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"That Class of Person Who Cannot Afford a Pew": Analysis of the Human Remains from the Spring Street Presbyterian Church Burial Vaults Thomas A

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Northeast Historical Archaeology Volume 39 Article 5 2010 "That Class of Person Who Cannot Afford a Pew": Analysis of the Human Remains from the Spring Street Presbyterian Church Burial Vaults Thomas A. Crist Follow this and additional works at: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Crist, Thomas A. (2010) ""That Class of Person Who Cannot Afford a Pew": Analysis of the Human Remains from the Spring Street Presbyterian Church Burial Vaults," Northeast Historical Archaeology: Vol. 39 39, Article 5. https://doi.org/10.22191/neha/vol39/iss1/5 Available at: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha/vol39/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). It has been accepted for inclusion in Northeast Historical Archaeology by an authorized editor of The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). For more information, please contact [email protected]. Northeast Historical Archaeology/Vol. 39, 2010 65 “That Class of Person Who Cannot Afford a Pew”: Analysis of the Human Remains from the Spring Street Presbyterian Church Burial Vaults Thomas A. Crist The analysis of the skeletal remains of 85 people interred between ca. 1820 and 1846 in the vaults of the abolitionist Spring Street Presbyterian Church provides unique insights regarding the biological history of antebellum New York City unavailable from other sources. Even though the sample size is small, the remains reflect the prevalence of infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, nutritional deficiencies, premature deaths, and high infant mortality that characterized the rapidly industrializing city. Among the most remark- able discoveries were a rare case of abdominal cancer; a mother and her full-term fetus in utero buried together; two autopsied children; and a dental bridge made of gold that may have been buried with Nicholas Ware, United States Senator from Georgia, whose coffin plate from 1824 was unexpectedly found in one of the vaults. Although none of the individuals could be conclusively identified as being of African descent, skeletal evidence of possible admixture underscores the particularly active role of the church in the abolitionist movement of the 1830s. L’analyse des squelettes de 85 individus enterrés dans des caveaux de la Spring Street Presbyterian Church entre c. 1820 et 1846 fournit un aperçu unique et inédit de l’histoire biologique humaine de New York avant la guerre de Sécession. Malgré ce petit échantillon, les restes analysés reflètent la prédominance de maladies infectieuses, de carences nutritionnelles, de décès prématurés et de taux de mortalité infantile élevé, ce qui caractérise la ville en cette période d’industrialisation rapide. Les découvertes les plus remarquables comprennent un cas rare de cancer de l’abdomen, une mère et son fœtus à terme in utero, deux enfants autop- siés, et une prothèse dentaire en or qui aurait pu être enterrée avec Nicolas Ware, un sénateur américain de Géorgie dont la plaque de cercueil datée de 1824 a été découverte de manière fortuite dans l’une des voûtes. Bien qu’aucun des individus ne soit d’origine africaine confirmée, les analyses des squelettes proposent un possible mélange, ce qui souligne le rôle particulièrement actif de l’église dans le mouvement abolitionniste des années 1830. Introduction and Historical Context of Spring and Varick Streets in Lower Manhattan. The first church building was built In a letter that he wrote to his sister in 1828, Reverend Henry G. Ludlow described at the site in 1811. Incomplete church records the 330 members of New York City’s Spring indicate that interments in the vaults were Street Presbyterian Church as “…most of made by 1820; the earliest legible coffin plates whom belong to that class of person who recovered from the vaults date to 1823 in Vault cannot afford to purchase or hire a pew in our 3 and 1820 in Vault 4. Use of the vaults con- city churches” (quoted in Meade 2008: II–3). tinued through at least 1835 despite the Reverend Ludlow would know from personal Manhattan Common Council’s prohibition on experience; this abolitionist minister served as burials in the city south of 14th Street after their pastor from 1828 to 1837, a momentous 1832 due to unsanitary conditions from ceme- time for the small church as well as for the city tery overcrowding (Meade 2008: III–1). Proof rapidly emerging around it. of these later interments comes from other Excavations associated with construction coffin plates: Vault 3 included two plates with of a 46-story condominium hotel in late 2006 dates of death from 1841, two from 1842, and and early 2007 revealed four partially dis- one each from 1845 and 1846. Of the 22 legible turbed brick vaults used by the Spring Street plates found in Vault 4, 17 were dated between Church congregants to inter the remains of 1820 and 1829; four between 1830 and 1835; their families and friends. Contiguous with and one from 1843. Consequently, the broadest each other and oriented along a north-south date range for the interments in the four vaults axis, these vaults (numbered 1 to 4 from south is 1811–1846, with most of the individuals to north) were located at the southeast corner buried between ca. 1820 and 1835. 66 Crist/Human Remains from the Spring Street Presbyterian Church Burial Vaults Northeast Historical Archaeology/Vol. 39, 2010 67 This was a period of intense socio-economic American Anti-Slavery Society, held in the city archaeological excavations of the vaults with Burial Ground or Revolutionary War-period transition in both New York City and the in May 1834, heated debates fueled by racist the results of historical research and the skeletal anal- prisoner interments. Excavations in City Hall nation. The rise of the urban-based industrial newspaper editors over the increasing political ysis to create a unique portrayal of the people who Park itself between 1999 and 2001 revealed manufacturing economy brought waves of and economic roles of African Americans comprised the congregation during New York City’s additional human remains including intact young people and immigrants to the large East sparked a series of physical confrontations pivotal antebellum years. burials most likely from the almshouse burial Coast cities; immigration alone accounted for throughout Manhattan. These culminated in ground (Anderson 2000; Hartgen Archaeological an increase of between 20,000 and 30,000 July in the city’s largest race riot (Harris 2003: Significance of the Human Remains Associates, Inc. 2003; London 2004). people annually during the 1820s and this 197). Between July 9th and 12th, rioters from the Spring Street Church Historical skeletal remains have been figure increased to over 200,000 per year by destroyed the home of abolitionist Arthur found in other Manhattan locations, both in the late 1840s (Margo 1996: 606). New York Tappan, homes and businesses owned by Notwithstanding the city’s long and varied former burial grounds and under less typical City was particularly attractive to young men African Americans in the Five Points district history, relatively few bioarchaeological proj- circumstances. For example, the remains of and women from the rural counties of the (the notorious slum located in central Lower ects have been conducted in the five boroughs two full-term neonates and a fetus were dis- mid-Atlantic region due to its expanding Manhattan), and the homes and churches of of New York, particularly in Manhattan. In covered in privy shaft deposits from the 1840s economy and the social opportunities offered several abolitionist ministers. Among the their broad review of New York City archae- associated with a tenement at 12 Orange Street by the vast anonymity of its urban landscape. targets were the Spring Street Presbyterian ology, Cantwell and Wall (2001) noted that the (now Baxter Street) in New York City’s former Dramatic shifts in demography followed: in Church and its pastor Henry G. Ludlow, excavation of over 400 individuals from the Five Points district (Crist 2005). During con- 1800, New York City’s population was about who was rumored to have officiated mixed- African Burial Ground (ca. 1640–1795) in 1991 struction activities in 2008, the remains of at 60,000 and, by 1850, it had reached 600,000 race marriages. was the only major bioarchaeology project least four intact burials and other previously people, of which more than half was foreign On July 11, 1834, a gang of rioters conducted in the city. These graves were dis- disturbed remains were uncovered in born (Gorn 1987: 393). Cheap labor became destroyed the interior of the church and nearly covered during excavations for a new federal Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village, plentiful, leading to wide swings in demolished the building itself (Meade 2008: office building located along Broadway the site of a former potter’s field dating unemployment and inflation throughout II–4). A contemporaneous account printed by between Duane and Reade Streets and they between 1797 and 1825 (Chan 2008). In 2010, the 1840s and 1850s. Niles’ Weekly Register (1834: 357–360) described generated intense public interest and consider- 21 intact burials, 14 previously disturbed New York’s antebellum working-class how the 27th Regiment of the National Guard able scientific controversy (African Burial graves, and numerous headstones were culture included withdrawal from conserva- was dispatched to the scene to quell the Ground 2012; Blakey and Rankin-Hill 2004a; recorded during archaeological monitoring of tive, organized religion, freedom from its assault, which they did after overcoming two LaRoche and Blakey 1997). Apart from the excavations associated with repairs to the social limitations, and greater social differenti- lines of barricades erected by the rioters using analysis of the remains of 36 people who died brick wall at Old St.
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