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Redalyc.Macroinvertebrados Bentónicos Del Humedal De Palo Verde, Costa Rica

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Redalyc.Macroinvertebrados Bentónicos Del Humedal De Palo Verde, Costa Rica Revista de Biología Tropical ISSN: 0034-7744 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica Trama, F.A.; Rizo Patrón V., F.L.; Springer, M. Macroinvertebrados bentónicos del humedal de Palo Verde, Costa Rica Revista de Biología Tropical, vol. 57, núm. 1, noviembre, 2009, pp. 275-284 Universidad de Costa Rica San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44918950034 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Macroinvertebrados bentónicos del humedal de Palo Verde, Costa Rica Trama, F.A.1, F.L. Rizo Patrón V.1 & M. Springer2,3 1. Centro Neotropical de Entrenamiento en Humedales-Perú. Jr. Puerto Inca #174 Depto 302. Urb. Los Olivos-Surco. Lima 33, Lima. Perú; [email protected] 2. Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica; [email protected] 3. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica. Recibido 06-XI-2008. Corregido 01-X-2009. Aceptado 02-XI-2009. Abstract: Benthic macroinvertebrates of the Palo Verde wetland, Costa Rica. Palo Verde, Costa Rica, is one of the most important wetlands in the region now recovering from some invasive plants, especially Typha domin- gensis, and monitoring programs were started, including studies on the aquatic macoinvertebrate fauna. We sampled benthic macroinvertebrates monthly for more than a year with artificial substrates, and identified 116 taxa from 57 families and 18 orders, with 90 morfospecies of insects. The highest abundances were in the class Conchostraca (typical in seasonal wetlands) and in the family Chironomidae (Diptera, Insecta), which together represent almost half of all individuals collected. In contrast, 97 taxa were less than 1% of total abundance each. Number of individuals and number of species were higher at lower water levels (dry season). Cumulative species curves indicate that more species would be found if sampling had continued for more time. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (Suppl. 1): 275-284. Epub 2009 November 30. Key words: Inventory, fresh water marsh, aquatic invertebrates, wetland, Typha, Palo Verde, Costa Rica. El humedal estacional de Palo Verde (1247 declarada Parque Nacional, por lo que el gana- ha), localizado en el Parque Nacional Palo do fue retirado del área protegida eliminando Verde, (Guanacaste, Costa Rica), es considera- la presión de pastoreo y el pisoteo de la vege- do como uno de los humedales mas importantes tación acuática. Además se bloquearon, por la de la región del Pacífico de América Central, construcción de un camino hacia el río Tempis- representando un refugio importante para más que, dos quebradas naturales que traían agua de de 60 especies de aves acuáticas, tanto migra- lluvia en invierno desde los cerros aledaños al torias como residentes (Boza 1981, Boza & humedal (Jiménez et al. 2003). Estos cambios Mendoza 1981, McCoy & Rodríguez 1994), de manejo y cambios hidrológicos debido a incluyendo especies con poblaciones reducidas períodos secos con valores totales de precipita- o en peligro de extinción, siendo además consi- ción menores a la media anual (OET & UICN derada una zona de vital importancia como sitio 2005) contribuyeron al avance de especies de reproducción y alimentación (Vaughan et al. invasoras de plantas. En 1985, el humedal de 1996). En el pasado, el humedal fue parte de Palo Verde fue cubierto casi por completo por una finca ganadera en la cual se mantenían los dos especies, la tifa (Typha domingensis), plan- animales pastoreando en las lagunas sobre todo ta acuática que invadió más de 500 ha y el Palo en época seca (Vaughan et al. 1996). Debido Verde (Parkinsonia aculeata), especie leñosa a su importancia, en el año 1980 la zona fue que avanzó sobre las áreas menos profundas Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 275-284, November 2009 275 cubriendo 247 ha (Castillo & Guzmán 2004). Material Y MÉtodos Por esta razón las zonas abiertas como espe- jos de agua disminuyeron considerablemente, Se realizó una evaluación de los inverte- resultando en una disminución importante en brados presentes en el humedal Palo Verde den- las cantidades de las diferentes especies de tro del Parque Nacional Palo Verde (10°20’35’’ aves y plantas, y la composición, estructura y N, 85°20’26’’ W), tanto en época seca como función biológica del humedal se vieron afec- lluviosa durante agosto del 2003 a julio del tadas (Vaughan et al. 1996). Desde el año 2002 2004. La laguna posee un régimen estacional el humedal de Palo Verde se encuentra bajo lo que implica una dinámica de llenado princi- palmente por agua de lluvia, escorrentía de los manejo activo para reducir la población de tifa, cerros aledaños y de secado por evapotranspi- por medio de una técnica adaptada del cultivo ración. Esta dinámica determina el volumen y de arroz, el “fangueo” (McCoy & Rodríguez profundidad de agua presente en ella, variando 1994). El proyecto de restauración desarrollado de 0 a 1.50 m en la época lluviosa y entre 0 y conjuntamente por el Ministerio de Ambiente y 40 cm en la época seca, hasta secarse comple- Energía (MINAE) y la Organización para Estu- tamente entre finales de marzo y mediados de dios Tropicales (OET), incluyó un componente abril (Vaughan et al. 1982, Vaughan et al. 1996, de monitoreo de la respuesta de la fauna y la Calvo & Arias 2003). flora del humedal (OTS 2002). Se seleccionaron nueve estaciones distri- Los invertebrados desempeñan un papel buidas al azar, incluyendo zonas de la laguna importante en este tipo de ecosistemas acuáticos con diferentes tipos de cobertura y profundi- dentro de las cadenas tróficas, procesando detri- dades. Los sitios fueron muestreados todos tos y siendo alimento de consumidores secun- los meses hasta que se secaron por completo. darios, tanto invertebrados como vertebrados, Los macroinvertebrados fueron recolectados representando una fuente importante de proteína utilizando el método de sustratos artificiales para muchas especies animales como los patos y (Castillo 2000), los cuales fueron colonizados otras aves acuáticas (Fredrickson & Reed 1988). por los organismos durante cada mes. Cada Hasta la fecha, en el humedal de Palo Verde se sustrato consistió en un bloque de concreto han realizado algunos trabajos cortos, (la mayo- dentro de una bolsa de malla plástica (diámetro ría de ellos de tres días) acerca de la presencia de 0.3 cm) (Fig. 1) y en cada estación de mues- o abundancia de invertebrados en diferentes treo se ubicaron dos sustratos. Se realizaron un partes del humedal (Martin 1992, Rule 1992, total de diez muestreos en el humedal de Palo Gibson & Allen 1993, Wright & Ruiz 1993). Sin Verde durante el año de estudio. El esfuerzo embargo, ninguno de estos trabajos ha realizado de muestreo fue de 18 sustratos/mes haciendo un inventario, ni evaluado la composición de la un total de 180 sustratos durante el tiempo de comunidad y la abundancia de los invertebra- muestreo. La laguna se encontró seca durante dos. Hasta la fecha, tampoco existe un listado casi tres meses (abril-mayo) por lo cual no se de las especies, géneros o familias presentes en pudieron realizar muestreos en ese período. la laguna. Después de un mes de exposición, se reco- El objetivo del presente estudio fue el de lectaron los invertebrados que colonizaron cada realizar un inventario de las especies, así como uno de los sustratos. Para esto se lavaron tanto estimar la abundancia relativa para cada taxón los bloques como las bolsas, y después se filtró durante un período de un año y así contribuir al el líquido obtenido por un tamiz de 500 µm. conocimiento de los macroinvertebrados bentó- Posteriormente, las muestras fueron llevadas al nicos existentes en el humedal de Palo Verde. laboratorio donde se las conservó en alcohol de 276 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 57 (Suppl. 1): 275-284, November 2009 Fig. 1. Método de muestreo utilizando sustratos artificiales. (modificado de Castillo 2000). Fig. 1. Sampling method using artificial substrates (modified from Castillo 2000). 90º y se almacenaron hasta el momento de ser Resultados procesadas. Los organismos fueron separados, clasificados por medio de las claves taxonó- La riqueza total de invertebrados recolec- micas disponibles y preservados en alcohol de tados en los muestreos con los 180 sustratos 70°. El material se encuentra depositado en la artificiales, fue de 116 táxones pertenecientes estación biológica Palo Verde y en la Colección a 57 familias y 18 órdenes. Los táxones encon- de Entomología Acuática del Museo de Zoolo- trados y las clases de abundancia se detallan en gía, Universidad de Costa Rica. el Cuadro 1. Se estimó la riqueza de especies y abun- La curva acumulada muestra que la canti- dancia total y relativa de los invertebrados dad de taxa aumentó durante todo el período de recolectados durante el período de estudio. muestreo y se obtuvieron taxa nuevos inclusive Se realizó además una curva acumulada y en el último muestreo (Fig. 2) y el estimador se empleó el estimador de Chao mediante Chao mostró que se deberían haber recolectado 150 taxa. La riqueza taxonómicafue mayor en el programa Diversity (Henderson & Seaby – – 1998) para determinar el número de taxa que época seca (X=45.2) que en la lluviosa (X=31.8), se deberían haber recolectado (Espinosa 2003). aunque no significativamente (F=1.42, gl=1,9, Se realizó un Análisis de Varianza Paramétrica P=0.26). Por otro lado, los insectos fueron los (ANOVA) mediante el programa Statgraphics más diversos con una riqueza de 41 familias, 3.1 (Statistical) con transformación de log para 62 géneros y 90 morfoespecies en comparación evaluar la diferencia de riqueza y abundancia con los otros macroinvertebrados (Mollusca, de invertebrados recolectados en época seca Crustacea, Oligochaeta e Hirudinea) con 14 y en lluviosa.
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