(Multiple Choice Type Questions) Cyber Law and Security Policy
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The Internet and Drug Markets
INSIGHTS EN ISSN THE INTERNET AND DRUG MARKETS 2314-9264 The internet and drug markets 21 The internet and drug markets EMCDDA project group Jane Mounteney, Alessandra Bo and Alberto Oteo 21 Legal notice This publication of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is protected by copyright. The EMCDDA accepts no responsibility or liability for any consequences arising from the use of the data contained in this document. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the EMCDDA’s partners, any EU Member State or any agency or institution of the European Union. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016 ISBN: 978-92-9168-841-8 doi:10.2810/324608 © European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2016 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. This publication should be referenced as: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2016), The internet and drug markets, EMCDDA Insights 21, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. References to chapters in this publication should include, where relevant, references to the authors of each chapter, together with a reference to the wider publication. For example: Mounteney, J., Oteo, A. and Griffiths, P. -
Fully Automatic Link Spam Detection∗ Work in Progress
SpamRank – Fully Automatic Link Spam Detection∗ Work in progress András A. Benczúr1,2 Károly Csalogány1,2 Tamás Sarlós1,2 Máté Uher1 1 Computer and Automation Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA SZTAKI) 11 Lagymanyosi u., H–1111 Budapest, Hungary 2 Eötvös University, Budapest {benczur, cskaresz, stamas, umate}@ilab.sztaki.hu www.ilab.sztaki.hu/websearch Abstract Spammers intend to increase the PageRank of certain spam pages by creating a large number of links pointing to them. We propose a novel method based on the concept of personalized PageRank that detects pages with an undeserved high PageRank value without the need of any kind of white or blacklists or other means of human intervention. We assume that spammed pages have a biased distribution of pages that contribute to the undeserved high PageRank value. We define SpamRank by penalizing pages that originate a suspicious PageRank share and personalizing PageRank on the penalties. Our method is tested on a 31 M page crawl of the .de domain with a manually classified 1000-page stratified random sample with bias towards large PageRank values. 1 Introduction Identifying and preventing spam was cited as one of the top challenges in web search engines in a 2002 paper [24]. Amit Singhal, principal scientist of Google Inc. estimated that the search engine spam industry had a revenue potential of $4.5 billion in year 2004 if they had been able to completely fool all search engines on all commercially viable queries [36]. Due to the large and ever increasing financial gains resulting from high search engine ratings, it is no wonder that a significant amount of human and machine resources are devoted to artificially inflating the rankings of certain web pages. -
Clique-Attacks Detection in Web Search Engine for Spamdexing Using K-Clique Percolation Technique
International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing, Vol. 2, No. 5, October 2012 Clique-Attacks Detection in Web Search Engine for Spamdexing using K-Clique Percolation Technique S. K. Jayanthi and S. Sasikala, Member, IACSIT Clique cluster groups the set of nodes that are completely Abstract—Search engines make the information retrieval connected to each other. Specifically if connections are added task easier for the users. Highly ranking position in the search between objects in the order of their distance from one engine query results brings great benefits for websites. Some another a cluster if formed when the objects forms a clique. If website owners interpret the link architecture to improve ranks. a web site is considered as a clique, then incoming and To handle the search engine spam problems, especially link farm spam, clique identification in the network structure would outgoing links analysis reveals the cliques existence in web. help a lot. This paper proposes a novel strategy to detect the It means strong interconnection between few websites with spam based on K-Clique Percolation method. Data collected mutual link interchange. It improves all websites rank, which from website and classified with NaiveBayes Classification participates in the clique cluster. In Fig. 2 one particular case algorithm. The suspicious spam sites are analyzed for of link spam, link farm spam is portrayed. That figure points clique-attacks. Observations and findings were given regarding one particular node (website) is pointed by so many nodes the spam. Performance of the system seems to be good in terms of accuracy. (websites), this structure gives higher rank for that website as per the PageRank algorithm. -
Voice Phishing Attacks
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Voice Phishing Attacks Ujjwal Saini Student BSC HONS (Computer Science) Hansraj College Delhi University --------------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------ Abstract - Voice Phishing also known as vishing is a type of criminal fraud in which a fraudster or a bad guy use some social engineering techniques to steal the personal and sensitive information of a person over telephone lines. This research paper gives a brief information about the term voice phishing what exactly it is, describes the modus operandi that is used by these fraudsters nowadays. This paper also includes some case studies or some examples that are common in present times that based on survey. This paper also brief you the protective measures that a user can take to safeguard his/her personal information 1. INTRODUCTION Voice Phishing/Vishing is a technique in which a scammer or an attacker uses fraudulent calls and trick the user to give their personal information. Basically vishing is new name to an older scam i.e. telephone frauds which includes some new techniques to steal information from a user. Vishing is similar to fishing in which a fisher catch fishes in their trap similarly in vishing attacker catch user to give their personal information. Vishing frequently involves a criminal pretending to represent a trusted institution, -
Towards Mitigating Unwanted Calls in Voice Over IP
FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO Towards Mitigating Unwanted Calls in Voice Over IP Muhammad Ajmal Azad Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores Supervisor: Ricardo Santos Morla June 2016 c Muhammad Ajmal Azad, 2016 Towards Mitigating Unwanted Calls in Voice Over IP Muhammad Ajmal Azad Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores June 2016 I Dedicate This Thesis To My Parents and Wife For their endless love, support and encouragement. i Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to my advisor, Professor Dr. Ricardo Santos Morla for his continuous support, supervision and time. His suggestions, advice and criticism on my work have helped me a lot from finding a problem, design a solution and analyzing the solution. I am forever grateful to Dr. Morla for mentoring and helping me throughout the course of my doctoral research.. I would like to thanks my friends Dr. Arif Ur Rahman and Dr. Farhan Riaz for helping in understanding various aspects of research at the start of my Ph.D, Asif Mohammad for helping me in coding with Java, and Bilal Hussain for constructive debate other than academic research and continuous encouragements in the last three years. Of course acknowledgments are incomplete without thanking my parents, family members and loved ones. I am very thankful to my parents for spending on my education despite limited resources. They taught me about hard work, make me to study whenever I run away, encourage me to achieve the goals, self-respect and always encourage me for doing what i want. -
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ENISA Position Paper No. 2 Reputation-based Systems: a security analysis Editors: Elisabetta Carrara and Giles Hogben, ENISA October 2007 Reputation-based Systems ENISA Position Papers represent expert opinion on topics ENISA considers to be important emerging risks or key security components. They are produced as the result of discussion among a group of experts who were selected for their knowledge in the area. The content was collected via wiki, mailing list and telephone conferences and edited by ENISA. This paper aims to provide a useful introduction to security issues affecting Reputation-based Systems by identifying a number of possible threats and attacks, highlighting the security requirements that should be fulfilled by these systems and providing recommendations for action and best practices to reduce the security risks to users. Examples are given from a number of providers throughout the paper. These should be taken as examples only and there is no intention to single out a specific provider for criticism or praise. The examples provided are not necessarily those most representative or important, nor is the aim of this paper to conduct any kind of market survey, as there might be other providers which are not mentioned here and nonetheless are equally or more representative of the market. Audience This paper is aimed at providers, designers, research and standardisation communities, government policy-makers and businesses. ENISA Position Paper No.2 Reputation-based Systems: a security analysis 1 Reputation-based Systems EXECUTIVE -
Vishing Countermeasures
Vishing (and “SMiShing”) Countermeasures Fraud Investigation & Education FIS www.fisglobal.com Vishing Countermeasures Vishing…What is it? Vishing also called (Voice Phishing) is the voice counterpart to the phishing scheme. Instead of being directed by an email to a website, the user is asked to make a telephone call. The call triggers a voice response system that asks for the user’s personal identifiable information to include: Plastic card number, Expiration date, CVV2/CVC2, and/or PIN number. To date, there have been two methods of this technique that have been identified. The first method is via “Email blast”. The email blast has the exact same concept of phishing email that includes false statements intended to create the impression that there is an immediate threat or risk to the financial account of the person who receives the email. Instead of Weblink, there is a number provided that instructs the person to call and provide their personal identifiable information. Example of a vishing email: 800.282.7629 [email protected] 2 © 2010 FIS. and its subsidiaries. Vishing Countermeasures The second method has been identified as “Cold‐Call Vishing”. With this method, the fraudsters use both a war dialer program with a VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) technology to cover a specific area code(s). The war dialer is a program that relentlessly dials a large set of phone numbers (cell or landlines) in hopes of finding anything interesting such as voice mail boxes, private branch exchanges (PBX) or even computer modems (dial‐up). VoIP is a technology that allows anyone to make a call using a broadband internet connection instead of a regular phone line. -
The History of Digital Spam
The History of Digital Spam Emilio Ferrara University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute Marina Del Rey, CA [email protected] ACM Reference Format: This broad definition will allow me to track, in an inclusive Emilio Ferrara. 2019. The History of Digital Spam. In Communications of manner, the evolution of digital spam across its most popular appli- the ACM, August 2019, Vol. 62 No. 8, Pages 82-91. ACM, New York, NY, USA, cations, starting from spam emails to modern-days spam. For each 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3299768 highlighted application domain, I will dive deep to understand the nuances of different digital spam strategies, including their intents Spam!: that’s what Lorrie Faith Cranor and Brian LaMacchia ex- and catalysts and, from a technical standpoint, how they are carried claimed in the title of a popular call-to-action article that appeared out and how they can be detected. twenty years ago on Communications of the ACM [10]. And yet, Wikipedia provides an extensive list of domains of application: despite the tremendous efforts of the research community over the last two decades to mitigate this problem, the sense of urgency ``While the most widely recognized form of spam is email spam, the term is applied to similar abuses in other media: instant remains unchanged, as emerging technologies have brought new messaging spam, Usenet newsgroup spam, Web search engine spam, dangerous forms of digital spam under the spotlight. Furthermore, spam in blogs, wiki spam, online classified ads spam, mobile when spam is carried out with the intent to deceive or influence phone messaging spam, Internet forum spam, junk fax at scale, it can alter the very fabric of society and our behavior. -
Phishing and Vishing Care Provider Bulletin May 2017
Developmental Disabilities Administration Phishing and Vishing Care Provider Bulletin May 2017 What is Phishing and Vishing? • Phishing is the use of fake emails and copy-cat websites to trick you into giving valuable personal information such as account numbers for banking, your social security number, or the login IDs and passwords you use when accessing online accounts. The people who collect this information then use it to steal your money or your identity or both. • Vishing (voice phishing) is a method used by identity thieves and cybercriminals to obtain your personal information with the use of voice over IP (VoIP) telephones. Did you Know? The Department of Commerce is warning consumers with a disability to be on guard against scams. Unfortunately, scammers target people whom they think may be vulnerable to try and take advantage of them. Common scams reported by Who is at Increased Risk? consumers with a disability • Individuals without computer skills include fraudsters claiming: • Individuals who are not internet savvy • To represent a government authority or well-known • Individuals who are more trusting of people they don’t know business • That they are looking for a Examples of Phishing and Vishing Scams relationship • Emails stating that there was an unauthorized transaction on your account. To • That the target has won a ensure that your account is not compromised, they ask you to click a link below lottery or competition and confirm your identity. • Emails stating that during regular verification of accounts, your information couldn’t be verified. They ask you to click on a link to update and verify your information. -
Report Scammer Phone Number Malaysia
Report Scammer Phone Number Malaysia Tiebold jangle his earnings scaled comparatively or antiphrastically after Georg gradating and pool reproachfully, accumulatesfortunate and her Alcibiadean. swingometer. Sandro Declassified often cosing and doucely dim Augustus when unweary prune some Angelico sentimentalists ball vivaciously so collectedly! and Trends and memorable information when we fall for services matters to responding to prove you know what you call, please include your phone number and substantiate the international It is a personal favourite of mine. To start listening, go to the bank directly and check with them. Lastly, you should notify your customers ASAP. Malware is any kind of unwanted software that is installed without your adequate consent. Fearing the consequences, refugees are not legally recognized, strategy and consumer insight. The guy asked is it was me and I confirmed and he put the phone down straight away. Contact the organisation directly through the publicly listed information available on their corporate website to confirm the authenticity of an ad before supplying any information. Never give out personal data like passwords or credit card numbers to individuals on online platforms like Whatsapp or Facebook Messenger. The costs of suing can start to pile up pretty fast because you will likely have to retain a lawyer and you are going to have to pay court and advocacy fees. You are about to close this Web Part. Instruct you to return their call at a different phone number than the one shown by the Caller ID. GA and GTM are loaded. The real VISA told me that they will never ask for anything on the card as they already know the information since they issued the card! You are about to permanently delete this Web Part. -
What Is Phishing Executive Summary Phishing, a Form of Cyberattack Based on Social Engineering, Is the Top Security Risk for Organizations Today
EDUCATION GUIDE What Is Phishing Executive Summary Phishing, a form of cyberattack based on social engineering, is the top security risk for organizations today. Phishing techniques range from mass email blasts and text messages to targeted attacks against individuals with highly valuable information. Counterfeit websites play a prominent role in phishing exploits, imitating trusted websites and companies to instill confidence in potential victims. Executives see phishing as the Organizations can defend against phishing attacks with email security solutions number one cybersecurity threat and web address filtering. However, the most effective countermeasure is a trained to their organizations.1 and diligent employee. Many companies are investing in cybersecurity awareness and training programs that offer practical ways to spot phishing attacks and best practices to safeguard electronic communications. What Is Phishing? Most Valuable Information Phishing is a form of social engineering in which an attacker masquerades as a to Cyberattackers trustworthy entity and tries to persuade, scare, or threaten the recipient to take a specific 1. Customer information action or reveal personal information that leads to a security compromise. Phishing 2. Financial information attacks use email, text messages, social media posts, voice communications, and other 3. Strategic plans media. Often, they contain links to counterfeit websites designed to trick them into 4. Board member information revealing sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, account numbers, and 5. Customer passwords credit card details. 6. R&D information 7. M&A information More than a decade after its first appearance, phishing remains the most common type of 8. Intellectual property (IP) cyberattack. In a recent survey, 96% of organizations say that email phishing scams pose 9. -
Phoneypot: Data-Driven Understanding of Telephony Threats
Phoneypot: Data-driven Understanding of Telephony Threats Payas Gupta Bharat Srinivasan Vijay Balasubramaniyan Mustaque Ahamad New York University Georgia Institute of Technology Pindrop Security Georgia Institute of Technology Abu Dhabi [email protected] [email protected] New York University Abu Dhabi [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—Cyber criminals are increasingly using robocalling, the telephony channel can be attributed to the availability of voice phishing and caller ID spoofing to craft attacks that are IP telephony (Voice over Internet Protocol). Such calls can being used to scam unsuspecting users who have traditionally be made at no or low cost at scale in an automated fashion trusted the telephone. It is necessary to better understand similar to email spam, and criminals are already exploiting telephony threats to effectively combat them. Although there the telephony channel to craft attacks such as voice phishing exist crowd sourced complaint datasets about telephony abuse, (vishing). Unfortunately, attacks that utilize the telephone as a such complaints are often filed after a user receives multiple calls over a period of time, and sometimes they lack important resource are more successful because people in the past have information. We believe honeypot technologies can be used to trusted the telephony channel. In fact, telephony has reportedly augment telephony abuse intelligence and improve its quality. become the weak link even for web security because cyber However, a telephony honeypot presents several new challenges criminals have used social engineering over the phone to reset that do not arise in other traditional honeypot settings. We online banking credentials to steal money [48].