Blancs Et L'apartheid

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Blancs Et L'apartheid CHRONIQUES Ian Bernhardt Les Sud-Alrlcains blancs et l'apartheid epuis que le président F. W. De Klerk a engagé l'Afrique du Sud sur une voie nouvelle, en février 1990, il devient de plus en plus à la mode, pour les Sud-Africains blancs, de s'opposer à l'apartheid. Même la monolithique Eglise réformée hol­ landaise, qui jusqu'alors, pour légitimer cette politique, appelait la théologie à la rescousse, a Un reconnu publiquement, dans la deuxième adversaire de l'apartheid semaine de novembre, qu'elle constituait un péché, la dénonçant comme un mal, contraire à la volonté du Tout-Puissant. C'est l'occasion, me semble-t-il, de rappeler que, durant presque quarante ans, la grande majorité des Blancs d'Afrique du Sud, ainsi que ceux qui, dans les communautés métisse, africaine et indienne ont accepté de coopérer avec eux, a tiré un profit important de ce système inique. Je revendique l'honneur d'avoir été, tout au long de ma vie, un adversaire de l'apartheid, et je crois que ce que j'ai vécu porte témoignage de cette terrible période. Bien que je sois né en 1930 à Windhoek, l'actuelle capitale de la Namibie, et que ma famille ait déménagé à Johannesburg en 1937, ce n'est qu'à l'âge de quinze ans que je fis la découvertedes Noirs. Même lorsque j'évoque sous ma plume des images de la Windhoek de mon enfance, tous les gens dont je me souviens sont des Blancs. Puis notre famille alla s'installer à Johannesburg, et, de toutes mes années de premier cycle, je ne revois que très peu de visages noirs, à l'exception de ceux d'une série de nounous et de jardiniers. Tous les autres sont des Blancs, sauf l'Indien, 204 REVUE DES DEUX MONDES FEVRIER 1991 LETIRE D'AFRIQUE DU SUD auquel on donnait le nom de Sammy, qui livrait des fruits et des légumes avec un vieux camion à la peinture verte qui s'écaillait. En 1944, un prêtre anglais aux yeux perçants, long comme une baguette de fusil - le père Trevor Huddleston - vint dans notre école parler à un public en grande partie indifférent de la mission de Sophiatown dirigée par son ordre, la communauté de la Résurrection. Sur plus de 200 jeunes privilégiés fréquentant la Highlands North High School - entièrement réservée aux Blancs -, nous fûmes deux à répon­ Une visitequi change dre à une invitation à aller visiter la mission. Je ne lavie me rappelle pas qui arpenta avec moi les chaus­ sées grouillantes de monde de Sophiatown, où se bousculaient, en ce jour d'été brûlant, des peaux brunes, jaunes et noires ; mais ce trajet changea ma vie pour toujours. Depuis ce moment, ma mémoire est enrichie des rires et des larmes, des blasphèmes et des ivresses, des fureurs et des amitiés que je rencontrai sur cette route. La première leçon que j'appris de mes nouveaux amis fut que les hommes et les femmes noirs n'étaient pas de simples "gars", ou des "filles" - termes dont usaient communément mes parents, leur famille et leurs amis, quand ils s'adressaient à eux. Les quatre années suivantes, j'enseignai l'anglais, en cours du soir, à des hommes dont chacun avait l'âge d'être mon grand-père. J'entrai à Hashomer Hatsaïr, un mouvement de jeunesse sioniste qui militait en faveur d'un Etat binational - juif et arabe - de part et d'autre du Jourdain. Je devins délégué de la coordination lycéenne pour les services de la communauté auprès du Conseil de la jeunesse progressiste, où je subis l'influence d'Ishmail Meer. C'était un dirigeant du Mouvement du congrès indien, qui, plus tard, devenu avocat, fut obligé de s'installer dans un secteur rural du Natal, la politique répressive du 205 CHRONIQUES gouvernement lui interdisant d'exercer sa profession dans les villes. C'est là que je fis aussi la rencontre de Ruth First, l'une des femmes les plus intelligentes qu'il m'ait été donné de connaître, assez intimidante, mais pleine d'indulgence pour mes naïvetés, à cause de mon allant. Elle épousa par la suite joe Slovo, qui dirige aujourd'hui le parti communiste d'Afrique du Sud, et connut une mort cruelle et absurde en ouvrant un colis piégé que lui avaient envoyé les services secrets de l'Etat sud-africain. Je quittai l'école en 1946 et fis l'expérience d'un peu moins de deux ans de vie universitaire avant Dès 1948, que le parti national n'arrive au pouvoir en 1948, l'effrayant système de et qu'il ne se mette, avec une accablante l'apartheid promptitude, à construire l'effrayant système de l'apartheid. Pendant ma dernière année de lycée, je participai aux activités du Club international, situé dans la cité de Johannesburg, et fréquenté par des gens de couleur. Nous avions alors un membre du conseil municipal de Johannesburg qui était communiste. Il y avait en ville de merveilleuses librairies radicales où l'on pouvait se procurer la Partisan Review, Masses and Main Stream, de la propagande politique en provenance d'Union soviétique, les romans d'Henry Miller, et même des exemplaires de Men Only, avec. ses discrètes photos de nus, en noir et blanc. On allait, bientôt, nous interdire tout cela, sous peine d'amendes, et parfois d'emprisonnement. De ce jour jusqu'à une date toute récente, un système répressif de censure nous a empêchés de voir la plupart des chefs-d'œuvre du cinéma moderne, de lire une grande partie de la littéra­ ture contemporaine, l'essentiel de ce qui s'est écrit à gauche ; aujourd'hui encore, Playboy et Penthouse sont confisqués dans les valises de ceux qui viennent visiter ce pays. La destruction du système d'éducation en faveur des Noirs d'Afrique du Sud - système qui 206 LETIRE D'AFRIQUE DU SUD promettait beaucoup - fut l'un des éléments les plus anciens, les plus stupides, les plus durables de la déplorable législation mise en place par le La prétendue parti national - et probablement aussi celui qui se infériorité des révéla le plus nuisible. J'eus la chance de suivre Noirs, les cours de l'université de Witwatersrand avant intellectuellement que l'on n'interdise - pour des décennies - aux étudiants noirs de s'y inscrire. A Witwatersrand, je pus personnellement prendre la mesure du mythe de la prétendue infériorité des capacités cérébrales des Noirs. Un jeune homme venant de Sophiatown, en particulier, se montrait infiniment meilleur que je ne l'étais en sciences économiques. Je rencontrai là beaucoup de Noirs qui sont devenus des amis pour la vie. Quand je repense aux jours que j'ai passés à l'université, j'ai du mal à réaliser que 1947 et 1948 étaient les années de l'immédiate après-guerre. A plus de 9 000 kilomètres du théâtre du conflit, je me liai aux jeunes Sud-Africains, hommes et femmes, qui revenaient de se battre, sur les champs de bataille d'Europe, débordant d'idéalisme, et développant des visions d'un nouvel ordre mondial très différentes des idées des jeunes Afrikaners conservateurs qui soutenaient le parti national. D'ailleurs, les nationalistes étaient opposés à l'entrée en guerre de l'Afrique du Sud aux côtés des Alliés, et nombre de leurs leaders sabotèrent activement l'effort de guerre à l'intérieur du pays. Beaucoup furent réquisitionnés pour leurs actes de trahison. Exercer une activité politique, à cette époque, était beaucoup plus rude que cela ne l'est aujourd'hui. Je me souviens parfaitement d'une campagne électorale à Vrededorp, une banlieue des environs de Johannesburg, au cours de laquelle nos adversaires politiques nous atta­ quèrent en nous lançant des briques et des morceaux de rochers. Nous avions trop peur pour leur rendre la pareille, et nous passions plutôt notre temps à tenter d'esquiver les pierres. 207 CHRONIQUES Le dimanche soir, se tenaient des réunions politiques sur les marches de l'hôtel de ville, où se retrouvaient des gens de gauche et des gens de droite pour écouter des orateurs, à peu près comme cela se fait au coin de Hyde Park, à Londres. Invariablement, ces rassemblements finissaient par des affrontements violents et par l'intervention de la police. Un facteur qui venait compliquer les choses, pour ceux d'entre nous qui étaient juifs, était Israël et l'antisémitisme de beaucoup de ceux qui l'apartheid, en proie àla soutenaient le nouveau gouvernement. L'Etat réprobation d'Israël était né à peu près au même moment que le gouvernement de l'apartheid. Nombre de mes amis, un peu plus âgés que moi, allèrent combattre en Israël. On ne voulut pas de moi, parce que je n'avais aucun entraînement. Personne alors n'aurait voulu croire que, quel­ ques années plus tard, les dirigeants d'Israël traiteraient leur population arabe aussi mal que l'ont été les Noirs en Afrique du Sud, et que les deux régimes, en proie à la réprobation de la plupart des pays du monde civilisé, se tourne­ raient l'un vers l'autre pour S'épauler. Peu après avoir quitté l'université sans avoir obtenu de diplôme, je commençai à travailler pour un éditeur de revues spécialisées, me lançai avec passion dans le théâtre d'amateur et fis partie du comité de rédaction de la publication radicale Fighting Talk, à la demande de Ruth First. Je devins secrétaire du Cercle d'échanges de Bellevue, qui, tous les vendredis soir, réunissait 100 jeunes Blancs environ, entre dix-huit et vingt­ cinq ans. Certains d'entre eux étaient étudiants à l'université, d'autres venaient d'avoir leurs diplômes, d'autres enfin commençaient à gagner leur vie.
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