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PEMONERA PEMON, PEMÓN, PEMON Language Family: Carib

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PEMONERA PEMON, PEMÓN, PEMON Language Family: Carib PEMONERA PEMON, PEMÓN, PEMON Language family: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Macushi-Kapon, Kapon. Language codes: ISO 639-1 - ISO 639-2 - ISO 639-3 aoc Glottolog: pemo1248. Beste izen batzuk (autoglotonimoa: arecuna, ingaricó, kapon): ingaricó alt pemon [AOC]. ingariko alt patamona [PBC]. ingarikó alt akawaio [ARB]. ingarikó alt pemon [AOC]. pemon [AOC] hizk. Venezuela; baita Brasil, Guyana ere. pemon alt arecuna dial pemon [AOC]. pemong alt pemon [AOC]. BRASIL pemon (pemong, ingarikó, ingaricó) [AOC] 679 hiztun, barne eginik Taulipangeko 220, Ingarikoko 459. Rio Branco, Guyana mugaren ondoan, Roraima. Carib, Northern, East- West Guiana, Macushi-Kapon, Kapon. Dialektoak: taulipang (taurepan), camaracota (ipuricoto), arecuna (aricuna, arekuna, jaricuna). OVS. Ikus sarrera nagusia Venezuelan. GUYANA pemon (pemong) [AOC] 475 hiztun arekuna, amerindiarren % 1 (1990, J. Forte). Paruima kokapena. Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Macushi-Kapon, Kapon. Dialektoak: camaracoto, taurepan (taulipang), arecuna (aricuna, arekuna, jaricuna). Marginalki ulerkorra patamona eta akawaioarekin; baliteke camaracoto ezberdina izatea. OVS. Ikus sarrera nagusia Venezuelan. VENEZUELA pemon (pemong) [AOC] 4.850 hiztun; herrialde guztietako populazio osoa 6.004. Bolivar Estatua, Gran Sabana eta inguruko eskualdeak. Halaber mintzatua Brasil, Guyanan. Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Macushi-Kapon, Kapon. Dialektoak: camaracoto, taurepan (taulipang), arecuna (aricuna, arekuna, jaricuna, pemon, daigok, potsawugok, pishauco, purucoto, kamaragakok. Marginalki ulerkorra akawaio eta patamonarekin; baliteke camaracoto ezberdina izatea; gehien-gehienak elebakarrak dira. OVS. Hizkuntza / lengua: pemonera / pemon / pemón / pemon. Hiztunak / hablantes (1990): 6.200 (Wikipedia). Herrialdea / país: Venezuela, Brasil, Guyana, Karibe. oOo HISTORIA. Karibeko amerindiar hizkuntza, familia bereko beste batzuez inguratua, hauetako batzuk oso antzekoak dituenak, hala nola makutxiera edo akawaiera eta beste batzuk ez hain antzekoak, hala nola kariñera edo zentzu hertsian karibeera deitua. Suguruenez mintzatuena da. Espainolak iristean karibetarrek herrialdearen zentroa eta ekialdea okupatzen zuten, herri aruakekin kostaldeak eta eskualde handiak lehian disputatuz (zentzu hertsian aruakak deituak, maipureak, atxaguak, kaketiak, guajirak ea.). Karibetarrek Antilletan aurrera egin ahala gizonezko aruakak hiltzen zituzten, emakumezkoak eta haurrak bizirik mantenduz eta arrazoi honegatik espainiarrek uharte hauetan aurkitu zuten gizonezkoak karibeeraz mintzatzen zirela eta emakumezkoak eta haurrak aruakeraz. Hau oraindik ere gertatzen da San Bizente uharteko jatorriz Belizeko Karibe beltzean ere. Venezuelarrek interes gutxi erakutsi dute bertako hizkuntzez. Karakasko indigenen testu bat bera ere ez da kontserbatu; Marakaiboko jatorriko hizkuntza, añuera, iraungitzear dago inori axola ez zaiolarik. Cesáreo de Armellada aitak, Aita Indiarra deitu txit ospetsuak, gaztetan oso ongi ikasi zuen pemonera eta bere obra ugarian gramatika hau utzi zuen, hiztegi bat eta pemonen literaturako 4 liburu pemoneraz, espainierazko itzulpenarekin. HIZKUNTZA. Ezaugarri nagusiak. Fonetika. A) Gorrak indar esplosibo handiagoz gauzatzen dira silaba azentuatuan; ozenak aurreglotalizatu egiten dira silaba azentudunean edota silaba azentudunaren ondoren. B) Bokal guztiak luzatu egiten dira azentudun silaba bihurtzean. C) Azentua silabak darama eta hitzaren lehenengo edo bigarren silabak hartzen du. Azentuazioa garrantzizkoa da fenomeno morfofonologiko batzuk argitzeko. Morfosintaxia. A) Pemoneraz aditza adierazteko erroa erabiltzen da. B) Karibetar familiako hainbat hizkuntzatan gertatzen den bezala, izen substantiboek bi era dituzte maiz: bata absolutuak direnean eta bestea edukiak direnean. C) Perpausaren ohiko ordena Subjektua + Osagarriak + Aditza da. D) Ez du genero gramatikalik. E) Apenas duen pluralik eta elegantzia handia du izen substantiboak singularrean, nahiz eta pluraltasuna edo andana adierazten duten adjektiboak izan lagun. Dama partikula pluralgilea animalien edo arrazionalen munduko izakien ondoren bakarrik erabil daiteke. F) 2 kasu ditu soilik: ergatiboa eta kasu normala edo era arrunta duena. G) Hona hemen pemoneraz lehenengo 10 zenbakiak: teukin (1), sak-ne, sak-nan, sak-nan-kon (2), eseurawe-ne, eseurawe-nankon, eseurau (3), sak-re-re, sak- re-re-ne (4), mia toikin, teukin yenna (5) toikin mia pona temotai (6, beste eskura bat igaroz), sakne miá pona temotai (7, beste eskura bi igaroz), eseurawenw miá temotai (8, beste eskura hiru igaroz), sak-re-re miá pona temotai (9, beste eskura lau igaroz), yenna tukare-re, mia tamenawere (10). Idazkera. Latindar alfabetoa. *** HISTORIA. Lengua amerindia caribe, rodeada por otras lenguas de la misma familia, algunas muy afines como macuchí o el akawaio, otras algo más alejadas como el cariña o caribe propiamente dicho. Es quizá la más hablada de todas ellas. A la llegada de los españoles los caribes ocupaban el centro y oriente del país, disputándose las costas y grandes regiones con los pueblos aruacas (aruacas propiamente dichos, maipures, achaguas, caquetíos, guajiros, etc.). Los caribes avanzaban en las Antillas y mataban en las islas a los varones aruacas, pero conservaban con vida a lasmujeres y niños, y así los españoles se encontraron islas en las que los varones hablaban una lengua caribe y las mujeres un idioma aruaca. Esto sucede todavía en el Caribe negro de Belice originario de la isla de San Vicente. Poco interés han tenido los venezolanos por las lenguas del país. No se conserva ningún texto de los indígenas de Caracas; la lengua indígena de Maracaibo, el añú, está moribunda ante la indiferencia general. El P. Cesáreo de Armellada, el legendario Padre Indio, de joven aprendió muy bien la lengua pemón y entre su vasta obra legó esta gramática, un diccionario y 4 libros de literatura pemón con texto pemón y traducción castellana. LENGUA. Principales características. Fonética. A) Las sordas se realizan con mayor fuerza explosiva en sílaba acentuada; las sonoras se preglotalizan en sílaba acentuada o después de sílaba acentuada. B) Todas las vocales se alargan cuando constituyen sílabas acentuadas. C) La unidad acentuable es la sílaba y la zona acentual corresponde a la primera o segunda silaba. El acento es importante en la elucidación de ciertos fenómenos morfofonológicos. Morfosintaxis. A) Para enunciar un verbo en pemón se emplea la raíz. B) Como sucede en otras lenguas de la familia caribe, los nombres sustantivos tienen con frecuencia 2 formas: una cuando actúan como absolutos y otra cuando van poseídos. C) El orden habitual de la oración es Sujeto + Complementos + Verbo. D) No posee género gramatical. E) El uso del plural es muy poco frecuente y se emplea con mucha elegancia el nombre sustantivo en singular, aunque vaya acompañado de adjetivos que indiquen pluralidad o multitud. La partícula pluralizante dama solamente puede usarse pospuesta a los seres del reino animal o racional. F) Sólo existen 2 casos: ergativo y el caso normal o forma común. G) Los 10 primeros números en pemón son: teukin (1), sak-ne, sak-nan, sak-nan-kon (2), eseurawe-ne, eseurawe- nankon, eseurau (3), sak-re-re, sak-re-re-ne (4), mia toikin, teukin yenna (5) toikin mia pona temotai (6, uno pasándose a la otra mano), sakne miá pona temotai (7, dos pasándose a la otra mano), eseurawenw miá temotai (8, tres pasándose a la otra mano), sak-re-re miá pona temotai (9, cuatro pasándose a la otra mano), yenna tukare-re, mia tamenawere (10). Escritura. Alfabeto latino. GRAMATIKAK, METODOAK, ESKULIBURUAK GRAMÁTICA DE LA LENGUA PEMÓN, Morfosintaxis, Fray Cesáreo de Armellada, OFMC eta Jesús Olza, S.J., Edukia: I. La raíz verbal y el imperativo. II. Formas íntegras y apocopadas. La oración intransitiva, transitiva y ergatividad. III. Los verbos estativos e, ichi, y ena. Oraciones sin verbo o arremáticas, con doble verbo o dirremáticas. El adverbializador -pe con verbos intransitivos y transitivos. Los sustantivos danoman, yure y yeken. IV. El prefijo reflexivo te- (t-, ti-, tu-, teu-). Los accidentes del sustantivo. El género, número, plural con dama. Plural en -ton, -on, -kon, -san, -non, -nan. V. Los adjetivos. Los demostrativos de lugar y tiempo. Sere, muere, chinek y demostrativos afines. VI. Posposiciones y adverbios pospositivos. VII. Verbos con sílaba temática. El pretérito sintético y la sintaxis acusativa. El preretérito perfecto (terminado en -sak). El deprecativo. El prohibitivo. Futuros e inminentes. Frecuentativos con - pueti y con -tika y aproximativos. El afijo -domba. Los verbos estativos e e ichi. VIII. El verbo pemón y la posición sintética. Proposiciones interrogativas y términos interrogativos. Los gerundios, participios, supinos, proposiciones finales, los relativos. El relativo (-n-) complemento directo de la subordinada. El relativo -i en la subordinada acusativa. XI. El sufijo causal -tu-. Las conjunciones causales yenin e ichinin. El verbo nepui. Negación y privación. Composición de palabras. Adjetivos derivados de nombres, de adverbios, de posposiciones y de verbos. Verbos primitivos y derivados, derivados con -ma, con la partícula -te y con -pa, -ba, con -ta, con -ka. Reduplicación. Variante dialectal: kamarakoto, 23x15,5, 289 or., Caracas, 1999. GRAMÁTICA DIDÁCTICA DE LA LENGUA PEMÓN, Mons. Mariano Gutiérrez Salazar, Edukia: I. Los sustantivos. II. Singular y lural. III. La declinación. IV. Comparativo, superlativo, diminutivo. V. Los pronmbres. VI. Análisis. Wonore pantoni i chi chaaru. VII. Pronombres interrogativos. VIII.
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