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PEMONERA PEMON, PEMÓN, PEMON Language family: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Macushi-Kapon, Kapon. Language codes: ISO 639-1 - ISO 639-2 - ISO 639-3 aoc Glottolog: pemo1248. Beste izen batzuk (autoglotonimoa: arecuna, ingaricó, kapon): ingaricó alt pemon [AOC]. ingariko alt patamona [PBC]. ingarikó alt akawaio [ARB]. ingarikó alt pemon [AOC]. pemon [AOC] hizk. Venezuela; baita Brasil, Guyana ere. pemon alt arecuna dial pemon [AOC]. pemong alt pemon [AOC]. BRASIL pemon (pemong, ingarikó, ingaricó) [AOC] 679 hiztun, barne eginik Taulipangeko 220, Ingarikoko 459. Rio Branco, Guyana mugaren ondoan, Roraima. Carib, Northern, East- West Guiana, Macushi-Kapon, Kapon. Dialektoak: taulipang (taurepan), camaracota (ipuricoto), arecuna (aricuna, arekuna, jaricuna). OVS. Ikus sarrera nagusia Venezuelan. GUYANA pemon (pemong) [AOC] 475 hiztun arekuna, amerindiarren % 1 (1990, J. Forte). Paruima kokapena. Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Macushi-Kapon, Kapon. Dialektoak: camaracoto, taurepan (taulipang), arecuna (aricuna, arekuna, jaricuna). Marginalki ulerkorra patamona eta akawaioarekin; baliteke camaracoto ezberdina izatea. OVS. Ikus sarrera nagusia Venezuelan. VENEZUELA pemon (pemong) [AOC] 4.850 hiztun; herrialde guztietako populazio osoa 6.004. Bolivar Estatua, Gran Sabana eta inguruko eskualdeak. Halaber mintzatua Brasil, Guyanan. Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Macushi-Kapon, Kapon. Dialektoak: camaracoto, taurepan (taulipang), arecuna (aricuna, arekuna, jaricuna, pemon, daigok, potsawugok, pishauco, purucoto, kamaragakok. Marginalki ulerkorra akawaio eta patamonarekin; baliteke camaracoto ezberdina izatea; gehien-gehienak elebakarrak dira. OVS. Hizkuntza / lengua: pemonera / pemon / pemón / pemon. Hiztunak / hablantes (1990): 6.200 (Wikipedia). Herrialdea / país: Venezuela, Brasil, Guyana, Karibe. oOo HISTORIA. Karibeko amerindiar hizkuntza, familia bereko beste batzuez inguratua, hauetako batzuk oso antzekoak dituenak, hala nola makutxiera edo akawaiera eta beste batzuk ez hain antzekoak, hala nola kariñera edo zentzu hertsian karibeera deitua. Suguruenez mintzatuena da. Espainolak iristean karibetarrek herrialdearen zentroa eta ekialdea okupatzen zuten, herri aruakekin kostaldeak eta eskualde handiak lehian disputatuz (zentzu hertsian aruakak deituak, maipureak, atxaguak, kaketiak, guajirak ea.). Karibetarrek Antilletan aurrera egin ahala gizonezko aruakak hiltzen zituzten, emakumezkoak eta haurrak bizirik mantenduz eta arrazoi honegatik espainiarrek uharte hauetan aurkitu zuten gizonezkoak karibeeraz mintzatzen zirela eta emakumezkoak eta haurrak aruakeraz. Hau oraindik ere gertatzen da San Bizente uharteko jatorriz Belizeko Karibe beltzean ere. Venezuelarrek interes gutxi erakutsi dute bertako hizkuntzez. Karakasko indigenen testu bat bera ere ez da kontserbatu; Marakaiboko jatorriko hizkuntza, añuera, iraungitzear dago inori axola ez zaiolarik. Cesáreo de Armellada aitak, Aita Indiarra deitu txit ospetsuak, gaztetan oso ongi ikasi zuen pemonera eta bere obra ugarian gramatika hau utzi zuen, hiztegi bat eta pemonen literaturako 4 liburu pemoneraz, espainierazko itzulpenarekin. HIZKUNTZA. Ezaugarri nagusiak. Fonetika. A) Gorrak indar esplosibo handiagoz gauzatzen dira silaba azentuatuan; ozenak aurreglotalizatu egiten dira silaba azentudunean edota silaba azentudunaren ondoren. B) Bokal guztiak luzatu egiten dira azentudun silaba bihurtzean. C) Azentua silabak darama eta hitzaren lehenengo edo bigarren silabak hartzen du. Azentuazioa garrantzizkoa da fenomeno morfofonologiko batzuk argitzeko. Morfosintaxia. A) Pemoneraz aditza adierazteko erroa erabiltzen da. B) Karibetar familiako hainbat hizkuntzatan gertatzen den bezala, izen substantiboek bi era dituzte maiz: bata absolutuak direnean eta bestea edukiak direnean. C) Perpausaren ohiko ordena Subjektua + Osagarriak + Aditza da. D) Ez du genero gramatikalik. E) Apenas duen pluralik eta elegantzia handia du izen substantiboak singularrean, nahiz eta pluraltasuna edo andana adierazten duten adjektiboak izan lagun. Dama partikula pluralgilea animalien edo arrazionalen munduko izakien ondoren bakarrik erabil daiteke. F) 2 kasu ditu soilik: ergatiboa eta kasu normala edo era arrunta duena. G) Hona hemen pemoneraz lehenengo 10 zenbakiak: teukin (1), sak-ne, sak-nan, sak-nan-kon (2), eseurawe-ne, eseurawe-nankon, eseurau (3), sak-re-re, sak- re-re-ne (4), mia toikin, teukin yenna (5) toikin mia pona temotai (6, beste eskura bat igaroz), sakne miá pona temotai (7, beste eskura bi igaroz), eseurawenw miá temotai (8, beste eskura hiru igaroz), sak-re-re miá pona temotai (9, beste eskura lau igaroz), yenna tukare-re, mia tamenawere (10). Idazkera. Latindar alfabetoa. *** HISTORIA. Lengua amerindia caribe, rodeada por otras lenguas de la misma familia, algunas muy afines como macuchí o el akawaio, otras algo más alejadas como el cariña o caribe propiamente dicho. Es quizá la más hablada de todas ellas. A la llegada de los españoles los caribes ocupaban el centro y oriente del país, disputándose las costas y grandes regiones con los pueblos aruacas (aruacas propiamente dichos, maipures, achaguas, caquetíos, guajiros, etc.). Los caribes avanzaban en las Antillas y mataban en las islas a los varones aruacas, pero conservaban con vida a lasmujeres y niños, y así los españoles se encontraron islas en las que los varones hablaban una lengua caribe y las mujeres un idioma aruaca. Esto sucede todavía en el Caribe negro de Belice originario de la isla de San Vicente. Poco interés han tenido los venezolanos por las lenguas del país. No se conserva ningún texto de los indígenas de Caracas; la lengua indígena de Maracaibo, el añú, está moribunda ante la indiferencia general. El P. Cesáreo de Armellada, el legendario Padre Indio, de joven aprendió muy bien la lengua pemón y entre su vasta obra legó esta gramática, un diccionario y 4 libros de literatura pemón con texto pemón y traducción castellana. LENGUA. Principales características. Fonética. A) Las sordas se realizan con mayor fuerza explosiva en sílaba acentuada; las sonoras se preglotalizan en sílaba acentuada o después de sílaba acentuada. B) Todas las vocales se alargan cuando constituyen sílabas acentuadas. C) La unidad acentuable es la sílaba y la zona acentual corresponde a la primera o segunda silaba. El acento es importante en la elucidación de ciertos fenómenos morfofonológicos. Morfosintaxis. A) Para enunciar un verbo en pemón se emplea la raíz. B) Como sucede en otras lenguas de la familia caribe, los nombres sustantivos tienen con frecuencia 2 formas: una cuando actúan como absolutos y otra cuando van poseídos. C) El orden habitual de la oración es Sujeto + Complementos + Verbo. D) No posee género gramatical. E) El uso del plural es muy poco frecuente y se emplea con mucha elegancia el nombre sustantivo en singular, aunque vaya acompañado de adjetivos que indiquen pluralidad o multitud. La partícula pluralizante dama solamente puede usarse pospuesta a los seres del reino animal o racional. F) Sólo existen 2 casos: ergativo y el caso normal o forma común. G) Los 10 primeros números en pemón son: teukin (1), sak-ne, sak-nan, sak-nan-kon (2), eseurawe-ne, eseurawe- nankon, eseurau (3), sak-re-re, sak-re-re-ne (4), mia toikin, teukin yenna (5) toikin mia pona temotai (6, uno pasándose a la otra mano), sakne miá pona temotai (7, dos pasándose a la otra mano), eseurawenw miá temotai (8, tres pasándose a la otra mano), sak-re-re miá pona temotai (9, cuatro pasándose a la otra mano), yenna tukare-re, mia tamenawere (10). Escritura. Alfabeto latino. GRAMATIKAK, METODOAK, ESKULIBURUAK GRAMÁTICA DE LA LENGUA PEMÓN, Morfosintaxis, Fray Cesáreo de Armellada, OFMC eta Jesús Olza, S.J., Edukia: I. La raíz verbal y el imperativo. II. Formas íntegras y apocopadas. La oración intransitiva, transitiva y ergatividad. III. Los verbos estativos e, ichi, y ena. Oraciones sin verbo o arremáticas, con doble verbo o dirremáticas. El adverbializador -pe con verbos intransitivos y transitivos. Los sustantivos danoman, yure y yeken. IV. El prefijo reflexivo te- (t-, ti-, tu-, teu-). Los accidentes del sustantivo. El género, número, plural con dama. Plural en -ton, -on, -kon, -san, -non, -nan. V. Los adjetivos. Los demostrativos de lugar y tiempo. Sere, muere, chinek y demostrativos afines. VI. Posposiciones y adverbios pospositivos. VII. Verbos con sílaba temática. El pretérito sintético y la sintaxis acusativa. El preretérito perfecto (terminado en -sak). El deprecativo. El prohibitivo. Futuros e inminentes. Frecuentativos con - pueti y con -tika y aproximativos. El afijo -domba. Los verbos estativos e e ichi. VIII. El verbo pemón y la posición sintética. Proposiciones interrogativas y términos interrogativos. Los gerundios, participios, supinos, proposiciones finales, los relativos. El relativo (-n-) complemento directo de la subordinada. El relativo -i en la subordinada acusativa. XI. El sufijo causal -tu-. Las conjunciones causales yenin e ichinin. El verbo nepui. Negación y privación. Composición de palabras. Adjetivos derivados de nombres, de adverbios, de posposiciones y de verbos. Verbos primitivos y derivados, derivados con -ma, con la partícula -te y con -pa, -ba, con -ta, con -ka. Reduplicación. Variante dialectal: kamarakoto, 23x15,5, 289 or., Caracas, 1999. GRAMÁTICA DIDÁCTICA DE LA LENGUA PEMÓN, Mons. Mariano Gutiérrez Salazar, Edukia: I. Los sustantivos. II. Singular y lural. III. La declinación. IV. Comparativo, superlativo, diminutivo. V. Los pronmbres. VI. Análisis. Wonore pantoni i chi chaaru. VII. Pronombres interrogativos. VIII.
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  • Hypostomus Macushi (A Catfish, No Common Name) Ecological Risk Screening Summary

    Hypostomus Macushi (A Catfish, No Common Name) Ecological Risk Screening Summary

    Hypostomus macushi (a catfish, no common name) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, January 2013 Revised, September 2018 Web Version, 2/25/2019 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Froese and Pauly (2018a): “South America: Rupununi River, Essequibo River and Takutu and Ireng Rivers (Negro River drainage) along the Guyana-Brazil border.” Status in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. However, unidentified members of the genus are established in the United States. From Nico et al. (2018): “Several morphologically distinct but unidentified Hypostomus species have been recorded as established in the United States: these included populations in Indian Springs in Nevada; Hillsborough County in Florida; and the San Antonio River and San Felipe Creek in Texas (Courtenay and Deacon 1982; Courtenay et al. 1984, 1986; Courtenay and Stauffer 1990; Page and Burr 1991; López-Fernández and Winemiller 2005). A population of an unidentified Hypostomus species is firmly established in Hawaii (Devick 1991a, b). Reported from Arizona, 1 Colorado, Connecticut, Louisiana, and Pennsylvania. Failed in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania.” This species was not found for sale from U.S.-based online aquarium retailers and it does not appear to be in trade in the United States. Means of Introduction into the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. However, unidentified members of the genus are established in the United States. From Nico et al. (2018): “Members of this genus have been introduced through a combination of fish farm escapes or releases, and aquarium releases (Courtenay and Stauffer 1990; Courtenay and Williams 1992).
  • Science Snap (#26): Angel Falls, Venezuela

    Science Snap (#26): Angel Falls, Venezuela

    Science Snap (#26): Angel Falls, Venezuela Sorcha McMahon is a third year PhD student in the School of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol. Sorcha is investigating how strange igneous rocks called carbonatites may have formed, using both natural samples and high-pressure experiments. Canaima National Park. Photo credit: Sorcha McMahon Angel Falls is the world’s highest uninterrupted waterfall in the Canaima National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site in the Gran Sabana region of Bolívar State, in Venezuela. The waterfall drops from the summit of the largest tepui (table-top mountain) of the Guiana Highlands of South America, Auyantepui, from a height of 979 m. Angel Falls is said to have inspired the setting of the Disney animated film Up(2009) where the location is called Paradise Falls. The nearby Mount Roraima inspired the Scottish author Arthur Conan Doyle to write his novel The Lost World about the discovery of a living prehistoric world full of dinosaurs and primeval plants. The borders of Venezuela, Brazil, and Guyana meet on the top of this tepui, which translates to “house of the gods” in the native tongue of the Pemon, the indigenous people who inhabit the Gran Sabana. Tepuis host a unique array of endemic plant and animal species, with ~1/3 of the plants found nowhere else on the planet. Angel Falls, Venezuela. It is also known as “Kerepakupai Vená” in the original indigenous Pemon language, meaning “waterfall of the deepest place”. Photo credit: Sorcha McMahon The extraordinary topography is part of the Guiana Shield, and began as the Great Plains; an igneous-metamorphic basement formed during the Precambrian as part of the supercontinent Gondwanaland (approx.
  • ENVIRONMENTAL CLUBS MAKUSHI YOUTH North

    ENVIRONMENTAL CLUBS MAKUSHI YOUTH North

    Running head: ENVIRONMENTAL CLUBS MAKUSHI YOUTH North Rupununi Wildlife Clubs: Makushi Amerindians’ Perceptions of Environmental Education and Positive Youth Development in Guyana Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Presented to the Faculty of Education University of Ottawa 20 June 2016 Ph.D. Candidate: Julie Comber Director: Dr. Bernard W. Andrews Thesis Committee Members: Dr. Richard Maclure Dr. Nicholas Ng-A-Fook Dr. Giuliano Reis External Examiner: Dr. Lisa Taylor ©Julie Comber, Ottawa, Canada, 2016 ENVIRONMENTAL CLUBS MAKUSHI YOUTH II Abstract This doctoral research studied the North Rupununi Wildlife Clubs (NRWC), an Environmental Education (EE) Program for Makushi Amerindian youth in Guyana. The Club format for EE has become popular, and previous research on EE Club programs provide modest support for the hypothesis that EE Club membership increases pro-environmental attitudes and behaviour in children and youth. There is also increasing interest in the role EE Clubs can play in nurturing Positive Youth Development (PYD). This multi-site case study describes EE Clubs in three villages in the North Rupununi of Guyana. Data was collected from semi-structured interviews and focus groups with stakeholders (such as former Club members, volunteers with the Clubs, Elders, and village leaders). The researcher also kept a reflective journal. Findings suggest community members valued the positive impact they perceived participation in NRWC to have on youth and upon their community. Participants offered recommendations on how to improve the program. One of the original findings is that the Clubs may be a way to help reconnect indigenous youth with their elders and restore the transmission of Indigenous Knowledge.