DOCSLIB.ORG

William Mitchell Ramsay Source: the Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
William Mitchell Ramsay Source: the Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol Pisidian Wolf-Priests, Phrygian Goat-Priests, and the Old-Ionian Tribes Author(s): William Mitchell Ramsay Source: The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 40, Part 2 (1920), pp. 197-202 Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/625126 Accessed: 13-03-2015 17:39 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Hellenic Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Fri, 13 Mar 2015 17:39:45 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions PISIDIAN WOLF-PRIESTS, PHRYGIAN GOAT-PRIESTS, AND THE OLD-IONIAN TRIBES. ON a Pisidian tombstone the name Gagdabos Edagdabos occurs. In publishing this in the Revne des Universitis daz Midi, 1895, p. 360, 1 quoted Radet's tempting conjecture, that it is a case of filiation expressed by prefix. Religion however furnishes a more probable explanation. A priest named Gagdabos adds his title Edagdabos. Gagdabos is a reduplicated form such as is extremely common in Anatolian nomenclature: e.g. on a sarcophagus found in the north Isaurian hills not very far from Lystra the two names Gaa and Goggoa both occur and are evidently names in the same family, one a reduplication of the other; Kretschmer has noted (like all Anatolian students) the habit of using reduplicated names. Gagdabos therefore, implies a simpler name Gdabos or Gdawos: this word was grecised as &do9,and latinized as Davus, a common name of slaves from Anatolia. Ado9 is explained by Hesychius as meaning wolf; and the Phrygo-Pisidian god Manes was Daos, the Wolf (see J.R.S. 1918 p. 145). It was common to call slaves by the name of some god or king of their native land. Now in Anatolian and old Greek religion the priest bears the name and garb and character of his god. In a fertile sea-plain at Pergamnosthe order of priests called Boukoloi implies a religious cult for breeding and tending the ox and the cow, agricultural or pastoral (differing from the religion of the dry central plateau, where the goat and sheep can be more profitably bred). The head of this order was the Archiboukolos, and the original priest was Dionysos himself. On this analogy, and on Galloi- Archigallos, we look for a chief of the Wolf priests. Radet loc. cit. quotes the group Logbasis, Idalogbasis, where Idalogbasis is described as an eponymous ancestor of the tribe Logbaseis of Termessos (see Lanck. II. p. 28), with the obvious meaning 'the chief of the tribe' (taken as a religious group). The hypothesis is inevitable that there was in Pisidia an order of priests called Wolves. Then it is evident that, just as there was an Archiboukolos and an Archigallos, so there must have been a chief Wolf, Eda-gdabos, implying that archi- in Greek corresponded to the Anatolian Ida or Ido or Ede. 197 This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Fri, 13 Mar 2015 17:39:45 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 198 WILLIAM MITCHELL RAMSAY Mt. Ida was the chief or supreme mountain (cp. Sultan-Dagh in Paroreios).1 Idaguges was the chief Guges, probably some hieratic title in Lydia. Idomeneus, like Ida, has the first syllable long ; but this is evidently due to poetic convenience (like Oa0dvarovin hexameters): the element meno or mene is common in names in the Anatolian priestly families (see J.H.S. 1918, p. 169). The Lycian city Idebessos may be another example.2 The term Archigallos was used by the Romans in the borrowed Phrygian cult of Cybele (from Pessinous), and Strabo mentions (like other authorities) that the Phrygian priests were called Galloi; but no epigraphical proof has been found that this name was used in northern Phrygia. In southern Phrygia towards Pisidia the name Archigallos is found on both sides of Sultan-Dagh, near Antioch and among the Orondeis. The name Gallos is probably old Anatolian, and it may possibly be the same as the personal name Glous found in the list of priests at Korykos. The Lycaonian and Isaurian name Lir or Lour (in the reduplicated form Lilous)3 may be connected. That Gallos and Gdabos should become personal names is in accordance with custom. For the moment I can only state the opinion based on Strabo, that the Ionian tribe in old Attica, Aigikoreis, are goat-priests, who appear on ceremonial occasions as goat-men and are under the presidency of the chief goat-priest, viz. Attis himself, the god who teaches to mankind the religion of the goddess. The second half of the name Koreis, Anatolian Kaweis, exempli- fies perhaps one of the many ways in which the Greeks attempted to represent the Anatolian sound W, for which they had no symbol, and which they were evidently unable to pronounce correctly. There came into play, of course, the general popular tendency to give some sort of suggestion of a meaning to a word belonging to an unknown language; but the use of IKaetv in the sense of priestess at Sardis, lol5q (also Kol',: Hes.) as priest of the Kabeiroi, and the employment of the word by Hipponax all show that a word which had some form approximating to Kawa or Kowo was widely spread on the west coast and islands of Anatolia.4 The same hieratic term can be traced in a more purely Asiatic form in Phrygia. The priests of Kybele at Pessinous are called in inscriptions Attabokaoi. This word falls into two elements which generally have been wrongly specified. The first is not Atta (as has been stated)' but Attabo, I There are two objections to the inter- an etymology accordingly. 3 pretation of Mount Ida as the 'chief' or Perhaps Lir may be a broken-down re- ' king' mountain. (1) The first syllable is long duplication. The G at the beginning would invariably, but Greek poetic usage does not be a Greek attempt to represent the Anatolian furnish sufficient proof of the original Anato- W. The town of Lyrbe is perhaps connected. lian form and sound. (2) The statement is On Lir-Lour see Miss Ramsay's note in quoted from E. M. that Ida means a wooded J.H.S., 1904, p. 285. mountain or saltus, but the authority is in- * See Buckler and Robinson in A.J.A. xvii. sufficient. It is more likely to be a mere 1913, p. 362 ff. Fournier, Rev. d'Et. Anc. scholastic inference from such phrases as in 1914, p. 438, suggests Old Persian kavyAh. 3 vallibus Idae (as Fraser suggests). Bokaoi was compared with Boukoloi. On 2 In J.R.S. 1917, p. 264 note, I erroneously these priests see I. G.I. R. iii. 230, 235. quoted the name as Idubessos, and suggested This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Fri, 13 Mar 2015 17:39:45 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions PISIDIAN WOLF-PRIESTS 199 and the second is Kawoi. Attabo is one way of rendering in Greek at a particular locality and time the Phrygian word mentioned elsewhere as Attego or Attago which meant goat. Ultimately the word was Attawo, and it is obviously closely related to the name of the god Attes: in fact Attes is the goat-god, i.e.- the god of a people whose occupation was largely connected with the domestication of the goat. Here again we have the goat-priests. Many lines of inquiry suggest themselves, from which I refrain here. It should, however, be pointed out that the central regions of Anatolia are mainly pastoral, and that agriculture plays little part, except in the occasional cultivation of gardens surrounded by walls; these were in fact sometimes called by the Persian name Paradeisos, walled enclosure, but generally by the Anatolian name Kapo. The suggestion that B and R and L and W interchange in this way will strike horror into the mind of the philologist; but it must be remembered that this is not a case of the development of one single language. It is a case of the adoption in alien countries and languages of words from a strange tongue containing a number of sounds which were unknown to, and unpro- nounceable by, and unrepresented in the alphabet of, any of the Greek tribes and races. At different times and in different localities the same Anatolian sound was reproduced in different ways in Greek letters, in fact it is even true to assert that in the same place and much about the same time an Anatolian name was represented by different Greek letters. We are dealing here with a matter of history rather than of philology. Just as priest and presbyter are the same Greek word which has come into English through different routes and assumed totally different forms, and just as the Germans call that Polish river Weichsel which we call Vistula, and the Germans and we call Dantzig (or slightly different spellings) the Polish town Gdansk, and just as the Croatian town of Zagreb is called in German Agram, so it is with the rendering of Anatolian names in Greek.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • First Missionary Journey & the Jerusalem Conference
    The Apostle Paul, Servant of Christ Boiling Springs, NC Overview Study Guide 704 966-6845 Unit II, Chapter 5 [email protected] “The First Missionary Journey” © All rights reserved by Lorin L Cranford Quick Links to Study 5.0 First Missionary Journey 5.0.1 Establishing Christian Congregations 5.0.2 Discipling Christian Congregations, Acts 14:21-28 5.0.1.1 Work in Seleucia, Acts 13:4 Summary: Gal. 3:1-5, 4:12-20 5.0.1.2 Work in Cyprus, Acts 13:5-12 5.1. Jerusalem Council, Acts 15:1-36, Gal. 2:1-10 5.0.1.3 Work in Perga, Acts 13:13 5.1.1 Problems at Antioch, Acts 15:1-3 5.0.1.4 Work in Pisidian Antioch, Acts 13:14-52 5.1.2 Victory in Jerusalem, Acts 15:4-29, Gal. 2:1-10 5.0.1.5 Work in Iconium, Acts 14:1-7 5.1.3 Ministry in Antioch, Acts 15:30-35, Gal. 2:11-14 5.0.1.6 Work in Lystra, Acts 14:8-20 5.0.1.7 Work in Derbe, Acts 14:21 Conclusion Introduction After Paul and Barnabas arrived back at Antioch, along with John Mark, some time passed before the next major event that would change Christianity forever. The breakthrough to the non-Jewish world with the Gos- pel had largely started at Antioch. And now this group of believers would launch a movement toward Gentiles that would revolutionize Christianity. This event was the beginning of the first missionary journey of Paul and Barnabas.
    [Show full text]
  • Sir William M. Ramsay: Archaeologist and New Testament Scholar
    W. Ward Gasque, Sir William M. Ramsay: Archaeologist and New Testament Scholar. A Survey of His Contribution to the Study of the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1966. pp.95. Sir William M. Ramsay: Archaeologist and New Testament Scholar A Survey of His Contribution to the Study of the New Testament Baker Studies in Biblical Archaeology by W. Ward Gasque Foreword by F. F. Bruce Baker Book House Grand Rapids, Michigan Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 66-18312 Copyright, 1966, by Baker Book House Company First printing, August 1966 Second printing, August 1967 W. Ward Gasque, Sir William M. Ramsay: Archaeologist and New Testament Scholar. A Survey of His Contribution to the Study of the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1966. pp.95. CONTENTS Foreword 7 Preface 10 List of Abbreviations 12 Chapter I. An Introduction to the Man and His Work 13 II. Luke the Historian 23 III. Paul the Missionary Statesman 38 IV. The Seven Churches of Asia 48 V. Potpourri 56 VI. Conclusion 61 Appendix I. A Chronological List of Ramsay’s Major Works 66 II. An Index of Select Subjects from Ramsay’s Major Works 68 III. Index of Scripture References from Ramsay’s Works 74 IV. An Index of Greek Terms from Ramsay’s Works 76 V. A Summer Journey in Asia Minor” by William M. Ramsay 78 Bibliography 86 Index 92 W. Ward Gasque, Sir William M. Ramsay: Archaeologist and New Testament Scholar. A Survey of His Contribution to the Study of the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1966.
    [Show full text]
  • CHG Library Book List
    CHG Library Book List (Belgium), M. r. d. a. e. d. h. (1967). Galerie de l'Asie antérieure et de l'Iran anciens [des] Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire, Bruxelles, Musées royaux d'art et dʹhistoire, Parc du Cinquantenaire, 1967. Galerie de l'Asie antérieure et de l'Iran anciens [des] Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire by Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire (Belgium) (1967) (Director), T. P. F. H. (1968). The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin: Volume XXVI, Number 5. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art (January, 1968). The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin: Volume XXVI, Number 5 by Thomas P.F. Hoving (1968) (Director), T. P. F. H. (1973). The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin: Volume XXXI, Number 3. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art (Ed.), A. B. S. (2002). Persephone. U.S.A/ Cambridge, President and Fellows of Harvard College Puritan Press, Inc. (Ed.), A. D. (2005). From Byzantium to Modern Greece: Hellenic Art in Adversity, 1453-1830. /Benaki Museum. Athens, Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation. (Ed.), B. B. R. (2000). Christian VIII: The National Museum: Antiquities, Coins, Medals. Copenhagen, The National Museum of Denmark. (Ed.), J. I. (1999). Interviews with Ali Pacha of Joanina; in the autumn of 1812; with some particulars of Epirus, and the Albanians of the present day (Peter Oluf Brondsted). Athens, The Danish Institute at Athens. (Ed.), K. D. (1988). Antalya Museum. İstanbul, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Döner Sermaye İşletmeleri Merkez Müdürlüğü/ Ankara. (ed.), M. N. B. (Ocak- Nisan 2010). "Arkeoloji ve sanat. (Journal of Archaeology and Art): Ölümünün 100.Yıldönümünde Osman Hamdi Bey ve Kazıları." Arkeoloji Ve Sanat 133.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Christianity in the Lycus Valley Early Christianity in Asia Minor (ECAM)
    Early Christianity in the Lycus Valley Early Christianity in Asia Minor (ECAM) The subseries “Early Christianity in Asia Minor”, of which this is the rst vol- ume to be published, is part of the series AJEC. It stands in the tradition of the work of Adolf von Harnack, Die Mission und Ausbreitung des Christen- tums in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten, Leipzig 41924. Each volume of ECAM will focus on the rise and expansion of Christianity in a speci c geographic region of Asia Minor up to the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451. The mono- graphs endeavor to take into account all relevant literary and non-literary evidence, paying special attention to epigraphical and archaeological mate- rial, and to document the current state of research. This rst volume deals with the rise and expansion of Christianity in the Lycus valley. A second volume on Lycaonian Christianity will follow soon. Volumes on Early Christianity in Phrygia, in Ionia, along the lower Meander and in Cilicia are in preparation. Cilliers Breytenbach Martin Goodman Early Christianity in Asia Minor (ECAM) Editors Cilliers Breytenbach (Berlin), Martin Goodman (Oxford), Christoph Markschies (Berlin), Stephen Mitchell (Exeter) VOLUME 1 Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums Founding Editor Martin Hengel† (Tübingen) Executive Editors Cilliers Breytenbach (Berlin) Martin Goodman (Oxford) Editorial Board John Barclay (Durham), Lutz Doering (Durham) Pieter W. van der Horst (Utrecht), Tal Ilan (Berlin), Tessa Rajak (Reading), Daniel R. Schwartz (Jerusalem), Seth Schwartz (New York) VOLUME 85 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ajec Early Christianity in the Lycus Valley By Ulrich Huttner Translation by David Green LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Huttner, U.
    [Show full text]
  • RALEGH. See RALEIGH. RALEIGH (ALEXANDER). --- Life and Doctrine
    RALEGH. See RALEIGH. RALEIGH (ALEXANDER). --- Life and doctrine; or, the minister's twofold care ... being the address to the Rev. Gilbert M I Callum ... delivered ... 15th Jan., 1857. Glasgow, 1857. Q P. 296/19. --- The story of Jonah the Prophet. Edin., 1866. X.20.51. RELEIGH (JOHN HENRY). --- Matthew Arnold and American culture. [California Univ. Publ. Eng. Stud. 17.1 Berkeley, 1957• •82485 Ral. --- The plays of Eugene O t Neill. With a preface by H.T. Moore. , [Crosscurrents.] 0 N Carbondale [1965.] .8125 Die.. Ral. RALEIGH (MAURICE). --- Diss. ... inaug. de epilepsia. Edin., 1804. Att.81.7.40/13. Another copy. Att.81.7.41/13. RALEIGH (SAMUEL). --- Address by S.R., present Hon. President of the Actuarial Sociaty of Edinburgh, at their opening meeting for session 1863-64. (Edin.) Q P. 612/11bis. --- Letter to Lord Brougham regarding his Lordship's Bankruptcy and Insolvency Bill for Scotland. and the assimilation of the Scotch to the English system. Edin., 1854• Q P. 574/11• --- Remarks on Mr. Stephen Cave's Bill I To amend the law relating to Life Assurance Companies' ... Edin., 1870. Q P. 613/16. ADDITIONS RALEIGH (MICHAEL J.). -- See STEKLIS (HORST D.) and R. (M.J.). RELEIGH (Sir THOMAS). --- Annals of the Church in Scotland. By Sir T.R. Together with his own autobiographical notes and some reminiscences by Sir H.R. Reichel. Lond., 1921. .27(41) Ral. --- An outline of the law of property. Oxford, 1890. Law Lib. --- The University of Paris from its foundation to the Council of Constance. [Lothian Prize Essay, 1873. 1 Oxford, 1873.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Jesus of Nazareth the Predicted Messiah? a Historical-Evidential
    IS JESUS OF NAZARETH THE PREDICTED MESSIAH? A HISTORICAL-EVIDENTIAL APPROACH TO SPECIFIC OLD TESTAMENT MESSIANIC PROPHECIES AND THEIR NEW TESTAMENT FULFILLMENTS By Douglas D. Scott A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of LIBERTY UNIVERSITY SEMINARY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy May 2017 ABSTRACT The primary purpose of this dissertation is to establish if critically acceptable historical- evidential reasons exist for believing that Jesus Christ is the direct fulfillment of the specific OT messianic texts included in the study. The study presupposes many of the conclusions of historical-critical scholarship and employs historical-evidential criteria to evaluate the evidence and attempt to establish the historical warrant for affirming such belief. Secondarily, this study seeks to find minimal facts related to these specific OT prophetic texts. To qualify as a minimal fact, two conditions must be met: (1) there must be more than adequate scholarly evidences usually consisting of several critically ascertained lines of argumentation; and (2) there must be agreement among the majority of contemporary scholars about the historicity of the event or the specific claim the minimal fact affirms. This investigation envisions the existence of three possible outcomes for each prophecy examined: (1) Jesus directly fulfilled the prophecy and sufficient historical evidence establishes the claim as probable, (2) Jesus directly fulfilled the prophecy, but the available historical evidence is insufficient to establish the claim as probable, and (3) sufficient historical evidence exists to refute the claim that Jesus directly fulfilled the prophecy. The historical-evidential approach employed by this study yields the probability of two direct fulfillments and the emergence of fifteen minimal facts.
    [Show full text]
  • DATING the CENSUS CYRENIUS /QUIRINIUS in SYRIA and HEROD's DEATH
    [AA on BC - Cyrenius - Syria - Census.pdf] ________________________________________________________________________ DATING THE CENSUS CYRENIUS /QUIRINIUS IN SYRIA AND HEROD's DEATH ________________________________________________________________________ [AA on BC - Cyrenius - Syria - Census.pdf] [AA on BC - Cyrenius - Syria - Census.pdf] DATING THE CENSUS, CYRENIUS /QUIRINIUS IN SYRIA, AND HEROD's DEATH ________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS Page 1] AUGUSTUS' EXTRAORDINARY CENSUS 1 2] WAS CYRENIUS (i.e. QUIRINIUS) A GOVERNOR IN SYRIA AT THIS TIME? 2 SO WHAT WAS CYRENIUS DOING IN SYRIA? The Homonadenses problem 2 WHY DOES LUKE MENTION CYRENIUS AND NOT VARUS? 3 3] WHY DID JOSEPH TAKE MARY WITH HIM TO BETHLEHEM? 4 4] DATING JESUS' BIRTH and HEROD'S DEATH. [Matthew chapter two]. 5 5] QUIRINIUS AND THE FULLNESS OF TIME. 6 ________________________________________________________________________ In the 19th century Sir William Mitchell Ramsay examined available evidence expecting to prove that Luke was not a reliable historian. However his extensive research convinced him that Luke was a meticulously reliable historian. His book on the subject “Was Christ born at Bethlehem?” is on the internet at www.ccel.org/ccel/ramsay/bethlehem.txt ________________________________________________________________________ THE PASSAGE IN QUESTION: ...in those days..there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus, that all the world should be taxed1. (And this taxing2 was first3 made when Cyrenius 4 was governor of Syria.) And all went to be taxed1, every one to his own city. And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem; (because he was of the house and lineage of David:) to be taxed5, with Mary his espoused wife6 being great with child.
    [Show full text]
  • The Montanist Milieu: History and Historiography in the Study of Montanism
    The Montanist Milieu: History and Historiography in the study of Montanism. Bernard Gerard Frances Doherty BA Macquarie University, Sydney, 2006. MA Macquarie University, Sydney, 2007. A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ancient History, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2011. Declaration. I declare that this thesis is my own original work and has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other university or institution. …………………… Acknowledgements. Like all research what follows could not have happened without the help of a vast number of people and institutions. Firstly I must express my thanks to Macquarie University for providing me with an MQRES scholarship in order to undertake this research. My sincere thanks to the Society for the Study of Early Christianity (SSEC) for selecting me for a Tyndale Fellowship in January 2009. My thanks to the residents and staff at Tyndale House Cambridge for an enjoyable and productive stay, in particular to the Warden Dr. Peter Williams for his research suggestions and help accessing W.M. Calder Archive at the University of Aberdeen. Thanks to the extremely friendly and helpful research staff at the University of Aberdeen Special Collections Library for allowing me to access W.M. Calder’s Archive which helped to provide invaluable access to much of unpublished material by the great Scottish scholar. I must also express my thanks to the Macquarie University Inter-Library Loans department for their help, particularly in their diligence in tracking down obscure articles in various languages. In addition I must thank Chris Harvey, library at St Andrew’s Greek Orthodox Theological College, Sydney, for all his help in acquiring hard-to-find items and always being able to quickly recommend works on various topics without any reference to catalogues.
    [Show full text]
  • (0)1226 734350 Habitus?
    Economic Public Archaeology The Origins of Art and Houses of the Dead Zooarchaeology Theoretical Approaches Music Edited by Alistair Barclay, Studies in Hunting, Herding and Current Practices Ice Age Discoveries from the David Field and Jim Leary and Early Agriculture Edited by Isilay Gursu Caves of Southwestern Germany This book explores the interface Edited by Peter Rowley-Conwy, Dale This volume explores the relationship By Nicholas J. Conard and between Neolithic structures considered to be those of the Serjeantson and Paul Halstead between archaeology and Claus-Joachim Kind contemporary society, especially as living (such as longhouses) with Discusses key research issues Some of the world’s oldest evidence those for the dead (such as long concerning hunting, herding and early it concerns local communities living for figurative art has been discovered day-to-day alongside archaeological barrows). Case studies present recent agriculture through the analysis of in the caves of southwest Germany, advances in radiocarbon dating, zoological and archaeobotanical remains. The 33 papers heritage. It targets these issues with case studies from as well as some of the oldest musical instruments. This Greece, Italy, Turkey and elsewhere. osteoarchaeological analysis and environmental data to present a wide array of topics covering many areas of book transports the reader into the world of the Ice re-examine long-assumed chronological developments archaeological interest. 102pp, British Institute at Ankara, 2019, 9781912090808, Age, describing
    [Show full text]
  • Early Christianity in Asia Minor Author(S): Sherman E
    Early Christianity in Asia Minor Author(s): Sherman E. Johnson Reviewed work(s): Source: Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 77, No. 1 (Mar., 1958), pp. 1-17 Published by: The Society of Biblical Literature Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3264325 . Accessed: 09/04/2012 10:15 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Society of Biblical Literature is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Biblical Literature. http://www.jstor.org EARLY CHRISTIANITY IN ASIA MINOR* SHERMAN E. JOHNSON CHURCH DIVINITY SCHOOL OF THE PACIFIC ANATOLIA, that great extension of the Asiatic continent toward the Aegean and Europe, was second only to Italy in the first cen- tury of our era in commercial, intellectual, and artistic life. No one needs to argue its importance for the origins of Christianity. Here the Apostle Paul was born and carried on much of his missionary work. Some of his most important letters arose out of problems with churches in Galatia and the city of Colossae. The Apocalypse, the First Epistle of Peter, and the correspondence between Pliny and Trajan reflect the conflict between emperor worship and Christianity in Asia Minor.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Annexation of Asia Minor the Process of Roman Annexation
    APPENDIX TWO ROMAN ANNEXATION OF ASIA MINOR The process of Roman annexation in Anatolia began with the province of Asia. In 133 BCE, Attalus III, the king of Pergamum, died and bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans.1 Soon thereafter Aristonicus, the illegitimate son of Eumenes II, gathered a group of followers and led a rebellion against Rome in an effort to seize the throne for himself.2 After a few initial suc- cesses (e.g., the defeat of the Roman consul Publius Licinius Crassus Mucianus), Aristonicus’ revolt was finally quelled in 130 BCE, when he was captured by Roman forces. But in spite of his victory, the triumphant Roman commander, Marcus Perperna, fell ill in Pergamum and died before he was able to return home with his spoils (Strabo, Geogr. 14.1.38; Eutropius, Brev. 4.20.2). Fortunately for the Romans, his replacement, Manius Aquilius, arrived on the scene just in time to put down the last of the insurgents. By 129 BCE the rebellion was crushed, and the kingdom of Attalus had been officially annexed and turned into a Roman province.3 1 OGIS no. 338; Livy, Per. 58; Sallust, Hist. 4.69; Strabo, Geogr. 13.4.2; Appian, Mith. 62; Bell. civ. 5.4; Plutarch, Tib. Grac. 14; Eutropius, Brev. 4.18. For the events leading up to this bequest, see Magie, Roman Rule, 3–33. 2 Strabo, Geogr. 14.1.38; Diodorus Siculus, Hist. 34.2.26; Livy, Per. 59; Eutropius, Brev. 4.20.1. The revolt can be dated in the late summer of 133 BCE, around the time of the death of Tiberius Gracchus (Appian, Bell.
    [Show full text]
  • The Later Ramsay a Supplementary Bibliography of the Published Writings of Sir William Mitchell Ramsay
    Tyndale Bulletin 22 (1971) 119-124. THE LATER RAMSAY A SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PUBLISHED WRITINGS OF SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL RAMSAY By C. J. HEMER Several recent writers have called attention to the unhappy neglect of the achievement of Sir William Mitchell Ramsay,1 even though his indirect influence has permeated British scho- larship, especially with regard to the Acts of the Apostles. His later reputation both as apologist and controversialist has cast a shadow over his whole personality and work. The bibliography attached to the Festschrift Anatolian Studies Presented to Sir William Mitchell Ramsay, ed. W. H. Buckler and W. M. Calder (Manchester, 1923), is a most valuable tool for the study both of the antiquities of Asia Minor and of the New Testament. There is also some valuable material and a selective topical bibliography of Ramsay's principal works in the recent study by W. Ward Gasque. But there is no system- atic list available of the writings of his last years, between 1923 and his death in 1939. These were not Ramsay's best or his most productive years. Many of his faults are seen at their plainest in them. Sharp insights are mingled with discursive speculations. He returns obsessively and argumentatively to old themes like the South Galatian debate. He did not mellow with age: in commenting on the publications of a colleague who had offended him he writes: 'They rank as the worst epigraphic articles that the world has ever seen.' One cannot, however, afford to neglect the later Ramsay. His mastery of his material is the fruit of sixty years of the study of inner Anatolia.
    [Show full text]