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Acquisition of English Relative Clauses by German L1 and Turkish Acquisition of English Relative Clauses by German L1 and Turkish L1 Speakers Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Grades Doktors der Philosophie Am Fachbereich Philosophie und Geisteswissenschaften Institut für Englische Philologie der Freien Universität Berlin Vorgelegt von Emin Yas Berlin, den 13.09.2012 1 Erstgutachter : Prof. Dr. Peter Kunsmann Zweitgutachterin : Prof. Dr. Carol W. Pfaff Disputationsdatum : 27.06.2016 2 Acknowledgement First I would like to thank Prof. Kunsmann. He encouraged me to bring this dissertation to the end. Without his continuous support and great help this dissertation would not been written. In addition, my research experience has been augmented with his expertise, understanding and patience. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Carol W. Pfaff from John F. Kennedy Institute for being my second advisor on this thesis. Actually, I received good support from her. Especially as I participated at the project that she made at the Robert Koch Oberschule in Berlin I had the opportunity to make use of that research, I could reach some resources and see the problems that the Turkish migrant students of this high school had. The third person to whom my thanks go out is Prof. Dr. Claus Schönig, from the Turcology Department, who is an expert in the Turkish linguistics, in particular from the historical perspective, for accepting to be the third member of disputation and for giving me support in offering some important literature. Last I would like to give my thanks to my family. They gave me moral support at the time of the different phases of writing such a dissertation. 3 Abbreviations - L1 : First Language - L2 : Second Language - L3 : Third Language - CL : Contrastive Linguistics - CA : Contrastive Analysis - AP : Applied Linguistics - SLA : Second Language Acquisition - TL : Target Language - SL : Second Language - ML : Mother Language - FL : Foreign Language - NL : Native Language - LL : Language Learning - ENG : English - GER : German - TUR : Turkish - TRANS : Translation - RC : Relative Clause - LT : Language Typology - LU : Language Universal - UG : Universal Grammar - PP : Prepositinal Phrase - NP : Nominal Phrase - ACL : Applied Contrastive Linguistics - CAH : Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis - SLL : Second Language Learning - SCT : Sentence Combination Task - GJT : Grammar Judgment Task - TRANS : Translation 4 - SUBJ : Subject - OBJ : Object - F : Female - M : Male - PREP : Preposition - IO : Indirect Object - DO : Direct Object - OCOMP : Object of Comparison - LDH : Linear Distance Hypothesis - SHD : Structural Distance Hypothesis - WDH : Word Order Difference Hypothesis - NPAH : Nominal Phrase Accessablity Hypothesis - PDH : Perceptual Difference Hypothesis - SOHH : Subject Object Hierarcy Hypothesis - ECP : Empty Category Principle - MDH : Markedness Differential Hypothesis - ATN Grammar: Augmented Transition Network Grammar - SRN : Simple Recurrent Networks 5 List of Tables and Diagrams 3.0 Table 1 Marking Nominal Phrases in English Table 2 Pronominal Reflexes in five Languages Diagram 1 C-Command Diagram 2 Govenment 4.0 Diagram 1 Main Clause and Subordinate Clause Diagram 2 The Summery of Clauses 5.0 Table 1 The Relative Pronouns in English Diagram 1 Subordinate Clause Table 2 Articles in German as Relativisers Table 3 The relativisers in Turkish 6.0 Table 1 Syntactic Ambiguity Diagram 1 Accounts in Psycholinguistic Modelling Diagram 2 A Garden Path Sentence Diagram 3 Minimal Attachment Principles Diagram 4 A Serial Psycholinguistic Model of Sentence Processing 7.0. Diagram 1 A Summery of Transfer and Interference Table 1 Reflexive Pronoun as Corefential 8.0 Diagram 1 A Relative Clause Procedure in Augmented Transition Network (ATN) Grammar Table 1 Wh-Movement in German Diagram 2 The Similarity and Difference of Wh-Movement in English and German 6 Table 2 Example for Noun Phrase Accessibility Hypothesis (NPAH) Table 3 Examples for Pronoun Retention Table 4 Markedness Hypothesis for relative pronoun by the NPAH Table 5 Prediction of the Order of Difficulty by PHD Table 6 Order of difficult by SO Hierarchy Hypothesis (SOHH) 9.0. Table 1 Frequency of Relative Pronouns and Relative Clause in the History Book: Britain and Scotland Table 2 Frequency of Relative Pronouns and Relative Clauses in the book of Higher Chemistry Table 3 The Frequency of Relative Pronouns and Relative Clauses in the Novel: The Cleft by Doris Lessing 10. Table 1 Matrix Sentence in Subject Positioning/center-branching/embedded Table 2 Matrix Sentences in Object Positioning/left-branching/embedded Table 3 Total responses German students on sentence combination test by relative clause type and matrix positing type Diagram 1 Percentage of correct responses German Students on sentence combination test by RCs and matrix position type Table 4 Correct Responses of German Students in Grammaticality Judgment Test Table 5 Correct Responses of German Students in German-English Translation Test Diagram 2 Percentage of correct responses on German-English Translation test by relative clause type and matrix position type Table 6 Total responses Turkish Students from Germany on sentence combination test by RC type and matrix position type Diagram 3 Percentage of correct responses of Turkish students from Germany on sentence combination test by RC type and matrix type Table 7 Correct responces of Turkish students from Germany on Grammaticality Judgment Test 7 Table 8 Total responses of Turkish students from Germany on Turkish-English translation test by RC type and matrix position type Diagram 4 Percentage of correct responses of Turkish students from Germany on Turkish-English translation test by RC type and matrix position type Table 9 Total responses of Turkish students from Germany on German-English translation test by RC type and matrix position type Diagram 5 Percentage of correct responses of Turkish students from Germany on German-English translation test by RC type and matrix position type Table 10 Total correct responses Turkish students from Turkey on sentence combination test by RC type and matrix position type Diagram 6 Percentage of correct responses of Turkish students from Turkey on sentence combination test by RC type and matrix position type Table 11 Correct responses of Turkish students from Turkey on Grammaticality Judgment Test Table 12 Total correct responses of Turkish students from Turkey on Turkish-English translation test by RC type and Matrix position type Diagram 7 Percentage of correct responses of Turkish students from Turkey on Turkish-English translation test by RC type and matrix position type Table 13 The success rate of all groups Table 14 The success rate in male-female relation Table 15 Approximate success rate of males and females Table 16 The number of resumptive pronouns for all groups Table 17 Total incorrect responses of preposition-stranding by all groups in SCT and TRANS tasks Table 18 The distribution of relative pronouns in SCT and TRANS tasks Table 19 The total number of incorrect responses in pronoun selection by GER L1, TUR L1 and L2 speakers in SCT and TRANS tasks Table 20 The total number of avoidance by avoidance type of the first group Table 21 The total number of avoidance by avoidance type of the second group Table 22 The total number of avoidance by avoidance type of the third group 8 Table 23 The total false responses by male female students of all groups in all tests Appendixes Appendix 1 : Sentence Combining Task Appendix 2 : Grammaticality Judgment Test Appendix 3A : Turkish-English Translation Task Appendix 3B : German-English Translation Task Appendix 4 : Samples from Questionaire Data Appendix 5A : HIGHER CHEMISTRY Problem with the reduced RCs with (-ing) Appendix 5B : BRITIAN AND SCOTLAND Problem with the (-ing) and the long sentences contained many RCs. 9 Table of Contents 1.0. Introduction 14 1.1. The Contrastive Analysis (CA) 15 1.2. The Relative Clause in English 22 1.3. The Relative Clause in German 25 1.4. The Relative Clause in Turkish 26 1.5. About the Acquisition of Relative Clauses 28 2.0. Contrastive Analysis (CA) 39 2.1. The Appearance of Contrastive Analysis (CA) 39 2.2. The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) 48 2.3. Error Analysis (EA) 53 3.0. The New Insights About Contrastive Analysis 61 3.1. The Reality of Avoidance 62 3.2. Some Important Insights Made About Contrastive Analysis and the Definition for Typological Classification of the Languages 71 3.3. The Markedness Differential Hypothesis (MDH)? 77 3.4. The Empty Category Principle (ECP) 82 4.0. The Subordination and the Sub-ordinate Clauses 85 4.1.0. The Definition and the Classification of Sub-ordinate Clauses 85 4.1.1. Finite Clauses 89 4.1.2. Non-finite clauses 90 4.1.3. Active Clauses 90 4.1.4. Passive Clause 91 4.2. Noun Clause 93 4.3. Adjective Clause 97 4.4.0. Adverb Clauses 98 4.4.1. Adverbial Clause of Time 99 4.4.2. Adverbial Clause of Place 100 10 5.0. The Relativisation and the Relative Clauses 101 5.1.0. English Relative Clause as Postmodified ones 102 5.1.1. The Words That Introduce Relative Clauses (e.g. relative Pronouns) 103 5.1.2. Restrictive Relative Clauses 107 5.1.3. Non-restrictive Relative Clauses 109 5.1.4. The Use of Relative Clauses with Prepositions and Possessive Pronouns 112 5.1.5. Zero/bare/ Relative Clauses 115 5.1.6. The Reduction in Relative Clauses 116 5.1.7. Complex Relative Clauses 118 5.1.8. Sentential/Connective Relative Clauses 119 5.1.9. Nominal Relative Clauses 120 5.1.10. Adverbial Relative Clauses 122 5.1.11. Gapless Relative Clauses 122 5.2.0. German Relative Clauses as Premodified and Postmodified ones 123 5.2.1 The Placement of German Relative Clauses in the Sentence 125 5.2.2. The Relative Markers in German (e.g. relative pronouns) 127 5.2.3. Restrictive Relative Clauses 129 5.2.4. Non-restricted Relative Clauses 129 5.2.5. Relative Clauses with Genitive 130 5.2.6. Relative Clauses with Preposition 131 5.2.7.
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