map projects, relating to the state as a whole or to the local section are suggested by the chronological table and by the following topics: The racial composition of the State. Power sites within the State. Agriculture of the State. Parks and Forests of the State. Fishing Streams and State Game Preserves. Old Highways of the State and Colony. Places for Historical Pilgrimages. Geographical and Geological Trips. Regional Manufacturing and Industries. Canals, Waterways, and Railroads. Lands settled by Connecticut Immigrants. Airways and Flying Fields. Early Waterway Settlements. Connecticut Indians. Early Connecticut Architecture. Connecticut Costumes to Date. Colonial Milestone Sites. Connecticut Inventors. Travels of Washington in Connecticut. Connecticut Scenes of Conflict. The Dutch Settlements. Connecticut's Boundaries—how Determined.

45 Towns of Connecticut's First Century THE following towns were incorporated or named during the first century of Connecticut's history down to the year 1735. Town Date Ashford October, 1714 Bolton October, 1720 Branford 1653 Canterbury October, 1703 October, 1699 Coventry October, 1711 Danbury October, 1687 Derby May, 1675 Durham May, 1704 East Haddam May, 1734 Enfield 1683 Fairfield 1645 Farmington December, 1640 Glastonbury May, 1690 Greenwich 1656 Groton May, 1704 Guilford July, 1643 Haddam October, 1668 Hartford 1637 Hebron May, 1708 Killingly May, 1708 Killingworth May, 1667 Lebanon October, 1700 Litchfield May, 1719 Lyme May, 1667 Mansfield . October, 1703 Middletown September, 1651 Milford November, 1640 New Haven August, 1640 New London March, 1658 New Milford . October, 1711 Newtown . October, 1711 Norwalk September, 1651 46 Norwich 1660 Plainfield May, 1699 Pomfret May, 1713 Preston October, 1687 Ridgefield October, 1709 Saybrook 1635 Simsbury May, 1670 Somers July, 1734 Stafford 1719 Stamford 1642 Stonington 1666 Stratford 1639 Suffield May, 1674 Tolland May, 1715 Union October, 1734 Voluntown May, 1721 Wallingford May, 1670 Waterbury May, 1686 Wethersfield 1637 Willington May, 1727 Windham May, 1692 Windsor February, 1637 Woodbury May, 1674 Woodstock 1690

47 Bibliography

THE following books were consulted in compiling this pamphlet and were selected from a great mass of avail- able material.

ANDREWS, C. M. The River Towns of Connecticut, x 889. Connecticut's Place in Colonial History. 1924. ATWATER, E. E. History of the Colony of New Haven. 1881. New Edition, 1902, with additions. BARBER, J. W. Connecticut Historical Collections. 1836. BATES, A. C. The Charter of Connecticut. 1932. BIDWELL, P. W. Rural Economy in New England at the Begin- ning of the Nineteenth Century. 1916. CARPENTER, W. H. History of Connecticut. 1854. CLARK, G. L. History of Connecticut, its People and Institu- tions. 1914. DEFOREST, J. W. History of the Indians of Connecticut. 1851. DWIGHT, THEODORE. History of Connecticut. 1840. GABRIEL, R. H. Evolution of Long Island. 1921. HOLLISTER, G. H. History of Connecticut. Two Vols. 1855. JENKINS, E. H. A History of Connecticut Agriculture (reprint from the Osborn, History, 1926). JOHNSTON, A. Connecticut. 1887. LOVE, W. DEL. Colonial History of Hartford. 1914. MILLS, L. S. The Story of Connecticut. 1932. MORGAN, F. (ed.) Connecticut as a Colony and as a State. Four Vols. 1904. MORSE, J. M. A Neglected Period of Connecticut History, 1818- 1850. 1933. OSBORN, N. G. (ed.) History of Connecticut in Monographic Form. Five Vols. 1925. Of especial importance are the mono- graphs by E. H. Jenkins on "Connecticut Agriculture," G. B. Chandler on "Industry," Mrs. S. K. Mitchell on "Social Life and Customs," and W. R. Steiner on "Medicine." PURCELL, R. J. Connecticut in Transition, 1775-1818. 1918. SANFORD, E. B. History of Connecticut. 1888. SPECK, F. G. Native Tribes and Dialects of Connecticut (Forty- third Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology).

48 M, STEINER, B. C. History of Education in Connecticut. (United States Bureau of Education.) 1893. • History of Slavery in Connecticut. 1893. TRUMBULL, J. H. Memorial History of Hartford County. Two Vols. 1886. TRUMBULL, B. A Co?nplete History of Connecticut. Two Vols. 1818.

ANDREWS, C. M. Colonial Folkways (The Chronicles of America Series, Vol. 9). 1919. BUSHNELL, H. A Historical Estimate of Connecticut (State Board of Education, Doc. No. 53). CLIFFORD, C. C. Once Upon a Time in Connecticut. 1916. GOODRICH, C. A. Stories on the History of Connecticut, designed for the Instruction and Amusements of young persons. 1829. DANA, R. H. Architectural Monograph on the old hill towns of Windham County. FOSTER, W. D. Architectural Monograph on the River Towns of Connecticut. 1923. GARDNER, W. G. Massachusetts Bay Influence on Connecticut Valley. 1925. ISHAM, N. M. and BROWN, A. F. Early Connecticut Houses. KELLY, J. F. Early Connecticut Architecture. 1924, 1931. Connecticut Domestic Architecture. 1924. TROWBRIDGE, B. C. (ed.) Old Houses of Connecticut. 1923. WARREN, M. A. Connecticut "Thirty Lecture Talks" (State Board of Education. No. 6. 1925.) WHITEHEAD, R. F. (ed.) Architectural Monograph on the Stage coach roadfrom Hartford to Litchfield. 1923.

LYON, I. W. Colonial Furniture in New England. New Edition. 1924.

AKAGI, R. H. The Town Proprietors of the New England Colo- nies., 1620-1770. 1924. BOWEN, C. W. Boundaries of Connecticut. 1882. BUTTRICK, P. L. Public and Semi-Public Lands of Connecticut (State Board of Education, Doc. No. 49). 49 SAGE, H. T. Map and Texts on Milestones, in the State Li- brary. HOWARD, D. Connecticut History Stories (Connecticut School Documents, No. i). LARNED, E. D. Historic Gleanings in Windham County. 1899. TODD, C. B. In Olde Connecticut. 1906. TWITCHELL, W. I. (ed.) Hartford in History. 1899.

BEARDS LEY, E. E. History of the Episcopal Church in Connecti- cut. Two Vols. 1866-1868. DUGGAN, T. S. The Catholic Church in Connecticut. 1930. GREENE, M. L. Development of Religious Liberty in Connecticut. 1905. KINGSLEY, W. Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History of Connecticut. 1851.

Connecticut Register and Manual. LOOMIS, D. and CALHOUN, J. G. The Judicial and Civil History of Connecticut. 1895. NORTON, F. C. The Governors of Connecticut. 1905.

HARWOOD, P. L. History of Eastern Connecticut. Three Vols. 1932. LAMBERT, E. R. History of the Colony of New Haven. 1838.

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