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Abbey Ste. Genevie`ve, 167 Baczko, Bronisław, 97À9, 103, 121 Acade´mie Française, 26, 55À60, 211; production Baker, Keith, 11, 104 of dictionaries by, 57, 115; Villemain’s Balzac, Honore´ de, 141, 154 position in, 135.See also Dictionnaire de Barante, Prosper de, 130 l’Acade´mie Française Barre`s, Maurice, 177 Adorno, Theodor, 17, 34, 201 Barruel, Augustin, 111À12, 154 advent narratives, 4À5, 16, 38, 50 Barthes, Roland, 7; on death of historical Alice et Valcour (Sade), 69 narrative, 75À8; on ‘linguistic turn’ of Althusser, Louis, 82; on bourgeois ideology of understanding, 99À100; on literature as a universality, 70; on ideology, 113, 211, 214; pedagogical object, 155; on tautology of on words as instruments of knowledge, literature, 112; on Voltaire, 69 60 Bastille Day, 123 American Revolution, 14 Baudelaire, Charles, 135À6, 154 L’An 2440 (Mercier), 69, 187À8, 189 Bauman, Zygmunt, 17 anachronism in historical understanding, 28 Bayle, Pierre, 3, 37 Ancien Re´gime, 102 Beaumarchais, Pierre de, 167 Anderson, Benedict, 125, 177, 222 Bellay, Joachim du, 186 Annales d’histoire´ economique et politique journal, Ben-Amos, Avner, 148 6, 200, 204 Benjamin, Walter, 203 L’Anneé litte´raire (ed. Fre´ron), 16 Benrekassa, Georges, 83, 84, 95, 217, 218 “An Answer to the Question: ‘What is Berry, Charles Ferdinand, duc de, 128 Enlightenment’” (Kant), 19À22 “La Bibliothe`que des histoires” series “Les Antiquite´s de Rome” (Bellay), 186 (ed. Nora), 6 anti-Semitism, 74, 178 bicentennial of the French Revolution, Apollo Belvedere statue, 191À2 10À12, 174 archeology, 182À3, 229 Bird’s-eye View of the Bank of England, A Arie`s, Philippe, 199 (Gandy), 192 Aron, Raymond, 201 Blanc, Louis, 154 L’Art du XVIIIe sie`cle (Goncourt and Bloch, Marc, 6 Goncourt), 143 Boileau, Nicolas, 159À60 Asse´zat, Jules, 157 Bossuet, Jacques-Beńigne, 132, 159À60, 173; Aukfla¨rung, 13 criticism by Voltaire of, 165; eulogies auteur, 57 by, 77; sacred histories of, 85À6; authors, 55, 57; agency of, 162À3, 228; Sainte-Beuve’s portrayal of, 139 economic aspects of, 64, 163, 215; Boucher, François, 143 Foucault’s views of, 126, 153, 162;of Bougainville, Louis-Antoine de, 62 history, see historical narrative during Bourdieu, Pierre, 57À8 the Enlightenment; outsider roles of, 62, Brucker, Johann Jakob, 82, 83 63, 215.See also constructing the Brunetie`re, Ferdinand: literary history by, 130, philosophe; Voltaire 159; views on La Harpe of, 111, 157 autobiography, 26 Bu¨chner, Ludwig, 151À2

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-17529-6 - The Enlightenment Past: Reconstructing Eighteenth-Century French thought Daniel Brewer Index More information

Index 249

Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de: Histoire bicentennial of the Revolution, 10À12, 174; naturelle of, 24, 42; La Harpe’s view of, 118; centennial celebrations of Voltaire and philosophy of history of, 42; Villemain’s Rousseau, 169, 174; centennial of the portrayal of, 133 Revolution, 151, 174; Certeau on writing Burke, Edmund, 101 about the dead, 149; Diderot’s belated posterity, 150À2; eulogies for Enlightenment Cabanis, Georges, 115 figures, 77, 75À8, 79À80;legitimizing Les Cacouacs (Palissot), 16 purpose of, 151; linking of the present with Candide (Voltaire), 39, 49, 68 the past of, 149À51;Nora’sLieux de me´moire Canguilhem, Georges, 37 project, 174À7, 204À5; nostalgia in, 205; Cartesianism: philosophical idealism of, 50À2; positivist views of republican sponsors of, systematic doubt of, 36À8.See also 151À2; production of knowledge through, Descartes, Rene´ 176; recalling the Revolution in, 10À12, 103, Caruth, Cathy, 176À7 126, 151, 174; Voltaire’s iconic afterlife, 162, Casanova, Giovanni Giacomo, 166 166À71, 173À4 Cassirer, Ernst, 4, 43À8; critiques of, 44À6; Commune, 123, 174 intellectual climate of, 44, 46À7, 212; Compagnon, Antoine, 158, 159 linkage of present and past traditions of, Comte, Auguste, 151, 157 43À4, 46; neo-Kantian view of the Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de, 82; La Harpe’s Enlightenment of, 44; on portrait of mind, critique of, 117, 118; narrative of modern 43; three-part narrative structure of, 44 knowledge of, 25; on origins of the Castres, Antoine Sabatier de, 152 Enlightenment, 49; response to Catećhisme positiviste (Comte), 151 Montesquieu of, 81; sensationalism of, 3, Catholic Church: Enlightenment’s response to, 34, 51 132; La Harpe’s defense of, 113; legal Condorcet, Marie-Jean Caritat de, 50, 151; separation of church and state, 173; narrative of inevitable progress by, 42, response to Napoleon’s educational 49À50; narrative of modern knowledge of, reforms by, 128À9, 134; response to 25À7; nineteenth-century reception of, 216; Voltaire by, 168À71, 172; Voltaire’s view of publishing of Voltaire by, 167; Vie de sacred history, 168.See also religion Voltaire, 168 Causeries du lundi column (Sainte-Beuve), 137, Les Confessions (Rousseau), 4, 107, 108; imagined 140, 142 readers of, 68; personal style of, 63;on Caylus, Anne-Claude-Philippe, 229 ruins, 184, 229 Certeau, Michel de: on the historiographical Confessions d’un enfant du sie`cle (Musset), 170 operation, 104; on intellectual history, 7À8; Conside´rations sur les causes de la grandeur des on link between past and present of Romans et de leur dećadence (Montesquieu), historiography, 225; on writing about the 84À5, 91, 201 dead, 149 Conside´rations sur les mœurs (Duclos), 24 Challes, Robert, 189 Constant, Benjamin, 82, 130 Chartier, Roger: on the limits of new history, 7; constructing the philosophe, 54À72; on the link between Enlightenment and d’Alembert’s homme de lettres, 41À8, Revolution, 105; on traditional teleological 52À4, 213; Diderot’s Moi and Lui, 71À2, narrative, 11À12, 104 152, 216; Diderot’s views of the eclectic, 77, Chateaubriand, François-Rene´ de: on French 82, 217; Dieckmann’s historical context of, heritage of ruins, 195; membership in 67; Dumarsais’s views on, 58À61; early Sainte-Beuve’s literary pantheon of, 139; definitions and portrayals of, 58À60; Restoration-era views of, 154;on economic aspects of, 64, 66; the honneˆte seventeenth-century Christianity, 227; tour homme, 65À7; imagined freedom from of Rome by, 188 history of, 68; modern role of the public Cheńier, Andre´-Marie de, 139 intellectual, 72À4, 78; new social Cle´risseau, Charles-Louis, 189 behavior of, 56À7, 61À4; new ways of Code de la nature (Morelly), 68, 153 knowing of, 60À3; production through Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 165 official institutions of, 55À60, 64; Come´die Française, 164 self-representation of, 63; utopian commemorative activities, 148À9, 161, 225; imaginings of, 67À72

250 Index

constructing the ruin, 179À99; archeological 126À7; imagined communities of nations excavations of Herculaneum, in, 125, 172À3, 222; linkage of past with 182À3, 229;De´sert de Retz folly house, 185; present in, 149À51, 166À71; literature and Diderot on, 186À7, 230; Encyclope´die on literary history in, see literature and literary meaning and value of, 182À4, 229; Holland history; Louis XIV’s creation of the state, House Library image, 179À82; imaginary 131; memory projects in, 123, 124À7, 139, ruins, 185À8, 229; Maleuvre on the 156, 174À7, 197; national citizenship, 126, historicity of museums, 194À5; as part of 136; political use of the Enlightenment in, narrative of progress, 184; portrayal through 112À18, 130, 131À3, 140, 155, 158, 168À71, travel writing, 195À9; Robert’s imagery of, 219, 226; positivism of, 151À2; Sainte- 188À95; Romantic versions of, 195;as Beuve’s journalistic criticism, 136À46; storehouse of knowledge for the future, 183, Voltaire’s iconic afterlife in, 162, 166À71 187À8, 189, 230; temporal matrix offered crisis of French historiography, 6À12, 201; by, 179; the trope of the monument, 183; Annales’s new economic focus, 6; Barthes’s Volney’s Les Ruines, 195À9 narratological analysis, 7; Certeau’s contestatory discourses of the Enlightenment, historical objects, 7À8; debates about the see resistance to the Enlightenment Revolution, 10À12; Foucault’s genealogical contextually determined views of the history, 9À10; Furet’s political semiotics, Enlightenment, 51, 100; Cassirer’s 11; mentalite´, 6À7, 148; new history, 6À7; Germany of the 1930s, 44, 46À7, 212; post-Enlightenment era, see post- gender contexts, 45; historicity of Enlightenment thought; praxis of history, Montesquieu’s writing, 93À6; links 8À10; traditional practices, 6, 8À9 between present and past, see temporal Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 20À1 perspectives of Enlightenment critique: Descartes’s view of critical reflection, historiography; political contexts of 36À8; Foucault’s cautions of perspective, revolutionary change, 30; politicized 22; Kant’s views of reason, 20À1, 24 discourse of literary history, 112À18, 130, Critiques (Kant), 44 131À3, 140, 155, 158, 219, 226; role of cultural history, see sociocultural history situated knowledge in, 15À16, 41À3, 48, 211; cultural production in the Enlightenment: Sainte-Beuve’s biographical method of development of the intellectual field in, literary criticism, 137À9; Sainte-Beuve’s 57À8; emergence of literature in, 57; prism of political upheaval, 139, 140; social paradigm of sociability in, 16, 56À7, 61, creation of the homme de lettres, 41À8, 142À4, 143À4; production of dictionaries 52À3, 162À3, 213; strategies of reading in, 57; role of official institutions in, history, 79, 83; temporal contexts, see 55À60, 64.See also constructing the temporal perspectives of Enlightenment philosophe historiography cultural studies, 100 Contrat social (Rousseau), culture wars, 27 105À6 Curie, Marie, 165 Contre Sainte-Beuve (Proust), 137 Corneille, Pierre, 62, 164, 173 d’Alembert, Jean Le Rond, 3, 4, 25; Acade´mie cosmopolitanism, 59 Franc¸aise participation of, 26, 211;on Cours de litte´rature franc¸aise (Villemain), geometrical paradigms of knowledge, 127, 135 35À6, 39; on historical narrative, 35À40; Cousin, Victor, 127À8, 129 the homme de lettres, 41À8, 52À4, 213; creation of modern French identity, 6, 123; impact of Descartes on, 36À8, 211;as commemoration of the dead in, 148À9, intellectual historian, 39À48; La Harpe’s 161, 172À3, 225; commemoration of the critique of, 117, 118; on the nature of Revolution in, 10À12, 103, 126, 151, 174; change, 32À3; portrait of mind of, 24À7, education in, 128À9, 132, 136, 155À7, 160, 42, 43, 52; on revolutionary change, 29; 172À3, 226, 227; emergence of on situated knowledge, 41À3;as republicanism in, 10, 123À5, 172À3; sociocultural historian, 40À8; structured Enlightenment principles of, 123À5; representations of knowledge of, 33À5, 39. evolutionary narrative of, 124À7; genealogy See also Encyclope´die of national thought in, 127; historians in, Danton, Georges-Jacques, 150

Index 251

Darnton, Robert, 45, 55, 64, 163, 227 Sainte-Beuve’s portrayal of, 145À6, 153, 154, de Gaulle, Charles, 178 157; on self-construction for the future, De l’esprit (Helve´tius), 34 78À82; on sensationalism, 51; utopian De l’esprit des lois (Montesquieu), 24 experiments of, 69; Villemain’s portrayal De l’homme (Helve´tius), 34 of, 134À5; on writing and publishing, 215 De l’interpre´tation de la nature (Diderot), 153 disciplinary blind spots, 45 death, see commemorative activities Discours de la me´thode (Descartes), 25, 37 Debray, Re´gis, 12 Discours en vers sur l’Homme (Voltaire), 215 The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire “Discours pre´liminaire” to the Encyclope´die (Gibbon), 184 (d’Alembert), 25À6, 30, 36À8 De´fense du christianisme (Frayssinous), 129 Discours sur l’histoire universelle (Bossuet), 85À6 De´fense du Mondain (Voltaire), 215 Discours sur l’ine´galite´ (Rousseau), 106 Denby, David, 12 Discours sur les sciences et les arts Derrida, Jacques, 202, 231 (Rousseau), 24 Descartes, Rene´, 4; critical response to idealism “The Discourse of History” (Barthes), 75 of, 50À2; described as revolutionary, 30; Le Dix-Huitie`me Sie`cle (Houssaye), 143 impact on d’Alembert, 30, 36À8, 211; Dosse, François, 204 methodical doubt of, 36À8; narrative of Dreyfus Affair, 74 modern knowledge of, 25 Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel, 118 Deschamps, Dom Le´ger-Marie, 68 Duclos, Charles-Pinot, 24 De´sert de Retz folly house, 185 Dumarsais, Ce´sar Chesneau, 58À61, 64À6 Destutt de Tracy, Antoine, 51, 82 Dumas, Alexandre, 228 determinism, 10, 11 Dupanloup, Mgr., bishop of Orleáns, 172 Detienne, Marcel, 126 Durkheim, Emile, 82 Dialectic of Enlightenment (Adorno and Horkheimer), 17, 201 “Eclectisme” (Diderot), 58, 76À8, 82À4 Dictionnaire de l’Acade´mie Française, 49, “Economie politique” (Rousseau), 106 58À60, 115 “Encyclope´die” (Diderot), 25; on the goal of the Dictionnaire de Tre´voux, 59 encyclopedic text, 32; on parameters of Dictionnaire historique et critique (Voltaire), 3 scientific knowledge, 210; on preserving Dictionnaire philosophique (Voltaire), 164, knowledge for the future, 183 168, 178 economics of the philosopher: market for Diderot, Denis, 3, 4, 25; art criticism of, 4; writing and publishing, 64, 163, 215; belated posterity of, 152À5, 157À8, 226; usefulness of the philosophe, 66 commemorative activities for, 150À2, 225; écrivain, 57.See also authors Comte’s praise of, 151; as critic, 134;on educational reforms: creation of modern eclecticism, 77, 82, 217; on esthetic role of French identity, 128À9, 132, 136, 155À7, salon culture, 146, 153, 186À7; failed 172À3, 226, 227; Ferry’s work of the 1880s, election to Acade´mie Française of, 26;on 136, 160, 173; Lanson’s separation geometry, 31; imagined dialogue with of history from literature, 158À60, 161, 173; Catherine of Russia of, 68; La Harpe’s Napoleonic reforms, 128À9, 134; teaching critique of, 111, 118, 157; Lui character of, of history, 173; teaching of literature, 71À2, 152, 216; materialism of, 60, 134, 154; 155À7, 159À60, 173; teaching of Moi character of, 71À2, 152; narrative of philosophy, 129 inevitable progress of, 49, 213; narrative of Eglise Sainte-Genevie`ve, 102 modern knowledge of, 25; on the nature of Ehrard, Jean, 83, 95 change, 30À3; nineteenth-century critics of, Emile (Rousseau), 101 152; on parameters of scientific knowledge, Encyclope´die (ed. Diderot and d’Alembert), 24, 30À3, 210; portrayal of convent life by, 73; 72, 153; censorship fears of editors of, 68; portrayal of Montesquieu by, 75À8, 82; critical responses to, 16; “Discours portrayal of the philosophe by, 58, 71À2; pre´liminaire” of, 25À6, 30, 36À8; on posterity, 95, 216; on preserving electronic text version of, 58; fascination knowledge for the future, 183; publishing with ruins of, 182À4, 229; goal of, 32; history of, 153, 157; revolutionary “Herculanum” essay (de Jaucourt), associations of, 154; on ruins, 186À7, 230; 182À3; La Harpe’s critique of, 111, 117;

252 Index

new subject positions in, 78; permission Fontenelle, Bernard de, 50; on Cartesian for publication of, 26; portrayal of the historical method, 37; on Cartesian reason, philosophe in, 58À61; portrayals of 211; La Harpe’s portrayal of, 118; on origins Montesquieu in, 76À8, 79À80, 81;as of the Enlightenment, 49 storehouse of knowledge for the Foucault, Michel, 2; on authorship, 126, 153, 162; future, 183; the trope of the monument on the end of man, 231; on genealogical in, 183; use of term “revolution” in, 30 history, 9À10, 104; on historical praxis, English Revolution, 14, 30 8À10; on perspective in criticism, 22;on Enlightenment, significance of term, 1À2, 13 structured representations of knowledge, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation (Gay), 4 34; on traditional teleological narrative, epistemological change, 30À3 8À9, 104 epistemological knowledge, see knowledge Fragonard, Jean Honore´, 143, 188 epistolary novels, 26, 89À90, 107 Franco-Prussian War, 151, 174 Ermenonville gardens, 185 Frankenstein (Shelley), 198 l’esprit, see portraits of mind Frayssinous, Denis-Luc, 128, 226 “Esprit de la Re´volution” (La Harpe), 113À14 French identity, see creation of modern French L’Esprit des lois (Montesquieu), 84À9; identity Encyclope´die’s references to, 79À80, 81; French Revolution, 14, 97À9; association with historical narrative writing of, 38; on the the Enlightenment of, 29, power of the monarch, 188; Villemain’s 102À3, 105, 140À2, 154, 168, 210; critique of, 133À5 bicentennial celebration of, 10À12, 174; Esquisse d’un tableau historique des progre`sde centennial celebrations of, 151, 174; l’esprit (Condorcet), 25À7, 49À50 Chartier’s causal reversal of, 11À12; Essai sur l’origine des connaissances humaines citizenship, 122; conservative histories of, (Condillac), 25, 34, 49 111À12; contemporary readings of, 171À2, Essai sur la socie´te´ des gens de lettres et des 176À7; Furet’s political semiotics of, 11, 117; grands (d’Alembert), 41À8, 52À4, 213 impact on nineteenth-century literary Essai sur les´ ele´ments de philosophie (d’Alembert), histories of, 112À18, 130, 131À3, 140, 155, 24À41; on historical narrative, 35À40; 158, 219, 226; influence of Rousseau on, impact of Cartesianism on, 36À8, 211; 105À10; the Jacobin Terror, 97À9, 109, 111, intellectual history of, 39À48; portrait 117, 170; La Harpe’s study of, 109À21, 122; of mind in, 24À7, 42, 43, 52;on Marxist interpretations of, 10, 11, 104; revolutionary change, 29À33; murder of Condorcet during, 49À50; as socio-cultural history, 40À8; official commemorations of, 10À12, 103, tableau format of, 33À5, 39 126, 151, 174; pantheonization of heroes of, Essai sur les mœurs (Voltaire), 42À3 102À3, 154, 167, 168; political re-theorizing Essais (Montaigne), 93 of revolutionaries, 104; reconfigurations of Et in Arcadia ego (Poussin), 181 time in, 101À2, 122; Thermidor and its eulogies, 77, 79À80, 75À8 challenges, 97À9, 117, 142, 170; The European Mind, 1680À1715 (Hazard), 4 transformation of language by, 11, 113À18, 197 Fabre, Victorin, 131 Fre´ron, Elie-Catherine, 16 Faguet, Emile, 157 Freud, Sigmund, 148, 176 Fanaticism in Revolutionary Language Furet, François:political semiotics of, 11, 117;on (La Harpe), 113 the politics of memory, 123, 167;on Febvre, Lucien, 6 traditional teleological narrative, 104 La Femme au XVIIIe sie`cle (Goncourt and Furetie`re, Antoine, 57, 59 Goncourt), 143 Feńelon, François, 173 Galerie des portraits du XVIIIe sie`cle Ferney estate of Voltaire, 166 (Houssaye), 143 Ferry, Jules, 136, 160, 173 Gandy, Joseph M., 192 fiction, see literature and literary history Gautherin, Jean, 150 field theory of Bourdieu, 57À8 Gay, Peter, 4, 44À6 Finkeilkraut, Alain, 12 gender contexts of history, 45 Flaubert, Gustave, 168, 170 genealogical narrative, 9À10, 104, 105

Index 253

Le Geńie du christianisme (Chateaubriand), 154, eulogies, 75À8, 79À80; exploration of 195, 227 causality in, 84À90; the ideal collectivity of “Gens de lettres” (Voltaire), 24, 58 humanity in, 21À2; impact of politicized “Great French Writers” series language on, 113À18; interest in peasant life (pub. Hachette), 173 in, 229; l’esprit geńe´ral of, 94À5, 218; gens de lettres, see constructing the philosophe; meaning and value of ruins in, 182À4, homme de lettres 185À8, 229; memoirs and letters, 38; geometrical paradigms of knowledge, 31, 35À6 Montesquieu’s impact on, see Ge´ricault, Jean-Louis, 141 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis Secondat de; German historiography, 44 narrative of inevitable progress, 42À3, Geruzez, Euge`ne-Nicolas, 157, 173 49À52, 184, 199; narrative of modern Gibbon, Edward, 166, 184 knowledge, see knowledge; rationality of Ginguene´, Pierre-Louis, 105 history in, 86À90, 217; responses to Girardin, marquis de, 185 Bossuet in, 85À6; responses to Hobbes in, Goethe, Johan Wolfgang von, 153 85À6; on retrospective history, 40; role of Goncourt, Edmond and Jules de, 143, 171 factuality in, 87; shift away from idealism Goodman, Dena, 43, 45 in, 50À2, 59; on transformative change, Goulemot, Jean Marie, 12, 63, 178 88À92, 218; use of narrative style in, 92; Graffigny, Françoisede, 187 Voltaire’s historical method, 37, 155À7; Gray, John, 208 writings on Rome in, 84À6, 91, 217.See Gre´goire, Abbe´ Henri, 115 also historiography of the Enlightenment Grotius, Hugh, 85À6 historical praxis, 8À10 Guerre aux de´molisseurs (Hugo), 186 historiographical operation, 104 Guillebaud, Jean-Claude, 205 historiography of the Enlightenment, 12À15, Guizot, François, 124, 127, 129, 143 24À48; advent narratives, 4À5, 16, 38, 50; Anglo-American versions, 13À15, 208; Habermas, Ju¨rgen, 17 commemorations of the dead, see Hall, Stuart, 157 commemorative activities; contextually Hartog, François, 2, 203À5 determined narratives, see contextually Hazard, Paul, 4 determined views of the Enlightenment; Hegel, Georg, 43, 46 disciplinary debates on, 99À101; identity Heidegger, Martin, 212 narratives, see creation of modern French Heine, Heinrich, 125 identity; La Harpe’s rejection of the Helve´tius, Claude-Adrien: La Harpe’s critique philosophes, see La Harpe, Jean-François of, 111; response to Montesquieu by, 81; de; literary criticism in, see literature and sensationalism of, 34, 51 literary history; in new history narratives, “La Henriade” (Voltaire), 164 see new history; political nature of, see Herculaneum, 182À3 politicized nature of historical discourse; in Histoire d’un voyage faict en la Terre de the post-Enlightenment age, 199À205; Bre´sil (Le´ry), 62 readings of Montesquieu in, 81À4, 93À6, Histoire de France (Lavisse), 6 217, 218; resistance to the Enlightenment Histoire de France contemporaine (Lavisse), 6 in, see resistance to the Enlightenment; Histoire de la litte´rature anglaise (Taine), 138 role of the French Revolution in, see Histoire de la litte´rature française (Lanson), 158 French Revolution; role of memory in, see “Histoire moderne d’Angleterre” (Jaucourt), 30 memory; sacred history, 37, 85À6, 168; Histoire naturelle (Buffon), 24, 42 teleological narrative, 8À9, 104; temporal Historia critica philosophiae (Brucker), 82, 83 nature of, see temporal perspectives of historical narrative during the Enlightenment: Enlightenment historiography; written creation of the homme de lettres, 41À8, during the Enlightenment, see historical 52À3, 162À3, 213; critical reflection, doubt, narrative during the Enlightenment. See and skepticism in, 24, 36À8, 86À90, 211; also sociocultural history d’Alembert’s intellectual history, 35À40, Hobbes, Thomas, 86 39À48; Diderot on the nature of change, Hobsbawm, Eric, 126 30À3; Diderot’s self-constructing Holbach, Paul-Henri d’, 33, 81 linkage of past with future, 78À82; Holland House Library, 179À82

254 Index

Hollier, Denis, 160 Kant, Immanuel, 5; on collective identity of Holocaust readings on rationality of evil, 17 humanity, 21À2; on criticism and reason, homme de lettres, 41À8; autonomy and agency 20À1, 24, 43, 51; description of the of, 54, 162À3; social context of, 52À4, 213. Enlightenment by, 19À22; on public and See also constructing the philosophe private spheres of reason, 20À1; utopian L’Homme machine (La Mettrie), 24, 25, 60 experiments of, 68 honneˆte homme, 65À7 knowledge, 25À6, 33À5, 60À3; autonomy of, 54; Horkheimer, Max, 17, 34, 82, 201 Cartesian idealism, 50À2; d’Alembert’s Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 166 portrait of mind, 24À7, 42, 43, 52; Diderot Houssaye, Arse`ne, 143 on scientific knowledge, 30À3, 210; Hugo, Victor, 169, 186, 195 Encyclope´die’s goal of revolutionized human rights discourse, 73À84 knowledge, 32; epistemological ways of Hume, David, 151 knowing, 3À4, 30À3; geometrical Hunt, Lynn, 114, 117 paradigms of, 31, 35À6; materialism, 51, 59; Husserl, Edmund, 201À2, 231 sensationalism, 3, 51, 59, 117; situated knowledge, 41À3, 48, 211; structured idealism, see Cartesianism tableaux of d’Alembert, 33À5, 39; textual identity, see creation of modern French identity mediation of, 43 ideology, 211 Kraft und Stoff (Bu¨chner), 151À2 Imaginary View of the Grand Gallery of the Kristeva, Julia, 82, 95, 218 Louvre in Ruins (Robert), 189À92 Kritik, 20À1 imagined communities, 125, 222 Kuhn, Thomas, 25 L’Ingeńu (Voltaire), 39 Institut de France, 129À31 La Bruye`re, Jean de, 139 intellectual history, 4À5; Certeau’s historical La Fontaine, Jean de, 139, 159À60 objects, 7À8; contemporary readings of La Harpe, Jean-François de, 16, 109À21, 122; the French Revolution, 171À2; critiques association with the Lyceé of, 110À11, 113; of Cassirer’s idealized version, 44À6; critique of Diderot by, 118, 157; critiques of disciplinary blind spot of, 45; origins in the philosophes by, 117À19, 132, 133, 221; d’Alembert’s work of, 39À48; textual defense of the Catholic Church by, 113; mediation of knowledge in, 43. efforts to move beyond the Revolution of, See also knowledge 111À14; impact of Voltaire’s esthetic intellectuals, see constructing the philosophe positions on, 112À13, 157; impact on literary interpretations of the Enlightenment, see historians of, 130, 138; on importance of contextually determined views of the esthetic judgment, 112À13; on political and Enlightenment and temporal perspectives historical nature of literature, 112À18, 132, of Enlightenment historiography 219; on the power of words, language, and eloquence, 113À14, 115À18, 119À21; on the ‘J’accuse’ (Zola), 74, 178 role of divine causality, 118, 119À20 Jacques le fataliste (Diderot), 153 La Ligue de la Patrie française, 177 Janin, Jules-Gabriel, 130, 137 La Mettrie, Julien Offroy, 24, 25, 60 Jaucourt, Louis de: definition of “revolution” La Rochefoucauld, François de, 65À7, 139 of, 30; “Herculanum” essay of, 182À3;on Lafayette, Marie-Madeleine de, 61 the philosophe, 58; sensationalism of, 34; Lamartine, Alphonse de, 195 on sociability, 54 Lamennais, Hugues-Fe´licite´ Robert de, 154 Jay, Antoine, 131 Lancret, Nicolas, 143, 171 Jenkins, Keith, 18 Lanson, Gustave, 130, 157, 158À60, 161, 173 Jesuit dictionary, 59 Latour, Bruno, 26, 209 Joan of Arc, 174 Lavisse, Ernest, 6 Journal de Tre´voux, 16 Le Goff, Jacques, 6 Journal des de´bats, 137 Le Pe`re de famille (Diderot), 153 journalistic criticism, 136À46 Lefort, Claude, 116, 117 Julie, ou la nouvelle He´loı¨se (Rousseau), Lemercier, Ne´pomuce`ne, 138 106À7 Le´ry, Jean de, 62 Juliette (Sade), 34 “Lettres” (Voltaire), 58

Index 255

Les Lieux de me´moire project (ed. Nora), Louis XVIII, king of France, 128 174À7, 228, 229 Louis-Napoleón, emperor of France, 139, letter-writing, 38 173, 224 Lettre a` d’Alembert (Rousseau), 107 Louis-Philippe, king of France, 139, 141, 157 Lettre sur la liberte´ de la presse (Diderot), 215 Louvre museum: Apollo Belvedere statue, Lettre sur les aveugles (Diderot), 25, 153 191À2; Enlightenment era reorganization Lettre sur les sourds et muets (Diderot), 25, 153 of, 192À5; Imaginary View of the Grand Lettres d’une Pe´ruvienne (Graffigny), 69 Gallery of the Louvre in Ruins (Robert), Lettres persanes (Montesquieu), 63, 68, 189À92 89À90, 201 Lowenthal, David, 28 Lettres philosophiques (Voltaire), 164 Lyceé, ou Cours de litte´rature ancienne et moderne Leviathan (Hobbes), 85À6 (La Harpe), 111À14, 157; “Esprit de la Le´vy-Bruhl, Lucien, 6 Re´volution” appendix, 113À14.See also La Lilla, Mark, 14 Harpe, Jean-François de linguistic projections of meaning, 13, 115À18; Lyceé, 110À11, 113 role of eloquence in language, 119À21; Lyotard, Jean-François: on broken promise of semiotic politics, 117; transformations progress, 204; on Enlightenment as of language by the Revolution, 11, modern narrative, 18; on intellectuals, 72 113À18, 197 literacy, 57 MacCannell, Juliet, 148 literature and literary history, 51, 57, 127; Madame Bovary (Flaubert), 168 anti-philosophy of the nineteenth Maistre, Joseph de, 111À12, 133 century, 170À1; Barthes on tautology of, Maleuvre, Didier, 194À5 112; exteriority of the ideological in, 146À7; Mallet du Pan, Jacques, 111 Ferry’s educational reforms of, 160; Malraux, Andre´, 167, 228 Hollier’s post-literacy age, 160; Institut de Manin, Bernard, 107 France’s tableau competitions, 129À31;La “Marie Antoinette” (Sainte-Beuve), 139 Harpe’s critique of Enlightenment writers, “The Marseillaise,” 123 117À19, 132, 133, 221; La Harpe’s Marxist views: of the Enlightenment, 10, 55, 214; emphasis on eloquence, 119À21;La of human agency, 11; of the Revolution, 104 Harpe’s portrayal of the French materialism, 51; of Diderot, 60, 134, 154; shift Revolution, 109À21; Lanson’s separation from idealism to, 51 of literature from history, 158, 161;as Me´ditations me´taphysiques (Descartes), 25 pedagogical object, 155À7; politicized Me´moires d’outre-tombe (Chateaubriand), 195 role of, 112À18, 130, 131À3, 140, 155, 158, memoirs, 26, 38 219, 226; the power of words, 115À18; memory: crisis of, in new history, 203À5; Proust’s esthetic modernism, 137; disruption by French Revolution of, 197; Rousseau’s impact on the Revolution, in nineteenth-century literary history, 156; 105À10; Sainte-Beuve’s journalistic Nora’s Lieux de me´moire project, 174À7, criticism, 136À46, 170; self-reflectivity in 204À5; in production of cultural epistolary novels, 107; travel writing, 62, identity, 123, 124À7; Sainte-Beuve’s 187, 195À9; use of Enlightenment past to project of, 139 reconstruct the present, 129À31; utopian mentalite´, 6À7, 148 literature, 62; Villemain’s reformist La Mentalite´ primitive (Le´vy-Bruhl), 6 portrayal of the Enlightenment, 127À36, Les Mise´rables (Hugo), 169 132À6, 135À6; Villemain’s Tableau, 129 Mercier, J. S., 115 Littre´, Emile, 157 Mercier, Louis-Se´bastien: on Locke, John, 37, 51 “demi-litte´rateurs,” 64; imaginary Louis XIV, king of France, 57; absolute power time travel of, 69, 187À8, 189 of, 95; court culture of, 61, 165; Me´re´, Antoine Gombaud, 65À7 Enlightenment response to, 132; Mercier’s Michelet, Jules, 103, 124, 146, 154 imaginary encounter with, 187; Microme´gas (Voltaire), 39 pacification goals of, 53; role in creation of modern French identity, see creation of French identity of, 131, 132 modern French identity Louis XV, king of France, 164, 167, 178 Modernity and the Holocaust (Bauman), 17

256 Index

modernity narratives, 4À5, 16, 18; Jenkins on Nietzsche, Friedrich, 164 failed experiment of, 18; Kant on collective “Nietzsche, Genealogy, History” identity in, 21À2; Latour’s claim against, 26, (Foucault), 8À10 209; seventeenth-century struggles over, 26 nineteenth-century France, see creation of Molie`re, 139, 174 modern French identity Le Mondain (Voltaire), 66 Nisard, De´sire´, 130, 138, 157 Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, 93, 139 Nodier, Charles, 146 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis Secondat de, 24, Nora, Pierre, 6, 174À7, 204À5, 228 118; contemporary readings of, 81À4, 93À6, La Nouvelle He´loı¨se (Rousseau), 4, 217, 218; critique of the absolutist 68, 106À7 monarchy by, 94, 201; discursive style of, La Nouvelle Histoire (Le Goff), 6, 200 92; eclecticism of, 82; Encyclope´die novels, 26 references to, 79À80, 81; Enlightenment readings of, 78À82; eulogies for, 75À8, “On the Principles of Political Morality that 79À80; exploration of causality by, 84À90, Must Guide the Convention” 217; historical narrative writing of, 38; (Robespierre), 109 historicization of, 79À80;on“l’esprit oppositional discourses of the Enlightenment, geńe´ral,” 94À5, 218; membership in see resistance to the Enlightenment Sainte-Beuve’s literary pantheon of, 139; origins of the Enlightenment, see advent on moderation of the aristocracy, 75;on narratives the rationality of history, 86À90, 217; on rationality of socio-political culture, 3; painting of the Enlightenment, 143, 188À91 response to Bossuet of, 85À6; response to Palissot, Charles, 16 Hobbes of, 85À6; response to skepticism Panini, Giovanni Paolo, 188, 189 and factuality of, 87À8; on revolution and Pantheón, 103, 167, 168, 228 transformative change, 30, 88À92, 218;on paradigm shift, 25 Rome, 84À6, 91, 217; travel writing of, 63, Pascal, Blaise, 93, 139 187; utopian experiments of, 68; Pastoret, Marquise de, 103 Villemain’s portrayal of, 133À5;on “Patrie” (Furetie`re), 59 withstanding time, 91 patronage system, 64 Monville, François Racine de, 185 Penseés (Pascal), 93 Morelly, 68, 153 Penseés philosophiques (Diderot), 153 Moriarty, Michael, 66 Penseés sur l’interpre´tation de la nature Mornet, Daniel, 106 (Diderot), 30À3, 183, 210 Moulin, Jean, 228 Penser la Re´volution (Furet), 11 Musset, Alfred de, 170 “le petit Lavisse” (Lavisse), 6 Phenomenology (Hegel), 44 Nancy, Jean-Luc, 28 “Le Philosophe” (Dumarsais), 58À61, 64À6, Napoleon: art plundering of, 192; educational 71À2; affirmation of rationalism in, 60; reforms of, 128À9, 134; political use of the Dieckmann’s historical reading of, 67; Enlightenment by, 131; on Rousseau, 109 utopian and universalist ideals of, 67À71. narratives about the Enlightenment, see historical See also constructing the philosophe narrative during the Enlightenment; philosophers, see constructing the philosophe historiography of the Enlightenment “Philosophie de l’histoire” (Voltaire), 42À3 national narratives, 12, 207 “Philosophique” (Jaucourt), 58 Natoire, Charles-Joseph, 189 philosophy of history, 42 Le Neveu de Rameau (Diderot), 71À2, 152, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment (Cassirer), 153, 216 4, 43À8 new history, 6À7; Barthes’s narratological Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, 188, 189 analysis, 7; Certeau’s historical objects, Pius VI, Pope, 192 7À8; cultural memory crisis in, 203À5; “Plan de deux discours sur l’histoire universelle” Foucault’s genealogical history, 9À10, 104; (Turgot), 184 Furet’s political semiotics, 11; Revolution “Plan d’un ouvrage sur la geógraphie politique” debates in, 10À12; role of mentalite´ in, (Turgot), 184 6À7, 148 plays, 26

Index 257

political theory, 14; Furet’s political semiotics, 11; pyrrhonisme, 37, 87À8 impact of Montesquieu on, see “Le Pyrrhonisme de l’histoire” Montesquieu, Charles-Louis Secondat de (Voltaire), 37, 211 politicized nature of historical discourse, 101, 131À3, 219; in creation of modern Quesnay, Franc¸ois, 118 French identity, 112À18, 130, 131À3, 140, Qu’est-ce que la litte´rature? (Sartre), 69 155, 158, 168À71, 219, 226; language Quinet, Edgar, 124 and semiotics in, 113À18; re-theorizing work of French revolutionaries, 104 Racine, Jean, 62, 159À60, 164 Politique tire´e de l’Ecriture Sainte (Bossuet), The Raft of the Medusa (Ge´ricault), 141 85À6 Rameau, Jean-Philippe, 30 Pompadour, Madame de (Antoinette reading: as allegory for the temporal matrix of Poisson), 164 Enlightenment ruins, 179; Pompeii, 182À3, 188 contextualization of, 79; of history, Portraits intimes du XVIIIe sie`cle (Goncourt contemporary, 83 and Goncourt), 143 Realms of Memory (ed. Nora), 174À7, portraits of mind: Cassirer’s restatement of 204À5, 228 d’Alembert, 43; critical activity, 24; reason: Kant’s definitions of, 20À1; public d’Alembert’s l’esprit, 24À7, 42, 52; and private spheres of, 20À1. new forms of subjectivity, 26. See also knowledge See also knowledge reception history, 83 positivism, 151À2 Recueil d’antiquite´se´gyptiennes,´ etrusques, post-Enlightenment thought, 199À205; grecques et romaines (Caylus), 229 Arie`s’s religion of progress, 199; Aron’s Reflections on the Revolution in France critique of historical reality, 201; (Burke), 101À2 Benjamin’s suspicion of linear historicity, “Re´flexions sur l’histoire” (d’Alembert), 40 203; crisis of cultural memory, 203À5; Re´futation d’Helve´tius (Diderot), 51 Husserl’s warning about scientific reason, “re´gimes d’historicite´,” 4 201À2, 231; impact of structuralism on, La Religieuse (Diderot), 73 200À1.See also crisis of French Le Reˆve de d’Alembert (Diderot), 32À3, 60 historiography Re`gles pour la direction de l’esprit (Descartes), 37 The Postmodern Condition (Lyotard), 18 religion: Enlightenment campaigns against, 73; postmodernist critiques of Enlightenment, La Harpe’s defense of, 113; La Harpe’s 16À18, 18À23, 208; Foucault’s cautions view of divine causality, 118, 119À20; on perspective of, 22; Jenkins’s view of replacement by sociability of, 61; sacred modernity as failed experiment, 18 paradigms for history, 37, 85À6, 168. Poussin, Nicolas, 181 See also Catholic Church power, 54 Remarques pour servir de supple´ment a` l’Essai praxis/practice of history, 8À10 sur les mœurs (Voltaire), 88 Prendergast, Christopher, 124 Renaissance history, 136 press, 136À46 republicanism, 123À5.See also creation of La Princesse de Cle`ves (Lafayette), 61 modern French identity production of French national identity, see resistance to the Enlightenment, 26; creation of modern French identity contemporary resistance to the Project for the American and French philosophes, 16À18; in identity creation, Research on the Treasury of the see creation of modern French identity in French Language (ARTFL), 58 La Harpe’s critiques of the philosophes, Project for the Disposition of the Grand 117À19, 132, 133, 221; in post-Enlightenment Galerie of the Louvre (Robert), 192À5 thought, 199À205; in postmodernist Project for Universal Peace (Kant), 68 critiques of the Enlightenment, 16À18, Proust, Jacques, 226 18À23, 208 Proust, Marcel, 137 retreat, 61À2 public intellectuals, 72À4, 78. Revel, Jacques, 200 See also constructing the philosophe Reˆveries d’un promeneur solitaire (Rousseau), publishing industry, 64 4, 63, 107

258 Index

revolutionary change, 29À33; geometrical political of, 137À9, 140, 142À3; impact on definition of, 30; scientific revolution, literary history of, 130; literary pantheon of, 30À3; as term representing momentous 139À40; political contexts of, 139, 140; change, 29 portrayal of Balzac by, 141; portrayal of revolutions, see American Revolution; French Diderot by, 145À6, 153, 154, 157; portrayal Revolution of Rousseau by, 144À5, 224; portrayal of Revue historique, 125 Voltaire by, 170; Proust’s critique of, 137; Richelet, Pierre, 57 on statue of Diderot, 150; valorization of Richelieu, Cardinal, 55 salon sociability of, 142À3; view of the Ricœur, Paul, 101 Enlightenment of, 140À2 Rivarol, Antoine, 154 Saint-Evremond, Charles de, 65À7 Robert, Hubert, 186À7, 188À95; Imaginary View salon culture, 56À7, 62; Diderot in, 146, 153, of the Grand Gallery of the Louvre in Ruins, 186À7; resuscitation by the Goncourts of, 189À92; Project for the Disposition of the 171; Sainte-Beuve’s view of, 142À3 Grand Galerie of the Louvre, 192À5 Salons (Diderot), 153, 186À7 Robespierre, Maximilien-François, 170; attempt Salverte, Euse`be, 130, 153 to justify the Terror, 109; fall and execution Sartre, Jean-Paul, 69, 178 of, 97, 142; on Rousseau, 108À10 scientific knowledge, 30À3, 210 Roederer, Pierre-Louis, 109 Scude´ry, Madame Madeleine de, 62 Roland, Jean-Marie, 110 Second Empire, 139, 141, 157, 173, 224 Roman history, 84À6, 91 Second Republic, 139, 141 Romantic historiography, 124, 125, 195. Secondat, Charles de, see Montesquieu, See also creation of modern French identity Charles-Louis Secondat de Rosenfeld, Sophia, 14 Senancour, Etienne de, 195 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 4, 24, 82; burial at sensationalism, 3, 51, 59, 117 Ermenonville of, 185; centennial seventeenth-century France: cultural production celebrations of, 169; on “civilized” theatre, during, 55À60; literacy during, 57; 107; commemorative activities for, 151, 169; moralism and honneˆtete´ in, 65À7; retreat exploration of experience by, 4; imagined tradition of, 61À2; salon culture during, 62; readers of, 68; influence on the Revolution struggles over modernity during, 26 of, 105À10, 108À10; interest in ruins of, Se´vigne´, Marie de, 159À60 184, 229; La Harpe’s critique of, 111, 118; Shelley, Mary, 198 membership in Sainte-Beuve’s literary Le Sie`cle de Louis XIV (Voltaire), 24 pantheon of, 139; on Montesquieu’s death situated knowledge, 15À16, 41À3, 48, 211 and funeral, 76; moral works of, 106À7; Soane, John, 192 Mornet’s reading of, 106; Napoleón’s view Soboul, Albert, 11 of, 109; nineteenth-century rehabilitation “Sociabilite´” (Jaucourt), 54 of, 127, 133, 144À5; political texts of, 106; sociability, 16, 56À7, 61, 142À3, 143À4. Revolutionary pantheonization of, 102À3, See also salon culture 168; Robespierre’s view on, 108À10; on the La Socie´te´ feódale (Bloch), 6 role of the writer, 52; Sainte-Beuve’s Socie´te´ positiviste, 150, 151 portrayal of, 144À5, 224; self-representation sociocultural history, 5; in Cassirer’s The of, 63, 107, 108; Villemain’s portrayal of, 133 Philosophy of the Enlightenment, 43À8; “Rousseau juge de Jean-Jacques” (Rousseau), cultural studies, 100; of Enlightenment 108 resistance, 16À18; gender contexts in, 45; Les Ruines (Volney), 184, 195À9 ideological analysis of, 55, 214; paradigm of ruins, see constructing the ruin sociability in, 16, 56À7, 61, 142À3, 143À4; The Ruins of Palmyra (Wood), 198 readings of the French Revolution in, 171À2, 197; of the republic of letters, 53; sacred history, 37, 85À6, 168 role of cultural memory in, 123, 124À7, 139, Sade, Donatien de, 34, 69 156, 174À7; role of literature in, 51; role of Said, Edward, 215 situated knowledge in, 41À3, 48;as Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin, 127, 136À46; written by d’Alembert, 40À8. biographical method of, 137À9; Causeries See also contextually determined views du lundi column, 137; freedom from the of the Enlightenment

Index 259

Soufflot, Jacques, 102, 167 commemorative practices of, 103, 151, speeches, eulogies, 75À8, 79À80; political 174À8; identity production by, see oratory of the Revolution, 132 creation of modern French identity; “The Spirit and Style of M. Villemain” legitimizing role of commemorative events (Baudelaire), 135À6 in, 151; political cultivation of memory by, Stae¨l, Anne-Louis Germaine de, 130, 133 174À7 Starobinski, Jean, 91À2, 93 “To the Memory of Jean-Jacques Rousseau” Stendhal, 154 (Robespierre), 108À10 structuralism, 7 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 53, 84, 108 structures of knowledge: geometrical Todorov, Tzvetan, 82 paradigms of knowledge, 31, 35À6; Tourneux, Maurice, 157 tableaux of d’Alembert, 33À5, 39. Traite´ de dynamique (d’Alembert), 34 See also knowledge Traite´ des sensations (Condillac), 34 Supple´ment au voyage de Bougainville Traite´ sur la tole´rance (Voltaire), 164 (Diderot), 69, 153 travel writing, 62, 187, 195À9 “Sur la destruction des Je´suites” (d’Alembert), 40 tribunals of reason, 20À1 Swenson, James, 107 Les Trois Sie`cles de litte´rature française, 152 Syste`me de la nature (Holbach), 33 Turgot, Anne-Robert Jacques, 49, 118, 184 200th anniversary of the French Revolution, Tableau de la litte´rature du XVIIIe sie`cle 10À12, 174 (Villemain), 129, 135À6; moral chronology of, 133; preface on political ultras, 128À9, 134 use of the Enlightenment of, 131; writers Universal Exhibition of 1878, 174 included in, 133À5 Universite´ impe´riale, 128À9, 132 Tableau de Paris (Mercier), 64 utopian literature, 62, 67À72; imagined Tableau historique des progre`s de l’esprit communities, 125, 222; in Mercier’s (Condorcet), 42 imaginary time travel, 69, 187À8, 189;in Tableau historique et critique de la poe´sie Volney’s portrayal of the Levant, 197 française et du theáˆtre français au XVIe sie`cle (Sainte-Beuve), 136 Vale´ry, Paul, 178 “Tableau philosophique des progre`s successifs de Versailles’s imaginary ruins, 187À8 l’esprit humain” (Turgot), 49 Vie de Voltaire (Condorcet), 168 tableaux of d’Alembert, 33À5, 39 Villemain, Abel-François, 127À36, 157; Taine, Hippolyte, 138, 142 Baudelaire’s critique of, 135À6; critiques of teleological narrative, 8À9, 104 skepticism by, 133; impact on literary Temple of Modern Philosophy, 185 history of, 130; institutional context of, temporal perspectives of Enlightenment 128À6, 135À6; as Minister of Education, historiography: advent narratives, 4À5, 16, 135À6; as Minister of Public Instruction, 38, 50; belatedness of Diderot, 152À5; 129; moral chronology of, 133; opposition Cartesian sense of becoming, 37; creation to the church of, 135; on political use of the of collective memories, 123, 124À7, 139, 156; Enlightenment, 131À3; reformist discourse d’Alembert’s views on, 35À40; future of the Enlightenment of, 132À5, 135À6; anterior view, 2, 205; linkage between valorizing of eloquence by, 135; writers present and past, 42À3, 43À4, 46, 55, considered by, 133À5 78À151, 149À51; revolutionary Vinet, Alexandre, 157 reconfigurations of time, 101À2, 122, 197; Volney, Constantin François Chasseboeuf de, role of the present in, 5; ruins as 184, 195À9 storehouses of knowledge for the future, Voltaire, 4, 24, 163À6; Barthes’s characterization 179, 183, 187À8, 189, 230 of, 69; burial sites of, 167; campaign against Terdiman, Richard, 143, 203 religious intolerance by, 73, 164; centennial “La Terre et les morts” (Barre`s), 177 celebration of, 169, 174; commemorative Thermidor’s challenges and significance, activities for, 151, 169, 173À4; 97À9, 117, 142, 170 correspondence of, 166; on creature Thierry, Augustin, 124 comforts, 66, 215; critical responses to, 16; Third Republic, 6, 157, 169, 224; critique of sacred history of, 37, 168;

260 Index

on Dumarsais’s “Le Philosophe,” 214; utopian experiments of, 68; view of history Ecrasez l’infaˆme slogan of, 164; iconic of, 3, 37, 42À3, 88, 211; Villemain’s afterlife of, 162, 166À71; imagined dialogue portrayal of, 133 with Frederick of Prussia of, 68; impact on Voyage autour du monde (Bougainville), 62 La Harpe of, 112À13; inclusion in Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte (Volney), 195 educational curricula of, 173; La Harpe’s Les Vrais principes de l’Eglise gallicane critique of, 118; as model for the modern (Frayssinous), 129 intellectual, 178; narrative of inevitable Vyverberg, Henry, 92 progress of, 49; on new critical activity, 24; nineteenth-century literary histories of, Watteau, Jean-Antoine, 143, 171 170À1; on the philosophe, 58; portrayal of Weber, Eugen, 156 the canaille, 64; publication and White, Hayden, 124 dissemination of works of, 166À7, 172; Why History? (Jenkins), 18 publication of Dumarsais’s “Philosophe” Wood, Robert, 198 by, 58À61; response to Montesquieu by, 81; Wright, Johnson, 47 revolutionary pantheonization of, 102À3, writers, see authors 167, 168; Sainte-Beuve’s portrayal of, 139, 170; tales of “l’esprit philosophique” by, 39; Zola, Emile, 74, 178