Wildlife Trusts Current Badger Vaccination Status

How much is a badger really worth?

The views expressed in this presentation are personal and do not represent those of any specific organisation unless referenced

Gordon McGlone

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk The Oxford Handbook of Business and the Natural Environment 2012 Social Movements, Business and the Environment - Weber and Soderstrom

– Nature p250 ‘Early Environmentalism’ – Ideas for the conservation, preservation and restoration and restoration of nature were articulated at this time. “Nature” became a value-infused, often spiritual, category as opposed to simply a resource for human livelihood.

– Biodiversity p251 ‘New environmentalism’ – Scientific concepts such as ecosystem and biodiversity translated into new types of issues such as closed-loop recycling, saving endangered species and sustainable global development. If natural systems are dynamic, and human activity is part of them, concerns with nature cannot be addressed without reference to social and economic practices.

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Laurie Lee Wood

Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust (GWT) purchased the wood from the author and naturalist's family for £35,000 after an appeal earlier in the year.

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk

www.besurbanlexicon.blogspot.com

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Landscape Scale Conservation http://www.rspb.org.uk/futurescape http://www.greatfen.org.uk/about/i s/chalkcountry/index.aspx ntroduction

RSPB Wildlife Trusts Wiltshire Chalk Country Great Fen

“We’re working with partners, land “The Great Fen is a 50-year project to owners and local communities, create a huge wetland area. One of protecting and enhancing the the largest restoration projects of its landscape. Together we’re ensuring type in Europe, the landscape of the there’s a network of chalk grassland fens between Peterborough and sites that people can enjoy and that Huntingdon is being transformed for support the iconic wildlife and the the benefit both of wildlife and of archaeological heritage of the chalk people. country….

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk

Wildlife Trusts affected by proposed Phase 1 route of HS2

• London Wildlife Trust 18 wildlife sites will be affected including The Appraisal of Sustainability seriously • Herts & Middlesex Wildlife Trust The proposed railway will cross the Mid-Colne Valley Berks, Bucks & underestimates the environmental mitigation Oxon Wildlife Trust and compensation costs and opportunities • Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire 56 wildlife sites will be impacted to varying degrees. Of these 29 are of county importance for wildlife and four are of national importance. • The Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire at least eight Northamptonshire wildlife sites of county importance including ancient forests, medieval parkland and limestone grassland. It will damage an important SSSI, and threatens the rare and declining small blue butterfly. A further ten important wildlife sites lie within 500m of the route. • Warwickshire Wildlife Trust At least 80 sites are of county importance. Five SSSIs are vulnerable to impacts from construction, hydrology or fragmentation. • Wildlife Trust for Birmingham & the Black Country The route will have a significant impact on a Site of Importance for Nature Conservation at Water Orton. More than 600 metres of viaduct will split the reserve in two, create cuttings through ancient woodlands, realign 1,600m of the River Tame and remove access to the reserve. • Staffordshire Wildlife Trust 17 small sites of ancient woodland and The Tame valley wetlands, part of the River Living Landscape area, will be damaged resulting in disturbance to protected species such as water voles and great crested newts Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk HS2: assessing the costs and benefits Henry Overman http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/cp361.pdf

When governments try to • Professor of Economic make a decision on big Geography LSE transport projects, the most desirable starting point is a cost-benefit analysis, which carefully assesses whether, and by how much, the benefits to the country will outweigh the costs. Traditionally, these analyses have taken a rather narrow focus, looking at the direct user benefits – that is, the benefits to people making journeys

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk HS2: assessing the costs and benefits Henry Overman http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/cp361.pdf

When governments try to • Professor of Economic make a decision on big Geography LSE transport projects, the most desirable starting point is a cost-benefit analysis, which carefully assesses whether, “ Other environmental impacts arising and by how much, the benefits from the need to bulldoze a straight to the country will outweigh high-speed train line through some the costs. Traditionally, these beautiful countryside are harder to express analyses have taken a rather narrow focus, looking at the in financial terms. These effects clearly direct user benefits – that is, explain much of the bitter local opposition the benefits to people making from people on the route. Actions to journeys mitigate them provide yet another illustration of how costly HS2 could prove to be.” Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Natural Capital Committee

The Natural Capital Committee (NCC) was one of the headline commitments in the Government’s Natural Environment White Paper. It was established in May 2012 as an independent advisory body to Government. It formally reports to the Economic Affairs Committee of the Cabinet Office.

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Section 5: Natural Capital and Economic Growth • One approach to such compensation might involve offsetting losses (as part of a mitigation hierarchy56 and recognising the irreplaceability of some components of natural capital, particularly some wild species and habitats). This could, for example, focus on what improvements could be made elsewhere to biodiversity and natural capital. The attractive feature of such an approach is that it has the potential to offer both the advantages of the development and those of the protection and potential enhancement of the environment simultaneously.

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk theGuardian http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jan/04/ancient-woodland-cut-down-biodiversity- offsetting Campaigners attack proposals to allow destruction of ancient woodlands Environment secretary Owen Paterson has suggested 100 new trees could be planted for each ancient one destroyed While destroying mature trees was a "tragic loss", replacing each with 100 new ones would "deliver a better environment over the long term", he said. The Guardian

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Valuing Nature

Incorporating the natural environment and the services it provides within conventional, economic decision making is one of the major challenges facing the UK and indeed global community; both economic and environmental sustainability are intimately entwined. This is not just an academic debate – this is the greatest challenge to the long term viability of society.

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk

So why did I choose to look into Badgers for today’s #iSEE? Badgers and bovine TB

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Eurasian Badger Meles meles

Badgers are short-legged omnivores in the weasel family, Mustelidae The European badger (Meles meles) is a species of badger in the family Mustelidae and is native to almost all of Europe and some parts of the Middle East. Wikipedia http://www.badgerland.co.uk/education/stories/folklore.html

Names in other languages include: • English = Brock • Scots = Brox • Scottish Gaelic = Brochlach • Irish Gaelic = Broc • Welsh = Mochyn daeaar • Welsh = Broch • Welsh = Pryf penfrith • Welsh = Pryf llwyd

Why Badgers?

Badgers and bovine TB • Collisions of interests – Nature and Business • Monetisation of policy (or not) • Empowerment of commercial faction • New social strands – social media, information sharing, demographics • Ecosystem Services • Glacial speed of government responses • Politics, people and propaganda

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Draft Strategy for Achieving “Officially Bovine Tuberculosis-Free” Status for England

Opening line of foreword “Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is the most pressing animal health problem in the UK…

4 July 2013 The Rt Hon Owen Paterson MP Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Sociologia ruralis 2012

Framings of Badgers In and Beyond The Bovine TB Controversy

Angela Cassidy

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk From Framings of Badgers In and Beyond The Bovine TB Controversy illustrations not from original

The question of whether to cull wild badgers in order to control the spread of bovine TB (bTB) in UK cattle herds has been deeply contentious for nearly 40 years, and still shows no sign of resolution.

This paper will examine the strategic framing of badgers in recent debates over bTB in the UK media, which take two opposing forms: the ‘good badger’ as epitomised in Kenneth Grahame’s children’s novel ‘The Wind in the Willows’; and the less familiar ‘bad badger’: carnivore, digger, and carrier of disease.

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk From Jess Phoenix 2013 UEA BSc dissertation

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust

• So why did I begin planning a badgers vaccination programme on Gloucestershire WT nature reserves in mid 2010? – Find out how to use badger bTB vaccination • action above apathy – Evaluate practical experience • pros and cons – Measure costs • Outside of BVDP area • time and money – Disseminate results • I had been member of Ministerial advisory panel • I had given evidence to a select committee – Make a contribution to controlling bovine TB in cattle • Three bTB breakdowns

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Vaccination in the Control of Bovine TB ZSL Institute of Zoology 2013 • https://www.zsl.org/science/events/vaccination-in-the- control-of-bovine-tb,773,EV.html

Principal topics included: • How vaccines work at the individual and population levels. • Recent uses of vaccination for disease control and elimination in wild and domestic animals. • Practical low cost deployment of injected badger vaccination. • Development of oral badger vaccines. • Current status and prospects for cattle vaccination against Bovine TB.

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Badgers in Rep of Ireland

~ 100,000 badgers

Tuberculosis is endemic

Approx. 50% badgers with tuberculosis in areas associated with chronic cattle TB

Approx. 15% badgers with tuberculosis in Areas with no recent history of cattle TB

Epidemiological link with infection in cattle

Currently controlled by focal reactive culling Transmission of Mycobacterium bovis

Environment 13 years in 20 minutes:

Badger vaccine development and efficacy

Dr Mark A. Chambers TB Science Lead Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, U.K. G BCG Vaccination in Badgers 3

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination BCG Vaccination Reduces Risk of reduces the severity and progression of Tuberculosis Infection in Vaccinated tuberculosis in badgers Badgers and Unvaccinated Badger Cubs

Chambers et al Sept 2010 Carter et al Dec 2012

In a clinical field study, BCG vaccination of Analysis of data from a four-year clinical free-living badgers reduced the incidence field study, conducted at the social group of positive serological test results by 73.8 level, suggested a similar, direct protective per cent. In common with other species, effect of BCG in a wild badger population. BCG did not appear to prevent infection of Here we present new evidence from the badgers subjected to experimental same study identifying both a direct challenge, but did significantly reduce the beneficial effect of vaccination in overall disease burden. BCG vaccination of individual badgers and an indirect badgers could comprise an important protective effect in unvaccinated cubs. component of a comprehensive programme of measures to control bovine TB in cattle.

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk RosieRosie WoodroffeWoodroffe Epidemiological effects of badger vaccination and culling

Rosie Woodroffe Zoological Society of London G 5 What vaccination is meant to do Rosie Woodroffe

vaccinate

• No effect on already-infected animals • Reduce onward transmission of infection Rosie Woodroffe What vaccination is meant to do

vaccinate

• No effect on already-infected animals • Reduce onward transmission of infection Rosie Woodroffe What vaccination is meant to do

vaccinate

• No effect on already-infected animals • Reduce onward transmission of infection • Lowers prevalence over time as infected animals die off Rosie Woodroffe What nonselective culling is meant to do

CULL

• Reduce numbers of infected animals • Reduce onward transmission of infection to other badgers • Reduce onward transmission to cattle Rosie Badger Woodroffe densities were reduced inside culling areas; but their territorial and ranging behaviour were also affected

Triplet D proactive Rosie Woodroffe What culling actually does

CULL

• Disrupts territorial system • Increases opportunities for contact between social groups • Increases opportunities for disease transmission • Increases number of cattle herds contacted by each badger Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Approach Badger numbers Badger TB Cattle TB Annual cost/km2 Nonselective cull £1,800- - large scale much reduced increased less & more £4,000

Nonselective cull somewhat reduced increased more – - small scale

Vaccination unchanged reduced (less) £1,500- £4,000

Selective cull somewhat reduced (increased) (increased) >£2,880

Rosie Woodroffe Rosie Woodroffe Conclusions Nonselective culling, vaccination, and selective culling function by different mechanisms but in principal all have the potential to control wildlife disease Population structure can have a major impact on disease transmission rates Culling alters badger population structure in ways which accelerate transmission, undermining benefits for TB control By contrast, badger population structure is likely to enhance the efficacy of vaccination Badger vaccination is likely to be cheaper than culling, and is unlikely to cause harm; however its contribution to cattle TB control is not yet known

Bovine TB vaccination no magic bullet say MPs • “Successive governments have invested more than £43 million on vaccine research and development since 1994. By the end of the current spending review period, Defra will have spent a further £15 million. http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a- z/commons-select/environment-food-and-rural-affairs- committee/news/bovine-tb-report-publication/

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Could badger vaccination be more usable - at the business scale?

1. Commitment 2. Planning 3. Delivery 4. Review

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk The Wildlife Trusts major land managers “The Wildlife Trusts are major landowners and managers with 2,300 nature reserves across the UK covering an area of 90,000 hectares. In addition, they own and manage 20 working farms and more than 7,500 grazing animals, including cattle.”

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Daneway Banks SSSI site of successful Large Blue butterfly reintroduction extinct 1979 - 2002

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk G 4 AHVLA Badger Vaccine Deployment Project

• Launched May 2010 • ~ 100km2 • 100 farm premises • Learn lessons • Practicality • Cost • Farmer confidence • Train lay vaccinators • One of six planned deployments (and sole survivor) • No analysis of impact of Badger BCG on cattle bTB

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Grazing maintains Grasslands

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Rationale – which nature reserves?  grassland – on or adjoining  badgers – on or adjoining  bTB history on site or in neighbourhood

• Suitable NRs surveyed – 26 with recent badger records Two groups of Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust nature reserves were selected:-

A - Stroud Valleys; Daneway Banks, Swifts Hill/Slad Farm, Frith Wood, Siccardige Wood, Snows Farm and Strawberry Banks B - Greystones Farm

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Conclusions How could badger vaccination be more usable - at the business scale

1. Commitment 2. Planning 3. Delivery 4. Review

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Stroud valleys nature reserves hilly, difficult access, high manual effort

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Getting started with badger vaccination • Pre-plan from 2010 – Equipment and supplies, locate and / or commission • Cage traps • Holding cage • PPE • Power washer • Portable fridge • Data logger • Peli case • wickets – Support from FERA/AHVLA – Robbie MacDonald’s team at Woodchester Park – Dialogue with local Vet – professional support for ordering and stock management of BadgerBCG vaccine – Carried out site surveys – Trained staff – Licences 2011 and 2012 – Obtained Certificate of Competence

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Greystones Farm nature reserve SSSI & SAM 6000 years of farming history

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk

Could badger vaccination be more usable - at the business scale?

1. Commitment 2. Planning 3. Delivery 4. Review

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk

How did it go? G 1 Full analysis by GWT finance department

• Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust – 2011 - 38 badgers • Stroud Valleys 6 sites – £56 per hectare – Difficult terrain; manual transportation of cages, small sites, 104 hectares • Greystones Farm - £41 per hectare – Working farm; vehicle access, 66 hectares – 2012 - 37 badgers • Additional private farmland, exceptional rainfall and associated extra time cost on Stroud Valleys sites – 2013 – 44 badgers – approximately £200 per badger • Dry summer, extra sett on private farmland, normal site access as per 2011

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Simon Boulter – Director of Badger Trust Principal Consultant with RSK, Chairman Oxfordshire Badger Group Partnership deployment County 2011 2012 01/10/13 Worcs / Warks 1 0 - border Devon 4 - 31 Cornwall 0 - } Buckinghamshire 0 4 10 Derbyshire 5 0 - Oxfordshire - 6 6 Shropshire - 4 tbc Somerset - 62 – 440 ha tbc Warwickshire - 5 2

TOTAL 10 81 49 brocks to date

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Wildlife Trusts current Badger Vaccination status

Currently / Preparing to Supportive have been vaccinate vaccinating Cheshire Staffordshire Nottinghamshire Gloucestershire Dorset Debating or in partnerships eg BBOWT and Badger Trust Shropshire Hampshire Warwickshire Somerset Leicestershire Derbyshire and Rutland Devon S&W Wales

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk

“Dorset Wildlife Trust to begin vaccinating badgers”

Picture courtesy of Sam Stewart, Dorset Wildlife Trust

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk National Trust

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk UK lay badger vaccination capacity • 180 individuals have been trained as lay vaccinators • 20 organisations are involved with BadgerBCG vaccination programmes • Welsh Assembly Government has trained “27” staff

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk How do you deliver Badger Vaccination cost effectively?

• Staff • Contractors • Volunteers Develop Skills

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Managing Costs

“Talk to local badger groups - they can provide an army of volunteers to reduce labour costs for farmers.”

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk “This is the cycle we use incorporating our staff with local volunteers”

Contractor Client Brock Vaccination lead Wildlife Trust support

B - Check accuracy A – Survey setts and badger and estimate costs activity C – License application to NE D – staff and vols pre-bait holes E – Cage traps located on setts and monitor uptake etc – support trap locating F – Traps pre-baited – support trap pre-baiting G – Cages set – support badger vaccination H – Badgers vaccinated I – Pick up cages J – Clean cages and store K – Next customer

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Conclusions How badger vaccination could be more usable - at the business scale

1. Commitment 2. Planning 3. Delivery 4. Review

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk The big question – how much does badger vaccination cost?

• Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust • Stroud valleys £55 per hectare, smaller sites • Greystones Farm £41 per hectare • Working figure of £45 per hectare

• Brock Vaccination - £44 per hectare

• FERA/AHVLA – £2000 to £4000 per km2

Costs could be lowered significantly with co-ordinated delivery programmes across larger areas

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk bTB Incidence

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/229392/pb14020-tb-info-note.pdf

http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/a-z/bovine-tb/about-bovine-tb/

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk DEFRA Impact Assessment

Title: Measures to address bovine TB in badgers IA No: Lead department or agency: DEFRA Other departments or agencies: Date: 30/11/2011

Option 6 - a combination of options 4 and 5 to issue licences under PoBA to cull and/or vaccinate badgers.

• The preferred option is Option 6 which would enable farmers/landowners to take control of the wildlife reservoir of the disease at a local level. As illustrated in the IA which accompanied the 2010 public consultation, option 6 does not present the best net present value (NPV) (this was for option 4, for industry to carry out only culling) but does give greatest flexibility for farmers/landowners to formulate the most suitable local solution. Options 2 and 3 are not considered affordable in the current public spending climate.

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk GLOUCESTERSHIRE’S Police and Crime Commission took to Twitter last night to confirm the badger cull in the county cost £1.7 million to police. Martin Surl tweeted out: “£1.7m is the 'estimated' total cost for policing the whole cull in glos - not just the extension period.” http://www.gloucestershireecho.co.uk/Gloucestershire-s-policing-badger-cull-confirmed/story-20439280-detail/story.html#ixzz2sFdVcilA

At an Operation Themis review meeting on Febuary 20th a revised figure of “not far off £2.4M” was given by the PCC.

Public advocacy against the badger cull

He wrote: “Tonight could be the darkest for British wildlife that we have witnessed in our lives. That in spite of science and public will the wrath of ignorance will further bloody and bleed our countryside of its riches of life.

Chris Packham, who presented the AutumnWatch programmes last week, was found to have breached BBC guidelines by tweeting about his views on the eve of Government trials to control the spread of tuberculoisis in cattle by shooting badgers. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10436603/Chris-Packham-rapped-by-BBC-for-intemperate-Twitter-remarks-about-badger-cull.html

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Public advocacy against the badger cull

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk

SAVE ME

http://www.teambadger.org.uk/team.htm l TEAM BADGER

• Team Badger is a Why are Nature coalition of national, Conservation local and grass roots Organisations NOT animal and wildlife members of Team welfare organisations Badger? representing millions of • Wildlife Trusts compassionate citizens. • RSPB • Woodland Trust • National Trust • XYZ Life …

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Opposition to the Badger Cull Policy Public Accountability / Public Profile Matrix

HIGH HIGH Accountability

LOW Accountability LOW LOW Public Profile HIGH Public Profile

Advertising Standards Authority

… consumers were likely to interpret the claim, along with the text "The UK government wants to shoot England's badgers", to mean that all badgers would be eradicated in the cull areas. On that basis, we concluded the claim was likely to mislead. On this point the ads breached rules 3.1 (Misleading advertising).

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Opposition to the Badger Cull Policy Land Manager Partnership / Public Profile

HIGH Partnership HIGH Partnership

Partnership

LOW LOW

LOW Public Profile HIGH Public Profile

Leading Change – John P. Kotter

Team Badger 1. Establish a sense of Team1. BadgerThe Badgeris a coalition Cull of national, local and urgency grass roots animal and wildlife welfare organisations2. Team representing Badger millions of 2. Create a guiding compassionate citizens. We reject the coalition government’s3. Vaccinate policy of don’t badger exterminateculling as 3. Develop a vision and a unsound, unscientific and unacceptable. We4. believePress the andmost effectivePR – the and legitimateQueen strategy way to Machineoppose the shooting of badgers is 4. Communicate the vision through peaceful and legal protest supported 5. Social media, YouTube, 5. Empower broad-based by reasoned argument, scientific facts and legal challenge.Marches … action We are convinced that the long-term control of 6. Generate short-term tuberculosis6. Press in cattleand canMedia be achieved by the comprehensive application wins of7. a rangeCoordination of measures through team 7. Consolidate gains withoutmembers resorting to the culling of wildlife. 8. Anchor new approaches 8. Badger Vaccination Initiative in the culture

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk

Engaging Others So what Badger cull vs Badger Vaccination is wrong with my 1. Establish a sense of cunning urgency PLAN? 2. Create a guiding coalition 3. Develop a vision and a strategy 4. Communicate the vision 5. Empower broad-based action 6. Generate short-term wins 7. Consolidate gains 8. Anchor new approaches in the culture

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk

DEFRA Impact Assessment

Title: Measures to address bovine TB in badgers IA No: Lead department or agency: DEFRA Other departments or agencies: Date: 30/11/2011

Option 6 - a combination of options 4 and 5 to issue licences under PoBA to cull and/or vaccinate badgers.

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk

Engaging Others So what Badger cull vs Badger Vaccination is wrong with my 1. Establish a sense of culling urgency PLAN? 2. Create a guiding coalition 3. Develop a vision and a strategy 4. Communicate the vision 5. Empower broad-based action 6. Generate short-term wins 7. Consolidate gains 8. Anchor new approaches in the culture

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk

DEFRA Impact Assessment

Key assumptions/sensitivities/risks

This option is not prescriptive about how badger culling and vaccination are combined. For illustration, the figures are based on culling within the area of 350km2 plus limited vaccination in the neighbouring area. Effect of culling on bTB in cattle: assumed as in RBCT, with post-cull effects persisting for as long as has been so far observed in the RBCT areas but no further (i.e. up to 6 years after culling stopped). Cost of culling operation: assumes mainly controlled shooting, with some use of cage trapping. In line with licensing conditions and guidance, barriers or buffers reduce impact in the neighbouring area. For farmers in the cull area, monetised costs exceed expected monetised benefits; any potential risk to sustained implementation would be mitigated by licensing conditions. There are considerable uncertainties around the central estimates shown here.

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk G Dr Tim Hounsome – Bio Blog 2 http://www.biocensus.co.uk/2013-09-04-11-08-23/blog/entry/biocensus-opinion-badger-cull-maths-stats-and-management

• I say I laughed. It was a Revised total to include resigned,revised despairing Gloucestershire laugh, one of thosepolicing involuntary costs = £8m ones that comes outapprox just before you smash Totalyour badgers head into culled the in desk and shout somethingpilots = 1861 that ends in “….. sake!!”Cost per badger = • I seriously don’t£4300 think there is any point in writing anything more. The figures really do speak for themselves and I guarantee you won’t need to be a statistician to get the point.

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk The politics of Badger Vaccination

• England – Shadow farming minister Huw Irranca-Davies described the pilot culls as a “catastrophic, categoric and unequivocal failure”. • Wales – “Vaccination could help reduce the level of bovine TB in a badger population over time, and potentially reduce the spread of the disease to cattle". • NFU – Dorset Wildlife Trust is vaccinating badgers, which it says is a more humane way of preventing TB, but the NFU says it won't work http://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2013-12-16/dorset- vaccination-programme-impractical-and-expensive/

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Defra drawing up plans for new national TB fund in England http://www.farmersguardian.com/home/hot-topics/bovine-tb/defra- drawing-up-plans-for-new-national-tb-fund-in-england/61831.article 31/01/14

Defra Secretary Owen Paterson is understood to be preparing to make an announcement on a new model for the governance and funding of TB policy in England in the spring, alongside his decision whether the badger cull policy will be rolled out to new areas.

The more likely option is therefore some sort of voluntary fund that farmers pay into, possibly match-funded by Government.

NFU vice president Adam Quinney, from Warwickshire, and Yorkshire farmer Rosey Dunn both voiced strong support for the new TB body but said they wanted it to make the big political decisions. “We need to take these decisions on animal health away from politicians. How we do it is incredibly difficult,” he said.

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Engaging Others - Leading Change

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Vaccination

Vaccination of both badgers and cattle, while not solutions to the huge problem of bovine TB in England, are potentially important components of what is necessarily a comprehensive, multi-faceted eradication programme.

The barriers to wider use of the currently available injectable badger vaccine and deployment of a cattle vaccine and oral badger vaccine are sizeable and will take time to overcome. In the meantime, it is important that other means are used to bear down on the disease.

Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee - Written evidence submitted by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Cattle BCG Vaccine Tentative timeline from Commission

• Substantial experimental research and long-lasting (2- 5 years) field trials

• Scientific consensus on conditions for use; EFSA opinion; marketing authorisation

• Debate on conditions for use, possibly end with new EU rules

• Practical experience on use of vaccine and DIVA test

• EU rules on vaccinated animals and herds to enter into intra-Union trade, amendments of international standard (OIE manuals) Badger vaccination has an impact but speed of impact of policy interventions is important

4 year safety field-study demonstrated that BCG vaccination of wild badgers in a naturally infected population results in a statistically significant 73.8% reduction in the incidence of positive results to a badger antibody blood test for TB.

Defra veterinary and scientific advice is that culling in high cattle TB incidence areas, carried out in line with strict evidence-based licence criteria, will reduce the number of infected badgers and thus the weight of TB infection in badger populations in the treatment area more quickly than vaccination. Ability to deliver is crucial – Government helps

Badger vaccination can consume a lot of scarce resources – money and time. There is no sizeable army of public sector vaccinators.

Defra-funded Badger Vaccine Deployment Project (BVDP) in Gloucestershire aims to build confidence in the principle and practicalities of vaccination, develop practical know-how and provide capacity to train lay vaccinators.

To encourage the use of badger vaccination, we will make available up to £250,000 per year in funding in the form of a grant scheme, allowing farmers and landowners to bid for funding to support planned vaccination activity.

#TBVacc

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk http://www.bacvi.co.uk/vaccination.html

Being a rock star is a distinct advantage because I can get to all kinds of people who are otherwise inaccessible.

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk ‘The badgers have moved Priceless or Worthless? the goalposts’: Why Owen Paterson must wish he could join them, six feet underground http://www.illustratedwildlife.com/illustrations/index.php?image_id=2004&category_id=8

Stock Living Management System being / Species Management Protection

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk Natural Capital Committee

The Natural Capital Committee (NCC) was one of the headline commitments in the Government‟s Natural Environment White Paper. It was established in May 2012 as an independent advisory body to Government. It formally reports to the Economic Affairs Committee of the Cabinet Office.

The NCC‟s role is to:

help the Government better understand how the state of the natural environment affects the performance of the economy and individual wellbeing in England; and Muchadvise the of Government this report on how focuses to ensure on England‟s the fact „natural that wealth‟ is managed efficiently and sustainably, thereby unlocking opportunities for sustained prosperity and wellbeing. natural capital is omitted from so many decisions that impact 30. Much of this report focuses on the fact that natural capital is omitted from so many decisions that onimpact our on wellbeing, our wellbeing, not least least because because it is frequently it is frequentlynot priced at all. not Decisions priced are, thereforeat all. , frequently distorted from what would occur in an economically efficient world. Thus, not only does natural capital need to be incorporated into accounts but it is important that it is properly priced to reflect its true costs. This in turn will allow sensible, economically efficient, decisions to be made, which will improve the allocation of resources within the economy. A more optimal allocation of resources will, in turn, increase the long term growth potential of the economy by boosting productivity.

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk

• … Nature is not separate from the economy, a drag on growth or an expensive distraction

Tony Juniper 2013

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk With thanks to …

• Charlotte Owen The Wildlife Trusts • Lucy Hartley Wildlife and Countryside Link • Helen Trotman Shropshire Wildlife Trust • Pete Bradshaw & Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust John Field • Lucy Borde Brock Vaccination • Simon Boulter Badger Trust • Gavin Wilson AHVLA

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk

and for providing the answer…

‏@Gordon_McGlone Final prep nearly completed for my iSEE talk http://www.bath.ac.uk/i- see/futureseminars.html … at University of Bath tomorrow - How much is a #badger really worth?

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Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk The end of the tail

Dr Gordon McGlone OBE CEnv MCIEEM

Gordon McGlone and Associates Ltd www.gordonmcglone.co.uk