DOCSLIB.ORG

The Invention of Pen and Paper

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

ETEC 540 Video Documentary By Josephine Chen The Invention of Pen and Paper Introduction: When talking about the history of literacy, it is necessary to examine the history of writing technology. Writing is often referred as one of the major communication revolutions in human history (Gunaratne, 2001). Ong (2002) points out that writing itself is a technology that calls for the use of tools and other equipment like writing instruments and surfaces. People recorded writings on various surfaces such as bones, stones, metals, bamboo, wood, wax and clay tablets, papyrus, codex and parchment using different types of writing instruments such as reed pen, quill, ink brush and dip pen. ** According to Dictionary.com, Pen…. (Definition) History of pen: Ancient Egyptians had developed writing on papyrus scrolls when scribes used thin reed brushes or reed pens from the Juncus maritimus or sea rush. Papyrus was an effective writing surface because it was thin, light and flexible (Fischer, 2004). It was also easily stored. In his book A History of Writing, Steven Roger Fischer suggests that on the basis of finds at Saqqara, the reed pen might well have been used for writing on parchment as long ago as the First Dynasty or about 3000 BC. Reed pens continued to be used until the Middle Ages although they were slowly replaced by quills from about the 7th century. The reed pen, generally made from reed straw or bamboo, allowed scribes to make marks on papyrus in a more precise way than reed brushes, so reed pens became the more common writing tool. Reed pens had a problem of easily catching in the fibers of rough papyrus. So reed pens and papyrus were eventually replaced by quill pens and parchment. Quill pens became the primary writing instrument in the 7th century and were commonly used until the 19th century. It required a significant amount of labor to produce just one quill pen, but it was strong and durable once it was made. (So how are quill pen made? ! clip!) ** According to Dictionary.com, Paper…. (Definition) History of paper: The invention of paper and papermaking process has traditionally credited to the Chinese royal court official Cai Lun during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220). Cai ETEC 540 Video Documentary By Josephine Chen Lun created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. During the Shang (1600–1050 BC) and Zhou (1050-256 BC) dynasties of ancient China, documents were ordinarily written on bone or bamboo (on tablets or on bamboo strips sewn and rolled together into scrolls), making them very heavy, awkward, and hard to transport. The light material of silk was sometimes used, but was normally too expensive to consider. While the Han Dynasty Chinese court official Cai Lun is widely regarded to have invented the modern method of papermaking (inspired from wasps and bees) from rags and other plant fibers in AD 105, the discovery of specimens bearing written Chinese characters in 2006 at north-east China's Gansu province suggest that paper was in use by the ancient Chinese military more than 100 years before Cai, in 8 BC. It therefore would appear that "Cai Lun's contribution was to improve this skill systematically and scientifically, fixing a recipe for papermaking" They were looking for cheaper and more practical writing materials. Cai Lun developed paper and the papermaking process in 105AD. The paper, instead of bamboo, wood, or silk became the primary writing material. Papermaking process spread to other parts of the world following the Silk Road. According to Gunaratne (2001), the use of paper spread to Samarkand in 650, to Egypt c. 800, to Spain c. 950, to Constantinople c. 1100, to Italy in 1154, to Germany in 1228, and to England in 1309. The manufacture of paper also began in these places; in Samarkand in 751, in Baghdad in 793, in Egypt c. 900, in Spain in 1150, in Germany in 1391 and in England in 1494. Papers and printed materials gradually became available to the masses, which helped their literacy. (So how are paper made? ! clip!) Conclusion: Bhavnani and John (1998) argue, “humans throughout history have developed devices and processes to assist in the efficient performance of tasks” (Bhavnani & John, 1998, p. 273). Writing became easier with technological development and improvement of the writing instruments. References Bhavnani, S. K. & John, B. E. (1998). Delegation and Circumvention: Two Faces of Efficiency. CHI 98, 273-280. Fischer, S. R. (2004). A History of Writing. London: Reaktion Books. ETEC 540 Video Documentary By Josephine Chen Goodrich, C. L. (1962). The Development of Printing in China and its effects on renaissance under the Sung dynasty (960-1279) [Lecture notes]. Retrieved from http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4401038.pdf Gunaratne, S. A. (2001). Paper, Printing And The Printing Press. International Communication Gazette, 63 (6), 459-479. Ong, W. J. (1982). Orality and Literacy: Technologizing of the Word. New York: Routledge. Photographs & Clips: Cai Lun [Photograph]. Retrieved November 10 2014 from http://www.history-of-china.com/han-dynasty/invention-of-paper.html Bamboo Script. [Photograph], by Bec, 2013, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/fehKw3 Bamboo Scroll. [Photograph], by Kit Logan, 2007, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/MUJXJ Bone Script. [Photograph], by Ruth Flickr, 2009, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/679GDa Codex. [Photograph], by Christopher John SSF, 2009, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/82fQ5N Crafty Rags. [Photograph]. Retrieved November 10 2014 from http://dharmaflyer.blogspot.ca/2013/07/school-holidays-crafty-rags.html Dip Pen. [Photograph], by Charles Stanford, 2009, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/6YEhtv D. Shelton A. Gunaratne. [Phograph], by Dhamma26, 2011, Retrieved from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:D._Shelton_A._Gunaratne.jpg#mediaview er/File:D._Shelton_A._Gunaratne.jpg Egyptian Scroll. [Photograph], by UNE Photos, 2009, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/bpoXJY Fishnet. [Photograph], by Andreina Schoeberlein, 2014, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/ox73Aj ETEC 540 Video Documentary By Josephine Chen Han Dynasty Map. [Photograph], Retrieved November 10 2014 from http://archive.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/dynasty-han.cfm Hanging Scroll. [Photograph], by Wally Gobetz, 2008, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/4uAW5W Hemp. [Photograph], by Arbyreed, 2014, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/kbPH6B KhadiPapers. (2012, Jul 11). Papermaking at Khadi Papers India. [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8WiU8jyfiw Malkiel ,Max. (2011, Dec.25). Quill How To Make Quill Pen. [Video file] Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89tJ7UPpl1Q&index=1&list=PLjuhFSMjI XlUnD55Z1Yqut5Oj1i4KjHnD Metal Script. [Photograph], by Emiliano, 2013, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/kBHsLK Mulberry. [Photograph], by garlandcannon, 2010, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/8187Cx Papyrus Roll. [Photograph], by Nicola Corboy, 2007, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/J9L1Z Oracle Bone Script. [Photograph], by Seongbin Im, 2011, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/cgUB4E Parchment. [Photograph], by Don Kennedy, 2012, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/dmhVTG Pyramids at Saqqara. [Photograph], by Slices of Light, 2005, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/33at66 Quill. [Photograph], by Charles Stanford, 2009, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/6YEhtv Quill & Parchment. [Photograph], by PhotogJS, 2009, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/64FuYv Reed Pen. [Photograph], by John Reddinger, 2008, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/56nGxF Sea rush. [Photograph], by fabelfroh, 2006, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/4LYAUT ETEC 540 Video Documentary By Josephine Chen Scripture on Clay. [Photograph], by vintagedept, 2010, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/86Lp5E Scripture on Wood. [Photograph], by Jason Wong, 2009, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/6C4dMM Walter Ong. [Photograph], by Creative Commons, 2013, Retrieved from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_Ong.JPG#mediaviewer/File:Walte r_Ong.JPG Wax Seal. [Photograph], by DrGarcia, 2013, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/i4XL7g .
Recommended publications
  • Fall 2020 Culture Classes： Chinese Calligraphy Wed 4 Pm

    Fall 2020 Culture Classes： Chinese Calligraphy Wed 4 Pm

    Fall 2020 Culture Classes： Chinese Calligraphy Wed 4 pm - 5:30 pm Chinese Ink Painting Wed 5:40 pm - 7:10 pm Youth Chinese Ink Painting Thurs 5:30 pm - 7 pm Jialin Zhu major in Theory of Literature and Instructor：Jialin Zhu (朱嘉琳) Arts（Direction of Chinese Painting and Calligraphy) MA; Bachelor of Arts from Beijing Language and Culture University. She started her Chinese painting and Calligraphy journey at a young age and is now have experienced with freehand painting, line painting, heavy-color painting most engage Mogu-hua (Boneless Painting) (没骨画). Her calligraphy artworks have been exhibited at the National Taiwan University of Arts. Moreover, she has been teaching Chinese painting and calligraphy for nearly seven years and has rich experience in both teaching adults and youth. Classes Source Pack Course Description Course Objectives Chinese 隶书（Li-shu） Lishu, (Chinese: “clerical script,” or “chancery script”)Wade-Giles Learn to appreciate the beauty of Li Calligrap 《石门颂》Shi Men romanization li-shu, in Chinese calligraphy, a style that may have Character. hy Song originated in the brush writing of the later Zhou and Qin dynasties (c. 《史晨碑》Shi Chen 300–200 BC); it represents a more informal tradition than the Appreciate poem and create your works Bei zhuanshu (“seal script”), which was more suitable for inscriptions cast with Li Character in the ritual bronzes. While examples of lishu from the 3rd century BC have been discovered, the script type was most widely used in the Han Make full use of the flexible brush to dynasty (206 BC–AD 220).
  • 461-The Sylvester Colby Library

    461-The Sylvester Colby Library

    At Public Auction November 75, 1974 Tuo Sessions 10230 A. M. and 2:00 P. M. THE SYLYESTER COLBY LIBRARY Catalogued and Compiled by Sy Colby I2O EAST 56Ih STREET NEW YORK CITY, N.Y. IOO22 Tel.: {212} 753-6421 FOREWORD Due to the bulk and magnitude of the material in the Colby Reference Library, it was physically impossible to house or store it in our offices. Practically all literature collectors know the vari- ous items which are being offered for sale, and physical inspec' tion is hardly necessary. Serious collectors who desire specific information on particular lots should address inquiries, with self- addressed stamped envelope, to Box 27 1, Indian Rocks Beach, Florida 33r3r. No lots will be on view. Invoices for successful bidders will be prepared and sent at once and are payable immediately. All the lots will be shipped in the most expeditious manner. fn the absence of specific shipping instructions, our routing selection will be unquestioned. A mini mum packing and handling charge of fit.oo will be made on invoices. We ask successful bidders to be patient until the lots arrive. The mails ate exceedingly slow, especially due to the shortened P. O. schedule. Valuations are listed. They represent the average recent auc- tion prices rcalized. In a few cases we have estimated the value in light of our experience. Condition can be considered as satisfactory and collectible on all lots, exceptions are noted. FIRST SESSION FRIDAY. NOVEMBER 15th. 1974 10:30 A. - M. Valuations are listed. They represent the average recent auction prices realized, In a few we have estimated thc value in light of our experience.
  • Hydrodynamics of Writing with Ink

    Hydrodynamics of Writing with Ink

    Hydrodynamics of Writing with Ink The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Kim, Jungchul, Myoung-Woon Moon, Kwang-Ryeol Lee, L. Mahadevan, and Ho-Young Kim. 2011. “Hydrodynamics of Writing with Ink.” Physical Review Letters 107 (26). https://doi.org/10.1103/ physrevlett.107.264501. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41412223 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA week ending PRL 107, 264501 (2011) PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 23 DECEMBER 2011 Hydrodynamics of Writing with Ink Jungchul Kim,1 Myoung-Woon Moon,2 Kwang-Ryeol Lee,2 L. Mahadevan,3 and Ho-Young Kim1,* 1School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea 2Interdisciplinary and Fusion Technology Division, KIST, Seoul 136-791, Korea 3School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (Received 3 May 2011; published 20 December 2011) Writing with ink involves the supply of liquid from a pen onto a porous hydrophilic solid surface, paper. The resulting linewidth depends on the pen speed and the physicochemical properties of the ink and paper. Here we quantify the dynamics of this process using a combination of experiment and theory. Our experiments are carried out using a minimal pen, a long narrow tube that serves as a reservoir of liquid, which can write on a model of paper, a hydrophilic micropillar array.
  • Paper History

    Paper History

    Volume 14, Year 2010, Issue 1 PAPER HISTORY Journal of the International Association of Paper Historians Zeitschrift der Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Papierhistoriker Revue de l’Association Internationale des Historiens du Papier ISSN 0250-8338 www.paperhistory.org PAPER HISTORY, Volume 14, Year 2010, Issue 1 International Association of Paper Historians Contents / Inhalt / Contenu Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Papierhistoriker Letter from the President May 2010 3 Lettre de la présidente de l’IPH – may 2010 3 Association Internationale des Historiens du Papier Brief der IPH-Präsidentin, Mai 2010 4 Important plan for the reco-very of several papermills on the Amalfi Coast 5 Pulp and Paper on Stamps 8 Le congrès à Angoulême 16 IPH Assemblée générale, Angoulême (France), 9 octobre, 2010 17 Information from delegates 20 General information 23 Orbituaries 24 Guidelines for authors 26 Editor Anna-Grethe Rischel Complete your paper historical library now! Denmark Ergänzen Sie jetzt Ihre papierhistorische Co-editors IPH-Delegates Bibliothek! Maria Del Carmen Hidalgo Brinquis Completez aujourd’hui votre bibliothèque de Spain l’Histoire du papier! 27 Dr. Claire Bustarret France Prof. Dr. Alan Crocker United Kingdom Dr. Józef Dąbrowski Poland Jos De Gelas Belgium Deadline for contributions each year 15. March and 15. September Elaine Koretsky USA Paola Munafò Italy President Anna-Grethe Rischel Dr. Henk J. Porck Präsident Stenhøjgaardsvej 57 The Netherlands President DK - 3460 Birkerød Prof. Dr. Gottfried Schweizer Denmark Austria tel + 45 45 816803 [email protected] Prof. Dr. Tomas Stohr Venezuela Secretary Dr. Sabine Schachtner Göran Wohlfahrt Sekretariat LVR-Industriemuseum Sweden Secrétaire Papiermühle Alte Dombach Lay-out Karen Borchersen D- 51465 Bergisch Gladbach The School of Conservation Germany Esplanaden 34 tel + 49 2202 936880 DK – 1263 Copenhagen K [email protected] Denmark [email protected] Treasurer Alphonse Radermecker Printer Prinfo Paritas Printcenter Kassier Hochstr.
  • The Effect of Aqueous Materials and Papers on Subject Matter Gordon Myer

    The Effect of Aqueous Materials and Papers on Subject Matter Gordon Myer

    Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses Thesis/Dissertation Collections 5-25-1966 The effect of aqueous materials and papers on subject matter Gordon Myer Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Myer, Gordon, "The effect of aqueous materials and papers on subject matter" (1966). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Thesis/Dissertation Collections at RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECT OF AQUEOUS MATERIAIS AND PAPERS ON SUBJECT MATTER Gordon C. Myer Candidate for the Master Fine Arts in the College of Fine and Applied Arts of the Rochester Institute of Technology Date of Submission: May 25, I966 Advisor's Name: Fred Meyer To my four girls ii. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction v Chapter 1 The Art of Papermaking 1 2 Oriental Technique and Influence 6 3 English and American Influence , Ik k General Procedures 20 5 Results and Conclusions 26 Footnotes 31"- Bibliography 35 Supply Sources 39 iii. ILLUSTRATIONS Following Plate Page I. LANDSCAPE. Watercolor and ink on Grumbacher paper. frontispiece II. Items from the author's paintbox. vi III. Handmade paper by the author formed from cotton rags. "Cornstalk" IV. paper made by the author from vegetable materials. Plate III V. STORM AFT. A painting on the author's handmade paper in which little size has been used. Plate IV VI. THOUGHTS OF H)ME.
  • Shodo: an Old and New Form of Self-Expression

    Shodo: an Old and New Form of Self-Expression

    Japanese Culture Now http://www.tjf.or.jp/takarabako/ Calligraphy done with a brush and sumi ink—shodo—is a Shodo: An Old and familiar part of Japanese life. Introduced from China around the eighth century, over the centuries shodo evolved in distinctively Japanese ways, becoming firmly rooted in the New Form of culture. Many people today aspire to improve their hand- writing and take private shodo lessons as well. Shodo involves not just improvement of technique, but Self-Expression the pursuit of beauty and understanding of the self. It is a pursuit with a long tradition that has won renewed atten- tion today as a means of self-expression. This mark indicates that more related information is included on the “Click Japan” website. http//www.tjf.or.jp/clicknippon/ Performance Shodo: New Forms of Expression The activities of high school shodo clubs have drawn interest of creating it. So, in addition to shodo technique, the judges con- in recent years for their involvement in “performance shodo.” sider the manner of expression and content of the message. Some shodo artists have long held demonstrationsしょ of their work The High どうSchool Shodo Performance National Champion- as a kind of performance, but the performance shodo more re- ships—popularly known as the Shodo Performance Koshien*— cently talked about refers to groups writing song lyrics and held in the Ehime prefecture city of Shikoku Chuo, began in other texts on very large sheets of paper to the accompaniment 2008. Five high schools participated in the second champion- of J-Pop and other music and dance steps.
  • A Historical Geography of the Paper Industry in the Wisconsin River Valley

    A Historical Geography of the Paper Industry in the Wisconsin River Valley

    A HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE PAPER INDUSTRY IN THE WISCONSIN RIVER VALLEY By [Copyright 2016] Katie L. Weichelt Submitted to the graduate degree program in Geography& Atmospheric Science and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. James R. Shortridge ________________________________ Dr. Jay T. Johnson ________________________________ Dr. Stephen Egbert ________________________________ Dr. Kim Warren ________________________________ Dr. Phillip J. Englehart Date Defended: April 18, 2016 The Dissertation Committee for Katie L. Weichelt certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: A HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE PAPER INDUSTRY IN THE WISCONSIN RIVER VALLEY ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. James R. Shortridge Date approved: April 18, 2016 ii Abstract The paper industry, which has played a vital social, economic, and cultural role throughout the Wisconsin River valley, has been under pressure in recent decades. Technology has lowered demand for paper and Asian producers are now competing with North American mills. As a result, many mills throughout the valley have been closed or purchased by nonlocal corporations. Such economic disruption is not new to this region. Indeed, paper manufacture itself emerged when local businessmen diversified their investments following the decline of the timber industry. New technology in the late nineteenth century enabled paper to be made from wood pulp, rather than rags. The area’s scrub trees, bypassed by earlier loggers, produced quality pulp, and the river provided a reliable power source for new factories. By the early decades of the twentieth century, a chain of paper mills dotted the banks of the Wisconsin River.
  • Kuo-Sung Liu Rebel As Creator

    Kuo-Sung Liu Rebel As Creator

    The Art of Liu Kuo-sung and His Students RebelRebel asas CreatorCreator Contents Director’s Preface 5 Rebel as Creator: The Artistic Innovations of Liu Kuo-sung 7 Julia F. Andrews and Kuiyi Shen Liu Kuo-sung: A Master Artist and Art Educator 9 Chun-yi Lee Innovation through Challenge: the Creation of My Landscapes 11 Liu Kuo-sung Plates Liu Kuo-sung 19 Chen Yifen 25 Chiang LiHsiang 28 Lien Yu 31 Lin Shaingyuan 34 3 Luo Zhiying 37 Wu Peihua 40 Xu Xiulan 43 Zhang Meixiang 46 Director’s Preface NanHai Art is proud to present the exhibition Rebel as Creator: The Art of Liu Kuo-sung and His Students for the first time in the San Francisco Bay Area. It has taken NanHai and exhibiting artists more than one year to prepare for this exhibition, not to mention the energy and cost involved in international communication and logistics. Why did we spend so much time and effort to present Liu Kuo-sung? It can be traced back to when NanHai underwent the soul-searching process to reconfirm its mission. At that time, the first name that came to my mind was Liu Kuo-sung. As one of the earliest and most important advocates and practitioners of modernist Chinese painting, Liu has perfectly transcended Eastern and Western, tradition and modernity, established a new tradition of Chinese ink painting and successfully brought it to the center of the international art scene. Liu’s groundbreaking body of work best echoes NanHai’s commitment to present artworks that reflect the unique aesthetics of Chinese art while transcending cultural and artistic boundaries with a contemporary sensibility.
  • From Cave Paintings to the Quill Pen -- How Ink, Paper and Pens Were All Were Invented

    From Cave Paintings to the Quill Pen -- How Ink, Paper and Pens Were All Were Invented

    Bgnn 1 Bgnn A Brief History of Writing Instruments Part 1: From cave paintings to the quill pen -- how ink, paper and pens were all were invented. Ancient writing instruments - From left to right: quills, bamboo, pen sharpeners, fountain pens, pencils, brushes. A Brief History of Writing Instruments • Part 1: Introduction A Brief History of Writing Instruments • Part 2: The History of the Fountain Pen • Part 3: The Battle of the Ballpoint Pens Related Resources • The Alphabet • Johannes Gutenberg By Mary Bellis The history of writing instruments by which humans have recorded and conveyed thoughts, feelings and grocery lists, is the history of civilization itself. This is how we know the story of us, by the drawings, signs and words we have recorded. The cave man's first inventions were the hunting club (not the auto security device) and the handy sharpened-stone, the all-purpose skinning and killing tool. The latter was adapted into the first writing instrument. The cave man scratched pictures with the sharpened-stone tool onto the walls of his cave dwelling. The cave drawings represented events in daily life such as the planting of crops or hunting victories. Ads Art. Biurowe On-line www.eofficemedia.pl 6000 produktów / Dostawa 24h. Dla firm przelew 7 dni Fountain Pen Sacs & Tools FountainPenSacs.Com Low cost fountain pen sacs (US manufactured) & tools.Fast Shipping Promotion Pen www.le-tian.com.cn 2000 Models To Choose,Direct Sale 10% Discount,Welcome Order! With time, the record-keepers developed systematized symbols from their drawings. These symbols represented words and sentences, but were easier and faster to draw and universally recognized for meaning.
  • Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science

    Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science

    The Kalamazoo Valley Paper Industry Elmer B. Hess, Valparaiso University An old slogan frequently heard in the Kalamazoo Valley is "every- thing including some newsprint." That expresses in a few words the variety of products produced by the leading industry in the Kalamazoo River Valley. The truth of the slogan is revealed in the variety of papers manufactured: rag bonds, both ledger and writing; sulphite bond—coated and uncoated book, sulphite bristol, postage stamp paper, and greeting card paper; tissue and wrapping paper, box board, ice cream carton board, and butter carton board; playing card stock, and some specialties. Rank of Michigan in the Paper Industry of the United States The manufacturing of paper and allied products in the United States is a huge industry. The value added by manufacturing in 1947 totaled $2,874,958. Employment was provided for 449,833 employees. Paper and allied products ranked tenth among the industries of the United States in 1947; it was outranked by such industries as food, tex- 1 tiles, machinery, and iron and steel. In 1947 Michigan ranked fourth in terms of value added by manu- facturing and sixth in employment. In that year 26,022 persons were employed in paper and allied products mills in Michigan against 65,026 persons for New York, 28,144 persons for Wisconsin, and 31,674 persons for Ohio. In 1947 value added by manufacturing in the paper and allied products industry in Michigan amounted to 174 million dollars while that of New York was 232 million dollars and that of Wisconsin was 188 million dollars.
  • ~Museum of Modern Art Street, New York, N.Y

    ~Museum of Modern Art Street, New York, N.Y

    -" !lrF!CE OF Till "I"' " .~ • 1 -. ,_ , Elch. 1168 ~Museum of Modern Art Street, New York, N.Y. 10019 Tel. 956-6100 Cable: Modernart BRITISH DRAWINGS 3° March 17 - May Ji, 1977 MoMAExh_1168_MasterChecklist Checklist In the listings below, dates enclosed in parentheses do not appear on the drawings themselves. Dimensions are for sheet size and are given in inches and centimeters, height preceding width. BLAKE, Peter. British, born 1932 1. St~dy of a Tattooed Lady. 1969. Watercolor, pen and ink 111/8 x 5 5/8" (28.3 x 14.3 cm)(sight). Promised gift of Mrs. Donald B. Straus. 1977.337. (Photo: none) - 2 - BOMBERG, David. British, 1890-1957 2. The Return of Ulysses. 1912. Crayon 12 1/8 x 18 1/4" (30.6 x 46. 7 em). Lent anonymously. 352. 75. (Photo: Keller 2465) 3. Family Bereavement. 1913. Charcoal and conte crayon 217/8 x 18 3/8" (55.5 x 46. 7 em). The Joan and Lester Avnet Collection. 70.617. (Photo: Uht 742) BURRA, Edward John. British, born 1905 MoMAExh_1168_MasterChecklist 4. Bal des Pendus. (1937). Watercolor and pencil 611/8 x 44 7/8" (155.3 x 114.0 em). Purchase. 233.48. (Photo: Sunami 8726) BUTLER, Reg. British, born 1913 5. Studies for the sculpture Woman Standing. 1951. Pencil, crayon, ballpoint pen, watercolor wash and brush 147/8 x U" (37.8 x 27. 9 em). The Lillie P. Bliss Bequest. 4.53. (Photo: Sunami u, 621) 6. Untitled. 1957. Pencil 187/8 x 25" (47.8 x 63.3 em). Purchase. 109.
  • Letter from the President

    Letter from the President

    October 2019 Dear Friends, more familiar with. The other is ephemera, and pen fanatics. The Number 136 It is hot! We’re totally spoiled in two days on the beach in Santa FOC volunteers lettered around the SF Bay Area, where Karl the Cruz, CA, where participants 250 names over the three days. Fog—yes, the fog has a name, will get a chance to use rakes, Thank you to Valerie Franco, and even an Instagram bamboo, and other unique Meredith Klein, Edward deLeon, account—usually keeps us tools. We’ll give you a report and Raoul Martinez for being fresh. Karl is sulking at the next issue. great volunteers, and for moment, and it feels like I need Loredana Zega, that Slovenian amazing lettering skills. to be sitting between two fans calligrapher I mentioned The international calligraphy to keep my fingers dry enough earlier, taught an outstanding conference this year was truly to type. Fall can’t get here fast workshop at the beginning of international—it was held in enough, in my opinion. September. On Page 3, you Canada, at Bishop's University But the sunny weather does can read about it and see in Sherbrooke, about two hours have some plusses, among photos of some of the excellent outside of Montreal. All of the them we have more time to be work produced. conferences that I’ve attended outdoors. Taking advantage of The San Francisco Pen Show, have been unique and marvelous this weather, recently a group held in August at the Pullman in their own ways, but everyone of several members of Friends Hotel in Redwood Shores, CA, I talked to agreed that Rendez- of Calligraphy and Slovenian is one of the opportunities Vous, as it was called, was calligrapher Loredana Zega that FOC volunteers have to magical.