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Increasing Winter Bikeability in Toronto Through Improved Bicycle Network Design

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Increasing Winter Bikeability in Toronto Through Improved Bicycle Network Design Increasing Winter Bikeability in Toronto Through Improved Bicycle Network Design By Erika Bullock A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Landscape Architecture in Landscape Architecture Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Erika Bullock, April, 2017 ABSTRACT INCREASING WINTER BIKEABILITY IN TORONTO THROUGH IMPROVED BICYCLE NETWORK DESIGN Erika Bullock Advisor: University of Guelph, 2017 Cecelia Paine Cycling, a sustainable mode of transportation, is often discredited as a four-season option as it is perceived as being dependent on weather conditions. This research presents the concept of winter cycling and its impact on, and how it is impacted by, bicycle network design. Winter bikeability criteria were synthesized from the literature and applied to four case study cities known for their bikeability and year-round maintenance of cycling infrastructure, including Montréal (Canada), Minneapolis (USA), Copenhagen (Denmark), and Oulu (Finland). Through analysis of the applied criteria, a set of best practices from each city was created based on safety, ease of use, and improved bikeability. The best practices were supported by current literature and active transportation guidelines. The best practices were then applied to Toronto (Canada) as design recommendations to improve the City’s bicycle network design. The results provide direction for planning of bicycle networks in cities with winter climates. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge and thank everyone who supported and encouraged me throughout this thesis writing process. To my advisor, Cecelia Paine, thank you for all the encouragement and enthusiasm you’ve shown for this project. I really appreciate all of the guidance and suggestions you have provided since the beginning of this process – thank you. I would also like to express my gratitude to my committee members, Sean Kelly and Karen Landman. Thank you for your support and insightful feedback through this process. I would like to give a big thank you to everyone who was kind enough to meet and tour with me around Minneapolis, Copenhagen, Oulu, and Montréal. Your input was invaluable and helped me to better understand winter cycling in your cities. This thesis would not have been possible without the generous funding and travel grants I received. First, thank you again to my advisor Cecelia Paine for providing me with a graduate research assistant position which helped make this research possible. I also could not have travelled to Minneapolis, Montréal, Copenhagen and Oulu without a Registrar’s Research Grant from the University of Guelph, and a Landscape Architecture Canada Foundation Grant. I will be forever grateful for this support. Finally, I would like to thank all of my family and friends who have heard nothing but winter cycling for the past eight months. I am really grateful for all of your love and support. Don’t worry guys, it’s almost summer! iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1 – Introduction................................................................................................................ 1 Goal and Objectives .................................................................................................................... 3 Research Questions ..................................................................................................................... 3 Relevance to Landscape Architecture ......................................................................................... 3 Thesis Outline ............................................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 2 - Contextual Background .............................................................................................. 6 Advent of the Bicycle .................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction of the Automobile ................................................................................................... 7 Cycling for Health and the Environment .................................................................................... 9 Renaissance of the Bicycle ........................................................................................................ 12 History of Cycling in Toronto ................................................................................................... 14 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 16 Chapter 3 – Research Design ...................................................................................................... 17 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 17 Literature Review ...................................................................................................................... 19 Case Studies .............................................................................................................................. 19 Site Selection ............................................................................................................................. 21 Chapter 4 – Literature Review .................................................................................................... 25 Bikeability ................................................................................................................................. 25 Winter Cycling .......................................................................................................................... 34 Winter Bikability Criteria .......................................................................................................... 41 Bicycle Facilities ................................................................................................................... 42 Bicycle Infrastructure ............................................................................................................ 42 Traffic Calming & Safety ...................................................................................................... 43 Street Connectivity & Bicycle Route Density ....................................................................... 44 Bicycle Route Separation ...................................................................................................... 44 Route Safety .......................................................................................................................... 45 Maintenance........................................................................................................................... 46 iv Attractiveness & Degree of Difficulty of Route .................................................................... 46 Chapter 5 – Case Studies ............................................................................................................. 48 Case Study 1: Montréal, Canada ............................................................................................... 48 Overview ............................................................................................................................... 48 Winter Bikeability Criteria .................................................................................................... 51 Best Practices & Further Actions .......................................................................................... 56 Case Study 2: Minneapolis, USA .............................................................................................. 61 Overview ............................................................................................................................... 61 Winter Bikeability Criteria .................................................................................................... 64 Best Practices & Further Actions .......................................................................................... 69 Case Study 3: Copenhagen, Denmark ....................................................................................... 72 Overview ............................................................................................................................... 72 Winter Bikeability Criteria .................................................................................................... 74 Best Practices & Further Actions .......................................................................................... 82 Case Study 4: Oulu, Finland ..................................................................................................... 83 Overview ............................................................................................................................... 83 Winter Bikeability Criteria .................................................................................................... 85 Best Practices & Further Actions .........................................................................................
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