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State Department 2003 Version
UNCLASSIFIED RELEASED IN PART itenSp? Bl, 1.5(D) United States Department of State Waskinston, D.C. 20520 May 18, 1994 SECRET/ORCON pECL: OADR TO: AF - Mr. Moose L - Mr. Mallet PROM: INR - Toby T. Gatill# 04\ SUBJECT: Rwanda - Geneva Convention Violations There is substantial circumstantial evidende implicating senior Rwandan government and military officials in the widespread, systematic killing of ethnic Tutsis, and to a lesser extent, ethnic Hutus who supported power-sharing between the two groups. The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) has also killed Hutus in battle and has admitted targeting extremist Hutus whom it believes to be responsible for massacres of Tutsis. Unlike government forces, the RPF does not appear to have committed Geneva Convention defined genocidal atrocities. • Bloodyr)inter-ethnic struggles between Tutsis and Hutus date back to the colonial period. An estimated 20,000 Tutsis were tilled between 1959 and 1964 during the struggle for independence when the Tutsi monarchy fell, but the recent killings fat surpass anything in Rwanda's history. Since the April 6 downing of an airplane carrying Rwandan President Habyacimana and Burundian President Mtaryamira, massacres in brands have claimed from200,000 to 500.000 lives, according to international humanitarian organizations. We believe 500,000 may be an exaggerated estimate, but no accurate figures are available. systematic killigsn began within hours of Habyarimana's death. Most Of those killed have been Tutsi civilians, including women and children. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE SECRETIORCON REVIEW AUTHORITY: CHARLES L. PARIS DATE/CASE ID: 12 MAY 2003 200104150 .:'4w W '.. UNCLAssr SECRETAgRWN - 2 - Some Rwandan government troops, Hutu militia and extremist Hutu youth squads often trained or armed by security forces are the main perpetrators. -
Summary Records of the Proceedings of the 141St IPU Assembly
Summary Records of the Proceedings of the 141st IPU Assembly Belgrade, Serbia 13-17 October 2019 Table of contents Page(s) Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 4 Inaugural ceremony of the 141st Assembly • Speech by Ms. Maja Gojković, Speaker of the National Assembly of Serbia .................. 5 • Message by Mr. Antonio Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations and Speech by Ms. Tatiana Valovaya, United Nations Under-Secretary-General and Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva ................................................ 5 • Speech by Ms. Gabriela Cuevas Barron, President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union .... 6 • Speech by Mr. Aleksander Vučić, President of the Republic of Serbia ............................ 6 Organization of the work of the Assembly • Election of the President and Vice-Presidents of the 141st Assembly .............................. 8 • Establishment of a quorum ............................................................................................... 11 • Consideration of requests for the inclusion of an emergency item in the Assembly agenda ............................................................................................................. 18 • Final agenda ..................................................................................................................... 21 General Debate on the theme Strengthening international law: Parliamentary roles and mechanisms, and -
Image Credits, the Making of African
THE MAKING OF AFRICAN AMERICAN IDENTITY: VOL. I, 1500-1865 PRIMARY SOURCE COLLECTION The Making of African American Identity: Vol. I, 1500-1865 IMAGE CREDITS Items listed in chronological order within each repository. ALABAMA DEPT. of ARCHIVES AND HISTORY. Montgomery, Alabama. WEBSITE Reproduced by permission. —Physical and Political Map of the Southern Division of the United States, map, Boston: William C. Woodbridge, 1843; adapted to Woodbridges Geography, 1845; map database B-315, filename: se1845q.sid. Digital image courtesy of Alabama Maps, University of Alabama. ALLPORT LIBRARY AND MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS. State Library of Tasmania. Hobart, Tasmania (Australia). WEBSITE Reproduced by permission of the Tasmanian Archive & Heritage Office. —Mary Morton Allport, Comet of March 1843, Seen from Aldridge Lodge, V. D. Land [Tasmania], lithograph, ca. 1843. AUTAS001136168184. AMERICAN TEXTILE HISTORY MUSEUM. Lowell, Massachusetts. WEBSITE Reproduced by permission. —Wooden snap reel, 19th-century, unknown maker, color photograph. 1970.14.6. ARCHIVES OF ONTARIO. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. WEBSITE In the public domain; reproduced courtesy of Archives of Ontario. —Letter from S. Wickham in Oswego, NY, to D. B. Stevenson in Canada, 12 October 1850. —Park House, Colchester, South, Ontario, Canada, refuge for fugitive slaves, photograph ca. 1950. Alvin D. McCurdy fonds, F2076-16-6. —Voice of the Fugitive, front page image, masthead, 12 March 1854. F 2076-16-935. —Unidentified black family, tintype, n.d., possibly 1850s; Alvin D. McCurdy fonds, F 2076-16-4-8. ASBURY THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. Wilmore, Kentucky. Permission requests submitted. –“Slaves being sold at public auction,” illustration in Thomas Lewis Johnson, Twenty-Eight Years a Slave, or The Story of My Life in Three Continents, 1909, p. -
The International Response to Conflict and Genocide:Lessom from the Rwanda Experience
The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience March 1996 Published by: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda Editor: David Millwood Cover illustrations: Kiure F. Msangi Graphic design: Designgrafik, Copenhagen Prepress: Dansk Klich‚, Copenhagen Printing: Strandberg Grafisk, Odense ISBN: 87-7265-335-3 (Synthesis Report) ISBN: 87-7265-331-0 (1. Historical Perspective: Some Explanatory Factors) ISBN: 87-7265-332-9 (2. Early Warning and Conflict Management) ISBN: 87-7265-333-7 (3. Humanitarian Aid and Effects) ISBN: 87-7265-334-5 (4. Rebuilding Post-War Rwanda) This publication may be reproduced for free distribution and may be quoted provided the source - Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda - is mentioned. The report is printed on G-print Matt, a wood-free, medium-coated paper. G-print is manufactured without the use of chlorine and marked with the Nordic Swan, licence-no. 304 022. 2 The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience Study 2 Early Warning and Conflict Management by Howard Adelman York University Toronto, Canada Astri Suhrke Chr. Michelsen Institute Bergen, Norway with contributions by Bruce Jones London School of Economics, U.K. Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda 3 Contents Preface 5 Executive Summary 8 Acknowledgements 11 Introduction 12 Chapter 1: The Festering Refugee Problem 17 Chapter 2: Civil War, Civil Violence and International Response 20 (1 October 1990 - 4 August -
How Our Laws Are Made
HOW OUR LAWS ARE MADE 52nd LEGISLATURE of LIBERIA Joint Legislative Modernization Committee This program is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States UNDERSTANDING THE Agency for International development (USAID) under Award No. 669-A-00- 09-00090-00. The opinions LEGISLATIVE PROCESS expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. LAW SENATOR A general body of rules and An individual elected to represent a TABLE OF CONTENTS regulations officiated by authority. county and to make decision on Laws are generally found in behalf of his constituents. constitutions, legislation, and judicial opinions. SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE AND DEPUTY SPEAKER Foreword………………………………….…………….1 LEGISLATURE The presiding officer of the House of An officially elected body of people Representatives elected from and by vested with the responsibility and the membership of the House at the power to make laws for a political beginning of each legislature. Introduction……………………………………………. 2 unit, such as a state or nation. QUORUM PLENARY A quorum is constituted by the The Liberian Legislature ……………………….….. ..2 A plenary is a legislative sitting that simple majority of the membership of takes place within each house of the the House or Senate (or 50% + 1 of Legislature. It is also the highest the membership.) A quorum must be How a Bill becomes a Law…………….……………..4 decision making body in the present in order for either house to Legislature. conduct business. Checks and Balances………………………………..11 PUBLIC HEARING VETO Session at which citizens or experts To veto is to reject or to refuse to present their views on a specific sign a bill from the Legislature. -
Theparliamentarian
100th year of publishing TheParliamentarian Journal of the Parliaments of the Commonwealth 2019 | Volume 100 | Issue Three | Price £14 The Commonwealth: Adding political value to global affairs in the 21st century PAGES 190-195 PLUS Emerging Security Issues Defending Media Putting Road Safety Building A ‘Future- for Parliamentarians Freedoms in the on the Commonwealth Ready’ Parliamentary and the impact on Commonwealth Agenda Workforce Democracy PAGE 222 PAGES 226-237 PAGE 242 PAGE 244 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) exists to connect, develop, promote and support Parliamentarians and their staff to identify benchmarks of good governance, and implement the enduring values of the Commonwealth. 64th COMMONWEALTH PARLIAMENTARY CONFERENCE Calendar of Forthcoming Events KAMPALA, UGANDA Confirmed as of 6 August 2019 22 to 29 SEPTEMBER 2019 (inclusive of arrival and departure dates) 2019 August For further information visit www.cpc2019.org and www.cpahq.org/cpahq/cpc2019 30 Aug to 5 Sept 50th CPA Africa Regional Conference, Zanzibar. CONFERENCE THEME: ‘ADAPTION, ENGAGEMENT AND EVOLUTION OF September PARLIAMENTS IN A RAPIDLY CHANGING COMMONWEALTH’. 19 to 20 September Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians (CWP) British Islands and Mediterranean Regional Conference, Jersey 22 to 29 September 64th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference (CPC), Kampala, Uganda – including 37th CPA Small Branches Conference and 6th Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians (CWP) Conference. October 8 to 10 October 3rd Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians (CWP) Australia Regional Conference, South Australia. November 18 to 21 November 38th CPA Australia and Pacific Regional Conference, South Australia. November 2019 10th Commonwealth Youth Parliament, New Delhi, India - final dates to be confirmed. 2020 January 2020 25th Conference of the Speakers and Presiding Officers of the Commonwealth (CSPOC), Canada - final dates to be confirmed. -
Rwanda Rwanda [ /Ruˈændə/ ] “Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu”
Rwanda Rwanda [ /ruˈændə/ ] “Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu” Many visitors come on holiday to Rwanda to see its famous mountain gorillas, sometimes as an add-on to a safari in Kenya or Tanzania, stay for just three or four days and then leave, which is a shame because there is so much more to see on a Rwanda holiday. With three national parks, a thriving capital city, spectacular mountain scenery and some surprisingly diverse wildlife, Rwanda has plenty to occupy a longer holiday and certainly deserves further exploration. Today, Rwanda has one of the fastest growing economies in Africa. It has more women in Parliament than any other country in the world (64% at the time of writing) and is one of the friendliest, safest countries on the continent. Yet for most people, it inevitably conjures up images of the dreadful genocide of 1994, when almost a million people died. Whilst the genocide is a massive part of its history, over twenty years on Rwanda has evolved into a united, proud and optimistic country that warmly welcomes its visitors and provides a truly memorable and inspiring holiday. About Rwanda Annual Rain Fall COUNTRY SIZE: 26,338 sq km (10,169 sq mi) 140 112 84 CURRENCY: Rwandan Franc (RWF) 56 28 LANGUAGES: English, French, Kinyarwanda, Swahili ETHNIC: Hutus, Tutsis, Twa Annual Temperature CAPITAL: Kigali AIRPORTS: Kigali International Airport, Kanombe Kamembe Airport, Cyangugu POPULATION: 12,6 million (2018) HEALTH REQUIREMENTS These are not mandatory, unless you enter the country from a coun- try where yellow fever is prevalent and cholera zone RWANDA Seasonal Highlights NOV DEC-FEB MAR - MAY MAY-OCT The best time visit Rwanda is from mid-May to mid-October, this is the long dry season and has perfect conditions for tracking gorillas. -
Lessons from a Personal Journey Through the Genocide in Rwanda Written by Mukesh Kapila
Lessons from a Personal Journey through the Genocide in Rwanda Written by Mukesh Kapila This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. Lessons from a Personal Journey through the Genocide in Rwanda https://www.e-ir.info/2014/05/15/lessons-from-a-personal-journey-through-the-genocide-in-rwanda/ MUKESH KAPILA, MAY 15 2014 This article is part of an E-IR series marking the twentieth commemoration of the Rwandan Genocide. This year marks the 20th anniversary of the Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda. The theme of the official commemorations – Kwibuka20 – asks the world to stand against genocide in three ways [1]: To remember by honouring the memory of those who died and offering support to those who survived To unite by reconciling through shared human values To renew by sharing our experiences and learning from others, to create a better world together As I sat in Kigali’s Amahoro Stadium on 7th April 2014 watching the official ceremony [2] unfold, the speeches of Rwandan President Kagame, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, and other world leaders were interrupted by the packed crowd: first a low wailing, and then lamentations as the families of genocide survivors vented their anguish. Red Cross volunteers stretchered away those who could bear no more. My previous visit to that stadium had been in 1994 when it was hosting a few thousand of the luckier escapees from the genocide. -
S/1994/1125 4 October 1994
UNITED NATIONS S Security Council Distr. GENERAL S/1994/1125 4 October 1994 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH LETTER DATED 1 OCTOBER 1994 FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ADDRESSED TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL By its resolution 935 (1994) of 1 July 1994, the Security Council requested me to establish, as a matter of urgency, an impartial Commission of Experts to examine and analyse information submitted pursuant to that resolution, together with such further information as the Commission of Experts might obtain through its own investigations or the efforts of other persons or bodies, including the information made available by the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on Rwanda, with a view to providing me with its conclusions on the evidence of grave violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of Rwanda, including the evidence of possible acts of genocide. On 26 and 29 July 1994, I informed the Security Council of the establishment of the Commission and its terms of reference and composition (S/1994/879 and S/1994/906). On that occasion, I expressed the hope that, in view of the urgency of the matter, the final report of the Commission would be submitted not later than 30 November 1994. The Commission began its work on 15 August 1994 and, after a series of meetings in Geneva, conducted a field mission to Rwanda and some neighbouring countries from 29 August to 17 September 1994. Pursuant to a decision taken at its first session, the Commission has transmitted to me an interim report which covers its preliminary investigations and activities prior to 30 September 1994. -
Rwanda: the Impact of Women Legislators on Policy Outcomes Affecting Children and Families
THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2007 Background Paper Rwanda: The Impact of Women Legislators on Policy Outcomes Affecting Children and Families Elizabeth Powley December 2006 The opinions, findings, analysis and conclusions expressed within this background paper are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The designations in this publication do not imply an opinion on legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or the delimitation of frontiers. The text has not been edited to official publication standards and UNICEF accepts no responsibility for errors. ‘Rwanda: The Impact of Women Legislators on Policy Outcomes Affecting Children and Families1 Elizabeth Powley Page 1 of 18 I. Introduction The small central African country of Rwanda is perhaps best known for the 1994 genocide that killed nearly a tenth of its population. More recently, however, Rwanda has also become known for another – this time a propitious – statistic. In October 2003, just nine and a half years after the genocide, women won 48.8% of seats in its lower house of parliament, placing Rwanda first among all nations in terms of women’s political representation.2 Theoreticians and practitioners have long argued that women’s ability to make an impact in male- dominated institutions will be limited until they are represented in numbers large enough to have a collective voice, until they reach a “critical mass.” Based on political theory and investigation, most activists have settled on 30% as the minimum necessary for critical mass. -
ECFG Rwanda 2021R.Pdf
About this Guide This guide is designed to prepare you to deploy to culturally complex environments and achieve mission objectives. The fundamental information contained within will help you understand the cultural dimension of your assigned location and gain skills necessary for success.. ECFG The guide consists of 2 parts: Part 1 introduces “Culture General,” the foundational knowledge you need to operate effectively in any Rwanda global environment. Part 2 presents “Culture Specific” Rwanda, focusing on unique cultural features of Rwandan society and is designed to complement other pre- deployment training. It applies culture-general concepts to help increase your knowledge of your assigned deployment location. For further information, visit the Air Force Culture and Language Center (AFCLC) website at www.airuniversity.af.edu/AFCLC/ or contact AFCLC’s Region Team at [email protected]. Disclaimer: All text is the property of the AFCLC and may not be modified by a change in title, content, or labeling. It may be reproduced in its current format with the expressed permission of the AFCLC. All photography is provided as a courtesy of the US government, Wikimedia, and other sources as indicated. GENERAL CULTURE CULTURE PART 1 – CULTURE GENERAL What is Culture? Fundamental to all aspects of human existence, culture shapes the way humans view life and functions as a tool we use to adapt to our social and physical environments. A culture is the sum of all of the beliefs, values, behaviors, and symbols that have meaning for a society. All human beings have culture, and individuals within a culture share a general set of beliefs and values. -
LIBERIA. -A Republic Founded by Black Men, Reared by Black Men, Maintained by Black Men, and Which Holds out to Our Hope the Brightest Prospects.—H Enry C L a Y
LIBERIA. -A republic founded by black men, reared by black men, maintained by black men, and which holds out to our hope the brightest prospects.—H enry C l a y . ./ BULLETIN No. 33. NOVEMBER, 19' ISSUED BY THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION ... ~ * *.^ Ui?un/ri5 c o x t k n t s . V £ REV. DR. ALEXANDER PRIESTLY CAMPHOR..............................Frontispiece PRESIDENT ARTHUR BARCLAY'S MESSAGE................. I LIBERIAN ENVOYS RECEIVED AT THE EXECUTIVE MANSION.... 14 THE LIBERIAN COMMISSION.............................................................................. 18 REMARKS OP H. R. p . THE PRINCE OF WALES.....................T 22 REMARKS OF THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL.OF CREWE, K. G 24 OUR LIBERIAN ENVOYS MEET PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT.................. 28 ,EX-PRESIDENT WILLIAM DAVID COLEMAN DEAD..-....................... f .. 30 ■JBERIA AND THE FOREIGN POWERS................................................. 33 LMPOSIUM OF NEWS FROM AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS ON L^ERIAN ENVOYS............................................... 37 PRESIDENT TO NEGRO—EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR WHITE AND BLACK RACES................ 39 THE RETURN-OF LIBERIA’S BIRTHDAY ......... 47 DR. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON WRITES OF RECEPTION IN WASH INGTON AND ELSEWHERE—THE UNITED STATES A FRIEND’ .49 BLIND TO M ........ ....................................... 52 THE THREE NEEDS OF LIBERIA.....................Dr. Edward W. Bi<yden 54 ITEMS ............................ 57 WASHINGTON, D. C. COLONIZATION BUILDING, 460 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE. THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. I'UE^IDEXT: 1907 Rev. SAMUEL E. APPLETON,D. D,, Pa. 1 'ICE-PR RSJDEN TS : k 1876 Rev. Bishop H. M. Turner, D. D., 6a., 1896 Rev. Bishop J. A. Handy, D. J)., Fla. ■ 1881 Rev. Bishop H. W. g ir re n , D. D., Col. 1896 Mr. George A. Pope, Md. W 881 Prof. Edw. W.BJyden, LL.D., Liberia. 1896 Rev.