DOCSLIB.ORG

Ch 18 Phylum Arthropoda

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ch 18 Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda 1 Phylum Arthropoda Defining Characteristics – Epidermis produces a segmented, jointed and hardened chitinous exoskeleton with musculature between individual joints of appendages – Complete loss of motile cilia in adult larval stages 2 Phylum Arthropoda Arthropod Characters Arthropods have segmented bodies with some or all of the segments bearing jointed appendages Appendages are specialized for: 3 Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda • “jointed foot” • Largest phylum • 900,000 species – 75% of all known species • Insects, spiders, crustaceans, millipedes, scorpions, ticks, etc. 4 Phylum Arthropoda (cont’d) • Most successful phylum – Ecologically diverse – Present in all regions of the earth • Adapted to air, land, freshwater, marine, other organisms 5 Reasons for success 1. Versatile exoskeleton 2. Efficient locomotion 3. Air piped directly to cells (terrestrial) 4. Highly developed sensory organs 5. Complex behavior 6. Metamorphosis 6 1. Exoskeleton – External: not enveloped by living tissue – Protection – Secreted by underlying epidermis • Waterproof barrier • Chitin +/- calcium, lipoproteins • Modifications – Can be site for muscle attachment – Energy stores- flying – Sensory receptors – Gas exchange 7 – bristles 1. Exoskeleton (cont’d) – Soft and permeable or hard, impermeable – Between segments of body/appendages= thin + flexible – Must be shed (ecdysis= molting) to allow growth – Relatively heavy • Limits size 8 2. Efficient locomotion – Tagmatization, more specialized than annelids • Regions= tagma/tagmata • Jointed appendages Crushing food Food handling Drawing water into gills Touch, taste, food handling 9 Crayfish mouthparts 3. Air piped directly to cells – More efficient than most other invertebrates • Most have efficient tracheal system of air tubes; some breathe by gills • Limits size 10 4. Highly developed sense organs • Sight, touch, smell, hearing, balance, chemical reception Displacement of seta initiates Eyes convert light energy into a nerve impulse in a receptor nerve impulses cell at its base 11 5. Complex behavior patterns • Complex, organized activities • May be innate (unlearned) or learned 12 6. Limited intraspecific competition – Many arthropods undergo metamorphosis • meta= between/after; morphē= form; osis= state of – Different stages (ie. larva, adult) have different nutrition/habitats no competition 13 Do these questions now • What is metamorphosis and why has it contributed to arthropod success? • What phylum is most closely related to Phylum Arthropoda? • Which of the following is not an arthropod? – Beetle – Spider – Clam – Millipede – Caterpillar – leech – elephant 14 Other Characteristics of Arthropods • Bilateral, triploblastic, schizocoelous • No septa 15 The Wonders of Chitin • All arthropods have a chitinous jointed exoskeleton • How is this detrimental and beneficial? 16 Phylum Arthropoda Arthropod Segments • Arthropod segments are grouped into body regions • Some have two regions – Cephalothorax, and abdomen Some have three regions – Head, thorax, abdomen Many regions have multiple appendages – Appendages are modified for a particular function Phylum Arthropoda 17 Arthropod Appendages • The head usually contains pairs of joint appendages, which are sensory and used in feeding – Antenna’s or feelers are first – Followed by the jaws and mandibles which are used for biting and chewing • Mandible and accessory mouth parts aid in handling the food and moving it towards the mouth Phylum Arthropoda 18 Arthropod Appendages Arthropod Vision • Simple eyes – Light sensitive cells share a common lens • Compound eyes – Thousand of closely packed units called ommatidia 20 Phylum Arthropoda Compound & Simple Eyes Phylum Arthropoda 21 Digestive system • Most arthropods have three main regions: foregut, midgut and hindgut 22 Phylum Arthropoda Respiration and Circulatory System • Extensive surface areas are needed to supply the large oxygen demands of most arthropods – Gills can occur both inside and outside of the of the carapace • Circulatory System – Open circulatory system as in molluscs, hearts vary in structure but do exist – Blood is pumped into empty spaces bathing the tissues in blood Phylum Arthropoda 23 Nervous System and Reproduction Phylum Arthropoda 24 Arthropod Groups 1. Subphylum Trilobita - extinct trilobites 2. Subphylum Chelicerata – horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites, and some extinct groups 3. Subphylum Myriapoda – centipedes, millipedes 4. Subphylum Crustacea – crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles 5. Subphylum Hexapoda – Insects 25 Subphylum Trilobita • tri= three; lobos= lobes • Divided into 3 longitudinal regions • Extinct • Oval, flattened 26 Subphylum Chelicerata • Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions 27 Subphylum Chelicerata (cont’d) • Cephalothorax (prosoma) – Fused head and thoracic region • Abdomen (opisthosoma) – contains digestive, reproductive, excretory, and respiratory organs 28 Subphylum Chelicerata (cont’d) • Appendages attached to cephalothorax – Pair of chelicerae (clawlike feeding appendages) – Pair of pedipalps (usually sensing or feeding) – four pairs of legs (5 in horseshoe crabs) 29 Subphylum Chelicerata (cont’d) • No antennae • Most suck liquid food from prey mite 30 Class Arachnida • Spiders, ticks, scorpions • Most are predaceous Scorpion 31 Class Arachnida (cont’d) • Most are harmless/beneficial to humans 32 Class Arachnida (cont’d) • Some spiders (ie. black widow, brown recluse spider) give painful, dangerous bites Brown recluse Black widow 33 Class Arachnida (cont’d) • Scorpion sting can be painful, dangerous Scorpion 34 Class Arachnida (cont’d) • Some ticks and mites spread disease, cause irritation Dust mite mite 35 Class Arachnida (cont’d) • Lyme disease – Caused by tick tick 36 More on spiders…… Order Araneae 37 Spiders • cephalothorax and abdomen shows no external segmentation – tagma are joined by a narrow pedicel 38 Spiders (cont’d) • All predaceous – Mostly insects • Chelicerae have fangs 39 Prey capture among the spiders • Some species are cursorial predators – stalk and ambush their prey – they usually have well- developed eyes 40 Jumping spider Prey capture among the spiders (cont’d) • Some are web-building spiders – Eyes not as well developed – sensory hairs for detecting vibrations Grass spider 41 • Many spiders (and mites) producing silk – Used for trapping prey, building nests, forming egg cases 42 43 Orb web construction • silk glands that open to the exterior part of the abdomen through spinnerets spinnerets 44 Spiders (cont’d) • Many species have evolved poison glands associated with the chelicerae Brown recluse Black widow 45 • Spider venom is used to subdue prey • Venom liquifies tissues with a digestive fluid • Spider sucks up soupy prey (ewwww!) Wolf spider 46 Urban legends Debunked! 47 • MYTH: Daddy longlegs (Harvestmen) are one of the most poisonous spiders but their fangs are too short to bite humans: MYTH (!!!!!!!) • Daddy longlegs: Order Opilionid • Spiders: Order Araneae • One basic body segment (no pedicel) • Don’t produce silk • No venom, fangs 48 daddy longlegs Spiders: Class Araneae Spider love….. • Spiders, like most arthropods, are dioecious • Mating habits – Pheromones- chemicals that elicit behavioral change – Rituals- males pluck female’s web (pattern is species-specific) 49 Spiders: Class Araneae • Male builds small web, deposits sperm – Collects sperm in cavities of pedipalps – Pedipalps have ejaculatory duct + embolus – inserts pedipalps into female genital opening 50 Spiders: Class Araneae • Eggs laid in silk case – Carried, attach to web, bury Wolf spider preparing egg sac 51 A lycosid (wolf spider) preparing egg sac M. C. Barnhart52 M. C. Barnhart53 M. C. Barnhart 54 M. C. Barnhart55 Wolf spider parental care- after the eggs hatch, the young ride on mom for several days. 56 • Young spiders disperse by silk lines (ballooning) 57 Brown recluse • Violin-shaped stripe on back • Necrotoxin – hemolytic 58 Loxosceles reclusa • Necrosis of tissue 59 Day 3 60 Day 4 61 Day 5 62 Day 6 63 Day 9 64 Day 10 65 Crustaceans 66 The Crustaceans lobsters • Phylum Arthropoda – Subphylum Crustacea • crusta= shell • Lobster, crayfish, shrimp, crab, water Daphnia flea, barnacles shrimp crabs amphipods euphausids (krill) amphipods 67 The Crustaceans (cont’d) lobsters • Aquatic (mostly marine) – a few terrestrial forms • Major ecological and economical importance. shrimp euphausids (krill) amphipods 68 • Biramous appendages (at least primitively) – 2 main branches 69 • Only arthropods with 2 pairs of antennae 70 • Great specialization of appendages – Mouthparts chewing, grinding, handling 71 – appendages strengthened for walking or protection (chelipeds, pincer-like claws) cheliped walking legs 72 Do these questions now… • List 3 differences between organisms of Subphylum Celicerata and Subphylum Crustacea • List 4 organisms that are crustaceans 73 • Like other arthropods (+ unlike annelids), coelom is highly reduced • Major body cavity is hemocoel (contains colorless blood) 74 Respiration – gills (usually) 75 • Compound eye is typical of phylum 76 What’s the difference between a crayfish and a lobster? • Same Order, but different families • Lobsters are bigger • Lobsters are marine; crayfish live in freshwater creeks, ditches, or lakes 77 crayfish lobster Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) • cosmopolitan • restricted to highly saline lakes and evaporation basins • Dormant cysts= encased embryo 78 Barnacles “nothing more than a little shrimplike animal standing on its head in a limestone house and kicking food into its mouth” -Louis Agassiz 79 Barnacles • living and nonliving substrates • most species secrete CaCO3 shell • Head reduced, rudimentary abdomen 80 Krill • Component of plankton • Major food for whales 81.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Comparative Analyses of Venoms from American and African Sicarius Spiders That Differ in Sphingomyelinase D Activity
    This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Toxicon 55 (2010) 1274–1282 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Toxicon journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon Comparative analyses of venoms from American and African Sicarius spiders that differ in sphingomyelinase D activity Pamela A. Zobel-Thropp*, Melissa R. Bodner 1, Greta J. Binford Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College, 0615 SW Palatine Hill Road, Portland, OR 97219, USA article info abstract Article history: Spider venoms are cocktails of toxic proteins and peptides, whose composition varies at Received 27 August 2009 many levels. Understanding patterns of variation in chemistry and bioactivity is funda- Received in revised form 14 January 2010 mental for understanding factors influencing variation. The venom toxin sphingomyeli- Accepted 27 January 2010 nase D (SMase D) in sicariid spider venom (Loxosceles and Sicarius) causes dermonecrotic Available online 8 February 2010 lesions in mammals. Multiple forms of venom-expressed genes with homology to SMase D are expressed in venoms of both genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Note on Suspected Brown Recluse Spiders (Araneae: Sicariidae) in South Carolina
    Faculty Research Note Note on Suspected Brown Recluse Spiders (Araneae: Sicariidae) in South Carolina Robert J. Wolff* South University, 9 Science Court, Columbia, SC 29203 The general public believes that brown recluse spiders (Loxosceles Filistatidae (Kukulcania hibernalis) 22 specimens reclusa) are widespread where they live and that these spiders are Lycosidae 21 (3 in one package, 5 in another) frequent causes of bites resulting in dermonecrosis. Research over the Pholcidae 17 past twenty years shows these reports to be unfounded. Vetter (2005) Miturgidae 8 examined 1,773 specimens sent in from across the U.S. as brown recluse Theridiidae 8 spiders and no specimens were found from areas outside the species Agelenidae 7 range, with the exception of a specimen from California. Araneidae 6 Clubionidae 6 The reported range of the brown recluse spider includes all or major Thomisidae 6 portions of Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Tennessee, Gnaphosidae 4 Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri and Kansas. Minor portions of the brown Corinnidae 3 recluse range were previously reported in Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, New Philodromidae 3 Mexico, North Carolina, Georgia, and South Carolina. The most recent Amaurobiidae 1 map (Vetter, 2015) does not include South Carolina, and only the far Pisauridae 1 western tip of North Carolina and northwestern corner of Georgia. Scytodidae (Scytodes thoracica) 1 Unidentifiable 4 Schuman and Caldwell (1991) found that South Carolina physicians reported treating 478 cases of brown recluse spider envenomations in 1990 alone. This seems like a very high number, unfortunately all or No brown recluses were identified from the specimens obtained in this almost all of these are probably not brown recluse spider bites.
    [Show full text]
  • Brown Recluse Spider
    HYG-2061-04 Entomology, 1991 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH 43210 Brown Recluse Spider Susan C. Jones, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Entomology Extension Specialist, Household & Structural Pests he brown recluse spider is uncommon in Ohio. Nonetheless, Distribution OSU Extension receives numerous spider specimens that T The brown recluse spider and ten additional species of Loxos- homeowners mistakenly suspect to be the brown recluse. Media celes are native to the United States. In addition, a few non-native attention and public fear contribute to these misdiagnoses. species have become established in limited areas of the country. The brown recluse belongs to a group of spiders that is of- The brown recluse spider is found mainly in the central Midwest- ficially known as the “recluse spiders” in the genus Loxosceles ern states southward to the Gulf of Mexico (see map). Isolated (pronounced lox-sos-a-leez). These spiders are also commonly cases in Ohio are likely attributable to this spider occasionally referred to as “fiddleback” spiders or “violin” spiders because of being transported in materials from other states. Although uncom- the violin-shaped marking on the top surface of the cephalothorax mon, there are more confirmed reports of Loxosceles rufescens (fused head and thorax). However, this feature can be very faint (Mediterranean recluse) than the brown recluse in Ohio. It, too, depending on the species of recluse spider, particularly those in is a human-associated species with similar habits and probably the southwestern U.S., or how recently the spider has molted. similar venom risks (unverified). The common name, brown recluse spider, pertains to only one species, Loxosceles reclusa.
    [Show full text]
  • Loxosceles Laeta (Nicolet) (Arachnida: Araneae) in Southern Patagonia
    Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina ISSN: 0373-5680 ISSN: 1851-7471 [email protected] Sociedad Entomológica Argentina Argentina The recent expansion of Chilean recluse Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet) (Arachnida: Araneae) in Southern Patagonia Faúndez, Eduardo I.; Alvarez-Muñoz, Claudia X.; Carvajal, Mariom A.; Vargas, Catalina J. The recent expansion of Chilean recluse Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet) (Arachnida: Araneae) in Southern Patagonia Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, vol. 79, no. 2, 2020 Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, Argentina Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=322062959008 PDF generated from XML JATS4R by Redalyc Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Notas e recent expansion of Chilean recluse Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet) (Arachnida: Araneae) in Southern Patagonia La reciente expansión de Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet) (Arachnida: Araneae) en la Patagonia Austral Eduardo I. Faúndez Laboratorio de entomología, Instituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Magallanes, Chile Claudia X. Alvarez-Muñoz Unidad de zoonosis, Secretaria Regional Ministerial de Salud de Aysén, Chile Mariom A. Carvajal [email protected] Laboratorio de entomología, Instituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Magallanes, Chile Catalina J. Vargas Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, vol. 79, no. 2, 2020 Laboratorio de entomología, Instituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, Magallanes, Chile Argentina Received: 06 February 2020 Accepted: 03 May 2020 Published: 29 June 2020 Abstract: e recent expansion of the Chilean recluse Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet, 1849) Redalyc: https://www.redalyc.org/ in southern Patagonia is commented and discussed in the light of current global change. articulo.oa?id=322062959008 New records are provided from both Región de Aysén and Región de Magallanes.
    [Show full text]
  • Brown Recluse Spider, Loxosceles Reclusa Gertsch & Mulaik (Arachnida: Araneae: Sicariidae)1 G
    EENY299 Brown Recluse Spider, Loxosceles reclusa Gertsch & Mulaik (Arachnida: Araneae: Sicariidae)1 G. B. Edwards2 Introduction Kansas, east through middle Missouri to western Tennessee and northern Alabama, and south to southern Mississippi. The brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa Gertsch & Gorham (1968) added Illinois, Kentucky, and northern Mulaik, is frequently reported in Florida as a cause of Georgia. Later, he added Nebraska, Iowa, Indiana and necrotic lesions in humans. For example, in the year 2000 Ohio, with scattered introductions in other states, includ- alone, Loft (2001) reported that the Florida Poison Control ing Florida; his map indicated a record in the vicinity of Network had recorded nearly 300 alleged cases of brown Tallahassee (Gorham 1970). recluse bites in the state; a subset of 95 of these bites was reported in the 21 counties (essentially Central Florida) under the jurisdiction of the regional poison control center in Tampa. I called the Florida Poison Control Network to confirm these numbers, and was cited 182 total cases and 96 in the Tampa region. The actual numbers are less important than the fact that a significant number of unconfirmed brown recluse spider bites are reported in the state every year. Yet not one specimen of brown recluse spider has ever been collected in Tampa, and the only records of Loxosceles species in the entire region are from Orlando and vicinity. A general review of the brown recluse, along with a critical examination of the known distribution of brown recluse and related spiders in Florida, seems in order at this time. Figure 1. Female brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa Gertsch & Distribution Mulaik.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropod Bites GREGORY JUCKETT, MD, MPH, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
    Arthropod Bites GREGORY JUCKETT, MD, MPH, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia The phylum Arthropoda includes arachnids and insects. Although their bites typically cause only local reactions, some species are venomous or transmit disease. The two medically important spiders in the United States are widow spiders (Latrodectus), the bite of which causes intense muscle spasms, and the brown recluse (Loxosceles), which may cause skin necrosis. Widow bites usually respond to narcotics, benzodiazepines, or, when necessary, antivenom. Most recluse bites resolve uneventfully without aggressive therapy and require only wound care and minor debridement. Tick bites can transmit diseases only after prolonged attachment to the host. Treatment of clothing with permethrin and proper tick removal greatly reduce the risk of infection. Ticks of medical importance in the United States include the black-legged tick, the Lone Star tick, and the American dog tick. The prophylactic use of a single dose of doxycy- cline for Lyme disease may be justified in high-risk areas of the country when an attached, engorged black-legged tick is removed. Bites from fleas, bedbugs, biting flies, and mosquitoes present as nonspecific pruritic pink papules, but the history and location of the bite can assist with diagnosis. Flea bites are usually on ankles, whereas mosquito bites are on exposed skin, and chigger bites tend to be along the sock and belt lines. Antihistamines are usually the only treatment required for insect bites; however, severe mosquito reactions (skeeter syndrome) may require prednisone. Applying insect repellent containing diethyltoluamide (DEET) 10% to 35% or picaridin 20% is the best method for preventing bites.
    [Show full text]
  • Homeowner Guide to Spiders Around the Home and Yard
    HOMEOWNER Guide to by Edward John Bechinski, Dennis J. Schotzko, and Craig R. Baird BUL 871 Spiders around the home and yard “Even the two potentially most harmful spiders – the black widow and the hobo spider – rarely injure people in Idaho.” TABLE OF CONTENTS QUICK GUIDE TO COMMON SPIDERS . .4 PART 1 SPIDER PRIMER . .6 Basic external body structure . .6 Spider biology & behavior . .7 Spider bites . .8 PART 2 COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED SPIDERS . .10 Web-spinning spider •funnel-web weavers . .11 •orb weavers . .11 •sheet-web spiders . .12 •cellar spiders . .12 •cobweb weavers . .13 Spiders that do not spin webs Active hunters •jumping spiders . .14 Lie-and-wait ambush hunter •trapdoor spider . .15 •crab spiders . .15 •wolf spiders . .16 •tarantulas . .17 Daddy longlegs . .17 PART 3 POISONOUS SPIDERS IN IDAHO . .18 •western black widow . .18 •hobo spider . .20 •yellow sac spider . .22 •brown recluse spider . .22 PART 4 DEALING WITH SPIDERS AROUND THE HOME . .24 MYTHS ABOUT SPIDERS #1 A sleeping person swallows eight spiders per year . .9 #2 Daddy longlegs are the most poisonous spiders known . .18 #3 Widow-makers . .20 #4 Hobos are the spiders with “boxing gloves” . .21 #5 Hobo spiders are unusually aggressive . .22 Spiders around the home and yard 3 QUICK GUIDE TO COMMON SPIDERS IN IDAHO Note: spiders are shown as typical life-size adults; immatures will be smaller Spiders on webs If web looks like a . and the web is located . and the spider looks like . then it might be . vertical bull’s-eye of concentric outside under the eaves OR orb weaver rings between landscape plants see page 11 30 mm flat trampoline that narrows into a outside on evergreen shrubs and funnel-web weaver funnel rock gardens OR inside the corners see page 11 of basements and garages 40 mm messy cobweb inside garage, shed, basement, cellar spider crawlspace OR outside under decks see page 12 OR 40 mm cobweb weaver 10 mm see page 13 thin, small oval purse outside within a rolled-up leaf OR sac spider inside along ceiling and wall 8 mm see page 22 Spiders NOT on webs If the spider is .
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of the Brown Recluse Spider (Araneae: Sicariidae) in Georgia with Comparison to Poison Center Reports of Envenomations
    SAMPLING,DISTRIBUTION,DISPERSAL Distribution of the Brown Recluse Spider (Araneae: Sicariidae) in Georgia with Comparison to Poison Center Reports of Envenomations 1,2 3 4 RICHARD S. VETTER, NANCY C. HINKLE, AND LISA M. AMES J. Med. Entomol. 46(1): 15Ð20 (2009) ABSTRACT Georgia is on the southeastern margin of the native range of the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa Gertsch and Mulaik. The brown recluse is not a common Georgia spider and has limited distribution in the state. Using recent submissions, previously published records, and exam- ination of museum specimens, we document the spiderÕs presence in 31 (19.5%) of GeorgiaÕs 159 counties, with almost all being found in the northern portion. The spider was collected almost exclusively north of the Fall Line (a transition zone separating the Piedmont and the Coastal Plain geological provinces). Only two locations in the southern Coastal Plain province produced L. reclusa specimens; these southern Þnds are considered spiders that were transported outside their range. There were six Þnds of the non-native world tramp species, L. rufescens (Dufour), three south of the Fall Line. In conspicuous contrast, over a 5-yr period, a Georgia poison center database recorded 963 reports of brown recluse spider bites from 103 counties. These Þgures greatly outnumber the historic veriÞcations of brown recluses in the state for both specimen quantity and county occurrence, indicating improbable spider involvement and the overdiagnosis of bites. In the southern half of the state, medical diagnoses of brown recluse spider bites have virtually zero probability of being correct. Bite diagnoses should be made with caution in north Georgia given the spiderÕs spotty distribution with low frequency of occurrence.
    [Show full text]
  • BROWN RECLUSE SPIDER by Michael F
    ENTFACT-631 BROWN RECLUSE SPIDER by Michael F. Potter, Urban Entomologist Many different kinds of spiders live around homes and buildings. Most are harmless and in fact are beneficial, because they prey upon flies, crickets and other nuisance insects. Distribution of the brown recluse spider (dark shading) and other species of Loxosceles spiders in the U.S. (light shading) (adapted from distribution map of R. Vetter, Univ. Calif. Riverside) A brown recluse spider with violin-shaped marking A more definitive diagnostic feature is the eye pattern -- (R. Bessin, Univ. Kentucky) brown recluses have a semi-circular arrangement of 6 eyes in 3 groups of 2 while most other spiders have 8 eyes. One spider in Kentucky that is potentially dangerous is the Seeing this feature clearly requires a good quality hand brown recluse, sometimes referred to as the violin or fid- lens. Many harmless brown spiders are mistaken for the dleback spider because of the violin-shaped marking on its brown recluse, so it is prudent to have specimens con- dorsum. Although bites are rare, the venom can cause seri- firmed by an entomologist or knowledgeable pest control ous wounds and infestations should be taken seriously. firm. Distribution and Diagnosis The brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa, is found throughout the south central and midwestern United States. Infestations in Kentucky are intermittent, becoming more common as one travels westward. Other species of Loxosceles spiders occur in the southwestern U.S. and southern California, but the brown recluse is the most nota- ble and widespread. Recluse spiders are rare outside their native range and are widely over-reported.
    [Show full text]
  • MU Guide PUBLISHED by MU EXTENSION, UNIVERSITY of MISSOURI-COLUMBIA Muextension.Missouri.Edu
    Home and Garden AGRICULTURAL MU Guide PUBLISHED BY MU EXTENSION, UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA muextension.missouri.edu Spiders Richard M. Houseman Department of Entomology Spiders belong to the order Araneae of the class Arachnida. They are most closely related to scorpions, ticks and mites. Spiders have a body composed of two regions called the cephalothorax (head) and abdomen Pedipalps (body). They have eight legs, no antennae or wings, and an unsegmented abdomen. Four, six or eight eyes are located at the front of the cephalothorax. Also located Eyes Abdomen at the front of the cephalothorax are the pedipalps, appendages used for handling food (see Figure 1). Spinnerets are located on the posterior tip of the Cephalothorax abdomen. These structures are used to produce silk. Silk is used by spiders to make webs, construct egg sacs, line Figure 1. Characteristic form and structure of spiders. nests, wrap captured prey, or construct “balloons” with which to travel on air currents over large distances. regulating insect and other arthropod populations in More than 300 different spiders occur in Missouri. many different ecosystems. Spiders have a pair of Some of the more common groups include orb weavers, hollow, fanglike mouthparts and venom-producing crab spiders, jumping spiders and wolf spiders. These glands that they use to subdue their prey. They pierce groups are distinguished by the size and shape of their the exoskeleton and inject venom through their fangs bodies, the structure of the legs and other appendages, like a hypodermic needle. The venom typically para- and the size and relative position of the eyes.
    [Show full text]
  • Brown Recluse Spider Bite Long Term Effects
    Brown Recluse Spider Bite Long Term Effects Humoristic Nico access irresolutely while Dudley always moit his satirists stab stridently, he premiering so rampantly. Preconsonantal Siward pearls hostilely or mandates emphatically when Hercule is erose. Binky is secular and plasticises officiously as jowly Arthur parboil unfitly and launders inimitably. Different size and island ecosystem reorganizations significantly reduce hiding spot this ship had actually look the term effects spider bite difficult to leg posture could be found that no identifiable by bacteria. Studies for recluse spider bites are effective, recluses only active components involved in the effect size of. He has experienced in tension distribution of eight eyes, are studies assessing the recent increase the belief that brown recluse spider bite long term effects of. Some brown recluse spider bites: via rsm for long term effects include fever, like other people as compared to try and brown recluse spider bite long term effects of infection? The brown with brown recluse spider bite long term effects leading to protect them in ca. Define ad slots window sills, doctors linked his energy of cytotoxic venom. Can confirm that these spiders kill a common diy spray. All ommochrome pathway in brown recluse spider bite long term effects. More brown recluse will bite has led to brown spider bite from spider bite. He said it will eventually needed, recluse bite resulted. Put weight loss and brown recluse? Increased in the patient is treated by other signs should help prevent bug bites from abdominal pain and apply to become more? Apply a red. Having a redback spider experts say for ants, ask me that you suspect a bite area can purchase these.
    [Show full text]
  • New Record of the Mediterranean Recluse Spider Loxosceles Rufescens (Dufour, 1820) and Its Bite from Khorasan Province, Northeast of Iran (Aranei: Sicariidae)
    Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics (IJAB) Vol.9, No.1, 83-86, 2013 ISSN: 1735-434X New record of the Mediterranean Recluse Spider Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) and its bite from Khorasan Province, northeast of Iran (Aranei: Sicariidae) Mirshamsi, O.a,b*, Hatami, M. a, Zamani, A.c aDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran bZoological Innovations Research Department, Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran c Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran The ecribellate haplogyne spiders of the genus Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1832, known as recluse or violin spiders, are well known because of their ability to occasionally cause significant skin necrosis also known as loxoscelism (Vetter, 2008; Saupe et al., 2011). The venom of these spiders contains an unusual enzyme, sphingomyelinase D, which, when incorporated into the skin and subcutaneous tissues, ultimately causes platelet aggregation, endothelial hyperpermeability, hemolysis, and neutrophil-dependent skin necrosis (Saupe et al., 2011). Based on the morphology of their spinnerets these spiders are now classified in the sub-family Loxoscelinae, in the Sicariidae (Gertsch 1949; Gertsch, 1967; Gertsch and Ennik 1983; Vetter, 2008). The family Sicariidae currently includes spiders of only two genera, Loxosceles with more than 100, and Sicarius Walckenaer, 1847 with more than 21 described species respectively (Platnick, 2013). The Mediterranean recluse, L. rufescens (Dufour 1820), is a widely distributed species, originating from somewhere in the circum-Mediterranean region but has been distributed to other regions by means of human activity (Harvey, 1996).
    [Show full text]