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[ 1982 ] Part 1 Sec 1 Chapter 7 Americas 364 Political and security questions Chapter VII Americas Contents Page Page Peace and security in Central America and the Two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Caribbean area . 364 Simón Bolivar 375 Other questions involving Nicaragua ........... 372 General Assembly decision 37/443 ........ 375 Costa Rica and Nicaragua ................. 372 Honduras, Nicaragua and the United States. 372 Guyana and Venezuela........................ 374 Anniversary observances 375 Related topics: Five hundredth anniversary of the discovery of Regional economic and social activities: Latin America. America 375 Human rights violations: Latin America. Other colonial territo- General Assembly decision 37/451 375 ries: Status of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). cumstances under which it was not compelled to Peace and security in Central take strict measures for defence and survival, the America and the Caribbean area document stated, Nicaragua would hold elections not later than 1985.(5) Honduras transmitted, in a letter of 23 March United Nations consideration in 1982 of peace to the Secretary-General, the main part of a state- and security matters in the Americas focused on ment made that day by its Minister of External tensions involving several States in Central Relations before the Permanent Council of the Or- America and the Caribbean. Letters from those ganization of American States (OAS), containing States to the Security Council and the Secretary- a six-point plan that called for agreements on General described situations primarily affecting general disarmament in the region, reduction in Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua and the United the number of foreign military and other advisers, States. At the request of Nicaragua, the Security international supervision and monitoring mechan- Council convened in March/April to discuss a isms to verify compliance with international com- complaint against the United States, but because mitments, measures to halt arms traffic, respect of a negative vote by the United States it did not for delimited and demarcated borders, and the adopt a resolution. framework for a permanent multilateral dialogue to create an internal climate that would strengthen Communications. Nicaragua transmitted to (3) the Secretary-General on 8 February the text of democracy and respect for freedom. a note of 7 February by its Minister for Foreign Referring to what it described as the worsening Affairs questioning the motives behind the estab- tension in Central America and the increasing lishment of the Central American Democratic danger of large-scale military intervention by the Community, comprising Costa Rica, El Salvador United States, Nicaragua requested an urgent and Honduras, which Nicaragua said was aimed meeting of the Security Council. The request was at isolating other countries in the region.(4) In a contained in a letter of 18 March from the Co- letter of 24 February, Nicaragua transmitted to the ordinator of Nicaragua’s Governing Junta annexed Secretary-General a peace proposal for the Cen- to a 19 March letter to the Secretary-General; the tral American area presented on 21 February by Co-ordinator reported the blowing-up of two the Co-ordinator of the Governing Junta of Na- bridges on 15 March by terrorists operating from tional Reconstruction of Nicaragua, stressing the Honduras, attacks by Honduran and Salvadorian need for non-alignment, non-aggression and vessels on 15 and 17 March against two mutual security agreements with Nicaragua’s Nicaraguan boats in Nicaraguan waters, and a 9 neighbours, delimitation and joint patrolling of its March press conference at which United States frontiers, and talks with the United States for the officials displayed aerial photographs of an alleged negotiated settlement of disputes and the develop- arms build-up in Nicaragua-shown, the C O - ment of regional economic co-operation; given cir- ordinator said, with the goal of convincing the Americas 366 public that Nicaragua was threatening the intervention(8) and 1966 on non-use of force in in- peace.(6) ternational relations;(9) it regarded those resolu- In a letter of 25 March to the Council Presi- tions as inconsistent with international law and the dent, El Salvador contended that the international Charter, and added that their subjects were cov- problems and disputes in Latin America, and par- ered in the 1970 Declaration on Principles of In- ticularly in Central America, should be solved ternational Law concerning Friendly Relations through recourse to the inter-American system and and Co-operation among States in accordance (10) that Nicaragua should follow El Salvador’s exam- with the Charter of the United Nations. Zaire ple in upholding the principle of non-interference said the draft resolution seemed to reject the ap- in the internal affairs of States.(2) In a letter of 30 proach to settling disputes, outlined in the Charter, March to the Council President, Nicaragua cited that parties should first seek solutions by negotia- articles of the Charter of the United Nations to tion and through regional agencies or ar- support its position that it had the right to bring rangements. its complaint before the Security Council, which The Security Council invited the representatives was a means of protection for all Member States of Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Benin, Chile, threatened by imminent attack, the choice between Colombia, the Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Sal- the Council and a regional agency, it said, was an vador, the German Democratic Republic, inalienable right of any Member State.(7) Grenada, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, the Lao Security Council consideration. The Security People’s Democratic Republic, the Libyan Arab Council met eight times between 25 March and Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mexico, 2 April to consider Nicaragua’s complaint. On 2 Mozambique, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Seychelles, Sri April, because of the negative vote of a permanent Lanka, the Syrian Arab Republic, the United member, the Council failed to adopt a draft reso- Republic of Tanzania, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia, lution sponsored by Guyana and Panama.(1) The Zambia and Zimbabwe, at their request, to par- vote was 12 to 1, with 2 abstentions, as follows: ticipate without vote in the discussion. Debate on the item focused on Nicaragua’s com- In favour: China, France, Guyana, Ireland, Japan, plaint against the United States and on the lat- Jordan, Panama, Poland, Spain, Togo, Uganda, USSR. ter’s response, the effect of tensions on the Cen- tral American and Caribbean region and the Against: United States. Abstaining: United Kingdom, Zaire. general situation there. Most States emphasized the need for peaceful solutions based on negotia- By this draft, the Council, reminding Member tion and respect for the principles of non- States of their obligations under the United Na- intervention and the territorial integrity of States. tions Charter, would have appealed to them to Several States, including Honduras, Mexico, refrain from the direct, indirect, overt or covert Nicaragua, Panama and the United States, offered use of force against any Central American or peace proposals. Caribbean country. It would have appealed to all All speakers referred to the tensions between parties to pursue dialogue and negotiation and Nicaragua and the United States. called on all Members to support the search for The Co-ordinator of the Governing Junta of Na- a peaceful solution to that region’s problems. The tional Reconstruction of Nicaragua, Daniel Ortega Secretary-General would have been requested to Saavedra, citing what he called a history of United keep the Council informed of the development of States backing of anti-popular Governments in his the situation in the region. country, said the United States had recently been Guyana, introducing the draft resolution, said training and arming counter-revolutionary forces it did not seek to blame any party for the crisis; in the United States and Honduras and had sent it merely sought to crystallize the call made by aircraft to conduct espionage in Nicaraguan air- many delegations in the Council-to bring all par- space, and its Central Intelligence Agency had par- ties to the negotiating table. ticipated in covert actions against Nicaragua such Explaining its negative vote, the United States as the recent demolition of bridges. Calling for a said it did not feel that the draft resolution sup- halt to such acts, he stated that Nicaragua was will- ported the United Nations, the Security Council ing to improve relations with the United States on or the inter-American system for resolving disputes the basis of mutual respect and unconditional among member States, and did not identify key recognition of its right to self-determination, and elements of the problem of Central and South was also willing immediately to begin talks with America created by Nicaragua’s intervention in the the United States Government to reach concrete affairs of neighbouring States. results, but it would reject any United States at- The United Kingdom said it could not support tempt to impose humiliating restrictions on its in- the draft resolution because of references to violable and sovereign prerogatives regarding na- General Assembly resolutions of 1965 on non- tional defence. 366 Political and security questions The United States said the Nicaraguan charges dence cited with regard to Nicaragua’s involve- reflected behaviour of which Nicaragua was ment in the civil war in El Salvador and its inter- guilty-large-scale intervention
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